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was subtractive, ablating a layer of carefully frozen tissue only a few thousand molecules thick, coating the exposed surface with a glycerol mixture which
Rauschning adapted to the specific tissue, photographing the surface at high resolution, and repeating until the tissue was completely sectioned. Rauschning sent each image via Internet to the Digital Anatomist database at the University of Washington in Seattle.
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accountability, their actions produced an unerasable paper trail. V.2.11 also implemented a secure database by encrypting it on disc using a simple XOR hash. Prothero continued to make further innovations in the
Citadel software before moving on to other projects. Prothero posted the Citadel source code to the RCP/M archive network in 1990. The code is cited as one of the longest running open source projects.
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Rauschning to include fiduciaries in his sections, which enabled
Prothero's Skandha 3D visualization software to assemble the huge digital database into three-dimensional flythrough-capable anatomical images with extremely fine grain. The group made Prothero's tapes of the 3D reconstructions freely available on their website.
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Hearing of this work, the
National Library of Medicine issued a Call for Proposals for a national 3D anatomical reconstruction database which would later become the Visible Human project. To the astonishment of the Digital Anatomist group, they found that the University of Colorado had made a strong
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His method produced extremely high resolution digital images in vivid color with almost none of the distortion which would normally be caused by the displacement forces generated by the action of a conventional microtome at extreme thinness settings. Sundsten, Jeffrey
Prothero and John Prothero asked
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The version of
Citadel released December 24, 1980, was written in C and was fast, responsive, self-maintaining, and ran on a 90KB floppy disc. The world consisted of a collection of rooms connected by “clues”. Since some of the rooms were invisible, each clue included the name of the clued room as
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Technically there was nothing illegal about doing so, since the tapes were freely available, but
Colorado's bid did not mention their provenance. Colorado won the contract, and continued to display Prothero’s work without attribution for the first three years of the contract, although its later work
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The
Biological Structure department named this effort the Digital Anatomist project. Its image database was supplied with raw digital material by Wolfgang Rauschning, a Swedish researcher in microtomy and microscopy who specialized in producing ultrathin tissue cross-sections. Rauschning's method
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on
December 24. The first release used a phone number that connected to the hardware in Prothero's study. At first he did not call the program Citadel: instead he named it Ode, after its phone number, the acronym of which was ODE-DATA, later changed to ODD-DATA at the suggestion of friends.
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In April 1982 Prothero released
Citadel V.2.11 to the C Users Group mailing list. As a social experiment and to distribute power more broadly, V.2.11 provided for aides, a class of people who were neither sysadmins nor users, but who had partial sysadmin powers. To afford a measure of
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and a Mohawk Data 600LPM printer. Before long he was working as a full-time programmer for the department of Biological Structure, headed by John W. Sundsten and John Prothero. He wrote the Skandha visualization system, which assembled microscopic sections of biological material into
491:. When hardware problems finally brought the system down, Prothero felt that he had had enough of peacekeeping and wanted to concentrate on programming. Consequently, he passed the software system on to David Mitchell, a friend who lived on
245:. In the novel, Cynbe ru Taren is an "Aleriona Intellect Master of the Garden of War, fleet admiral, and military strategist of the Grand Commission of Negotiators." He died on November 16, 2016, aged 60, from
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Even at its most early stage, the new social forms enabled by the Citadel system allowed users to display aberrant and antisocial behavior which is now well-known among virtual world researchers, including
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In 1980, Prothero completed building his second computer, a Heath H89 with a homebrew power supply and a Silent 700 acoustic coupler. He began writing code on December 14 and released the first version of
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projects; the Digital Anatomist software, better known as the Visible Human Project; the original Pascal strek.pas Star Trek game program; the first
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was not based on the methodology developed by the Digital Anatomist project (Colorado's specimen sectioning system involved something rather like a
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in 1974, spending most of his time at the Campus Computer Center. He learned his craft at the Visual Techniques Laboratory, using a
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three-dimensional images which could be manipulated minutely to reveal details of the interior of such objects as the human body.
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Shortly afterward, the chief scientists of the UW Digital Anatomist project resigned in frustration.
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bid for the contract using Prothero’s data tapes as examples of its own work.
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page; for details of the Citadel program architecture see below.)
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207:(March 15, 1956 – November 16, 2016), also known as
578:Deaths from colorectal cancer in the United States
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453:Learn how and when to remove this message
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41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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