31:
184:
285:
437:
bladder. However, antibiotics may have little to no effect on only the risk of serious infections that go in the bloodstream. From review data, antibiotics do not appear to cause serious unwanted side effects or affect the occurrence of minor side effects, but more research is needed to confirm these findings. The full-course of antibiotic treatment also lessens the possibility of the bacteria becoming resistant to the antibiotic/anti-infective agent prescribed.
332:
examination. For flexible cystoscopy procedures the patient is almost always alert and a local anesthetic is applied to reduce discomfort. In cases requiring a rigid cystoscopy it is not unusual for the patient to be given a general anesthetic, as these can be more uncomfortable, particularly for men. A physician, nurse, or technician will clean the area around the
311:. (The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.) The physician can then see the stone and remove it with a small basket at the end of a wire that is inserted through an extra tube in the ureteroscope. For larger stones, the physician may also use the extra tube in the ureteroscope to extend a flexible fiber that carries a
151:(flexible glass fibres) that carry an image from the tip of the instrument to a viewing piece at the other end. Cystoscopes range from pediatric to adult and from the thickness of a pencil up to approximately 9 mm and have a light at the tip. Many cystoscopes have extra tubes to guide other instruments for
472:
patients may experience after the procedure. At two weeks post-procedure, the practitioner may order a follow-up evaluation including a repeat of the urinalysis with cultures and sensitivities, and a uroflowmetric study (which evaluates the volume of urine released from the body, the speed with which
436:
This practice may provide an additional benefit by preventing an accidental infection from occurring during the procedure. When antibiotics are given for UTI prevention in adults undergoing a cystoscopy, they may reduce the risk of infections that go into the bloodstream and infections limited to the
432:
with bacterial/fungal cultures and testing for sensitivities to anti-infective medications) prior to the performance of the cystoscopy, and as part of the pre-operative workup. Depending on the results of the testing and other circumstances, he or she may elect to prescribe a 10- to 14-day course of
170:
five to ten minutes prior to the beginning of the procedure. Rigid cystoscopy can be performed under the same conditions, but is generally carried out under general anesthesia, particularly in male subjects, due to the pain caused by the probe. The sizes of the sheath of the rigid cystoscope are 17
323:
Physicians may have special instructions, but in most cases, patients are able to eat normally and return to normal activities after the test. Patients are sometimes asked to give a urine sample before the test to check for infection. These patients should ensure that they do not urinate for a
331:
for the examination and covers the lower part of the body with a sterile drape. In most cases, patients lie on their backs with their knees slightly parted. Occasionally, a patient may also need to have his or her knees raised. This is particularly true when undergoing a Rigid
Cystoscopy
398:
is instilling a photosensitizing agent, into the bladder. The blue light cystoscopy contains a light source and light is transmitted through a fluid light cable connected to an endoscope to light up the area to be observed. The photosensitizing agent preferentially accumulates
866:
Childress MO, Adams LG, Ramos-Vara JA, Freeman LJ, He S, Constable PD, Knapp DW (August 2011). "Results of biopsy via transurethral cystoscopy and cystotomy for diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and urethra in dogs: 92 cases (2003-2008)".
385:
is required. Taking a biopsy (a small tissue sample for examination under a microscope) will also make the procedure last longer. In most cases, the entire examination, including preparation, will take about 15 to 20 minutes.
354:
The physician will gently insert the tip of the cystoscope into the urethra and slowly glide it up into the bladder. The procedure is more painful for men than for women due to the length and narrow diameter of the
647:
727:
222:; (Although, the American Urogynecologic Society does not recommend that cystoscopy, urodynamics, or diagnostic renal and bladder ultrasound are part of initial diagnosis for uncomplicated overactive bladder.)
481:
Patients often experience a burning sensation during urination and often see small amounts of blood in their urine. Procedures using rigid instrumentation more frequently result in short-term
433:
antibiotic or other anti-infective treatment, commencing 3 days before the cystoscopy is to be performed, as this may alleviate some inflammation of the urethra prior to the procedure.
576:
515:
Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters.
381:
The time from insertion of the cystoscope to removal may be only a few minutes, or it may be longer if the physician finds a stone and decides to remove it, or in cases where a
336:
and apply a local anesthetic. The local anesthetic is applied direct from a tube or needleless syringe into the urinary tract. Often, skin preparation is performed with
731:
612:
Gormley EA, Lightner DJ, Faraday M, Vasavada SP (May 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of overactive bladder (non-neurogenic) in adults: AUA/SUFU guideline amendment".
530:
would not be feasible by visualisation of external morphologic features, this technique permits noninvasive visualisation of gonads, and therefore sex determination.
162:—differing in the flexibility of the cystoscope. Flexible cystoscopy is carried out with local anaesthesia on both sexes. Typically, a topical anesthetic, most often
651:
359:, and results of a 2019 systematic review of the literature found that intraurethral lidocaine greatly reduces this painful procedure in men. Relaxing the
1019:, which says, "This e-text is not copyrighted. The clearinghouse encourages users of this e-pub to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired."
1016:
407:
fluoresce red, enabling visualization of tumors. The blue light cystoscopy is used to detect non-muscle invasive papillary cancer of the bladder.
375:
solution) will flow through the cystoscope to slowly fill the bladder and stretch it so that the physician has a better view of the bladder wall.
292:
of a male patient. In the top-right image, the cystoscope has been bent within the bladder to look back on itself. The bottom two images show an
58:
54:
1498:
1061:
547:
327:
Patients will have to remove their clothing covering the lower part of the body, although some physicians may prefer if the patient wears a
1030:
1424:
395:
166:
gel (common brand names are
Anestacon and Instillagel) is employed. The medication is instilled into the urethra via the
672:
Raskolnikov D, Brown B, Holt SK, Ball AL, Lotan Y, Strope S, Schroeck F, Ullman R, Lipman R, Smith AB, Gore JL (2019).
303:
If a patient has a stone lodged higher in the urinary tract, the physician may use a much finer calibre scope called a
1054:
403:
in malignant cells as opposed to nonmalignant cells of urothelial origin. Under subsequent blue light illumination,
1564:
1382:
522:
and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin
978:
Selleri P, Di
Girolamo N, Melidone R (June 2013). "Cystoscopic sex identification of posthatchling chelonians".
30:
420:
Prior to the early 1990s, it was common practice for the physician performing the procedure to prescribe an
1687:
1441:
1240:
1099:
1047:
580:
364:
1245:
1452:
1332:
378:
As the bladder reaches capacity, patients typically feel some mild discomfort and the urge to urinate.
1039:
175:(5.7 mm diameter), 19 Fr gauge (6.3 mm diameter), and 22 Fr gauge (7.3 mm diameter).
1275:
1092:
65:
1417:
1360:
1317:
555:
198:
943:
Di
Girolamo N, Selleri P (September 2015). "Clinical Applications of Cystoscopy in Chelonians".
1327:
1131:
784:"Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy"
324:
sufficient period of time, such that they are able to urinate prior to this part of the test.
1285:
1197:
904:"Cystoscopic diagnosis and treatment of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 16 cases (2005-2008)"
673:
315:
beam to break the stone into smaller pieces that can then pass out of the body in the urine.
240:
172:
1615:
1290:
1164:
782:
Zeng S, Zhang Z, Bai Y, Sun Y, Xu C, et al. (Cochrane
Urology Group) (February 2019).
486:
482:
215:
8:
1295:
747:"Blue light cystoscopy for detection and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer"
461:
348:
152:
1682:
1410:
1337:
1250:
808:
783:
709:
344:
251:
219:
496:
Common (non-invasive) prescriptions to relieve discomfort after the test may include:
1602:
1508:
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1375:
1230:
1159:
995:
960:
925:
884:
848:
813:
761:
713:
701:
693:
674:"Reduction of Pain during Flexible Cystoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
629:
465:
368:
188:
49:
987:
952:
915:
876:
840:
803:
799:
795:
685:
621:
264:
746:
85:
1630:
1365:
1312:
1267:
1184:
589:
585:
523:
445:
289:
113:
71:
689:
1071:
956:
844:
625:
453:
449:
360:
333:
167:
991:
135:
from the bladder to the outside of the body. The cystoscope has lenses like a
1676:
1536:
1470:
1300:
1235:
1013:
697:
490:
337:
328:
148:
144:
920:
903:
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1154:
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183:
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and leakage due to urethral damage. Occasionally, patients may feel some
457:
284:
236:
79:
1656:
1587:
1572:
1516:
1387:
1342:
1307:
1192:
1136:
1104:
831:
Morgan M, Forman M (July 2015). "Cystoscopy in dogs and cats". review.
429:
421:
140:
745:
Mark JR, Gelpi-Hammerschmidt F, Trabulsi EJ, Gomella LG (April 2012).
744:
288:
Images from a cystoscopy. The top two images show the interior of the
95:
1651:
1433:
1280:
1109:
1069:
441:
425:
400:
208:
163:
159:
136:
109:
143:. These lenses let the physician focus on the inner surfaces of the
1661:
1485:
428:. Since that time, many urologists will order a "urine C & S" (
404:
247:
229:
194:
Cystoscopy may be recommended for any of the following conditions:
16:
Medical procedure; endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra
1212:
469:
372:
296:
128:
117:
1033:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1146:
1079:
945:
The
Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice
865:
575:
527:
519:
382:
308:
272:
833:
The
Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
611:
410:
312:
268:
204:
132:
1402:
977:
728:"Photodynamic Diagnostic D-Light C (PDD) System – P050027"
506:
holding a warm, damp washcloth over the urethral opening.
1012:
An earlier version of this article was adapted from the
671:
980:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
908:
Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association
901:
869:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
503:
taking a warm bath to relieve the burning feeling; and
448:, or a combination (urinary) analgesic/anti-infective/
581:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
500:
drinking 32 fluid ounces (1 L) of water over 2 hours;
158:
There are two main types of cystoscopy—flexible and
35:
Diagram showing a cystoscopy for a male and a female
942:
902:Smith AL, Radlinsky MG, Rawlings CA (July 2010).
279:
1674:
473:it is released, and how long the release takes)
343:Patients receiving a ureteroscopy may receive a
781:
1499:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
440:Physicians may also prescribe an oral urinary
1418:
1055:
971:
936:
895:
859:
830:
363:helps make this part of the test easier. A
824:
788:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
777:
775:
738:
1425:
1411:
1062:
1048:
411:Indications before and after the procedure
29:
919:
807:
772:
283:
182:
648:"Pharmaceutical Information – Hibitane"
415:
1675:
569:
476:
1406:
1043:
424:to take for a few days to prevent an
526:wall. In young individuals in which
307:through the bladder and up into the
254:, or narrowing of the urinary tract;
225:unusual cells found in urine sample;
187:A sterile flexible cystoscope in an
1070:Tests and procedures involving the
1031:Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy on the
396:hexyl aminolevulinate hydrochloride
13:
1024:
318:
14:
1699:
593:. American Urogynecologic Society
1383:Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
510:
754:The Canadian Journal of Urology
577:American Urogynecologic Society
178:
800:10.1002/14651858.CD012305.pub2
720:
665:
640:
605:
540:
280:Male and female urinary tracts
246:urinary blockage such as from
1:
1432:
548:"Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy"
533:
389:
1241:Artificial urinary sphincter
1100:Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
493:, but these are not common.
7:
1246:Urethral bulking injections
1017:NIH Publication No. 01-4800
690:10.1097/JU.0000000000000399
235:painful urination, chronic
155:to treat urinary problems.
120:. It is carried out with a
10:
1704:
1565:Female reproductive system
1453:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
1333:Voiding cystourethrography
957:10.1016/j.cvex.2015.04.008
845:10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.02.010
626:10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.087
1644:
1596:
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1535:
1507:
1440:
1353:
1266:
1259:
1211:
1183:
1145:
1078:
992:10.2460/javma.242.12.1744
394:In blue light cystoscopy
260:in the urinary tract; and
214:loss of bladder control (
131:is the tube that carries
92:
78:
64:
48:
40:
28:
23:
1276:Urinary tract ultrasound
199:urinary tract infections
1361:Urinary catheterization
1318:Radioisotope renography
921:10.2460/javma.237.2.191
881:10.2460/javma.239.3.350
650:. RxMed. Archived from
588:: an initiative of the
147:. Some cystoscopes use
1442:Gastrointestinal tract
1328:Retrograde urethrogram
1132:Kidney transplantation
614:The Journal of Urology
468:for irritation and/or
452:medication containing
300:
191:
1198:Suprapubic cystostomy
730:. FDA. Archived from
489:, reflecting bladder
487:lower abdominal pains
287:
241:interstitial cystitis
186:
1616:Laparoscopic surgery
1165:Ureterosigmoidostomy
483:urinary incontinence
416:Before the procedure
44:sis-ˈtäs-kə-pē
1688:Urologic procedures
734:on 18 January 2017.
477:After the procedure
462:hyoscyamine sulfate
349:general anaesthetic
228:need for a bladder
153:surgical procedures
1338:Urodynamic testing
1251:Cystourethrography
678:Journal of Urology
552:The Doctors Lounge
405:neoplastic lesions
301:
220:overactive bladder
192:
1670:
1669:
1509:Respiratory tract
1491:Capsule endoscopy
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1376:Laser lithotripsy
1231:Urethral sounding
1160:Urinary diversion
528:sex determination
466:phenyl salicylate
189:operating theatre
103:
102:
1695:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1264:
1263:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1041:
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742:
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684:(6): 1136–1142.
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659:
644:
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609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
573:
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566:
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554:. Archived from
544:
334:urethral opening
263:unusual growth,
96:edit on Wikidata
88:
74:
33:
21:
20:
1703:
1702:
1698:
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1694:
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1673:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1640:
1631:Mediastinoscopy
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1559:
1531:
1503:
1436:
1431:
1401:
1392:
1366:Kidney dialysis
1349:
1313:Abdominal x-ray
1255:
1207:
1179:
1141:
1074:
1068:
1027:
1025:Further reading
1008:
1007:
986:(12): 1744–50.
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829:
825:
794:(2): CD012305.
780:
773:
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590:ABIM Foundation
586:Choosing Wisely
579:(May 5, 2015).
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546:
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524:urinary bladder
513:
479:
446:phenazopyridine
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367:liquid (water,
321:
319:Test procedures
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114:urinary bladder
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36:
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1072:urinary system
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1038:
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1005:
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839:(4): 665–701.
823:
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760:(2): 6227–31.
737:
719:
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620:(5): 1572–80.
604:
568:
538:
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478:
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454:methylene blue
450:anti-spasmodic
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361:pelvic muscles
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207:in the urine (
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168:urinary meatus
149:optical fibres
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1537:Urinary tract
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1471:Sigmoidoscopy
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1236:Urethroplasty
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41:Pronunciation
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1626:Thoracoscopy
1583:Falloposcopy
1578:Hysteroscopy
1554:
1550:Ureteroscopy
1527:Bronchoscopy
1522:Laryngoscopy
1202:
1175:Ureteroscopy
1170:Ureterolysis
1155:Ureterostomy
1122:Renal biopsy
1093:percutaneous
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556:the original
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357:male urethra
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216:incontinence
193:
179:Medical uses
173:French gauge
157:
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1636:Coelioscopy
1621:Arthroscopy
1611:Laparoscopy
1545:Nephroscopy
1497:Accessory:
1481:Proctoscopy
1476:Pouchoscopy
1466:Colonoscopy
1461:Enteroscopy
1371:Lithotripsy
1323:Cystography
1286:Intravenous
1226:Urethrotomy
1221:Urethropexy
1127:Nephrectomy
1115:Nephroscopy
1088:Nephrostomy
458:methanamine
237:pelvic pain
80:MedlinePlus
1677:Categories
1657:Angioscopy
1588:Culdoscopy
1573:Colposcopy
1555:Cystoscopy
1517:Rhinoscopy
1388:Urinalysis
1343:Cystometry
1308:CT urogram
1291:Retrograde
1203:Cystoscopy
1193:Cystectomy
1137:Nephropexy
1105:Nephrotomy
658:2013-06-09
562:2008-01-29
534:References
430:urinalysis
422:antibiotic
401:porphyrins
390:Blue light
141:microscope
122:cystoscope
106:Cystoscopy
24:Cystoscopy
1683:Endoscopy
1652:Fetoscopy
1434:Endoscopy
1296:Antegrade
1281:Pyelogram
1110:Endoscopy
714:195192577
698:0022-5347
442:analgesic
426:infection
252:stricture
209:hematuria
164:xylocaine
137:telescope
110:endoscopy
1662:Otoscopy
1603:incision
1486:Anoscopy
1000:23725439
965:26336001
930:20632793
889:21801049
853:26002795
818:30789676
766:22512972
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634:25623739
294:inflamed
248:prostate
230:catheter
116:via the
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1597:Closed
1459:Lower:
1268:Imaging
1260:General
1213:Urethra
1185:Bladder
1035:website
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470:dysuria
373:glycine
365:sterile
297:urethra
290:bladder
129:urethra
118:urethra
112:of the
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309:ureter
273:cancer
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1645:Other
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313:laser
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762:PMID
702:PMID
694:ISSN
630:PMID
599:2015
464:and
127:The
66:MeSH
1301:Gas
988:doi
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