590:
31:
3517:
1112:
154:
3527:
514:(High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding). AAC is a perceptual coder suited for voice and music and the High Efficiency is an optional extension for reconstruction of high frequencies (SBR: spectral bandwidth replication) and stereo image (PS: Parametric Stereo). 24 kHz or 12 kHz sampling frequencies can be used for core AAC (no SBR) which correspond respectively to 48 kHz and 24 kHz when using SBR oversampling.
3506:
547:, the DRM standard was updated and the two speech-only coding formats, CELP and HVXC, were replaced. USAC is designed to combine the properties of a speech and a general audio coding according to bandwidth constraints and so is able to handle all kinds of programme material. Given that there were few CELP and HVXC broadcasts on-air, the decision to drop the speech-only coding formats has passed without issue.
3537:
1237:. The ITU has published three recommendations on DRM+, known in the documents as Digital System G. This indicates the introduction of the full DRM system (DRM 30 and DRM+). ITU-R Rec. BS.1114 is the ITU recommendation for sound broadcasting in the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 GHz. DAB, HD-Radio and ISDB-T were already recommended in this document as Digital Systems A, C and F, respectively.
426:, announced that it had "placed an embargo on frequency bands potentially suitable for use by broadcasting services using Digital Radio Mondiale until spectrum planning can be completed" "those bands being "5,950â6,200; 7,100â7,300; 9,500â9,900; 11,650â12,050; 13,600â13,800; 15,100â15,600; 17,550â17,900; 21,450â21,850 and 25,670â26,100 kHz.
313:. A few manufacturers have introduced DRM receivers which have thus far remained niche products due to limited choice of broadcasts. It is expected that the transition of national broadcasters to digital services on DRM, notably All India Radio, will stimulate the production of a new generation of affordable, and efficient receivers.
679:
It is possible to choose among several error coding schemes and several modulation patterns: 64-QAM, 16-QAM and 4-QAM. OFDM modulation has some parameters that must be adjusted depending on propagation conditions. This is the carrier spacing which will determine the robustness against
Doppler effect
572:
is an open-source codec not included in the DRM standard, but commonly supported by popular software implementations. Aside from perceived technical advantages over the MPEG family such as low latency (delay between coding and decoding), the codec is royalty-free and not subject to patent licensing.
680:(which cause frequencies offsets, spread: Doppler spread) and OFDM guard interval which determine robustness against multipath propagation (which cause delay offsets, spread: delay spread). The DRM consortium has determined four different profiles corresponding to typical propagation conditions:
462:
Useful bitrates for DRM30 range from 6.1 kbit/s (Mode D) to 34.8 kbit/s (Mode A) for a 10 kHz bandwidth (±5 kHz around the central frequency). It is possible to achieve bit rates up to 72 kbit/s (Mode A) by using a standard 20 kHz (±10 kHz) wide channel. (For
698:
The trade-off between these profiles stands between robustness, resistance in regards to propagation conditions and useful bit rates for the service. This table presents some values depending on these profiles. The larger the carrier spacing, the more the system is resistant to
Doppler effect
1133:
Wider bandwidth channels are used, which allows radio stations to use higher bit rates, thus providing higher audio quality. A 100 kHz DRM+ channel has sufficient capacity to carry one low-definition 0.7 megabit/s wide mobile TV channel: it would be feasible to distribute
193:
facilities such as antennas, feeders, and, especially for DRM30, the transmitters themselves, avoiding major new investment. DRM is robust against the fading and interference which often plague conventional broadcasting in these frequency ranges.
626:
10 kHz. Occupies half the standard bandwidth of a region 2 broadcast channel, and could be used to simulcast with analogue audio channel restricted to NRSC5. Occupies a full worldwide short wave broadcast channel (giving
616:, with a 5 kHz DRM signal occupying the area traditionally taken by the upper-sideband. However the resulting bit rate and audio quality is marginal (7.1â16.7 kbit/s for 5 kHz). This technique could be used on the
905:
compatible with the official DRM specification. It may be possible in some future time for the 4.5 kHz bandwidth DRM version used by the
Amateur Radio community to be merged with the existing DRM specification.
693:
D: similar to mode B, but with a resistance to large delay spread and
Doppler spread. This case exists with adverse propagation conditions on very long distance transmissions. The useful bit rate for this profile is
1146:. However, DRM+ (DRM Mode E) as designed and standardized only provides bitrates between 37.2 and 186.3 kbit/s depending on robustness level, using 4-QAM or 16-QAM modulations and 100 kHz bandwidth.
637:
20 kHz. Occupies full bandwidth of region 2 or region 3 AM channel according to the existing frequency plan. This offers highest audio quality of the DRM30 standard (giving 30.6â72 kbit/s).
373:. In this trial, a 10 kW (ERP) FM transmitter was replaced with a 1 kW DRM+ transmitter in two different modes, and coverage compared with FM. Digital Radio Mondiale was included in the 2007
672:
The choice of transmission parameters depends on signal robustness wanted and propagation conditions. Transmission signal is affected by noise, interference, multipath wave propagation and
243:
DRM incorporates technology known as
Emergency Warning Features that can override other programming and activates radios which are in standby in order to receive emergency broadcasts.
2434:
554:
coding format because it still offers an acceptable audio quality at bitrates above about 15 kbit/s. However, it is anticipated that in future, most broadcasters will adopt
1241:
467:
can broadcast 20 kbit/s using channels 10 kHz wide and up to 60 kbit/s using 20 kHz channels.) Useful bitrate depends also on other parameters, such as:
316:
1119:
While the initial DRM standard covered the broadcasting bands below 30 MHz, the DRM consortium voted in March 2005 to begin the process of extending the system to the
504:(High Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding). Therefore, the standard launched with a choice of three different audio coding systems (source coding) depending on the bitrate:
1579:
330:
is in the process of replacing and refurbishing many of its domestic AM transmitters with DRM. The project which began in 2012 is scheduled to complete during 2015.
609:, with a 4.5 kHz DRM signal occupying the area traditionally taken by the upper-sideband. However the resulting bit rate and audio quality is not good.
2781:
1629:
497:
When DRM was originally designed, it was clear that the most robust modes offered insufficient capacity for the then state-of-the-art audio coding format
1244:
has recommended to the
European Commission that DRM+ should rather be used for small scale broadcasting (local radio, community radio) than DAB/DAB+.
319:
is offering the DR111 from May 2012 on which meets the minimum requirements for DRM receivers specified by the DRM consortium and is sold worldwide.
1127:
252:
407:
The
Fraunhofer Institute for integrated circuits IIS offers a package for software defined radios which can be licensed to radio manufacturers.
1130:; this is effectively a new release of the whole DRM spec with the additional mode permitting operation above 30 MHz up to 174 MHz.
1572:
423:
3489:
3461:
3456:
2481:
1897:
3586:
2199:
684:
A: Gaussian channel with very little multipath propagation and
Doppler effect. This profile is suited for local or regional broadcasting.
438:
173:), which allow for very-long-distance signal propagation. The modes for these lower frequencies were previously known as "DRM30". In the
612:
5 kHz. Gives the ability for the broadcaster to do a simulcast and use the lower-sideband area of a 10 kHz raster channel for
1949:
690:
C: similar to mode B, but with better robustness to
Doppler (more carrier spacing). This mode is suited for long distance transmission.
287:
1126:
On 31 August 2009, DRM+ (Mode E) became an official broadcasting standard with the publication of the technical specification by the
901:
There is also a lower bandwidth two-way communication version of DRM as a replacement for SSB communications on HF - note that it is
135:
445:
that: "For digitally modulated emissions, the
Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) standard shall be employed." Part 73, section 758 is for
1502:
177:
bands, the term "DRM+" was used. DRM+ is able to use available broadcast spectra between 30 and 300 MHz; generally this means
1555:
145:-intensive audio compression techniques enable more efficient use of available bandwidth, at the expense of processing resources.
1357:
699:(Doppler spread). The larger the guard interval, the greater the resistance to long multipath propagation errors (delay spread).
1702:
3483:
2238:
1825:
1253:
1381:
3478:
3468:
3448:
3250:
2209:
1661:
1612:
256:
240:(MFN). Hybrid operation, where the same transmitter delivers both analogue and DRM services simultaneously is also possible.
1742:
1576:
2615:
3566:
3540:
3473:
3319:
2258:
3245:
909:
The Dream software will receive the commercial versions and also limited transmission mode using the FAAC AAC encoder.
3339:
433:
73:. DRM is more spectrally efficient than AM and FM, allowing more stations, at higher quality, into a given amount of
687:
B: multipath propagation channel. This mode is suited for medium range transmission. It is nowadays frequently used.
523:
which is a parametric coder suited for voice only (vocoder) but that is robust to errors and needs a small bit rate.
263:
is pending amendments to existing international agreements. The inaugural broadcast took place on June 16, 2003, in
3124:
2672:
2474:
1890:
1332:
630:
18 kHz. Occupies full bandwidth of region 1 long wave or medium wave channels according to the existing
3235:
1265:
1139:
652:
and DRM+ can transmit four different programs in this bandwidth or even one low definition digital video channel.
544:
362:
295:
1455:
3230:
2371:
1724:
1595:
623:
9 kHz. Occupies half the standard bandwidth of a region 1 long wave or medium wave broadcast channel.
141:
The principle of DRM is that bandwidth is the limiting factor, and computer processing power is cheap; modern
3255:
2219:
593:
Two means of broadcasting DRM-AM hybrid, either using the full higher sideband or half of the lower sideband.
74:
3530:
3291:
3188:
2731:
2526:
2498:
2146:
1283:
388:
RTĂ has also run single and multiple programme overnight tests during a similar period on the 252 kHz
111:
3581:
3520:
3027:
2467:
2444:
1883:
303:
107:
408:
291:
3379:
3301:
3240:
2947:
2417:
2386:
2131:
2041:
1259:
719:
718:
mode by switching between DRM and AM, and it is also prepared for linking to other alternatives (e.g.,
232:
one-service one-transmitter model to a multi-service (up to four) multi-transmitter model, either as a
225:
228:(DAB) does. DRM services can be operated in many different network configurations, from a traditional
61:
technologies designed to work over the bands currently used for analogue radio broadcasting including
3151:
3112:
2957:
2857:
2786:
2719:
2546:
198:
1577:
Embargo on new frequency assignments to support domestic broadcasting services using DRM tecxhnology
3510:
2752:
2687:
2640:
2600:
472:
350:
233:
205:
with a conventional transmitter and receiver can perform the rather complex encoding and decoding.
1527:
3571:
3349:
3334:
3178:
3129:
3052:
2952:
2630:
2516:
2511:
2396:
2295:
2248:
2156:
1613:"The Structure and Generation of Robust Waveforms for AM In-Band On-Channel Digital Broadcasting"
532:
which is also a parametric coder for speech programs that uses an even smaller bitrate than CELP.
237:
221:
142:
189:(174 to 230 MHz). DRM has been designed to be able to re-use portions of existing analogue
3576:
3561:
3271:
3057:
2872:
2817:
2812:
2625:
2590:
2290:
2204:
1759:
272:
3173:
2977:
2942:
2862:
2842:
2764:
2652:
2573:
2391:
2214:
2194:
486:
17:
2506:
3087:
3047:
3017:
2774:
2709:
2531:
2019:
1959:
1944:
1939:
613:
606:
229:
8:
3097:
3037:
2796:
2758:
2556:
2541:
2126:
1997:
1214:
1120:
569:
174:
89:
81:
1875:
1785:"Community Media Forum Europe - Information and Lobbying for the Community Media Sector"
3324:
3281:
3212:
3082:
3012:
2987:
2922:
2769:
2490:
2263:
1643:
1559:
1312:
441:
393:
3364:
3286:
3200:
3183:
3146:
2992:
2822:
2791:
2657:
2551:
2376:
2335:
2253:
1623:
1226:
1135:
358:
310:
283:
115:
3032:
2330:
1822:
3369:
3329:
3309:
3276:
3205:
3163:
3077:
2932:
2917:
2892:
2867:
2827:
2677:
2536:
2521:
2412:
2356:
2325:
2170:
1981:
1906:
1217:
bands, and this gives the DRM system the widest frequency usage; it can be used in
573:
Equipment manufacturers currently pay royalties for incorporating the MPEG codecs.
346:
123:
50:
2315:
326:
broadcasts daily in DRM to Western Europe on 9.95 MHz at 17:45 to 22:30 UTC.
2997:
2852:
2620:
2595:
2583:
2381:
2351:
1987:
1829:
1583:
1307:
737:
661:
The modulation used for DRM is coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (
617:
589:
342:
327:
323:
279:
202:
70:
62:
54:
920:
This table shows an example of useful bitrates depending on protection classes:
3195:
3067:
3042:
3002:
2972:
2847:
2682:
2635:
2610:
2568:
1991:
673:
631:
490:
446:
378:
338:
157:
Comparing the frequency band used by DRM and other forms of audio broadcasting.
119:
1864:
30:
3555:
3344:
3117:
3107:
3022:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2882:
2704:
2563:
2366:
2091:
1971:
1910:
1847:
430:
299:
208:
As a digital medium, DRM can transmit other data besides the audio channels (
58:
3222:
3062:
3007:
2937:
2902:
2837:
2736:
2726:
2578:
2438:
1913:
1301:
401:
397:
665:), where every carrier is modulated with quadrature amplitude modulation (
3422:
3072:
2982:
2967:
2927:
2887:
2746:
2361:
2186:
1977:
1234:
1230:
1103:
The lower the protection class the higher the level of error correction.
649:
382:
268:
209:
190:
166:
3427:
3134:
2832:
2741:
2697:
2667:
2645:
2243:
2229:
1931:
1222:
1111:
730:
707:
645:
479:
260:
170:
153:
131:
127:
103:
100:
1853:
1434:
106:
that has designed the platform and is now promoting its introduction.
3412:
2877:
2692:
2459:
2306:
2165:
726:
715:
602:
597:
DRM broadcasting can be done using a choice of different bandwidths:
419:
370:
162:
66:
1858:
1295:
3407:
3397:
3314:
3139:
2962:
2056:
2009:
1967:
1476:
1289:
741:
703:
605:
and use the lower-sideband area of a 9 kHz raster channel for
464:
389:
217:
186:
1409:
3402:
3387:
2605:
2096:
2051:
2005:
555:
540:
409:
Software package for car radios with DRM â Digital Radio Mondiale
182:
93:
78:
1358:"Broadcast radio: The most reliable medium for disaster updates"
3432:
3392:
2714:
2320:
2136:
2110:
2105:
2064:
2015:
2001:
1218:
641:
551:
537:
526:
517:
511:
508:
501:
498:
264:
178:
85:
3417:
3354:
2662:
2141:
2036:
1928:
1277:
1271:
1143:
711:
662:
580:
Spark supports CELT transmissions, which is a subset of Opus.
374:
99:
Digital Radio Mondiale is also the name of the international
1818:
How to receive DRM on the long-, medium- and shortwave bands
1679:"WinDRM] - software for Audio and Fast Data over HF SSB"
601:
4.5 kHz. Gives the ability for the broadcaster to do a
251:
The technical standard is available free-of-charge from the
3359:
1870:
1833:
529:
520:
366:
213:
1843:
1678:
1905:
1832:
DRM receiver. An open source DRM receiver written by the
1817:
734:
666:
577:
Since version 2.1, Dream can broadcast using Opus format.
354:
334:
1837:
259:
has approved its use in most of the world. Approval for
1812:
917:
Error coding can be chosen to be more or less robust.
640:
100 kHz for DRM+. This bandwidth can be used in
1437:. Chengdu NewStar Electronics | æéœçșœæŻèŸŸç”ćć
Źćž. 2014
1304:, which affects digital communications such as radio
369:, Scotland, over an area which included the city of
161:
DRM can broadcast on frequencies below 30 MHz (
138:) took part at the formation of the DRM consortium.
92:
are also compatible, but the standard now specifies
1760:"Symposium DRM+ im VHF-Band III in Kaiserslautern"
1662:"See section 5: "DRM/AM single channel simulcast""
400:, Ireland which was upgraded to support DRM after
353:lasted for a year (April 2007 â April 2008). The
1784:
1333:"DAB+ vs DRM+ | Difference between DAB+ and DRM+"
561:DRM30, unlike HD Radio, allows multiprogramming.
3553:
1813:Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) - official homepage
1730:. DRM Consortium. 13 September 2013. p. 22.
1628:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
485:robustness in regard to propagation conditions (
197:The encoding and decoding can be performed with
1128:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
309:Until now DRM receivers have typically used a
2475:
1891:
1410:"Digital Radio Mondiale - Broadcast Schedule"
1213:DRM+ has been successfully tested in all the
424:Australian Communications and Media Authority
1854:Dream - an open-source software DRM Receiver
3490:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1725:"DRM Introduction and Implementation Guide"
1618:. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06.
1596:"DRM Introduction and Implementation Guide"
413:
377:consultation on the future of radio in the
3526:
2482:
2468:
1898:
1884:
1280:(Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial)
1740:
1477:"Digital Radio Mondiale - DRM India Page"
452:
1743:"Use of DRM+ in the FM Band 87.5-108MHz"
1274:(Digital Video Broadcasting - Handhelds)
1115:An example of a DRM-FM hybrid broadcast.
1110:
930:and channel bandwidth (9 or 10 kHz)
588:
152:
29:
1240:In 2011, the pan-European organisation
14:
3554:
2489:
1355:
457:
2463:
2276:
1879:
543:, which is an implementation of MPEG
333:The British Broadcasting Corporation
3536:
1861:GNU Radio transmitter implementation
1298:, Japanese system for digital radio.
725:DRM has been tested successfully on
1838:University Kaiserslautern (Germany)
1556:"The Future of Radio (Ofcom, 2007)"
1292:, American system for digital radio
927:carrier modulation (16QAM or 64QAM)
634:. This offers better audio quality.
337:has trialled the technology in the
27:Digital radio broadcasting standard
24:
3587:2003 establishments in Switzerland
2277:
1503:"Digital medium wave trial report"
924:OFDM propagation profiles (A or B)
669:) with a selectable error coding.
25:
3598:
1871:Global DRM transmissions schedule
1806:
1748:. Deutsches DRM-Forum. p. 6.
1528:"BBC Research White Paper WHP199"
536:However, with the development of
434:Federal Communications Commission
3535:
3525:
3516:
3515:
3504:
3125:Free-space optical communication
2432:
1356:Vanoli, Christine (2023-02-13).
550:Many broadcasters still use the
322:The General Overseas Service of
1834:Institute of Telecommunications
1777:
1752:
1734:
1717:
1708:
1696:
1671:
1654:
1636:
1605:
1588:
1566:
1548:
1500:
1266:Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
1233:. DRM+ can coexist with DAB in
912:
545:Unified Speech and Audio Coding
363:Craigkelly transmitting station
296:Radio New Zealand International
290:(formerly known as BitXpress),
2372:Error detection and correction
1741:Schroeder, Jens (April 2016).
1705:, DRM.org, accessed 2009-02-02
1520:
1494:
1469:
1448:
1427:
1402:
1374:
1349:
1325:
471:desired robustness to errors (
13:
1:
1318:
656:
278:Current broadcasters include
57:for "worldwide") is a set of
3511:Telecommunication portal
3292:Telecommunications equipment
1284:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio
1242:Community Media Forum Europe
584:
345:in the Plymouth area in the
282:(formerly All India Radio),
7:
3028:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2445:Comparison of radio systems
1247:
1166:for 100 kHz Bandwidth
762:Guard interval length (ms)
620:bands throughout the world.
317:Chengdu NewStar Electronics
304:Radio Romania International
185:(87.5 to 108 MHz) and
148:
108:Radio France Internationale
10:
3603:
3567:International broadcasting
2732:Telecommunications history
2418:International broadcasting
2387:FM extended band in Brazil
1382:"DRM System Specification"
1260:Digital Audio Broadcasting
1123:bands up to 108 MHz.
753:OFDM carrier spacing (Hz)
418:On 28 September 2006, the
226:Digital Audio Broadcasting
59:digital audio broadcasting
3499:
3441:
3378:
3340:Public Switched Telephone
3300:
3264:
3221:
3162:
3152:telecommunication circuit
3113:Fiber-optic communication
3096:
2858:Francis Blake (telephone)
2805:
2653:Optical telecommunication
2497:
2426:
2405:
2344:
2304:
2283:
2272:
2228:
2185:
2155:
2119:
2084:
2077:
2029:
1958:
1927:
1920:
1192:
1173:
1170:
954:
951:
948:
939:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
463:comparison, pure digital
357:also trialed DRM+ in the
246:
199:digital signal processing
3251:Orbital angular-momentum
2688:Satellite communications
2527:Communications satellite
1337:www.rfwireless-world.com
422:spectrum regulator, the
414:International regulation
292:Radio Exterior de España
234:single-frequency network
3130:Molecular communication
2953:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2782:Undersea telegraph line
2517:Cable protection system
2397:Shortwave relay station
2296:Audio signal processing
1867:DRM software collection
1644:"DRM Transmitter Spark"
1106:
706:digital information is
627:14.8â34.8 kbit/s).
564:
238:multi-frequency network
222:program-associated data
112:TéléDiffusion de France
3272:Communication protocol
3058:Charles Sumner Tainter
2873:Walter Houser Brattain
2818:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2626:Information revolution
2291:Audio data compression
1714:ETSI ES 201 980 V3.1.1
1456:"Digital Transmission"
1138:over DRM+ rather than
1116:
733:(with 9 as well as 10
594:
453:Technological overview
273:World Radio Conference
158:
39:Digital Radio Mondiale
35:
3246:Polarization-division
2978:Narinder Singh Kapany
2943:Erna Schneider Hoover
2863:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2843:Alexander Graham Bell
2574:online video platform
2392:Multipath propagation
2215:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
2085:Frequency allocations
1960:Frequency allocations
1114:
765:Nb symbols per frame
592:
487:multipath propagation
212:) — as well as
201:, so that a low-cost
181:(47 to 68 MHz),
156:
33:
3088:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3048:Almon Brown Strowger
3018:Charles Grafton Page
2673:Prepaid mobile phone
2601:Electrical telegraph
2345:Technical (emission)
1256:AM signalling system
134:) and Thomcast (now
3038:Johann Philipp Reis
2797:Wireless revolution
2759:The Telephone Cases
2616:Hydraulic telegraph
1764:www.drm-radio-kl.eu
1151:
936:
759:Symbol length (ms)
756:Number of carriers
458:Audio source coding
449:broadcasting only.
82:audio coding format
3582:2003 introductions
3236:Frequency-division
3213:Telephone exchange
3083:Charles Wheatstone
3013:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2988:Innocenzo Manzetti
2923:Reginald Fessenden
2658:Optical telegraphy
2491:Telecommunications
1828:2010-10-06 at the
1601:. DRM. p. 22.
1599:(PDF; 6.7 MB)
1582:2014-02-13 at the
1313:In-band on-channel
1149:
1117:
934:
702:The resulting low-
595:
306:and Radio Kuwait.
159:
36:
3549:
3548:
3287:Store and forward
3282:Data transmission
3196:Network switching
3147:Transmission line
2993:Guglielmo Marconi
2958:Internet pioneers
2823:Mohamed M. Atalla
2792:Whistled language
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2377:FM broadcast band
2284:Technical (audio)
2181:
2180:
2073:
2072:
1846:DRM software for
1703:DRM+ Presentation
1648:www.drm-sender.de
1562:on June 16, 2010.
1458:. All India Radio
1435:"DR111 DRM Radio"
1211:
1210:
1101:
1100:
940:Protection class
935:Bitrates, kbit/s
899:
898:
722:or FM services).
361:in 2010 from the
311:personal computer
284:BBC World Service
116:BBC World Service
34:Official DRM logo
16:(Redirected from
3594:
3539:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3380:Notable networks
3370:Wireless network
3310:Cellular network
3302:Types of network
3277:Computer network
3164:Network topology
3078:Thomas A. Watson
2933:Oliver Heaviside
2918:Philo Farnsworth
2893:Daniel Davis Jr.
2868:Charles Bourseul
2828:John Logie Baird
2537:Data compression
2532:Computer network
2484:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2439:Radio portal
2437:
2436:
2435:
2413:History of radio
2357:AM expanded band
2274:
2273:
2157:Commercial radio
2082:
2081:
1925:
1924:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1756:
1750:
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1738:
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1675:
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1658:
1652:
1651:
1640:
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1627:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1558:. Archived from
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1498:
1492:
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1473:
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1406:
1400:
1399:
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1395:
1386:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1161:Robustness level
1152:
1148:
955:D (10 kHz)
952:C (10 kHz)
949:B (10 kHz)
937:
933:
747:
746:
714:. It can run in
444:
429:Since 2005, the
383:medium wave band
341:by broadcasting
124:Voice of America
84:. Various other
21:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3437:
3374:
3296:
3260:
3217:
3166:
3158:
3099:
3092:
2998:Robert Metcalfe
2853:Tim Berners-Lee
2801:
2621:Information Age
2493:
2488:
2458:
2449:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2401:
2382:FM broadcasting
2352:AM broadcasting
2340:
2300:
2279:
2268:
2224:
2177:
2151:
2120:Digital systems
2115:
2100:
2069:
2030:Digital systems
2025:
1954:
1916:
1904:
1830:Wayback Machine
1809:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1753:
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1642:
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1637:
1621:
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1615:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1584:Wayback Machine
1571:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1530:
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1525:
1521:
1511:
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1403:
1393:
1391:
1384:
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1379:
1375:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1308:Shortwave Radio
1250:
1165:
1150:DRM+ bitrates
1109:
946:B (9 kHz)
943:A (9 kHz)
915:
738:channel spacing
659:
587:
567:
460:
455:
437:
416:
392:transmitter in
343:BBC Radio Devon
328:All India Radio
271:, at the ITU's
249:
203:embedded system
151:
71:FM broadcasting
63:AM broadcasting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3572:Open standards
3569:
3564:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3513:
3500:
3497:
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3494:
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3415:
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3405:
3400:
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3372:
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3362:
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3352:
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3342:
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3327:
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3317:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
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3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Space-division
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3191:
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3176:
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3127:
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3120:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:Camille Tissot
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3043:Claude Shannon
3040:
3035:
3033:Tivadar PuskĂĄs
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Antonio Meucci
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2973:Charles K. Kao
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:Harold Hopkins
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Emile Berliner
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Videotelephony
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2683:Radiotelephone
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
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2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:Internet video
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2529:
2524:
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2514:
2509:
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2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:Kahn-Hazeltine
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2278:Related topics
2270:
2269:
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2256:
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2098:
2094:
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2086:
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2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2013:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1917:
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1888:
1880:
1874:
1873:
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1851:
1841:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1807:External links
1805:
1802:
1801:
1776:
1751:
1733:
1716:
1707:
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1670:
1653:
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1604:
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1172:
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1162:
1159:
1158:MSC modulation
1156:
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1080:
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1074:
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774:
771:
767:
766:
763:
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757:
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751:
696:
695:
691:
688:
685:
674:Doppler effect
658:
655:
654:
653:
638:
635:
632:frequency plan
628:
624:
621:
610:
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
566:
563:
534:
533:
524:
515:
495:
494:
491:doppler effect
483:
478:power needed (
476:
459:
456:
454:
451:
415:
412:
379:United Kingdom
339:United Kingdom
248:
245:
150:
147:
120:Deutsche Welle
65:âparticularly
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3599:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Radio hobbies
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:Digital radio
3560:
3559:
3557:
3542:
3534:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3491:
3487:
3485:
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3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
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3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
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3391:
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3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3256:Code-division
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Time-division
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:and switching
3165:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3118:optical fiber
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3108:Coaxial cable
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Radia Perlman
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
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2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Lee de Forest
2911:
2909:
2908:Thomas Edison
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Donald Davies
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Claude Chappe
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
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2829:
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2808:
2804:
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2780:
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2773:
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2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Smoke signals
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:Semiconductor
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
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2651:
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2644:
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2634:
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2629:
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2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
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2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:Digital media
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
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2523:
2520:
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2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
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2446:
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2410:
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2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Digital radio
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2332:
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2265:
2262:
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2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
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2203:
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2198:
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2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2143:
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2138:
2135:
2133:
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2128:
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2118:
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1848:amateur radio
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431:United States
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300:Vatican Radio
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72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
3223:Multiplexing
3098:Transmission
3063:Nikola Tesla
3053:Henry Sutton
3008:Samuel Morse
2938:Robert Hooke
2903:Amos Dolbear
2838:John Bardeen
2757:
2737:Telautograph
2641:Mobile phone
2596:Edholm's law
2579:social media
2512:Broadcasting
2430:
2046:
1914:broadcasting
1865:DRM Software
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1736:
1719:
1710:
1698:
1686:. Retrieved
1682:
1673:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1607:
1590:
1568:
1560:the original
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1480:
1471:
1460:. Retrieved
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1336:
1327:
1302:Cliff effect
1239:
1212:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1102:
919:
916:
913:Error coding
908:
902:
900:
779:20 kHz
776:18 kHz
773:10 kHz
724:
701:
697:
678:
671:
660:
596:
568:
560:
549:
535:
496:
473:error coding
461:
428:
417:
406:
402:Atlantic 252
398:County Meath
387:
332:
321:
315:
308:
277:
261:ITU region 2
250:
242:
207:
196:
160:
140:
98:
46:
42:
38:
37:
3423:NPL network
3135:Radio waves
3073:Alfred Vail
2983:Hedy Lamarr
2968:Dawon Kahng
2928:Elisha Gray
2888:Yogen Dalal
2813:Nasir Ahmed
2747:Teleprinter
2611:Heliographs
2362:Cable radio
2305:Technical (
2065:DVB-T2 Lite
1921:Terrestrial
1481:www.drm.org
1414:www.drm.org
770:9 kHz
439:47 CFR
381:for the AM
269:Switzerland
210:datacasting
191:transmitter
167:medium wave
88:codecs and
3556:Categories
3469:Antarctica
3428:Toasternet
3350:Television
2833:Paul Baran
2765:Television
2749:(teletype)
2742:Telegraphy
2720:transistor
2698:Phryctoria
2668:Photophone
2646:Smartphone
2636:Mass media
2244:DirectBand
2230:Subcarrier
1932:modulation
1462:2019-04-18
1441:2014-04-15
1367:2023-12-17
1342:2023-12-16
1319:References
731:mediumwave
694:decreased.
657:Modulation
480:modulation
436:states in
420:Australian
255:, and the
171:short wave
132:Transradio
128:Telefunken
104:consortium
101:non-profit
3453:Americas
3442:Locations
3413:Internet2
3174:Bandwidth
2878:Vint Cerf
2775:streaming
2753:Telephone
2693:Semaphore
2584:streaming
2307:AM stereo
2166:Sirius XM
2159:providers
2078:Satellite
1535:bbc.co.uk
1507:bbc.co.uk
1136:mobile TV
727:shortwave
716:simulcast
708:modulated
618:shortwave
603:simulcast
585:Bandwidth
371:Edinburgh
324:Akashvani
280:Akashvani
236:(SFN) or
163:long wave
75:bandwidth
67:shortwave
3521:Category
3408:Internet
3398:CYCLADES
3315:Ethernet
3265:Concepts
3189:terminal
3140:wireless
2963:Bob Kahn
2806:Pioneers
2631:Internet
2522:Cable TV
2406:Cultural
2336:Magnavox
2309:formats)
2259:SCA/SCMO
2254:RDS/RBDS
2057:HD Radio
2047:DRM/DRM+
2042:DAB/DAB+
1826:Archived
1794:19 April
1769:19 April
1688:19 April
1683:n1su.com
1624:cite web
1580:Archived
1540:19 April
1512:19 April
1486:19 April
1419:19 April
1394:19 April
1389:ETSI.org
1296:ISDB-Tsb
1290:HD Radio
1248:See also
1235:band III
1164:bitrate
742:longwave
704:bit rate
465:HD Radio
404:closed.
288:funklust
218:metadata
187:band III
149:Features
77:, using
47:mondiale
3541:Commons
3531:Outline
3484:Oceania
3403:FidoNet
3388:ARPANET
3201:circuit
2770:digital
2499:History
2232:signals
2200:AMR-WB+
2052:FMeXtra
1836:of the
1823:Diorama
1789:cmfe.eu
1362:ITU Hub
1227:FM-band
1193:16-QAM
981:64-QAM
978:16-QAM
975:64-QAM
972:16-QAM
969:64-QAM
966:16-QAM
963:16-QAM
960:64-QAM
556:xHE-AAC
541:xHE-AAC
493:), etc.
482:scheme)
359:FM band
347:MF band
183:band II
136:Ampegon
94:xHE-AAC
79:xHE-AAC
51:Italian
3479:Europe
3449:Africa
3433:Usenet
3393:BITNET
3330:Mobile
3206:packet
2715:MOSFET
2710:device
2507:Beacon
2326:Harris
2321:C-QUAM
2210:HE-AAC
2187:Codecs
2171:Canada
2137:DVB-SH
2111:S band
2106:L band
2092:C band
2016:L band
1907:Analog
1859:gr-drm
1844:WinDRM
1229:) and
1219:band I
1207:186.3
1174:4-QAM
874:107.14
740:) and
710:using
648:, and
642:band I
552:HE-AAC
538:MPEG-4
527:MPEG-4
518:MPEG-4
512:HE-AAC
509:MPEG-4
502:HE-AAC
499:MPEG-4
442:73.758
349:. The
265:Geneva
247:Status
216:-type
179:band I
86:MPEG-4
55:French
49:being
3462:South
3457:North
3418:JANET
3355:Telex
3345:Radio
3184:Nodes
3179:Links
3100:media
2678:Radio
2663:Pager
2591:Drums
2557:video
2552:image
2542:audio
2316:Belar
2142:S-DMB
2132:DAB-S
2037:CAM-D
1950:COFDM
1929:Radio
1850:users
1746:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1665:(PDF)
1616:(PDF)
1531:(PDF)
1501:BBC.
1385:(PDF)
1286:(SDR)
1278:DVB-T
1272:DVB-H
1268:(DMB)
1262:(DAB)
1199:99.4
1188:74.5
1180:37.2
1144:DVB-H
1097:14.3
1091:21.5
1085:27.4
1076:30.8
1068:12.9
1062:19.4
1056:24.7
1047:27.8
1039:10.9
1033:16.4
1027:20.9
1024:11.6
1021:10.2
1018:23.5
1004:13.7
998:17.4
989:19.6
889:16.66
860:20.00
845:68.18
831:26.66
816:46.88
802:26.66
787:41.66
750:Mode
712:COFDM
663:COFDM
375:Ofcom
351:trial
130:(now
69:âand
3474:Asia
3360:UUCP
3320:ISDN
2264:DARC
2239:AMSS
2220:DRA+
2101:band
2010:high
1909:and
1796:2018
1771:2018
1690:2018
1630:link
1573:ACMA
1542:2018
1514:2018
1488:2018
1421:2018
1396:2018
1254:AMSS
1204:Min
1196:Max
1185:Min
1177:Max
1155:Mode
1107:DRM+
1036:6.0
1030:9.1
1010:9.1
1007:4.5
1001:6.8
995:8.7
992:7.6
892:7.33
863:5.33
834:5.33
805:2.66
570:Opus
565:Opus
530:HVXC
521:CELP
394:Trim
367:Fife
253:ETSI
169:and
90:Opus
53:and
18:DRM+
3365:WAN
3335:NGN
3325:LAN
2606:Fax
2547:DCT
2249:PAD
2205:HDC
2195:AAC
2147:SDR
2127:ADR
2061:CDR
2020:UHF
2006:mid
2002:low
1998:VHF
1231:III
1215:VHF
1142:or
1140:DMB
1121:VHF
903:not
895:24
886:178
866:20
857:280
851:138
837:15
828:410
825:366
822:206
819:182
808:15
799:460
796:412
793:228
790:204
735:kHz
720:DAB
667:QAM
650:III
365:in
355:BBC
335:BBC
257:ITU
224:as
220:or
214:RDS
175:VHF
143:CPU
43:DRM
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2004:/
1992:HF
1988:SW
1982:MF
1978:MW
1972:LF
1968:LW
1945:FM
1940:AM
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