DOS - Knowledge

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assigned to one of the extended partition logical drives. Moreover, even adding a new hard drive having only logical drives in an extended partition would still disrupt the letters of RAM disks and optical drives. This problem persisted through Microsoft's DOS-based 9x versions of Windows until they were replaced by versions based on the NT line, which preserves the letters of existing drives until the user changes them. Under DOS, this problem can be worked around by defining a SUBST drive and installing the DOS program into this logical drive. The assignment of this drive would then be changed in a batch job whenever the application starts. Under some versions of

983:. As such, removing and adding this file is likely to render the media unbootable. It is, however, possible to replace the shell at will, a method that can be used to start the execution of dedicated applications faster. This limitation does not apply to any version of DR DOS, where the system files can be located anywhere in the root directory and do not need to be contiguous. Therefore, system files can be simply copied to a disk provided that the boot sector is DR DOS compatible already. 1149: 1029:: 8 characters for the filename and 3 characters for the extension. Starting with DOS 2 hierarchical directories are supported. Each directory name is also 8.3 format but the maximum directory path length is 64 characters due to the internal current directory structure (CDS) tables that DOS maintains. Including the drive name, the maximum length of a fully qualified filename that DOS supports is 80 characters using the format drive:\path\filename.ext followed by a null byte. 4188: 1757: 4199: 358:. Microsoft purchased 86-DOS, allegedly for US$ 50,000. This became Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS, introduced in 1981. Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies, which supplied the operating system for their own hardware, sometimes under their own names. Microsoft later required the use of the MS-DOS name, with the exception of the IBM variant. IBM continued to develop their version, 512: 317: 582: 273: 44: 211: 1703:(TSR) function which allows programs to remain resident in memory. These programs can hook the system timer or keyboard interrupts to allow themselves to run tasks in the background or to be invoked at any time, preempting the current running program and effectively implementing a simple form of multitasking on a program-specific basis. The DOS 1599:

Under OS/2 2.x and later, the DOS emulation is provided by DOSKRNL. This is a file that represents the combined IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, the system calls are passed through to the OS/2 windowing services. DOS programs run in their own environment, the bulk of the DOS utilities are provided by bound

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In Windows 3.1 and 9x, the DOS virtual machine is provided by WINOLDAP. WinOldAp creates a virtual machine based on the program's PIF file, and the system state when Windows was loaded. The DOS graphics mode, both character and graphic, can be captured and run in the window. DOS applications can use

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constitutes a VBR now. VBRs are operating system specific and cannot be exchanged between different DOS versions in general, as the exact behaviour differs between different DOS versions. In very old versions of DOS such as DOS 1.x, the VBR would load the whole IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at

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for the Motorola 68000 series of CPUs in the early 1990s. While these systems loosely resembled the DOS architecture, applications were not binary compatible due to the incompatible instruction sets of these non-x86-CPUs. However, applications written in high-level languages could be ported easily.

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and Tim Norman joined the project. A kernel, the COMMAND.COM command line interpreter (shell), and core utilities were created by pooling code they had written or found available. There were several official pre-release distributions of FreeDOS before the FreeDOS 1.0 distribution was released on 3

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began selling Unix, Microsoft and IBM began developing OS/2 as an alternative. The two companies later had a series of disagreements over two successor operating systems to DOS, OS/2 and Windows. They split development of their DOS systems as a result. The last retail version of MS-DOS was MS-DOS

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It is still possible to create files or directories using these reserved device names, such as through direct editing of directory data structures in disk sectors. Such naming, such as starting a file name with a space, has sometimes been used by viruses or hacking programs to obscure files from

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OS/2 allows for 'DOS from Drive A:', (VMDISK). This is a real DOS, like MS-DOS 6.22 or PC DOS 5.00. One makes a bootable floppy disk of the DOS, adds a number of drivers from OS/2, and then creates a special image. The DOS booted this way has full access to the system, but provides its own

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systems), they can be disrupted by adding new hardware that needs a drive letter. An example is the addition of a new hard drive having a primary partition where a pre-existing hard drive contains logical drives in extended partitions; the new drive will be assigned a letter that was previously

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The emulated DOS in OS/2 and Windows NT is based upon DOS 5. Although there is a default configuration (config.sys and autoexec.bat), one can use alternate files on a session-by-session basis. It is possible to load drivers in these files to access the host system, although these are typically

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The DOS emulation in OS/2 and Windows runs in much the same way as native applications do. They can access all of the drives and services, and can even use the host's clipboard services. Because the drivers for file systems and such forth reside in the host system, the DOS emulation needs only

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for help with an 8088-compatible build of CP/M. IBM was then sent to Digital Research, and a meeting was set up. However, initial negotiations for the use of CP/M broke down: Digital Research wished to sell CP/M on a royalty basis, while IBM sought a single license, and to change the name to

362:, for the IBM PC. Digital Research became aware that an operating system similar to CP/M was being sold by IBM (under the same name that IBM insisted upon for CP/M), and threatened legal action. IBM responded by offering an agreement: they would give PC consumers a choice of PC DOS or 1600:

DOS / OS2 applications in the \OS2 directory. OS/2 can run Windows 3.1 applications by using a modified copy of Windows (Win-OS/2). The modifications allow Windows 3.1 programs to run seamlessly on the OS/2 desktop, or one can start a WinOS/2 desktop, similar to starting Windows from DOS.

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program Back and Forth (1990) has a hotkey to save the state of the currently-running program to disk, load another program, and switch to it, making it possible to switch "back and forth" between programs (albeit slowly, due to the disk access required). Back and Forth could not enable

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wrote in 1995 that "DOS was, when we first wrote it, a one-time throw-away product intended to keep IBM happy so that they'd buy our languages." Microsoft expected that it would be an interim solution before Xenix. The company planned to improve MS-DOS over time, so it would be almost

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distribution under the manufacturer's name, to versions specifically designed to work with non-IBM-PC-compatible hardware. As long as application programs used DOS APIs instead of direct hardware access, they could run on both IBM-PC-compatible and incompatible machines. The original

1085:. On systems with only one floppy drive DOS assigns both letters to the drive, prompting the user to swap disks as programs alternate access between them. This facilitates copying from floppy to floppy or having a program run from one floppy while accessing its data on another. 1067:. IBM PC DOS 4.0 also had preliminary installable file system (IFS) support but this was unused and removed in DOS 5.0. DOS also supported Block Devices ("Disk Drive" devices) loaded from CONFIG.SYS that could be used under the DOS file system to support network devices. 385:). Microsoft provided an OEM Adaptation Kit (OAK) which allowed OEMs to customize the device driver code to their particular system. By the early 1990s, most PCs adhered to IBM PC standards so Microsoft began selling a retail version of MS-DOS, starting with MS-DOS 5.0. 921:

In later DOS versions, where the VBR has loaded only the first 3 sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory, the loaded portion contains another boot loader, which will then load the remainder of itself into memory, using the root directory information stored at

1110:, and other hardware. Letter assignments usually occur in the order the drivers are loaded, but the drivers can instruct DOS to assign a different letter; drivers for network drives, for example, typically assign letters nearer to the end of the alphabet. 573:, though the MS-DOS component remained for compatibility. With Windows 95 and 98, but not ME, the MS-DOS component could be run without starting Windows. With DOS no longer required to use Windows, the majority of users stopped using it directly. 1160:

device names in DOS that cannot be used as filenames regardless of extension as they are occupied by built-in character devices. These restrictions also affect several Windows versions, in some cases causing crashes and security vulnerabilities.

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6.22; after this, MS-DOS became part of Windows 95, 98 and Me. The last retail version of PC DOS was PC DOS 2000 (also called PC DOS 7 revision 1), though IBM did later develop PC DOS 7.10 for OEMs and internal use.

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provide a DOS API translation layer which converts DOS calls to OS/2 or Windows system calls. The translation layer generally also converts BIOS calls and virtualizes common I/O port accesses which many DOS programs commonly use.

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were originally assigned the letters "C" and "D". DOS could only support one active partition per drive. As support for more hard drives became available, this developed into first assigning a drive letter to each drive's active

685:) on modern operating systems. DOSBox includes its own implementation of DOS which is strongly tied to the emulator and cannot run on real hardware, but can also boot MS-DOS, FreeDOS, or other DOS operating systems if needed. 937:

on MS-DOS systems, into memory as well. In Windows 9x, the DOS system initialization code and built-in device drivers and the DOS kernel are combined into a single IO.SYS file while MSDOS.SYS is used as a text configuration

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of adapters on some video and network peripherals, and the system's BIOS. By 1985, some DOS applications were already hitting the memory limit, while much of reserved was unused, depending on the machine's specifications.

1611:(NTVDM). 64-bit (IA-64 and x86-64) versions of Windows do not support NTVDM and cannot run 16-bit DOS applications directly; third-party emulators such as DOSbox can be used to run DOS programs on those machines. 366:, Kildall's 8086 version. Side-by-side, CP/M cost US$ 200 more than PC DOS, and sales were low. CP/M faded, with MS-DOS and PC DOS becoming the marketed operating system for PCs and PC compatibles. 2537: 898:. For this to work, these sectors had to be stored in consecutive order on disk by SYS. In later issues, it would locate and store the contents of the first two entries in the root directory at 3226: 858:

in memory, otherwise this step is skipped. The MBR code will scan the partition table, which is located within this sector, for an active partition (modern MBRs check if bit 7 is set at offset

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the binary system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS were combined into a single file IO.SYS whilst MSDOS.SYS became a configuration file similar to CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. If the MSDOS.SYS

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conventionally indicate device names, but the colon is not actually a part of the name of the built-in device drivers. Colons are not necessary to be typed in some cases, for example:

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IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System User's guide (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (100 pages including colour illustrations) Item Number. 6183947

1289:, typing in the location of the reserved name (such as CON/CON, AUX/AUX, or PRN/PRN) crashes the operating system, of which Microsoft has provided a security fix for the issue. In 918:(DPT). Finally, it passes control to the loaded portion by jumping to its entry point with certain registers set up (with considerable differences between different DOS versions). 1722:

provide command-line editing facilities beyond what is available in COMMAND.COM. Programs like the Microsoft CD-ROM Extensions (MSCDEX) provide access to files on CD-ROM disks.

843:. If the sector is not considered to be valid, the ROM BIOS will try the next physical disk in the row, otherwise it will jump to the load address with certain registers set up. 930:. For most versions, the file contents still need to be stored in consecutive order on disk. In older versions of DOS, which were still loaded as a whole, this step is skipped. 1623:. A program is started by entering its filename at the command prompt. DOS systems include utility programs and provide internal commands that do not correspond to programs. 2675: 906:

and if they happen to reflect the correct boot files as recorded in the VBR, the VBR would load the first 3 consecutive sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at

3029: 1530:(EMS) was designed to allow memory on an add-on card to be accessed via a 64 KiB page frame in the reserved upper memory area. 80386 and later systems could use a 3175: 569:

was bundled as a standalone operating system that did not require a separate DOS license. Windows 95 (and Windows 98 and ME, that followed it) took over as the default

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IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System Manual (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (574 looseleaf pages in 3 ring folder) Item No. 6183940

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Starting with DOS 3.1, file redirector support was added to DOS. This was initially used to support networking but was later used to support CD-ROM drives with

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in the similar fashion as if it had been loaded by the ROM BIOS itself. The MBR will then pass execution to the loaded portion with certain registers set up.

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The operating system offers an application programming interface that allows development of character-based applications, but not for accessing most of the

741:: only one program at a time can use them, and DOS itself has no functionality to allow more than one program to execute at a time. The DOS kernel provides 2200: 798:

for each hardware peripheral. Hardware manufacturers would release specifications to ensure device drivers for popular applications were available.

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DOS was designed for the Intel 8088 processor, which can only directly access a maximum of 1 MiB of RAM. Both IBM and Microsoft chose 640

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and later, attempting to use a reserved name for a file or folder brings up an error message saying "The specified device name is invalid."

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and licensed to several European companies. This version of DOS supports preemptive multitasking, shared memory, device helper services and

2106: 4236: 2367: 3412: 1293:, the name of the file or folder using a reserved name silently reverts to its previous name, with no notification or error message. In 2421: 3605: 4203: 3466:

IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "IBM DOS Release 2.10 Cloth bound retail hard board box". 1st edition. IBM Corp. Item Number. 6183946

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their names (where such additional partitions existed and contained a DOS-supported file system). Lastly, DOS allocates letters for

1017:, the boot process will stop with the command processor (typically COMMAND.COM) loaded, instead of executing WIN.COM automatically. 404:

kernel. This version of DOS is distinct from the widely released PC DOS 4.0 which was developed by IBM and based upon DOS 3.3.

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Terminate-and-stay-resident programs are also used to provide additional features not available by default. Programs like CED and

400:("NE") format executables. None of these features were used in later versions of DOS, but they were used to form the basis of the 3546: 538:

then posted a manifesto proposing the development of an open-source replacement. Within a few weeks, other programmers including

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Eventually, the manufacturers of major DOS systems began to include their own environment managers. MS-DOS/IBM DOS 4 included

55: 4565: 4536: 3369: 3342: 3163: 767:). Each line of a batch file is interpreted as a program to run. Batch files can also make use of internal commands, such as 407: 1592:

the Windows clipboard by accessing extra published calls in WinOldAp, and one can paste text through the WinOldAp graphics.

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Starting with DOS 5, DOS could directly take advantage of the HMA by loading its kernel code and disk buffers there via the

3653: 3552: 3375: 1542:(XMS) for 80286 and later systems. This provided a way to copy data to and from extended memory, access to the 65,520-byte 1518:(KiB) as the maximum amount of memory available to programs and reserved the remaining 384 KiB for video memory, the 1300:

These names (except for NUL) have continued to be supported in all versions of MS-DOS, PC DOS and DR-DOS ever since.

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drive limit and could support up to 512 MiB. Finally MS-DOS 7.1 (the DOS component of Windows 9x) added support for

794:. This required programmers to access the hardware directly, usually resulting in each application having its own set of 196: 2704: 2650: 933:

The DOS system initialization code will initialize its built-in device drivers and then load the DOS kernel, located in

4751: 3563: 3021: 3587: 354:. The system was initially named QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), before being made commercially available as 159:, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe 3695: 3524: 3491: 2949: 2896: 2141: 2032: 200: 3439: 2607: 1538:

to create expanded memory from extended memory without the need of an add-on card. The second specification was the

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operating system. And a few developers and computer engineers still use it because it is close to the hardware.

620: 393: 370: 4452: 4350: 2811: 1671: 1455:), but these defaults can be changed in some versions of DOS to point to other serial or parallel devices. The 1304:

was also available in some OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25, whereas other OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25 already used

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becoming a self-contained program loader, and replacing DOS as the most-used PC-compatible program loader.

635:. The final versions of DR-DOS are still aimed at this market. ROM-DOS is used as operating system for the 556: 149:

Although the name has come to be identified specifically with this particular family of operating systems,

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In all 32-bit (IA-32) editions of the Windows NT family since 1993, DOS emulation is provided by way of a

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is an optional built-in driver for a fourth line printer supported in some versions of DR-DOS since 7.02.

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ran on MS-DOS. By the early 1990s, the Windows graphical shell saw heavy use on new DOS systems. In 1995,

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drivers for hardware. One can use such a disk to access cdrom drives for which there is no OS/2 driver.

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In DOS, drives are referred to by identifying letters. Standard practice is to reserve "A" and "B" for

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MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS related operating systems are commonly associated with machines using the

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project began on 26 June 1994, when Microsoft announced it would no longer sell or support MS-DOS.

392:. This version of DOS is generally referred to as "European MS-DOS 4" because it was developed for 130:, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include 24: 2570: 4330: 4053: 4028: 3167: 3131: 3092: 2646: 2479: 2450: 1965: 1884: 1626:

In an attempt to provide a more user-friendly environment, numerous software manufacturers wrote

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statement in CONFIG.SYS. DOS 5+ also allowed the use of available upper memory blocks via the

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Error message when attempting to use a reserved name while naming or renaming a file or folder

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which used 32-bit allocation entries and could support hard drives up to 137 GiB and beyond.

1033: 535: 277: 155: 20: 3613: 2133: 749:), like character I/O, file management, memory management, program loading and termination. 4698: 4672: 3705: 1960: 1430: 28: 3122: 2222:"Did you know that OS/2 wasn't Microsoft's first non Unix multi-tasking operating system?" 8: 4667: 4619: 4496: 3998: 3397: 3389: 2458: 2276: 2165: 1639: 1608: 1582: 1463: 1094:, then making a second pass over the drives to allocate letters to logical drives in the 980: 636: 2924: 2833: 1113:

Because DOS applications use these drive letters directly (unlike the /dev directory in

866:), and, if found, load the first sector of the corresponding partition, which holds the 4604: 4511: 3978: 3973: 3818: 3710: 3214: 3164:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/SKELIO.TXT, /msdos/v20source/HRDDRV.ASM" 2394: 1987: 1731: 1547: 1103: 1095: 1045: 946: 867: 847: 812: 761: 301: 1526:

Specifications were developed to allow access to additional memory. The first was the

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device (present only in some HP OEM versions of MS-DOS) was reconfigurable as well.

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had a conversation with fellow United Way National Board Executive Committee member

4693: 4245: 3628: 2268: 1838: 1804: 1784: 1708: 1659: 1651: 1643: 1631: 1543: 1519: 1341: 1130:, the reserved drive letter L: will automatically be assigned to the corresponding 1044:

which used 16-bit allocation entries and supported up to 65518 clusters per drive.

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Some TSRs can even perform a rudimentary form of task switching. For example, the

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Digital Research attempted to regain the market lost from CP/M-86, initially with

4637: 4599: 4570: 3868: 3556: 3359: 3188: 3187:(NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 2186: 2129: 2054: 1928: 1704: 708:. Machine-dependent versions of MS-DOS were produced for many non-IBM-compatible 675: 658: 632: 616: 3633: 4723: 4647: 4609: 4481: 3823: 3638: 3483: 1903: 1848: 1119: 791: 487: 420: 397: 3477: 3063: 1388:

in some issues of MS-DOS 2.11) clock device were introduced with DOS 2.0, and

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In PC DOS and DR DOS 5.0 and above, the DOS system files are named

795: 478: 432: 222: 176: 146:(1998). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995. 3567: 2878:"Reverse-Engineering DOS 1.0 – Part 1: The Boot Sector « pagetable.com" 1841:, personal information manager that could be used from within other programs 1634:

interfaces. Microsoft Windows is a notable example, eventually resulting in

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device for dynamic idle detection to saving power and improve multitasking.

4516: 3988: 3943: 3159: 2099:"The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1" 2094: 1971: 1924: 1912: 1788: 1627: 1026: 968: 753: 661:

for running DOS programs at near native speed. There are a number of other

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This article is about a family of operating systems. For the concept, see

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which supported up to 4078 clusters per drive. DOS 3.0 added support for

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microcomputers—in order to simplify porting CP/M applications to MS-DOS.

2807: 2757: 2487: 1002:. Older versions of DR DOS used DRBIOS.SYS and DRBDOS.SYS instead. 3883: 3873: 3770: 3760: 3740: 2047: 1997: 1948: 1699:

Although DOS is not a multitasking operating system, it does provide a

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DOS's structure of accessing hardware directly allows it to be used in

566: 448: 373:(OEMs). One major reason for this was that not all early PCs were 100% 344: 305: 293: 262: 244: 232: 214: 119: 63:, showing version information and an example of its directory structure 2726:"Datalight DOS Selected for Canon's New Line of Digital Still Cameras" 1857:, word processor originally for CP/M that became popular on the IBM PC 4579: 4486: 4412: 4377: 4128: 4083: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3938: 3625:"(...) An archive of carefully hand selected FREE software for DOS." 3171: 3059: 2968:"Drive Letter Assignment and Choosing Primary vs. Logical Partitions" 2362: 2195: 1726: 1678: 1551: 1515: 1427: 1114: 999: 934: 713: 570: 382: 351: 297: 266: 172: 164: 123: 4214: 1756: 581: 431:(both compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software), later with 4708: 4158: 4123: 3923: 3908: 3903: 3848: 3843: 3733: 2330:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace" 1897: 1875: 1854: 1778: 1735: 1655: 1414: 1107: 1053: 662: 428: 401: 226: 184: 48: 2877: 1817:, the utility that quickly became the standard in file compression 439:(compatible with MS-DOS software). Digital Research was bought by 4703: 4402: 4173: 4143: 4098: 4073: 4008: 4003: 3993: 3898: 3888: 3878: 3858: 3828: 3803: 3780: 3775: 3765: 3690: 1977: 1932: 1920: 1820: 1682: 1365: 1127: 850:(MBR), as found on partitioned media, it will relocate itself to 742: 733:

DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system with basic

718: 608: 600: 596: 592: 531: 523: 511: 456: 444: 412: 363: 340: 143: 139: 135: 60: 3314: 3211:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT" 2628: 914:. The VBR also has to take care to preserve the contents of the 4153: 4148: 4048: 4038: 4033: 4013: 3963: 3928: 3853: 3808: 3750: 3723: 3687: 2851: 1907: 1871: 1824: 1719: 1559: 1535: 1270: 1064: 1049: 991: 820: 726: 670: 653: 585: 495: 440: 436: 424: 378: 359: 355: 343:, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit 324: 289: 247: 240: 236: 180: 131: 127: 3290: 3254: 3242: 3130:(2 ed.). Portable Computer Division, Corvallis, OR, USA: 2162:"The Unusual History of MS-DOS The Microsoft Operating System" 272: 4652: 4168: 4103: 4093: 4078: 4043: 3933: 3893: 3755: 3745: 3050: 3048: 3046: 1982: 1880: 1867: 1832: 1828: 1814: 1808: 1774: 1057: 1041: 1037: 722: 694: 648: 604: 483: 468: 259: 99: 3124:

Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS

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Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS

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in 1983 described as "the multi-user MS-DOS of the future".

43: 4163: 4088: 4068: 4018: 3983: 3833: 3588:"The Rise of DOS: How Microsoft Got the IBM PC OS Contract" 2334: 2306: 1954: 1555: 824: 768: 612: 547:(GPL), FreeDOS does not require license fees or royalties. 515: 504: 255: 3278: 3230: 3043: 2105:(Interview). Interviewed by Scoble, Robert. Archived from 1707:

command does this to implement background print spooling.

1320:) instead, as introduced with PC DOS. In addition to 331:

IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached

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microprocessor, they needed an operating system. Chairman

79: 4688: 3791: 3056:"MS-DOS Device Driver Names Cannot be Used As File Names" 2782: 712:-based machines, with variations from relabelling of the 709: 701: 697: 285: 2997:"Microsoft Windows MS-DOS Device Name DoS Vulnerability" 2889: 2422:"I.B.M. Executive Describes Price Pressure by Microsoft" 1957:(Digital Research early operating system similar to DOS) 975:

The DOS system files loaded by the boot sector must be

435:(compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software) and 3302: 3266: 3095:, Portable Computer Division. August 1985. 45559-90001 2455:"The past, present, and future of the FreeDOS Project" 2390:"Microsoft Widens Its Split With I.B.M. Over Software" 1801:

which has been credited with the success of the IBM PC

210: 2191:"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer" 1970:(DCP, an MS-DOS derivative by the former East-German 1490:

users who do not know how to access these locations.

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1.0 featured a text mode interface similar to MS-DOS.

102: 82: 3152: 1681:; DR DOS 5.0, released the following year, included 1546:

directly above the first megabyte of memory and the

96: 76: 3606:"Application Software - DOS Short File Name Family" 2600:"Description of Restarting Computer in MS-DOS Mode" 3508: 3428:and says "(C) 1990 by Progressive Solutions, Inc." 2121: 3582:Batfiles: The DOS batch file programming handbook 3158: 2255: 2253: 2179: 1098:, then a third pass to give any other non-active 522:IBM, however, did not want to replace DOS. After 34:"WinDOS" redirects here. Not to be confused with 4743: 3668: 2067:"Mary Gates, 64; Helped Her Son Start Microsoft" 665:for running DOS on various versions of Unix and 118:computers. The DOS family primarily consists of 3202: 2859:"The Master Boot Record (MBR) and What it Does" 2513:"HOW TO: Coax retro DOS games to play on Vista" 2302:"Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones" 1396:were added with DOS 3.3. Only the multitasking 862:, whereas old MBRs simply check for a value of 250:processors. It was developed to be similar to 3511:Memory Management and Multitasking Beyond 640K 2962: 2960: 2938: 2349: 2250: 1688: 59:The boot screen and command-line interface of 47:The boot screen and command-line interface of 4230: 3654: 3506: 3337:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. pp. 7–12. 3320: 3296: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3062:. 2003-05-12. KB74496, Q74496. Archived from 2870: 2834:"ZINGTECH - Guide to the New Game Programmer" 2592: 2559: 2321: 2006:, the base of DOS's TUI on IBM PC compatibles 2000:(a DOS-compatible multiuser operating system) 1576: 827:will load this sector into memory at address 673:. DOSBox is designed for legacy gaming (e.g. 591:As of 2023, available compatible systems are 482:indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or 16:Family of IBM PC-compatible operating systems 2571:"What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?" 2293: 1550:area. Generally XMS support was provided by 51:, with an example of its directory structure 2957: 4237: 4223: 4198: 3661: 3647: 3388: 3364:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. p. 71. 3106: 3070: 2575:The Old New Thing - Site Home - MSDN Blogs 2506: 2504: 2185: 2089: 2087: 1947:(the command line interpreter for DOS and 846:If the loaded boot sector happens to be a 2752: 2750: 611:. Some computer manufacturers, including 543:September 2006. Made available under the 415:for the IBM Personal Computer Version 1.0 369:Microsoft originally sold MS-DOS only to 3564:"DOS - where hardware is the only limit" 3394:Dvorak's Guide to DOS and PC Performance 2914: 2419: 2155: 2153: 1755: 1412:and higher and Multiuser DOS support an 1147: 1137: 580: 510: 406: 388:In the mid-1980s, Microsoft developed a 315: 309:"PC DOS". Digital Research founder 271: 258:—the dominant disk operating system for 209: 54: 42: 3549:, articles and manuals by Tim Paterson. 3475: 3357: 3332: 3308: 3284: 3272: 2501: 2387: 2327: 2084: 2022: 953:variable specifies the location of the 835:, and typically check for a signature " 819:, the first sector on the first track ( 4744: 3437: 2831: 2747: 2510: 2355: 2299: 2259: 1070: 1036:(FAT) filesystem. This was originally 153:is a platform-independent acronym for 4244: 4218: 3642: 3507:Bailes, Lenny; Mueller, John (1992). 2150: 1666:programs included Digital Research's 1025:DOS uses a filesystem which supports 870:(VBR) of that volume, into memory at 3634:MS-DOS v1.25, v2.0, v4.0 Source Code 3553:Timeline of DOS and Windows versions 3208: 2645: 2565: 2478: 2449: 2119: 2093: 1861: 1503: 1336:, Hewlett-Packard's OEM version of 619:, sell computers with FreeDOS as an 23:. For the type of cyber attack, see 3440:"Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?" 1695:Terminate-and-stay-resident program 626: 197:Comparison of DOS operating systems 13: 3460: 3091:(1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: 2159: 1670:(originally written for CP/M) and 1554:or a V86 mode memory manager like 14: 4773: 3540: 1715:(PIM), also uses this technique. 1614: 964:The shell is loaded and executed. 201:Timeline of DOS operating systems 4341:Object-oriented operating system 4197: 4187: 4186: 3378:from the original on 2015-03-18. 3209:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02). 2903:from the original on 2009-05-02. 2884:from the original on 2009-05-11. 2865:from the original on 2013-05-27. 2246:from the original on 2013-06-02. 2228:from the original on 2012-11-04. 1134:whenever an application starts. 811:on PC-compatible computers, the 801: 576: 371:original equipment manufacturers 92: 72: 3431: 3404: 3382: 3351: 3326: 3178:from the original on 2014-03-26 3141:from the original on 2016-11-28 3134:. December 1986 . 45559-90006. 3032:from the original on 2008-09-29 3014: 2989: 2978:from the original on 2012-04-17 2908: 2840:from the original on 2008-12-19 2825: 2814:from the original on 2008-09-07 2800: 2789:from the original on 2008-07-23 2775: 2764:from the original on 2008-05-25 2736:from the original on 2012-07-09 2718: 2707:from the original on 2008-12-21 2693: 2668: 2639: 2621: 2610:from the original on 2014-02-05 2581:from the original on 2014-02-05 2538:"Finding The DOS In Windows 95" 2530: 2519:from the original on 2008-08-01 2472: 2443: 2432:from the original on 2008-12-11 2413: 2402:from the original on 2010-11-02 2381: 2370:from the original on 2018-01-29 2203:from the original on 2015-03-18 1534:(V86) mode memory manager like 304:, who referred Opel to her son 4351:Supercomputer operating system 3438:Darrow, Barbara (2002-02-01). 2388:Pollack, Andrew (1991-07-27). 2328:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). 2300:Morgan, Chris (January 1982). 2232: 2214: 2113: 2059: 2041: 2027:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. 2016: 1883:, the 32-bit DPMI DOS port of 1851:that was dominant in the 1980s 1020: 949:configuration parameters. The 815:, is located beginning at the 743:various functions for programs 486:, which would also run on the 1: 3022:"DOS device names definition" 2905:090913 academic.evergreen.edu 2486:. freedos.org. Archived from 2420:Brinkley, Joel (1999-05-28). 2010: 1993:List of DOS operating systems 1540:Extended Memory Specification 1528:Expanded Memory Specification 881:The sector content loaded at 752:DOS provides the ability for 747:application program interface 4326:Just enough operating system 4311:Distributed operating system 3410:Version 1.47 is archived at 2676:"Dell PCs Featuring FreeDOS" 2544:. March 1996. Archived from 2511:Bannan, James (2006-10-13). 2356:Howitt, Doran (1984-12-10). 2240:"Larry Osterman's Biography" 1713:personal information manager 1203:(serial communication ports) 642: 557:History of Microsoft Windows 110:) is a family of disk-based 7: 4439:User space and kernel space 3729:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1 3629:Online Windows XP Simulator 3479:Upgrading and Repairing PCs 3162:; Microsoft (2013-12-19) . 1938: 1811:, file management utilities 1745: 1701:terminate-and-stay-resident 1689:Terminate and stay resident 1433:manager in MS-DOS 7.0–8.0. 1318:serial communication device 390:multitasking version of DOS 339:had developed a variant of 313:refused, and IBM withdrew. 10: 4778: 4346:Real-time operating system 4139:Technical Support SuperDOS 3559: (archived 2007-10-28) 3197:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 2915:Kozierok, Charles (2001). 2358:"Unix and the Single User" 2265:"What's happening to OS/2" 1749: 1692: 1580: 1577:DOS under OS/2 and Windows 1562:which also supported EMS. 1507: 1492: 1141: 1074: 554: 550: 545:GNU General Public License 205: 194: 190: 163:from 1966. Others include 33: 18: 4752:DOS on IBM PC compatibles 4681: 4618: 4564: 4542:Multilevel feedback queue 4537:Fixed-priority preemptive 4525: 4460: 4451: 4421: 4368: 4359: 4321:Hobbyist operating system 4316:Embedded operating system 4298: 4252: 4182: 3916: 3789: 3686: 3677: 3358:Murdock, Everett (2008). 3333:Murdock, Everett (2008). 3321:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3297:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3261:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3249:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3237:Bailes & Mueller 1992 2023:Murdock, Everett (1988). 1890:Microsoft Macro Assembler 1630:that provided users with 1573:statement in CONFIG.SYS. 971:is then run by the shell. 823:), of the boot disk. The 688: 443:, and DR DOS became 333:Seattle Computer Products 235:(and the separately sold 122:and a rebranded version, 4585:General protection fault 4336:Network operating system 4290:User features comparison 2651:"Jim Hall's blog - 2007" 2124:Just Say No to Microsoft 2004:VGA-compatible text mode 1664:Graphical user interface 1628:file management programs 1476: 1164:The reserved names are: 651:, it is possible to run 451:; later, it was part of 4331:Mobile operating system 3476:Mueller, Scott (1998). 3168:Computer History Museum 3132:Hewlett-Packard Company 3093:Hewlett-Packard Company 2281:DDFvKo.G4M@lab.lwpi.com 1870:language interpreters. 1791:graphics design program 1462:Filenames ended with a 1077:Drive letter assignment 967:The startup batch file 239:) and its predecessor, 4762:Disk operating systems 4434:Loadable kernel module 3839:Datapac System Manager 3670:Disk operating systems 2917:"The DOS Boot Process" 1835:communication programs 1761: 1621:command-line interface 1481:This achieves nothing 1439:typically defaults to 1153: 773:conditional statements 588: 519: 416: 381:) and the DOS kernel ( 328: 281: 229: 64: 52: 27:. For other uses, see 4502:Process control block 4468:Computer multitasking 4306:Disk operating system 3413:"Back and Forth 1.47" 3392:; Anis, Nick (1991). 2897:"CONFIG.SYS Commands" 2832:Matczynski, Michael. 2701:"DR-DOS Embedded DOS" 2633:rxdos.sourceforge.net 2604:support.microsoft.com 1768:, a 16-bit graphical 1759: 1752:Category:DOS software 1750:Further information: 1734:however; that needed 1732:background processing 1510:DOS memory management 1493:Further information: 1151: 1138:Reserved device names 1126:, System Manager and 1052:which removed the 32‑ 1034:File Allocation Table 979:and be the first two 945:file is then read to 584: 514: 410: 319: 278:IBM Personal Computer 275: 213: 195:Further information: 156:disk operating system 58: 46: 21:disk operating system 4673:Virtual tape library 4265:Forensic engineering 3390:Dvorak, John Charles 2954:090912 arl.wustl.edu 2886:090912 pagetable.com 2810:. computerhope.com. 2758:"DOSBox Information" 2484:"History of FreeDOS" 2273:comp.os.os2.advocacy 1961:Disk Control Program 1636:Microsoft Windows 9x 1360:; it also supported 1013:directive is set to 916:Disk Parameter Table 335:. There, programmer 29:DOS (disambiguation) 4757:American inventions 4682:Supporting concepts 4668:Virtual file system 3999:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11 3678:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS, 3482:(Eighth ed.). 3400:. pp. 442–444. 3398:Osborne McGraw-Hill 3323:, pp. 150–151. 3287:, pp. 243–244. 2867:090912 dewassoc.com 2120:Bove, Tony (2005). 1760:Arachne web browser 1640:Text user interface 1609:virtual DOS machine 1583:Virtual DOS machine 1122:, as well as under 1104:optical disc drives 1071:Drive naming scheme 737:functions that are 725:, was derived from 637:Canon PowerShot Pro 500:upwardly compatible 4605:Segmentation fault 4453:Process management 3979:Concurrent DOS V60 3974:Concurrent DOS 68K 3819:Concurrent CP/M-86 3680:compatible systems 2395:The New York Times 2053:2017-11-12 at the 1988:Index of DOS games 1762: 1685:, based upon GEM. 1642:programs included 1619:DOS systems use a 1548:upper memory block 1154: 1100:primary partitions 1096:extended partition 1048:added support for 1046:Compaq MS-DOS 3.31 957:which defaults to 868:Volume Boot Record 848:Master Boot Record 813:master boot record 762:filename extension 706:IBM PC compatibles 589: 561:Early versions of 520: 502:with Xenix, which 417: 329: 302:Mary Maxwell Gates 282: 230: 65: 53: 4739: 4738: 4595:Memory protection 4566:Memory management 4560: 4559: 4552:Shortest job next 4447: 4446: 4246:Operating systems 4212: 4211: 3719: 3718: 3371:978-0-923178-02-4 3344:978-0-923178-02-4 3263:, pp. 67–68. 3251:, pp. 42–44. 3193:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 3191:and a mixture of 2808:"Batch File Help" 1862:Development tools 1532:virtual 8086 mode 1504:Memory management 1092:primary partition 981:directory entries 667:Microsoft Windows 657:, a Linux-native 563:Microsoft Windows 455:(under the names 411:Digital Research 375:IBM PC compatible 292:, built with the 116:IBM PC compatible 112:operating systems 36:Microsoft Windows 4769: 4694:Computer network 4458: 4457: 4366: 4365: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4189: 3684: 3683: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3612:. Archived from 3610:www.jumpjet.info 3601: 3599: 3598: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3566:. Archived from 3536: 3534: 3533: 3514: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3442:. Archived from 3435: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3415:. Archived from 3408: 3402: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3361:DOS the Easy Way 3355: 3349: 3348: 3335:DOS the Easy Way 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3299:, p. 79–80. 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3213:. Archived from 3206: 3200: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3129: 3119: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3083: 3068: 3067: 3058:. Revision 2.0. 3052: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2999:. Archived from 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2964: 2955: 2953: 2948:. Archived from 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2923:. Archived from 2912: 2906: 2904: 2893: 2887: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687: 2678:. Archived from 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2653:. Archived from 2643: 2637: 2636: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2524: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2495: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2457:. Archived from 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2187:Freiberger, Paul 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2164:. Archived from 2157: 2148: 2147: 2127: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2063: 2057: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2025:DOS the Easy Way 2020: 1969: 1805:Norton Commander 1785:Harvard Graphics 1709:Borland Sidekick 1652:Volkov Commander 1644:Norton Commander 1572: 1568: 1544:high memory area 1520:read-only memory 1484: 1480: 1473: 1469: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1426:constitutes the 1425: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342:HP Portable Plus 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1016: 952: 929: 925: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 884: 877: 873: 865: 861: 857: 853: 842: 838: 834: 830: 809:bootstrap loader 766: 633:embedded devices 627:Embedded systems 498:; they would be 252:Digital Research 219:Digital Research 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 98: 89: 88: 85: 84: 81: 78: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4677: 4638:Defragmentation 4623: 4614: 4600:Protection ring 4569: 4556: 4528: 4521: 4443: 4417: 4355: 4294: 4248: 4243: 4213: 4208: 4178: 3917:Other platforms 3912: 3869:NetWare PalmDOS 3785: 3715: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3619: 3617: 3604: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3557:Wayback Machine 3543: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3463: 3461:Further reading 3458: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3387: 3383: 3372: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3331: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275:, pp. 169. 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3220: 3218: 3207: 3203: 3189:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 3181: 3179: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3085: 3084: 3071: 3054: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3033: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2913: 2909: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2660: 2658: 2644: 2640: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2582: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2542:Smart Computing 2536: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2462: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2283: 2258: 2251: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2169: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2130:No Starch Press 2118: 2114: 2103:The Scoble Show 2092: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2055:Wayback Machine 2046: 2042: 2035: 2021: 2017: 2013: 1963: 1941: 1929:Turbo Assembler 1864: 1754: 1748: 1738:(on at least a 1697: 1691: 1617: 1585: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1512: 1506: 1501: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1467: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1423: 1419: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:also supported 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1262: 1256: 1253:, for auxiliary 1250: 1247:(line printers) 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1146: 1140: 1079: 1073: 1023: 1014: 950: 927: 923: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 882: 875: 871: 863: 859: 855: 851: 840: 836: 832: 828: 804: 764: 754:shell scripting 691: 659:virtual machine 645: 629: 579: 559: 553: 288:introduced the 233:IBM PC DOS 208: 203: 193: 95: 91: 75: 71: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4724:User interface 4721: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4648:File attribute 4645: 4640: 4635: 4629: 4627: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4610:Virtual memory 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4482:Context switch 4479: 4464: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4195: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3824:Concurrent DOS 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3602: 3584: 3579: 3560: 3550: 3547:Origins of DOS 3542: 3541:External links 3539: 3538: 3537: 3525: 3504: 3492: 3484:Que Publishing 3473: 3470: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3430: 3403: 3381: 3370: 3350: 3343: 3325: 3313: 3311:, p. 243. 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3201: 3151: 3105: 3069: 3066:on 2012-07-21. 3042: 3013: 2988: 2974:. 2001-04-17. 2956: 2952:on 2010-06-29. 2937: 2907: 2888: 2869: 2850: 2824: 2799: 2785:. 2007-05-05. 2774: 2746: 2732:. 1999-08-24. 2717: 2692: 2667: 2649:(2007-07-13). 2638: 2620: 2606:. 2007-01-19. 2591: 2569:(2007-12-24). 2558: 2529: 2500: 2482:(2006-09-23). 2471: 2453:(2002-03-25). 2442: 2426:New York Times 2412: 2380: 2348: 2320: 2292: 2263:(1995-08-17). 2261:Letwin, Gordon 2249: 2231: 2213: 2189:(1982-08-23). 2178: 2160:Bellis, Mary. 2149: 2142: 2112: 2109:on 2007-11-04. 2083: 2071:New York Times 2058: 2048:Dictionary.com 2040: 2033: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1958: 1952: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1910: 1901: 1900:from Microsoft 1887: 1878: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1849:word processor 1842: 1836: 1818: 1812: 1802: 1792: 1782: 1772: 1747: 1744: 1693:Main article: 1690: 1687: 1654:, Quarterdesk 1616: 1615:User interface 1613: 1578: 1575: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1477: 1279: 1278: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1210: 1204: 1142:Main article: 1139: 1136: 1120:Concurrent DOS 1075:Main article: 1072: 1069: 1022: 1019: 1005:Starting with 973: 972: 965: 962: 939: 931: 919: 879: 844: 803: 800: 796:device drivers 784:graphics cards 700:or compatible 690: 687: 644: 641: 628: 625: 578: 575: 555:Main article: 552: 549: 488:Motorola 68000 421:Concurrent DOS 398:New Executable 207: 204: 192: 189: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4774: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4590:Memory paging 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4429:Device driver 4427: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4370:Architectures 4367: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4205: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4114:Sinclair QDOS 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3969:Commodore DOS 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:Multiuser DOS 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3616:on 2020-02-17 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3570:on 2010-08-15 3569: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3528: 3526:0-8306-3476-2 3522: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3495: 3493:0-7897-1295-4 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3446:on 2009-01-09 3445: 3441: 3434: 3419:on 2013-11-05 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3217:on 2003-10-04 3216: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160:Paterson, Tim 3155: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3003:on 2011-07-25 3002: 2998: 2992: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2927:on 2008-07-19 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2788: 2784: 2783:"DOSEMU Home" 2778: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2735: 2731: 2730:Business Wire 2727: 2721: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2682:on 2008-03-19 2681: 2677: 2671: 2657:on 2012-10-25 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567:Chen, Raymond 2562: 2548:on 2004-07-07 2547: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2490:on 2007-05-27 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2461:on 2012-05-29 2460: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2324: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2168:on 2012-04-27 2167: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2145: 2143:1-59327-064-X 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Rolander, Tom 2090: 2088: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2036: 2034:0-923178-00-7 2030: 2026: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648:DOS Navigator 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596:third-party. 1593: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1500: 1496: 1495:Parallel port 1491: 1475: 1465: 1460: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1416: 1411: 1399: 1384:(still named 1368:. Otherwise, 1367: 1356:as alias for 1348:as alias for 1343: 1339: 1319: 1311: 1298: 1296: 1295:Windows Vista 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1259:, for printer 1255: 1249: 1211: 1209:, for console 1205: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1150: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Multiuser DOS 1121: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083:floppy drives 1078: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032:DOS uses the 1030: 1028: 1027:8.3 filenames 1018: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 970: 966: 963: 960: 956: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 920: 917: 880: 869: 849: 845: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805: 802:Boot sequence 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 739:non-reentrant 736: 731: 728: 724: 720: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696: 686: 684: 683: 678: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655: 650: 640: 638: 634: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 587: 583: 577:Continued use 574: 572: 568: 564: 558: 548: 546: 541: 537: 533: 528: 525: 517: 513: 509: 507: 506: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 479:Gordon Letwin 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 433:Multiuser DOS 430: 426: 422: 414: 409: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350:card for the 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 326: 323: 318: 314: 312: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 280:(IBM 5150 PC) 279: 274: 270: 268: 264: 261: 257: 253: 249: 246: 242: 238: 234: 228: 224: 223:Z-80 SoftCard 220: 216: 212: 202: 198: 188: 186: 182: 178: 177:Commodore DOS 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 107: 87: 69: 62: 57: 50: 45: 41: 37: 30: 26: 22: 4625:file systems 4517:Time-sharing 3989:Cromemco DOS 3944:Apple ProDOS 3618:. Retrieved 3614:the original 3609: 3595:. Retrieved 3591: 3572:. Retrieved 3568:the original 3530:. Retrieved 3510: 3497:. Retrieved 3478: 3448:. Retrieved 3444:the original 3433: 3421:. Retrieved 3417:the original 3406: 3393: 3384: 3360: 3353: 3334: 3328: 3316: 3309:Mueller 1998 3304: 3292: 3285:Mueller 1998 3280: 3273:Mueller 1998 3268: 3256: 3244: 3239:, p. 5. 3232: 3219:. Retrieved 3215:the original 3204: 3180:. Retrieved 3154: 3143:. Retrieved 3123: 3097:. Retrieved 3087: 3064:the original 3034:. Retrieved 3016: 3005:. Retrieved 3001:the original 2991: 2980:. Retrieved 2972:The PC Guide 2971: 2950:the original 2940: 2929:. Retrieved 2925:the original 2921:The PC Guide 2920: 2910: 2891: 2872: 2853: 2842:. Retrieved 2827: 2816:. Retrieved 2802: 2791:. Retrieved 2777: 2766:. Retrieved 2738:. Retrieved 2720: 2709:. Retrieved 2695: 2684:. Retrieved 2680:the original 2670: 2659:. Retrieved 2655:the original 2641: 2632: 2623: 2612:. Retrieved 2603: 2594: 2583:. Retrieved 2574: 2561: 2550:. Retrieved 2546:the original 2541: 2532: 2521:. Retrieved 2492:. Retrieved 2488:the original 2474: 2463:. Retrieved 2459:the original 2445: 2434:. Retrieved 2425: 2415: 2404:. Retrieved 2393: 2383: 2372:. Retrieved 2361: 2351: 2340:. Retrieved 2333: 2323: 2312:. Retrieved 2305: 2295: 2284:. Retrieved 2234: 2216: 2205:. Retrieved 2194: 2181: 2170:. Retrieved 2166:the original 2123: 2115: 2107:the original 2102: 2075:. Retrieved 2073:. 1994-06-11 2070: 2061: 2043: 2024: 2018: 1972:VEB Robotron 1925:Turbo Prolog 1913:Turbo Pascal 1904:Watcom C/C++ 1789:presentation 1724: 1717: 1700: 1698: 1676: 1625: 1618: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1564: 1525: 1513: 1488: 1461: 1435: 1310:line printer 1299: 1280: 1267:null devices 1163: 1155: 1112: 1080: 1062: 1031: 1024: 1004: 985: 974: 969:AUTOEXEC.BAT 839:" at offset 777: 751: 746: 732: 692: 680: 676:King's Quest 674: 652: 646: 630: 590: 560: 529: 521: 503: 492:Zilog Z-8000 477: 473:DeviceLogics 418: 387: 368: 337:Tim Paterson 330: 320:A simulated 311:Gary Kildall 283: 231: 169:Apple ProDOS 154: 150: 148: 142:(1993), and 67: 66: 40: 4643:Device file 4633:Boot loader 4547:Round-robin 4472:Cooperative 4408:Rump kernel 4398:Multikernel 4388:Microkernel 4285:Usage share 4134:SpartaDOS X 3517:McGraw-Hill 3026:PC Magazine 2132:. pp. 1964: [ 1945:COMMAND.COM 1917:Turbo BASIC 1894:Microsoft C 1845:WordPerfect 1799:spreadsheet 1795:Lotus 1-2-3 1770:web browser 1499:Serial port 1338:MS-DOS 2.11 1328:as well as 1269:; added in 1144:Device file 1087:Hard drives 1021:File system 998:instead of 990:instead of 959:COMMAND.COM 860:+1BEh+10h*n 817:boot sector 758:batch files 540:Pat Villani 461:DR-DOS 7.02 437:DR DOS 360:PC DOS 4746:Categories 4573:protection 4529:algorithms 4527:Scheduling 4476:Preemptive 4422:Components 4393:Monolithic 4260:Comparison 3884:PC-MOS/386 3874:Novell DOS 3771:SISNE plus 3761:Novell DOS 3741:IBM PC DOS 3701:Comparison 3620:2020-02-07 3597:2022-12-24 3574:2010-08-29 3532:2021-11-02 3499:2021-11-02 3450:2008-07-12 3423:2013-08-05 3221:2009-03-29 3182:2014-03-25 3145:2016-11-27 3099:2016-11-27 3036:2008-09-02 3007:2008-09-02 2982:2012-04-04 2946:"misc.txt" 2931:2008-09-02 2844:2008-09-02 2818:2008-09-10 2793:2008-07-03 2768:2008-05-18 2740:2008-09-26 2711:2008-09-26 2686:2008-06-14 2661:2008-06-12 2614:2014-02-05 2585:2014-02-05 2552:2008-07-12 2523:2008-07-03 2494:2007-05-28 2465:2008-06-14 2436:2008-09-02 2406:2008-09-02 2374:2015-02-07 2342:2015-01-30 2314:2013-10-19 2286:2013-11-06 2207:2015-01-29 2172:2008-09-02 2077:2023-04-11 2011:References 1998:PC-MOS/386 1949:Windows 9x 1711:, a popup 1581:See also: 1470:) such as 1410:DR DOS 5.0 1400:supported 1291:Windows XP 1287:Windows 98 1283:Windows 95 1156:There are 1132:load drive 1007:MS-DOS 7.0 996:IBMDOS.COM 988:IBMBIO.COM 977:contiguous 943:CONFIG.SYS 821:track zero 782:, such as 760:(with the 567:Windows 95 449:Novell DOS 345:Intel 8086 306:Bill Gates 294:Intel 8088 263:Intel 8080 245:Intel 8086 215:Apple CP/M 120:IBM PC DOS 4663:Partition 4580:Bus error 4507:Real-time 4487:Interrupt 4413:Unikernel 4378:Exokernel 4129:SpartaDOS 4084:NewDos/80 3959:Atari TOS 3954:Atari DOS 3949:Apple SOS 3939:Apple DOS 3592:pcmag.com 3172:Microsoft 3060:Microsoft 2647:Hall, Jim 2480:Hall, Jim 2451:Hall, Jim 2363:InfoWorld 2269:Newsgroup 2196:InfoWorld 1727:shareware 1679:DOS Shell 1552:HIMEM.SYS 1516:kibibytes 1428:real mode 1273:1.10 and 1115:Unix-like 1108:RAM disks 1000:MSDOS.SYS 935:MSDOS.SYS 714:Microsoft 704:, mainly 663:emulators 643:Emulation 571:OS kernel 383:MSDOS.SYS 352:S-100 bus 298:John Opel 267:Zilog Z80 243:, ran on 173:Atari DOS 165:Apple DOS 124:Microsoft 4709:Live USB 4571:resource 4461:Concepts 4299:Variants 4280:Timeline 4193:Category 4159:TurboDOS 4124:SmartDOS 4064:MicroDOS 3924:AmigaDOS 3909:TurboDOS 3904:Towns OS 3849:K8918-OS 3844:DOS Plus 3734:MS-DOS 7 3706:Commands 3696:Timeline 3376:Archived 3176:Archived 3136:Archived 3030:Archived 2976:Archived 2901:Archived 2882:Archived 2863:Archived 2838:Archived 2812:Archived 2787:Archived 2762:Archived 2734:Archived 2705:Archived 2608:Archived 2579:Archived 2517:Archived 2430:Archived 2400:Archived 2368:Archived 2244:Archived 2226:Archived 2201:Archived 2051:Archived 1939:See also 1898:CodeView 1876:GW-BASIC 1855:WordStar 1839:Sidekick 1779:database 1746:Software 1736:DESQview 1660:Sidekick 1656:DESQview 1567:DOS=HIGH 1424:CONFIG$ 1415:$ IDLE$ 1406:SCREEN$ 1398:MS-DOS 4 1380:and the 1366:plotters 1340:for the 1158:reserved 825:ROM BIOS 788:printers 780:hardware 721:kernel, 669:such as 536:Jim Hall 524:AT&T 429:DOS Plus 402:OS/2 1.0 227:Apple II 225:for the 185:AmigaDOS 138:(1989), 134:(1988), 49:MS-DOS 6 4704:Live CD 4658:Journal 4622:access, 4620:Storage 4497:Process 4403:vkernel 4270:History 4253:General 4174:Z80-RIO 4144:Top-DOS 4099:RealDOS 4074:MSX-DOS 4009:DOS/360 4004:DIP DOS 3994:CSI-DOS 3899:SCP1700 3889:REAL/32 3879:OpenDOS 3859:MP/M-86 3829:CP/M-86 3804:4690 OS 3799:4680 OS 3781:FreeDOS 3776:PTS-DOS 3766:ROM-DOS 3555:at the 2277:Usenet: 2271:: 1978:DOS API 1933:Borland 1921:Turbo C 1821:ProComm 1781:program 1766:Arachne 1683:ViewMAX 1571:DOS=UMB 1402:KEYBD$ 1382:CLOCK$ 1316:(first 1308:(first 1128:REAL/32 1011:BootGUI 837:55h AAh 719:FreeDOS 609:REAL/32 601:PTS-DOS 597:ROM-DOS 593:FreeDOS 551:Decline 532:FreeDOS 457:OpenDOS 453:Caldera 445:PalmDOS 413:CP/M-86 364:CP/M-86 341:CP/M-80 327:session 206:Origins 191:History 161:DOS/360 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