Polyethylene terephthalate

2124: 1189: 2203:) or antimony triacetate in the production of PET. After manufacturing, a detectable amount of antimony can be found on the surface of the product. This residue can be removed with washing. Antimony also remains in the material itself and can, thus, migrate out into food and drinks. Exposing PET to boiling or microwaving can increase the levels of antimony significantly, possibly above US EPA maximum contamination levels. The drinking water limit assessed by WHO is 20 parts per billion (WHO, 2003), and the drinking water limit in the United States is 6 parts per billion. Although antimony trioxide is of low toxicity when taken orally, its presence is still of concern. The Swiss 1099: 2353:), as it is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with only trace amounts of catalyst elements (but no sulfur). In general, PET can either be chemically recycled into its original raw materials (PTA, DMT, and EG), destroying the polymer structure completely; mechanically recycled into a different form, without destroying the polymer; or recycled in a process that includes transesterification and the addition of other glycols, polyols, or glycerol to form a new polyol. The polyol from the third method can be used in polyurethane (PU foam) production, or epoxy-based products, including paints. 56: 1059: 65: 1047: 47: 240: 190: 1111: 1071: 1648: 1087: 1807: 2330: 2322: 5661: 2465: 2112:, which can form by degradation of PET after mishandling of the material, is a colorless, volatile substance with a fruity smell. Although it forms naturally in some fruit, it can cause an off-taste in bottled water. As well as high temperatures (PET decomposes above 300 °C or 570 °F) and long barrel residence times, high pressures and high extruder speeds (which cause shear raising the temperature), can also contribute to the production of acetaldehyde. 2311: 1514: 2041:

be carried out on the user site on a 'just in time' basis. In one-step machines, the entire process from raw material to finished container is conducted within one machine, making it especially suitable for molding non-standard shapes (custom molding), including jars, flat oval, flask shapes, etc. Its greatest merit is the reduction in space, product handling and energy, and far higher visual quality than can be achieved by the two-step system.

1031: 2258: 1911: 1409: 5667: 2016: 1002:(polyethylene terephthalate glycol). In 3D printing PETG has become a popular material - used for high-end applications like surgical fracture tables to automotive and aeronautical sectors, among other industrial applications. The surface properties can be modified to make PETG self-cleaning for applications like the fabrication of traffic signs for the manufacture of light-emitting diode LED spotlights. 488: 629:, wherein the sum of terephthalic acid (or dimethyl terephthalate) and mono ethylene glycol reacted constitutes at least 90 percent of the mass of monomer reacted to form the polymer, and must exhibit a melting peak temperature between 225 °C and 255 °C, as identified during the second thermal scan in procedure 10.1 in ASTM D3418, when heating the sample at a rate of 10 °C/minute." 1574:, which is used for example to make tray or blister packaging from co-PET film, or amorphous PET sheet (A-PET/PETA) or PETG sheet. On the other hand, crystallization is important in other applications where mechanical and dimensional stability are important, such as seat belts. For PET bottles, the use of small amounts of isophthalic acid, CHDM, 1537:. Since this building block is much larger (six additional carbon atoms) than the ethylene glycol unit it replaces, it does not fit in with the neighboring chains the way an ethylene glycol unit would. This interferes with crystallization and lowers the polymer's melting temperature. In general, such PET is known as 1257:. Like glass, amorphous PET forms when its molecules are not given enough time to arrange themselves in an orderly, crystalline fashion as the melt is cooled. While at room temperature the molecules are frozen in place, if enough heat energy is put back into them afterward by heating the material above T 2040:

program to homeowners to store medical history for emergency responders. The two-step process lends itself to third party production remote from the user site. The preforms can be transported and stored by the thousand in a much smaller space than would finished containers, for the second stage to

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flavors, and drinks sometimes need to be formulated with a higher flavor dosage, compared to those going into glass, to offset the flavor taken up by the container. While heavy gauge PET bottles returned for re-use, as in some EU countries, the propensity of PET to absorb flavors makes it necessary

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As one of three layers for the creation of glitter; acting as a plastic core coated with aluminum and topped with plastic to create a light reflecting surface, although as of 2021 many glitter manufacturing companies have begun to phase out the use of PET after calls from organizers of festivals to

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investigated the amount of antimony migration, comparing waters bottled in PET and glass: The antimony concentrations of the water in PET bottles were higher, but still well below the allowed maximum concentration. The Swiss Federal Office of Public Health concluded that small amounts of antimony

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There are two basic molding methods for PET bottles, one-step and two-step. In two-step molding, two separate machines are used. The first machine injection molds the preform, which resembles a test tube, with the bottle-cap threads already molded into place. The body of the tube is significantly

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is more practical than many other plastic applications because of the high value of the resin and the almost exclusive use of PET for widely used water and carbonated soft drink bottling. PET bottles lend themselves well to recycling (see below). In many countries PET bottles are recycled to a

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Clothing sheds microfibres in use, during washing and machine drying. Plastic litter slowly forms small particles. Microplastics which are present on the bottom of the river or seabed can be ingested by small marine life, thus entering the food chain. As PET has a higher density than water, a

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significant amount of PET microparticles may be precipitated in sewage treatment plants. PET microfibers generated by apparel wear, washing or machine drying can become airborne, and be dispersed into fields, where they are ingested by livestock or plants and end up in the human food supply.

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into the product stored inside, altering the taste and aroma. This is not such a problem for non-consumables (such as shampoo), for fruit juices (which already contain acetaldehyde), or for strong-tasting drinks like soft drinks. For bottled water, however, low acetaldehyde content is quite

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Significant investments were announced in 2021 and 2022 for chemical recycling of PET by glycolysis, methanolysis, and enzymatic recycling to recover monomers. Initially these will also use bottles as feedstock but it is expected that fibres will also be recycled this way in future.

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Tournier, V.; Topham, C. M.; Gilles, A.; David, B.; Folgoas, C.; Moya-Leclair, E.; Kamionka, E.; Desrousseaux, M.-L.; Texier, H.; Gavalda, S.; Cot, M.; Guémard, E.; Dalibey, M.; Nomme, J.; Cioci, G.; Barbe, S.; Chateau, M.; André, I.; Duquesne, S.; Marty, A. (April 2020).

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stored in PET bottles stays within EU's acceptable limit even if stored briefly at temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F), while bottled contents (water or soft drinks) may occasionally exceed the EU limit after less than a year of storage at room temperature.

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In the second step, the preforms are heated rapidly and then inflated against a two-part mold to form them into the final shape of the bottle. Preforms (uninflated bottles) are now also used as robust and unique containers themselves; besides novelty candy, some

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In 2016, annual production of PET was 56 million tons. The biggest application is in fibres (in excess of 60%), with bottle production accounting for about 30% of global demand. In the context of textile applications, PET is referred to by its common name,

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Lu, Hongyuan; Diaz, Daniel J.; Czarnecki, Natalie J.; Zhu, Congzhi; Kim, Wantae; Shroff, Raghav; Acosta, Daniel J.; Alexander, Bradley R.; Cole, Hannah O.; Zhang, Yan; Lynd, Nathaniel A.; Ellington, Andrew D.; Alper, Hal S. (April 2022).

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have declared that such particles 'do not pose a widespread risk'. PET is known to degrade when exposed to sunlight and oxygen. As of 2016, scarce information exists regarding the life-time of the synthetic polymers in the environment.

1288:(grains). Light tends to scatter as it crosses the boundaries between crystallites and the amorphous regions between them, causing the resulting solid to be translucent. Orientation also renders polymers more transparent. This is why 1145:

in Delaware, United States, first used the trademark Mylar in June 1951 and received registration of it in 1952. It is still the best-known name used for polyester film. The current owner of the trademark is DuPont Teijin Films.

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Smith, Matthew R.; Cooper, Sharon J.; Winter, Derek J.; Everall, Neil (July 2006). "Detailed mapping of biaxial orientation in polyethylene terephthalate bottles using polarised attenuated total reflection FTIR spectroscopy".

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Yoshida, S.; Hiraga, K.; Takehana, T.; Taniguchi, I.; Yamaji, H.; Maeda, Y.; Toyohara, K.; Miyamoto, K.; Kimura, Y.; Oda, K. (11 March 2016). "A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)".

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to drive the reaction forward. Excess MEG is distilled off at higher temperature with the aid of vacuum. The second transesterification step proceeds at 270–280 °C, with continuous distillation of MEG as well.

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Fruit juice concentrates (for which no guidelines are established), however, that were produced and bottled in PET in the UK were found to contain up to 44.7 μg/L of antimony, well above the EU limits for

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and crystallization accelerators, to make thermoplastic resins. These can be injection moulded into parts such as housings, covers, electrical appliance components and elements of the ignition system.

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substantial degree, for example about 75% in Switzerland. The term rPET is commonly used to describe the recycled material, though it is also referred to as R-PET or post-consumer PET (POSTC-PET).

868:. Crystallizable PET withstands freezing and oven baking temperatures. Both amorphous PET and BoPET are transparent to the naked eye. Color-conferring dyes can easily be formulated into PET sheet. 3816: 2944: 3482:

Whinfield, John Rex and Dickson, James Tennant (1941) "Improvements Relating to the Manufacture of Highly Polymeric Substances", UK Patent 578,079; "Polymeric Linear Terephthalic Esters",

6268: 2216:). A later (2006) but more widely publicized study found similar amounts of antimony in water in PET bottles. The WHO has published a risk assessment for antimony in drinking water. 1578:(DEG) or other comonomers can be useful: if only small amounts of comonomers are used, crystallization is slowed but not prevented entirely. As a result, bottles are obtainable via 1058: 822:

Polyester fibres are widely used in the textile industry. The invention of the polyester fibre is attributed to J. R. Whinfield. It was first commercialized in the 1940s by

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Mylar and Melinex are the registered trademarks or trademarks of Dupont Teijin Films U.S. Limited Partnership and have been licensed to Teijin DuPont Films Japan Limited

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Day, M.; Wiles, D. M. (January 1972). "Photochemical degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate). III. Determination of decomposition products and reaction mechanism".

3296:"Improvement of Surface Roughness and Hydrophobicity in PETG Parts Manufactured via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): An Application in 3D Printed Self–Cleaning Parts" 1541:

or PET-G (polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified). It is a clear amorphous thermoplastic that can be injection-molded, sheet-extruded or extruded as filament for

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A more crystalline product can be produced by allowing the molten polymer to cool slowly. Rather than forming one large single crystal, this material has a number of

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Polyester fibres are used in fashion apparel often blended with cotton, as heat insulation layers in thermal wear, sportswear and workwear and automotive upholstery.

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in the form of bottles, PET is also rapidly gaining market share as a carpet fiber. PET, like many plastics, is also an excellent candidate for thermal disposal (

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important, because if nothing masks the aroma, even extremely low concentrations (10–20 parts per billion in the water) of acetaldehyde can produce an off-taste.

2449:. Also, an enzyme based on a natural PET-ase was designed with the help of a machine learning algorithm to be able to tolerate pH and temperature changes by the 1822:

directly at moderate pressure (2.7–5.5 bar) and high temperature (220–260 °C). Water is eliminated in the reaction, and it is also continuously removed by

4468: 2372:, can be turned into a form of carbon containing sheets and nanospheres, with a very high surface area. The process involves holding a mixture of PET, water, 5170: 2345:

The prime uses for recycled PET are polyester fiber, strapping, and non-food containers. Because of the recyclability of PET and the relative abundance of

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Chamas, Ali; Moon, Hyunjin; Zheng, Jiajia; Qiu, Yang; Tabassum, Tarnuma; Jang, Jun Hee; Abu-Omar, Mahdi; Scott, Susannah L.; Suh, Sangwon (9 March 2020).

5992: 1582:("SBM"), which are both clear and crystalline enough to be an adequate barrier to aromas and even gases, such as carbon dioxide in carbonated beverages. 501: 4439:"Manganese-, cobalt-, and zinc-based mixed-oxide spinels as novel catalysts for the chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) via glycolysis" 1893:. A better process based on oxidation of ethanol has been proposed, and it is also technically possible to make PTA from readily available bio-based 3746: 4847: 4809: 4330:

Ioakeimidis, C.; Fotopoulou, K. N.; Karapanagioti, H. K.; Geraga, M.; Zeri, C.; Papathanassiou, E.; Galgani, F.; Papatheodorou, G. (22 March 2016).

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Tukur, Aminu (2012). "PET bottle use patterns and antimony migration into bottled water and soft drinks: the case of British and Nigerian bottles".

617:(RIC). The National Association for PET Container Resources (NAPCOR) defines PET as: "Polyethylene terephthalate items referenced are derived from 582:

is generally used in relation to packaging. Polyester makes up about 18% of world polymer production and is the fourth-most-produced polymer after

3094: 4171: 2969: 2849: 4594:"Glycolysis of industrial poly(ethylene terephthalate) waste directed to bis(hydroxyethylene) terephthalate and aromatic polyester polyols" 1313:

Different applications of PET require different degrees of polymerization, which can be obtained by modifying the process conditions. The

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Tournier, Vincent; Duquesne, Sophie; Guillamot, Frédérique; Cramail, Henri; Taton, Daniel; Marty, Alain; André, Isabelle (14 March 2023).

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and grow. This procedure is known as solid-state crystallization. Amorphous PET also crystallizes and becomes opaque when exposed to

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Plastics additives handbook : stabilizers, processing aids, plasticizers, fillers, reinforcements, colorants for thermoplastics

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Depending on its processing and thermal history, polyethylene terephthalate may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a

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Imran, Muhammad; Kim, Do Hyun; Al-Masry, Waheed A.; Mahmood, Asif; Hassan, Azman; Haider, Sajjad; Ramay, Shahid M. (April 2013).

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Cheng, X.; et al. (2010). "Assessment of metal contaminations leaching out from recycling plastic bottles upon treatments".

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Shotyk, William; et al. (2006). "Contamination of Canadian and European bottled waters with antimony from PET containers".

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migrate from the PET into bottled water, but that the health risk of the resulting low concentrations is negligible (1% of the "

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or thermooxidative degradation will occur resulting in discoloration and reduced molecular weight, as well as the formation of

1110: 5453: 4763:"Epoxy-based paints from glycolysis products of postconsumer PET bottles: synthesis, wet paint properties and film properties" 1030: 5868: 3706: 3682: 3656: 3599: 3532: 3020:"Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C─H─O samples recorded by small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction" 2927: 2900: 894: 2417:

between two oxygens that links subunits of PET. The initial degradation of PET can also be achieved esterases expressed by

1969: 1529:

PET is often copolymerized with other diols or diacids to optimize the properties for particular applications. For example,

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Samak, Nadia A.; Jia, Yunpu; Sharshar, Moustafa M.; Mu, Tingzhen; Yang, Maohua; Peh, Sumit; Xing, Jianmin (December 2020).

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Nawrocki, J; Dąbrowska, A; Borcz, A (November 2002). "Investigation of carbonyl compounds in bottled waters from Poland".

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In the early 2000s, the global PET packaging market grew at a compound annual growth rate of 9% to €17 billion in 2006.

3458:"Teijin Develops Eco-friendly Wet-strong Printing Paper Made 100% with Recycled Polyester Derived from Used PET Bottles" 1149:

In the Soviet Union, PET was first manufactured in the laboratories of the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds of the

849:. For beverages that are degraded by oxygen, such as beer, a multilayer structure is used. PET sandwiches an additional 5978: 5485: 3763: 1951: 1449: 4566: 3366:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat" 2433:, that possesses two enzymes which can break down the PET into smaller pieces digestible by the bacteria. A colony of 3726: 3624: 2644: 2297: 2145: 2002: 1517:

Replacing terephthalic acid (right) with isophthalic acid (center) creates a kink in the PET chain, interfering with

1500: 648: 2993: 1940: 1438: 4704:

Jehanno, Coralie; Pérez-Madrigal, Maria M.; Demarteau, Jeremy; Sardon, Haritz; Dove, Andrew P. (21 December 2018).

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PET is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide and this imposes shelf life limitations of contents packaged in PET.

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reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with water as the byproduct.

508: 5970: 5510: 5444: 3805: 2204: 2123: 1188: 1134: 1046: 6419: 6263: 6242: 6139: 5893: 3940: 2665:

De Vos, Lobke; Van de Voorde, Babs; Van Daele, Lenny; Dubruel, Peter; Van Vlierberghe, Sandra (December 2021).

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under conditions of common use and recommended research on this topic. Proposed mechanisms include leaching of

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is typically made from PET fibers also known as polyester or under the brand name Dacron; colorful lightweight

921:. Most backsheets consist of a layer of BOPET laminated to a fluoropolymer or a layer of UV stabilized BOPET. 6389: 6374: 3129:"Estudo comparativo entre PETG e PLA para Impressão 3D através de caracterização térmica, química e mecânica" 2450: 2395:, as it has a high calorific value which helps to reduce the use of primary resources for energy generation. 87: 4185: 6394: 6379: 6317: 6237: 4829:"Upcycling drink bottle waste to ball-sheet Intercalated carbon structures for supercapacitor applications" 2853: 2453:. The PET-ase was found to able to degrade various products and could break them down as fast as 24 hours. 1281: 1246: 984:

As a fibre, spliced into bell rope tops to help prevent wear on the ropes as they pass through the ceiling.

823: 745: 197: 185: 5035:"Recent advances in biocatalysts engineering for polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste green recycling" 3237:"Optimization of Printing Parameters to Maximize the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed PETG-Based Parts" 3127:

Santana, Leonardo; Alves, Jorge Lino; Sabino Netto, Aurélio da Costa; Merlini, Claudia (6 December 2018).

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Ji, Li Na (June 2013). "Study on Preparation Process and Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)".

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can also cause the gradual formation acetaldehyde over the object's lifespan. This proceeds via a Type II

1037: 6384: 6310: 6232: 6048: 5645: 2437:

can disintegrate a plastic film in about six weeks. French researchers report developing an improved PET

2234: 2113: 1563: 218: 4593: 1976: 1474: 5550: 4973:"Analysis of the polyester clothing value chain to identify key intervention points for sustainability" 2667:"Poly(alkylene terephthalate)s: From current developments in synthetic strategies towards applications" 2093:, which lower the melting point and thus the melt temperature of the resin, as well as the addition of 1177: 4639:

Shirazimoghaddam, Shadi; Amin, Ihsan; Faria Albanese, Jimmy A; Shiju, N. Raveendran (3 January 2023).

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MacDonald, W?A (2002). "New advances in poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymerization and degradation".

3365: 953:, and therefore has been used in an experiment involving laser-driven shock compression which created 6350: 6084: 5883: 5708: 5525: 5515: 2593: 2314: 2213: 1086: 1017:. Digitalization has caused the virtual disappeance of the magnetic audio and videotape application. 614: 4705: 2844:

The name Terylene was formed by inversion of (polyeth)ylene ter(ephthalate) and dates to the 1940s.

235: 6154: 6144: 6006: 5693: 5640: 5530: 2510: 1921: 1419: 1325:(measured in (dℓ/g)) to zero concentration. Shown below are the IV ranges for common applications: 1321:(IV) of the polymer. Intrinsic viscosity is a dimensionless measurement found by extrapolating the 1215: 1150: 933: 633: 6424: 6414: 5744: 5635: 5620: 5600: 4438: 3112:

SIPA: Lightweight compressed gas cylinders have plastic liners / PET provides high oxygen barrier

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When acetaldehyde is produced, some of it remains dissolved in the walls of a container and then

1925: 1423: 1223: 1014: 4332:"The degradation potential of PET bottles in the marine environment: An ATR-FTIR based approach" 1317:

of PET is measured by solution viscosity. The preferred method to measure this viscosity is the

6159: 6037: 5792: 5520: 5478: 2209: 1889:

of PET. Essentially in Bio-PET, the MEG is manufactured from ethylene derived from sugar cane

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launched the brand 'Dacron'. As of 2022, there are many brands around the world, mostly Asian.

827: 672: 622: 17: 3672: 2917: 6369: 6339: 6043: 5688: 4900:"Carbios and Indorama to build first-of-its-kind enzymatic recycling plant for PET in France" 3589: 3574: 3522: 2763: 2392: 2086: 1530: 1077: 765: 378: 77: 31: 4233:

Hansen, Claus; et al. (2010). "Elevated antimony concentrations in commercial juices".

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Publication date: 22 March 1949; Filing date: 24 September 1945; Priority date: 29 July 1941

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About 60% crystallization is the upper limit for commercial products, with the exception of

6059: 6054: 6027: 5945: 5384: 5239: 5128: 5046: 4506: 4343: 4119: 3992: 3879: 3377: 3307: 3181: 3031: 2751: 2678: 2489: 2429: 2338: 2247: 2025: 1579: 890: 610: 391: 206: 123: 4454: 636:. The semicrystalline material might appear transparent (particle size less than 500 55: 8: 6404: 6189: 5950: 5873: 5787: 5739: 5344: 2346: 2150: 2094: 2070: 2050: 1660: 1318: 1305:

to conduct a "sniffer test" on returned bottles to avoid cross-contamination of flavors.

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fibers. Transparent products can be produced by rapidly cooling molten polymer below the

918: 664: 113: 5388: 5243: 5132: 5050: 4510: 4347: 4160: 4123: 3996: 3883: 3497: 3381: 3311: 3185: 3062: 3035: 3019: 2755: 2682: 2610: 1064:

A PET bottle which has been heated by a candle and has recrystallized, making it opaque.

239: 189: 151: 6204: 6122: 5863: 5837: 5807: 5767: 5749: 5698: 5650: 5630: 5416: 5326: 5290: 5271: 5152: 5072: 5007: 4972: 4953: 4925: 4790: 4743: 4686: 4673: 4640: 4419: 4364: 4331: 4312: 4269:"SAPEA report: Evidence on microplastics does not yet point to widespread risk - ALLEA" 4143: 4052: 4027: 3908: 3867: 3409: 3338: 3295: 3271: 3236: 3212: 3169: 3075: 2827: 2767: 2445:(break apart) at least 90 percent of PET in 10 hours, breaking it down into individual 2361: 1886: 1322: 1231: 1130: 902: 689: 591: 4004: 2586: 64: 6409: 6399: 6334: 6300: 6220: 6032: 5854: 5772: 5471: 5420: 5408: 5400: 5372: 5330: 5318: 5310: 5275: 5263: 5255: 5144: 5076: 5064: 5012: 4994: 4957: 4945: 4782: 4747: 4735: 4690: 4678: 4660: 4656: 4522: 4411: 4391: 4390:

Malik, Neetu; Kumar, Piyush; Shrivastava, Sharad; Ghosh, Subrata Bandhu (June 2017).

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Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (15 January 2021).

3343: 3325: 3276: 3258: 3217: 3199: 3150: 3079: 3067: 2923: 2896: 2831: 2771: 2640: 2562: 2494: 2192: 1815: 1591: 1575: 1554: 850: 656: 618: 466: 5227: 5156: 4794: 4518: 4423: 4147: 3461: 3145: 3128: 2690: 6225: 5920: 5822: 5797: 5729: 5595: 5590: 5535: 5392: 5302: 5247: 5205: 5136: 5100: 5054: 5002: 4984: 4937: 4828: 4774: 4725: 4717: 4668: 4652: 4514: 4450: 4403: 4359: 4351: 4302: 4242: 4207: 4127: 4084: 4047: 4039: 4000: 3965: 3903: 3887: 3841: 3829: 3788: 3751: 3385: 3333: 3315: 3266: 3248: 3207: 3189: 3140: 3057: 3047: 3039: 2819: 2759: 2694: 2686: 2470: 2442: 2117: 2090: 1664: 1546: 1218:. Depending on processing conditions it can be formed into either non-crystalline ( 1208: 958: 893:

of metal onto it to reduce its permeability, and to make it reflective and opaque (

885:(BOPET) film (often known by one of its trade names, "Mylar") can be aluminized by 706: 680: 406: 367: 257: 6000: 5104: 4307: 4290: 3389: 2867: 6089: 6075: 5940: 5827: 5817: 5585: 5448: 5059: 5034: 4167: 3504: 3194: 3111: 2168: 1627: 1595: 1534: 1518: 1254: 1219: 971: 668: 663:

with water as a byproduct (this is also known as a condensation reaction), or by

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Palacios-Mateo, Cristina; van der Meer, Yvonne; Seide, Gunnar (6 January 2021).

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Modern polyesters : chemistry and technology of polyesters and copolyesters

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thicker, as it will be inflated into its final shape in the second step using

1567:-) linkage produces an angle in the chain, which also disturbs crystallinity. 6363: 6305: 6112: 5898: 5888: 5878: 5782: 5683: 5605: 5555: 5454:"WAVE Polymer Technology: PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) flakes processing" 5404: 5314: 5259: 4998: 4949: 4786: 4739: 4664: 4526: 4415: 3899: 3755: 3717:

Gupta, V.B. and Bashir, Z. (2002) Chapter 7, p. 320 in Fakirov, Stoyko (ed.)

3397: 3329: 3262: 3203: 3170:"Open source surgical fracture table for digitally distributed manufacturing" 3154: 2062: 1806: 1571: 1522: 1010: 906: 897:). These properties are useful in many applications, including flexible food 865: 861: 699: 587: 563: 544: 431: 356: 342: 178: 5140: 4848:"Loop, Suez select site in France for first European Infinite Loop facility" 4762: 3845: 3634: 1226:

in manufacturing makes PET useful in fibre and film applications. Like most

5925: 5915: 5777: 5724: 5625: 5570: 5545: 5412: 5373:"Machine learning-aided engineering of hydrolases for PET depolymerization" 5322: 5267: 5148: 5068: 5016: 4682: 4641:"Chemical Recycling of Used PET by Glycolysis Using Niobia-Based Catalysts" 4373: 4254: 4219: 4139: 4096: 4061: 4012: 3917: 3405: 3347: 3280: 3221: 3071: 3043: 2720: 2699: 2514: 2350: 2329: 2321: 2109: 2074: 2037: 1823: 1676: 1570:

Such copolymers are advantageous for certain molding applications, such as

988: 583: 6171: 5660: 5228:"An engineered PET depolymerase to break down and recycle plastic bottles" 3253: 6108: 6080: 6015: 5935: 5734: 5615: 5610: 5171:"Could a new plastic-eating bacteria help combat this pollution scourge?" 4926:"Chemical recycling of PET : A stepping-stone toward sustainability" 3699:

Polyester Bottle Resins, Production, Processing, Properties and Recycling

2373: 2019:

A finished PET drink bottle compared to the preform from which it is made

1607: 1542: 1285: 1235: 1227: 1020: 995: 954: 886: 846: 4329: 4043: 3868:"Synthesis and Verification of Biobased Terephthalic Acid from Furfural" 3052: 1513: 991:. PET works as a much better barrier to oxygen than earlier used (LD)PE. 6184: 5812: 5802: 4730: 4721: 4638: 4088: 3320: 2484: 2414: 2282: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2154: 2098: 2078: 2058: 2054: 1819: 1301: 1270: 1262: 1138: 961:. This could be a possible way of producing nanodiamonds commercially. 842: 731: 641: 566:

for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering

284: 162: 5441: 4355: 3891: 3520: 3429:"61 UK festivals are banning glitter - make the switch to eco sparkle" 2310: 6273: 6179: 6149: 6019: 5580: 5565: 5540: 4941: 4924:

Shojaei, Behrouz; Abtahi, Mojtaba; Najafi, Mohammad (December 2020).

4810:"Plastic bottles can be recycled into energy-storing supercapacitors" 4761:

Bal, Kevser; Ünlü, Kerim Can; Acar, Işıl; Güçlü, Gamze (1 May 2017).

4246: 4211: 3647:

NPCS Board of Consultants & Engineers (2014) Chapter 6, p. 56 in

2505: 2438: 2221: 2184: 2131: 2082: 2033: 1615: 1292:

film and bottles are both crystalline, to a degree, and transparent.

1242: 1196: 1192: 987:

Since late 2014 as liner material in type IV composite high pressure

978: 854: 737: 637: 575: 559: 551: 322: 4703: 3866:

Tachibana, Yuya; Kimura, Saori; Kasuya, Ken-ichi (4 February 2015).

3168:

Bow, J. K.; Gallup, N.; Sadat, S. A.; Pearce, J. M. (15 July 2022).

2257: 2069:

and/or melt temperature (temperature at melting) are too high, then

1910: 1545:. PETG can be colored during processing. Another common modifier is 1408: 1214:. However it is intrinsically slow to crystallize compared to other 478:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

6194: 3792: 3095:"Blasting plastic with powerful lasers turns it into tiny diamonds" 2664: 2518: 2419: 2410: 2405: 2188: 2180: 2158: 1894: 1668: 1623: 1619: 1611: 676: 5666: 5459:

Arropol commercial producer of polyol from post-consumer PET fiber

2848:. Terylene was first registered as a UK trademark in April 1946. 6322: 6199: 6100: 6002: 5494: 5442:

KenPlas Industry Ltd.: "What is PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)"

4392:"An overview on PET waste recycling for application in packaging" 2627:

Speight, J. G.; Lange, Norbert Adolph (2005). McGraw-Hill (ed.).

2522: 2446: 2377: 2015: 1890: 1274: 1266: 547: 460: 298: 5288: 2785: 2380:

at a high temperature and pressure for eight hours, followed by

4970: 4874:"Eastman invests in methanolysis plant in Kingsport, Tennessee" 3453: 3126: 2970:"COVEME PHOTOVOLTAIC Backsheets and Frontsheets for PV modules" 2356:

In 2023 a process was announced for using PET as the basis for

1631: 1603: 1142: 1117: 567: 5345:"Scientists Engineer New Plastic-Eating Enzyme | Sci-News.com" 5117: 3114: 3614: 2478: 1590:

Polyethylene terephthalate is produced largely from purified

1289: 1211: 1200: 882: 361:> 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) (decomposes) 142: 3521:

Ryazanova-Clarke, Larissa; Wade, Terence (31 January 2002).

223: 5560: 5463: 4028:"Polyethylene Terephthalate May Yield Endocrine Disruptors" 3817:

Duurzame bioplastics op basis van hernieuwbare grondstoffen

2810:

Whinfield, J.R. (May 1953). "The Development of Terylene".

2077:, and the formation "gel" or "fish-eye" formations through 1538: 4389: 4112:

Environmental Science and Pollution Research International

3235:

Valvez, Sara; Silva, Abilio P.; Reis, Paulo N. B. (2022).

2337:

While most thermoplastics can, in principle, be recycled,

924:

PET is also used as a substrate in thin film solar cells.

5224: 4807: 5089: 3806:

Bio-based drop-in, smart drop-in and dedicated chemicals

3750:. Vol. A21. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 233–238. 3363: 1659:(DMT) process, DMT and excess ethylene glycol (MEG) are 1533:(CHDM) can be added to the polymer backbone in place of 644:) depending on its crystal structure and particle size. 5458: 4618: 4474:(in French). Swiss PET Recycling Association. p. 5 4436: 3591:

Engineering Thermoplastics: Properties and Applications

2427:. Japanese scientists have isolated another bacterium, 2167:

in April 2012 concludes that antimony concentration in

3982: 2557:

van der Vegt, A. K.; Govaert, L. E. (2005).

2053:

during processing. If the moisture level is too high,

1153:

in 1949, and its name "Lavsan" is an acronym thereof (

857:(PA) layer to further reduce its oxygen permeability. 3865: 1261:, they can begin to move again, allowing crystals to 4385: 4383: 3167: 2716:"Newly identified bacteria cleans up common plastic" 2460: 2138: 1651:

Polyesterification reaction in the production of PET

1630:

is added as a stabilizer and a bluing agent such as

1009:

Film for tape applications, such as the carrier for

4923: 3294:Barrios, Juan M.; Romero, Pablo E. (January 2019). 2556: 347:> 250 °C (482 °F; 523 K) 260 5369: 5032: 4291:"Degradation Rates of Plastics in the Environment" 4288: 2892:Encyclopedia of Polymer Applications, 3 Volume Set 2628: 1810:Polycondensation reaction in the production of PET 945:PET is stoichiometrically a mixture of carbon and 841:Plastic bottles made from PET are widely used for 4380: 2611:"poly(ethylene terephthalate) macromolecule_msds" 1642: 1602:(DMT). As of 2022, ethylene glycol is made from 640:) or opaque and white (particle size up to a few 6361: 4760: 3949: 1284:(crystallized areas) each containing many small 998:filament, as well as in the 3D printing plastic 4197: 3830:"New route planned to biobased ethylene glycol" 3666: 3664: 3359: 3357: 3234: 2713: 2403:At least one species of bacterium in the genus 1222:) or crystalline articles. Its amenability to 1133:, James Tennant Dickson and their employer the 122: 3931:F Gugumus (1996). Gaechter and Mueller (ed.). 3747:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3670: 3572: 2915: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 1900: 5986: 5479: 5028: 5026: 4232: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3293: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2149:in April 2010 suggested that PET might yield 1207:PET in its most stable state is a colorless, 679:as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a 4808:Karmela Padavic-Callaghan (23 August 2023). 4567:"R-PET: Schweizer Kreislauf – PET-Recycling" 4541:"PET and its eco-friendly alternative: rPET" 4493:Awaja, Firas; Pavel, Dumitru (1 July 2005). 4396:International Journal of Plastics Technology 4074: 4025: 3935:(4th ed.). Munich: Hanser. p. 92. 3661: 3651:, NIIR Project Consultancy Services, Delhi, 3354: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2598:Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 2502:—a polyester with a similar structure to PET 1801: 1683:The reactions can be summarized as follows: 1234:. It is strong and impact-resistant. PET is 826:, under the brand 'Terylene'. Subsequently 4897: 4767:Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 4295:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 3671:Ashurst, P.; Hargitt, R. (26 August 2009). 3018:He, Jhiyu; et al. (2 September 2022). 2916:Ashurst, P.; Hargitt, R. (26 August 2009). 2535: 1939:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1437:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 101:Terylene (trademark); Dacron (trademark). 30:"PETE" redirects here. For other uses, see 5993: 5979: 5486: 5472: 5437:American Plastics Council: PlasticInfo.org 5023: 4492: 4181: 4179: 3827: 3732: 3674:Soft Drink and Fruit Juice Problems Solved 3649:Disposable Products Manufacturing Handbook 3117:, 18 November 2014, retrieved 16 May 2017. 3092: 2919:Soft Drink and Fruit Juice Problems Solved 2653: 2500:Polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate 2409:can degrade PET with an esterase enzyme. 1594:(PTA), as well as to a lesser extent from 238: 188: 5291:"Enzymes' Power for Plastics Degradation" 5209: 5198:"The living things that feast on plastic" 5058: 5006: 4988: 4729: 4672: 4363: 4306: 4109: 4051: 3930: 3907: 3778: 3337: 3319: 3270: 3252: 3211: 3193: 3144: 3061: 3051: 2809: 2698: 2617: 2298:Learn how and when to remove this message 2003:Learn how and when to remove this message 1501:Learn how and when to remove this message 1006:create bio-friendly glitter alternatives. 205: 5218: 3955: 3619:. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. 3615:Scheirs, John; Long, Timothy E. (2003). 3587: 3573:Wyeth, N.; Roseveare, R. (15 May 1973). 2582: 2580: 2578: 2328: 2320: 2309: 2036:chapters distribute them as part of the 2014: 1805: 1646: 1512: 1230:, it has better barrier properties than 1187: 5282: 4591: 4186:Guidelines for drinking – water quality 4176: 3549:"Nathaniel Wyeth – Got a lot of bottle" 2865: 1389:Monofilaments and engineering plastics 1176:The PET bottle was invented in 1973 by 927: 912: 234: 14: 6362: 5576:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE) 4898:Page Bailey, mary (24 February 2022). 4706:"Organocatalysis for depolymerisation" 3588:Margolis, James M. (28 October 2020). 3527:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 49–. 3426: 2945:"Salzgitter to buy SIG Beverages unit" 2942: 2888: 2764:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.312.406 2603: 2241: 1663:in the melt at 150–200 °C with a 1308: 1183: 1116:Aluminized Mylar balloons filled with 179: 5974: 5516:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) 5511:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 5467: 4845: 4827:Wang, Shengnian; et al. (2023). 4455:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.01.007 2943:Patton, Dominique (16 January 2008). 2575: 1634:salt is added to mask any yellowing. 1610:, while terephthalic acid comes from 1104:Microfiber towels and cleaning cloths 964: 877: 150: 6328:List of environmental health hazards 6248:List of environmental health hazards 5349:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com 4871: 4826: 3719:Handbook of Thermoplastic Polyesters 2889:Mishra, Munmaya (17 December 2018). 2280:adding citations to reliable sources 2251: 1937:adding citations to reliable sources 1904: 1435:adding citations to reliable sources 1402: 1357:Biaxially oriented PET film (BOPET) 1295: 1080:, used to sell fruit, hardware, etc. 5195: 5189: 4235:Journal of Environmental Monitoring 4200:Journal of Environmental Monitoring 4077:Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2227: 2164:Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2065:, resulting in brittleness. If the 1365:Sheet grade film for thermoforming 24: 6133:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs 5202:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews 4930:Polymers for Advanced Technologies 3958:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3701:, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 85 ff, 3452: 3017: 2741: 2122: 1626:compound is used as a catalyst, a 1349:Technical fibers (e.g. tire cord) 917:BOPET is used in the backsheet of 836: 651:, which can be synthesized by the 25: 6436: 5430: 4443:Polymer Degradation and Stability 4032:Environmental Health Perspectives 2714:Saxena, Shalini (19 March 2016). 2398: 2391:PET is also a desirable fuel for 2191:in the form of compounds such as 2146:Environmental Health Perspectives 2139:Safety and environmental concerns 1015:pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes 932:PET can be compounded with glass 649:bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate 613:, and has the digit 1 (♳) as its 92:poly(oxyethyleneoxyterephthaloyl) 5665: 5659: 5551:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 5526:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 4872:Toto, Deanne (1 February 2021). 4846:Laird, Karen (18 January 2022). 4657:10.1021/acsengineeringau.2c00029 3093:Leah Crane (10 September 2022). 2866:Pasbrig, Erwin (29 March 2007), 2559:Polymeren, van keten tot kunstof 2463: 2256: 1909: 1407: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1069: 1057: 1045: 1029: 647:One process for making PET uses 486: 63: 54: 45: 5531:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) 5363: 5337: 5163: 5111: 5083: 4964: 4917: 4891: 4865: 4839: 4820: 4801: 4754: 4697: 4632: 4611: 4585: 4559: 4533: 4519:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.02.005 4486: 4461: 4430: 4323: 4282: 4261: 4226: 4191: 4161:Consumer Factsheet on: Antimony 4154: 4103: 4068: 4019: 3976: 3924: 3859: 3828:Alex Tullo (20 November 2017). 3821: 3810: 3799: 3772: 3711: 3691: 3641: 3608: 3581: 3566: 3541: 3514: 3491: 3476: 3446: 3427:Street, Chloe (6 August 2018). 3420: 3287: 3228: 3161: 3146:10.1590/S1517-707620180004.0601 3120: 3105: 3086: 3011: 2986: 2962: 2936: 2909: 2882: 2859: 2850:UK Intellectual Property Office 2838: 2744:Applied Mechanics and Materials 2691:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110840 2600:, accessed on 7 November 2007. 2413:are enzymes able to cleave the 2267:needs additional citations for 2205:Federal Office of Public Health 2104: 1038:injection stretch blow moulding 999: 940: 482:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 5894:Category:Plastics applications 5641:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) 5636:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 5621:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 3460:. Teijin Group. Archived from 3370:Journal of Hazardous Materials 2803: 2778: 2735: 2707: 2081:. Mitigation measures include 2044: 1643:Dimethyl terephthalate process 860:Non-oriented PET sheet can be 13: 1: 5601:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) 5196:Ong, Sandy (24 August 2023). 5105:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.112 4977:Environmental Sciences Europe 4619:"Arropol | Arropol Chemicals" 4308:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635 4005:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00201-4 3390:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070 2631:Lange's Handbook of Chemistry 2529: 2451:University of Texas at Austin 1585: 1549:, replacing some of the 1,4-( 1398: 6318:Persistent organic pollutant 6279:Toxic Substances Control Act 6238:Persistent organic pollutant 5521:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) 5493: 5060:10.1016/j.envint.2020.106144 4835:. American Chemical Society. 3195:10.1371/journal.pone.0270328 2869:Cover film for blister packs 1952:"Polyethylene terephthalate" 1637: 1450:"Polyethylene terephthalate" 1253:) to form a non-crystalline 1247:glass transition temperature 1135:Calico Printers' Association 1129:PET was patented in 1941 by 864:to make packaging trays and 779:Linear expansion coefficient 746:Glass transition temperature 597:PET consists of repeating (C 525:poly(ethylene terephthalate) 293:kg/mol, varies 81:poly(ethylene terephthalate) 7: 6311:Great Pacific garbage patch 6233:Great Pacific garbage patch 5646:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) 5561:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) 5307:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00644 3553:www.thechemicalengineer.com 3115:https://www.plasteurope.com 2456: 2175: 1901:Bottle processing equipment 1521:and lowering the polymer's 970:A waterproofing barrier in 817: 562:for liquids and foods, and 40:Polyethylene terephthalate 10: 6441: 6274:Japan Toxic Substances Law 6069:Miscellaneous plasticizers 5397:10.1038/s41586-022-04599-z 4990:10.1186/s12302-020-00447-x 4592:Makuska, Ricardas (2008). 3970:10.1002/app.1972.070160118 3834:C&EN Global Enterprise 3524:The Russian Language Today 2824:10.1177/004051755302300503 2635:(16th ed.). pp. 2245: 2187:element that is used as a 2161:. An article published in 1877: 1124: 521:Polyethylene terephthalate 29: 6348: 6293: 6269:European REACH regulation 6264:California Proposition 65 6256: 6213: 6170: 6132: 6099: 6068: 6014: 6007:polyhalogenated compounds 5963: 5908: 5884:High-performance plastics 5853: 5846: 5758: 5717: 5709:High-performance plastics 5674: 5657: 5501: 5252:10.1038/s41586-020-2149-4 5211:10.1146/knowable-082423-1 5039:Environment International 4779:10.1007/s11998-016-9895-0 4469:"RAPPORT DE GESTION 2019" 4408:10.1007/s12588-016-9164-1 4132:10.1007/s11356-010-0312-4 3697:Thiele, Ulrich K. (2007) 2994:"Rynite PET Design Guide" 2594:GESTIS Substance Database 2315:Resin identification code 2085:with other monomers like 1818:process, MEG and PTA are 1802:Terephthalic acid process 1381:Carbonated drink bottles 805: 615:resin identification code 609:) units. PET is commonly 476: 452: 424: 250: 106: 98: 86: 76: 71: 62: 53: 44: 5694:Fibre-reinforced plastic 5631:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 5447:10 December 2007 at the 4833:ACS Fall 2023 - Sessions 4499:European Polymer Journal 3756:10.1002/14356007.a21_227 3133:Matéria (Rio de Janeiro) 2812:Textile Research Journal 2671:European Polymer Journal 2511:Solar water disinfection 2481:(biaxially oriented PET) 2143:Commentary published in 1373:General purpose bottles 1300:PET has an affinity for 1216:semicrystalline polymers 1180:and patented by DuPont. 1151:USSR Academy of Sciences 798:Water absorption (ASTM) 634:semi-crystalline polymer 5745:Biodegradable additives 5141:10.1126/science.aad6359 4545:Prevented Ocean Plastic 3846:10.1021/cen-09546-notw6 3721:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2786:"What is PET? - NAPCOR" 2589:Polyethylenterephthalat 2360:production. PET, being 2157:as well as leaching of 1143:E. I. DuPont de Nemours 812: 6160:Perfluorooctanoic acid 5596:Polyphenyl ether (PPE) 5591:Polyoxymethylene (POM) 5536:Polyacrylic acid (PAA) 3044:10.1126/sciadv.abo0617 2393:waste-to-energy plants 2334: 2326: 2318: 2210:tolerable daily intake 2127: 2020: 1811: 1657:dimethyl terephthalate 1652: 1600:dimethyl terephthalate 1596:(mono-)ethylene glycol 1526: 1204: 883:Biaxially oriented PET 673:dimethyl terephthalate 623:dimethyl terephthalate 578:, whereas the acronym 554:family and is used in 543:), is the most common 373:Practically insoluble 6420:Transparent materials 6340:Biodegradable plastic 5689:Thermosetting polymer 5586:Polylactic acid (PLA) 4026:Sax, Leonard (2010). 3781:Polymer International 3485:U.S. patent 2,465,319 3254:10.3390/polym14132564 2332: 2324: 2313: 2126: 2018: 1887:bio-based counterpart 1809: 1650: 1531:cyclohexanedimethanol 1516: 1191: 1052:A finished PET bottle 1021:Water-resistant paper 88:Systematic IUPAC name 32:Pete (disambiguation) 6390:Flexible electronics 6375:Terephthalate esters 6351:Identification codes 5951:Foam food containers 5874:Engineering plastics 4904:Chemical Engineering 2490:PET bottle recycling 2430:Ideonella sakaiensis 2339:PET bottle recycling 2276:improve this article 2248:PET bottle recycling 2212:" determined by the 2151:endocrine disruptors 2026:stretch blow molding 1933:improve this section 1580:stretch blow molding 1431:improve this section 1199:are usually made of 1157:боратории Института 928:Thermoplastic resins 919:photovoltaic modules 913:Photovoltaic modules 392:Thermal conductivity 6395:Household chemicals 6380:Commodity chemicals 6190:Endocrine disruptor 5788:Compression molding 5740:Polymer stabilizers 5389:2022Natur.604..662L 5244:2020Natur.580..216T 5133:2016Sci...351.1196Y 5051:2020EnInt.14506144S 4571:www.petrecycling.ch 4511:2005EurPJ..41.1453A 4348:2016NatSR...623501I 4166:7 June 2014 at the 4124:2010ESPR...17.1323C 4044:10.1289/ehp.0901253 3997:2002WatRe..36.4893N 3964:(1): 203–215 BHET. 3884:2015NatSR...5E8249T 3382:2021JHzM..40224070G 3312:2019Mate...12.2499B 3186:2022PLoSO..1770328B 3036:2022SciA....8O.617H 2756:2013AMM...312..406J 2683:2021EurPJ.16110840D 2347:post-consumer waste 2242:Polyester recycling 2095:polymer stabilisers 2071:thermal degradation 1329: 1319:intrinsic viscosity 1309:Intrinsic viscosity 1238:and absorbs water. 1184:Physical properties 1078:clamshell packaging 665:transesterification 368:Solubility in water 41: 6385:English inventions 6205:Polymer fume fever 5864:Commodity plastics 5838:Rotational molding 5808:Fiberglass molding 5768:Injection moulding 5750:Filler (materials) 5699:Corrugated plastic 5651:Tritan copolyester 5606:Polypropylene (PP) 5556:Polycarbonate (PC) 4722:10.1039/C8PY01284A 4645:ACS Engineering Au 4495:"Recycling of PET" 4336:Scientific Reports 4172:archive 2003-06-23 4089:10.1039/C2EM10917D 3872:Scientific Reports 3503:2 May 2013 at the 3498:TEIJIN: Trademarks 3321:10.3390/ma12152499 2362:stoichiometrically 2335: 2327: 2319: 2128: 2049:PET is subject to 2021: 1812: 1675:OH) is removed by 1653: 1527: 1328: 1323:relative viscosity 1232:aliphatic polymers 1205: 1161:ысокомолекулярных 1131:John Rex Whinfield 965:Other applications 903:thermal insulation 878:Flexible packaging 592:polyvinyl chloride 535:, or the obsolete 509:Infobox references 453:Related compounds 420:1.57–1.58, 1.5750 39: 6357: 6356: 6335:Plastic recycling 6301:Plastic pollution 6287: 6286: 6221:Plastic pollution 6001:Health issues of 5959: 5958: 5855:Plastics industry 5773:Plastic extrusion 5626:Polyurethane (PU) 5616:Polysulfone (PES) 5571:Polyethylene (PE) 5546:Polybutylene (PB) 5383:(7907): 662–667. 5238:(7802): 216–219. 5099:(15): 5691–5700. 4936:(12): 2912–2938. 4710:Polymer Chemistry 4356:10.1038/srep23501 3991:(19): 4893–4901. 3892:10.1038/srep08249 3707:978-3-9807497-4-9 3684:978-1-84569-706-8 3657:978-9-381-03932-8 3601:978-1-000-10411-0 3534:978-0-203-06587-7 3464:on 25 August 2013 3135:(in Portuguese). 2929:978-1-84569-706-8 2902:978-1-351-01941-5 2846:Oxford Dictionary 2517:water using only 2495:Plastic recycling 2308: 2307: 2300: 2193:antimony trioxide 2013: 2012: 2005: 1987: 1816:terephthalic acid 1592:terephthalic acid 1576:diethylene glycol 1511: 1510: 1503: 1485: 1396: 1395: 1296:Flavor absorption 1228:aromatic polymers 851:polyvinyl alcohol 845:, both still and 810: 809: 667:reaction between 657:terephthalic acid 655:reaction between 619:terephthalic acid 517:Chemical compound 515: 514: 467:Terephthalic acid 219:CompTox Dashboard 16:(Redirected from 6432: 6226:Rubber pollution 6076:Organophosphates 5995: 5988: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5851: 5850: 5823:Filament winding 5798:Transfer molding 5725:Polymer additive 5669: 5663: 5611:Polystyrene (PS) 5488: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5425: 5424: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5301:(9): 5612–5701. 5295:Chemical Reviews 5286: 5280: 5279: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5127:(6278): 1196–9. 5115: 5109: 5108: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5062: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5010: 4992: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4942:10.1002/pat.5023 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4733: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4676: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4505:(7): 1453–1477. 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4301:(9): 3494–3511. 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4247:10.1039/b926551a 4230: 4224: 4223: 4212:10.1039/b517844b 4195: 4189: 4183: 4174: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4083:(4): 1236–1246. 4072: 4066: 4065: 4055: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3741: 3730: 3715: 3709: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3668: 3659: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3518: 3512: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3433:Evening Standard 3424: 3418: 3417: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3323: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3256: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3197: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3148: 3124: 3118: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3065: 3055: 3030:(35): eabo0617. 3024:Science Advances 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2662: 2651: 2650: 2634: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2607: 2601: 2584: 2573: 2572: 2554: 2473: 2471:Chemistry portal 2468: 2467: 2466: 2371: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2260: 2252: 2228:Shed microfibres 2224:of 5 μg/L. 2118:Norrish reaction 2091:isophthalic acid 2083:copolymerisation 2059:molecular weight 2057:will reduce the 2008: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1945: 1913: 1905: 1618:. Typically an 1557:units. The 1,2-( 1547:isophthalic acid 1506: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1443: 1411: 1403: 1330: 1327: 1315:molecular weight 1209:semi-crystalline 1113: 1101: 1089: 1073: 1061: 1049: 1036:PET preform for 1033: 959:superionic water 952: 793: 791: 707:Tensile strength 686: 685: 681:polycondensation 499: 493: 490: 489: 447: 440: 425:Thermochemistry 407:Refractive index 399: 350: 330: 320: 313: 309: 292: 258:Chemical formula 243: 242: 227: 225: 209: 192: 181: 154: 126: 67: 58: 49: 42: 38: 21: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6344: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6252: 6209: 6166: 6128: 6095: 6064: 6010: 5999: 5965: 5955: 5904: 5842: 5828:Solvent bonding 5818:Plastic welding 5760: 5754: 5713: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5655: 5566:Polyester (PEs) 5503: 5497: 5492: 5449:Wayback Machine 5433: 5428: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5351:. 28 April 2022 5343: 5342: 5338: 5287: 5283: 5223: 5219: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5177:. 10 March 2016 5169: 5168: 5164: 5116: 5112: 5088: 5084: 5031: 5024: 4969: 4965: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4878:Recycling Today 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4844: 4840: 4825: 4821: 4806: 4802: 4759: 4755: 4702: 4698: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4612: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4435: 4431: 4388: 4381: 4328: 4324: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4231: 4227: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4168:Wayback Machine 4159: 4155: 4108: 4104: 4073: 4069: 4024: 4020: 3981: 3977: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3929: 3925: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3800: 3787:(10): 923–930. 3777: 3773: 3766: 3743: 3742: 3733: 3716: 3712: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3669: 3662: 3646: 3642: 3627: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3505:Wayback Machine 3496: 3492: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3425: 3421: 3362: 3355: 3292: 3288: 3233: 3229: 3180:(7): e0270328. 3166: 3162: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2843: 2839: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2712: 2708: 2700:1854/LU-8730084 2663: 2654: 2647: 2625: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2585: 2576: 2569: 2555: 2536: 2532: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2401: 2369: 2365: 2304: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2273: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2230: 2202: 2198: 2178: 2169:deionized water 2141: 2114:Photo-oxidation 2107: 2047: 2009: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1946: 1944: 1930: 1914: 1903: 1880: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1674: 1661:transesterified 1645: 1640: 1588: 1535:ethylene glycol 1519:crystallization 1507: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1444: 1442: 1428: 1412: 1401: 1341:Textile fibers 1311: 1298: 1260: 1255:amorphous solid 1252: 1186: 1178:Nathaniel Wyeth 1127: 1120: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1081: 1074: 1065: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1041: 1034: 1013:or backing for 972:undersea cables 967: 950: 946: 943: 930: 915: 880: 839: 837:Rigid packaging 820: 815: 789: 787: 754: 715: 690:Young's modulus 669:ethylene glycol 661:ethylene glycol 627:ethylene glycol 608: 604: 600: 518: 511: 506: 505: 504: ?) 495: 491: 487: 483: 471:Ethylene glycol 469: 463: 445: 441: 434: 417: 415: 397: 370: 348: 337: 328: 318: 311: 307: 290: 278: 274: 270: 266: 260: 246: 228: 221: 212: 173: 157: 129: 116: 102: 94: 93: 82: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6438: 6428: 6427: 6425:Food packaging 6422: 6417: 6415:Thermoplastics 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6119:Vinyl chloride 6116: 6113:Polycarbonates 6105: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6012: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5926:Packaging film 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5909:Specific goods 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5833:Vacuum forming 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5704:Polymeric foam 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5680: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5581:Polyimide (PI) 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5541:Polyamide (PA) 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5439: 5432: 5431:External links 5429: 5427: 5426: 5362: 5336: 5281: 5217: 5188: 5162: 5110: 5082: 5022: 4963: 4916: 4890: 4864: 4838: 4819: 4800: 4773:(3): 747–753. 4753: 4716:(2): 172–186. 4696: 4631: 4610: 4584: 4558: 4532: 4485: 4460: 4449:(4): 904–915. 4429: 4379: 4322: 4281: 4260: 4225: 4190: 4175: 4153: 4118:(7): 1323–30. 4102: 4067: 4018: 3985:Water Research 3975: 3948: 3941: 3923: 3858: 3820: 3809: 3798: 3793:10.1002/pi.917 3771: 3765:978-3527306732 3764: 3744:"Polyesters". 3731: 3710: 3690: 3683: 3660: 3640: 3625: 3607: 3600: 3580: 3565: 3540: 3533: 3513: 3490: 3475: 3445: 3419: 3353: 3286: 3227: 3160: 3119: 3104: 3085: 3010: 2985: 2961: 2949:Beverage Daily 2935: 2928: 2908: 2901: 2881: 2858: 2837: 2818:(5): 289–293. 2802: 2777: 2734: 2706: 2652: 2645: 2616: 2602: 2574: 2567: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2474: 2458: 2455: 2400: 2399:Biodegradation 2397: 2382:centrifugation 2367: 2358:supercapacitor 2306: 2305: 2264: 2262: 2255: 2246:Main article: 2243: 2240: 2229: 2226: 2200: 2196: 2177: 2174: 2140: 2137: 2106: 2103: 2067:residence time 2046: 2043: 2011: 2010: 1917: 1915: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1672: 1665:basic catalyst 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1587: 1584: 1509: 1508: 1415: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1310: 1307: 1297: 1294: 1258: 1250: 1185: 1182: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1096: 1094: 1092:Polyester yarn 1091: 1084: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1007: 1003: 992: 985: 982: 975: 966: 963: 948: 942: 939: 929: 926: 914: 911: 907:space blankets 879: 876: 838: 835: 819: 816: 814: 811: 808: 807: 803: 802: 799: 795: 794: 785: 775: 774: 771: 762: 761: 755: 752: 742: 741: 734: 728: 727: 724: 723:Elastic limit 720: 719: 716: 713: 703: 702: 696: 653:esterification 606: 602: 598: 558:for clothing, 516: 513: 512: 507: 485: 484: 480:standard state 477: 474: 473: 464: 458: 455: 454: 450: 449: 442: 430: 427: 426: 422: 421: 418: 413: 405: 402: 401: 394: 388: 387: 384: 375: 374: 371: 366: 363: 362: 359: 353: 352: 345: 339: 338: 336: 335: 333:single crystal 325: 315: 303: 301: 295: 294: 287: 281: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261: 256: 253: 252: 248: 247: 245: 244: 236:DTXSID10872790 231: 229: 217: 214: 213: 211: 210: 202: 200: 194: 193: 183: 175: 174: 172: 171: 167: 165: 159: 158: 156: 155: 147: 145: 139: 138: 135: 134:Abbreviations 131: 130: 128: 127: 119: 117: 112: 109: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 91: 90: 84: 83: 80: 74: 73: 69: 68: 60: 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6437: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6306:Garbage patch 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6172:Health issues 6169: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5946:Shopping bags 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5901:(Agriculture) 5900: 5899:Plasticulture 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Geosynthetics 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5783:Thermoforming 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5684:Thermoplastic 5682: 5681: 5679: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4853: 4852:Plastics News 4849: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4815: 4814:New Scientist 4811: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4470: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4270: 4264: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4206:(2): 288–92. 4205: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4054: 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CRC Press. 3593: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3569: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3139:(4): e12267. 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3113: 3108: 3100: 3099:New Scientist 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 2995: 2989: 2971: 2965: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2895:. CRC Press. 2894: 2893: 2885: 2871: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2854:UK00000646992 2851: 2847: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2646:0-07-143220-5 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513:—a method of 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435:I. sakaiensis 2432: 2431: 2426: 2423:, as well as 2422: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2331: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2299: 2291: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2265:This section 2263: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2236: 2225: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079:cross-linking 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2017: 2007: 2004: 1996: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: – 1953: 1949: 1948:Find sources: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1918:This section 1916: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1868: 1852: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1808: 1788: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:thermoforming 1568: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1555:terephthalate 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1524: 1523:melting point 1520: 1515: 1505: 1502: 1494: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: – 1451: 1447: 1446:Find sources: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1416:This section 1414: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1306: 1303: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1119: 1112: 1107: 1100: 1095: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011:magnetic tape 1008: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 990: 989:gas cylinders 986: 983: 980: 976: 973: 969: 968: 962: 960: 956: 938: 935: 925: 922: 920: 910: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 875: 872: 869: 867: 866:blister packs 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 834: 831: 829: 825: 804: 800: 797: 796: 786: 784: 780: 777: 776: 772: 770: 767: 764: 763: 760: 756: 751: 747: 744: 743: 739: 735: 733: 730: 729: 725: 722: 721: 717: 712: 708: 705: 704: 701: 697: 695: 691: 688: 687: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 645: 643: 639: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 595: 593: 589: 588:polypropylene 585: 581: 577: 571: 569: 565: 564:thermoforming 561: 557: 553: 550:resin of the 549: 546: 545:thermoplastic 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 510: 503: 498: 481: 475: 472: 468: 465: 462: 457: 456: 451: 443: 438: 433: 432:Heat capacity 429: 428: 423: 419: 412: 408: 404: 403: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 383: 382: 377: 376: 372: 369: 365: 364: 360: 358: 357:Boiling point 355: 354: 346: 344: 343:Melting point 341: 340: 334: 326: 324: 316: 305: 304: 302: 300: 297: 296: 288: 286: 283: 282: 262: 259: 255: 254: 249: 241: 237: 233: 232: 230: 220: 216: 215: 208: 204: 203: 201: 199: 196: 195: 191: 187: 184: 182: 180:ECHA InfoCard 177: 176: 169: 168: 166: 164: 161: 160: 153: 149: 148: 146: 144: 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 125: 121: 120: 118: 115: 111: 110: 105: 97: 89: 85: 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6370:Biomaterials 6016:Plasticizers 5964:Environment 5916:Blister pack 5869:Construction 5778:Blow molding 5575: 5380: 5376: 5365: 5353:. 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Retrieved 2721:Ars Technica 2719: 2709: 2674: 2670: 2630: 2605: 2588: 2558: 2515:disinfecting 2443:depolymerize 2434: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2404: 2402: 2390: 2386: 2384:and drying. 2355: 2351:incineration 2344: 2336: 2294: 2285: 2274:Please help 2269:verification 2266: 2231: 2218: 2179: 2162: 2144: 2142: 2129: 2110:Acetaldehyde 2108: 2105:Acetaldehyde 2075:acetaldehyde 2048: 2038:Vial of Life 2030: 2022: 1999: 1990: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1947: 1931:Please help 1919: 1882: 1881: 1866: 1850: 1830: 1824:distillation 1813: 1786: 1754: 1682: 1677:distillation 1654: 1589: 1569: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1528: 1497: 1488: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1445: 1429:Please help 1417: 1333:Application 1312: 1299: 1286:crystallites 1279: 1240: 1206: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1128: 955:nanodiamonds 944: 941:Nanodiamonds 931: 923: 916: 881: 873: 870: 862:thermoformed 859: 840: 832: 828:E. I. DuPont 821: 782: 768: 749: 710: 693: 646: 631: 596: 584:polyethylene 579: 572: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519: 436: 410: 396:0.15 to 0.24 380: 107:Identifiers 99:Other names 36: 6257:Regulations 6109:Bisphenol A 5793:Calendering 5735:Plasticizer 5675:Mechanical 4731:2117/365711 4607:(2): 29–34. 4573:(in French) 4402:(1): 1–24. 3878:(1): 8249. 2875:20 November 2750:: 406–410. 2525:PET bottles 2374:nitric acid 2364:carbon and 2333:Alternate 2 2325:Alternate 1 2051:degradation 2045:Degradation 1751:Second step 1608:natural gas 1543:3D printing 1302:hydrophobic 1282:spherulites 1236:hygroscopic 1173:аук СССР). 1141:, England. 1040:of a bottle 996:3D printing 887:evaporating 843:soft drinks 773:82 °C 675:(DMT) with 642:micrometers 625:) and mono 251:Properties 186:100.121.858 152:CHEBI:53259 6405:Polyesters 6364:Categories 6185:Carcinogen 6150:Organotins 6020:Phthalates 5966:and health 5813:Pultrusion 5803:Laminating 5761:processing 5045:: 106144. 3942:3446175717 3840:(46): 10. 3376:: 124070. 2954:1 November 2677:: 110840. 2587:Record of 2568:9071301486 2530:References 2485:Bioplastic 2415:ester bond 2288:April 2011 2183:(Sb) is a 2155:phthalates 2099:phosphites 2055:hydrolysis 1963:newspapers 1820:esterified 1687:First step 1614:made from 1598:(MEG) and 1586:Production 1561:) or 1,3-( 1461:newspapers 1399:Copolymers 1392:1.00–2.00 1384:0.78–0.85 1376:0.70–0.78 1368:0.70–1.00 1360:0.60–0.70 1352:0.72–0.98 1344:0.40–0.70 1271:chloroform 1269:, such as 1197:spinnakers 1165:оединений 1139:Manchester 853:(PVOH) or 732:Notch test 718:55–75 MPa 698:2800–3100 560:containers 448:kJ/(kg·K) 285:Molar mass 207:5YSH70HE6K 163:ChemSpider 137:PET, PETE 124:25038-59-9 114:CAS Number 78:IUPAC name 6214:Pollution 6180:Teratogen 6111:(BPA, in 5759:Plastics 5730:Colorants 5718:Additives 5502:Chemical 5421:248414531 5405:1476-4687 5331:257506291 5315:0009-2665 5276:215411815 5260:1476-4687 5077:222156984 4999:2190-4715 4958:225374393 4950:1042-7147 4787:1935-3804 4748:106033120 4740:1759-9962 4691:255634660 4665:2694-2488 4624:2 January 4551:9 October 4527:0014-3057 4416:0972-656X 4317:212404939 4188:. who.int 3900:2045-2322 3414:224894411 3398:0304-3894 3330:1996-1944 3300:Materials 3263:2073-4360 3204:1932-6203 3155:1517-7076 3080:252046278 2832:137314779 2772:110703061 2637:2807–2758 2506:Polyester 2441:that can 2439:hydrolase 2411:Esterases 2222:tap water 2185:metalloid 2061:by chain 2034:Red Cross 1993:June 2024 1920:does not 1638:Processes 1628:phosphite 1616:crude oil 1606:found in 1553:) linked 1491:June 2024 1418:does not 1243:polyester 1220:amorphous 1193:Sailcloth 979:film base 905:(such as 899:packaging 891:thin film 855:polyamide 847:sparkling 792:10 K 590:(PP) and 576:polyester 552:polyester 323:amorphous 6410:Polymers 6400:Plastics 6195:Diabetes 6101:Monomers 6081:Adipates 6003:plastics 5857:segments 5847:Products 5495:Plastics 5445:Archived 5413:35478237 5323:36916764 5268:32269349 5181:11 March 5157:31146235 5149:26965627 5069:32987219 5017:33432280 4983:(1): 2. 4909:11 March 4883:11 March 4857:11 March 4795:99621770 4683:36820227 4424:99732501 4374:27000994 4255:20383361 4220:16470261 4164:Archived 4148:20462253 4140:20309737 4097:22402759 4062:20368129 4013:12448533 3918:25648201 3635:85820031 3501:Archived 3468:12 March 3438:25 March 3406:33254837 3348:31390834 3281:35808611 3241:Polymers 3222:35839177 3174:PLOS ONE 3072:36054354 3063:10848955 2999:. DuPont 2727:21 March 2561:. VSSD. 2519:sunlight 2457:See also 2447:monomers 2425:Nocardia 2420:Bacillus 2406:Nocardia 2189:catalyst 2181:Antimony 2176:Antimony 2159:antimony 2132:diffuses 2097:such as 2063:scission 1895:furfural 1710:+ 2 HOCH 1669:Methanol 1624:titanium 1620:antimony 1612:p-xylene 1267:solvents 1263:nucleate 1169:кадемии 818:Textiles 726:50–150% 677:methanol 611:recycled 461:Monomers 459:Related 400:W/(m·K) 386:0.94540 310:g/cm, 20 6323:Dioxins 6243:Dioxins 6200:Obesity 5941:Cutlery 5931:Bottles 5385:Bibcode 5240:Bibcode 5129:Bibcode 5121:Science 5093:Polymer 5047:Bibcode 5008:7787125 4674:9936547 4601:Chemija 4577:6 March 4507:Bibcode 4478:5 March 4365:4802224 4344:Bibcode 4274:5 March 4120:Bibcode 4053:2854718 3993:Bibcode 3909:4316194 3880:Bibcode 3851:4 March 3558:3 March 3378:Bibcode 3339:6696107 3308:Bibcode 3272:9269443 3213:9286293 3182:Bibcode 3032:Bibcode 3003:4 March 2978:4 March 2752:Bibcode 2679:Bibcode 2596:of the 2592:in the 2523:plastic 2378:ethanol 1977:scholar 1941:removed 1926:sources 1891:ethanol 1885:is the 1883:Bio-PET 1878:Bio-PET 1814:In the 1655:In the 1475:scholar 1439:removed 1424:sources 1275:toluene 1224:drawing 1125:History 806:Source 594:(PVC). 548:polymer 502:what is 500: ( 299:Density 279: 27:Polymer 6040:(BBzP) 6009:(PHCs) 5921:Chairs 5889:Nurdle 5419: 5411: 5403: 5377:Nature 5355:2 June 5329: 5321: 5313: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5232:Nature 5155: 5147: 5075: 5067: 5015: 5005: 4997: 4956: 4948: 4793: 4785: 4746: 4738: 4689: 4681: 4671: 4663: 4525: 4422: 4414: 4372: 4362: 4315: 4253: 4218: 4170:, EPA 4146: 4138: 4095: 4060: 4050: 4011: 3939: 3916: 3906: 3898: 3762: 3725: 3705: 3681: 3655: 3633: 3623: 3598: 3531: 3454:Teijin 3412: 3404: 3396: 3346: 3336: 3328: 3279: 3269: 3261: 3220: 3210: 3202: 3153: 3078: 3070: 3060: 2926: 2899: 2830: 2795:8 July 2790:NAPCOR 2770: 2643: 2565: 2376:, and 1979: 1972: 1965: 1958: 1950: 1742:+ 2 CH 1718:OH → C 1632:cobalt 1604:ethene 1559:ortho- 1477: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1448: 1118:helium 757:67–81 586:(PE), 568:resins 556:fibres 497:verify 494: 446: 398: 349: 331:g/cm, 329: 321:g/cm, 319: 312: 308: 291: 72:Names 18:Dacron 6294:Waste 6140:PBDEs 6051:(DOP) 5677:types 5504:types 5417:S2CID 5327:S2CID 5272:S2CID 5153:S2CID 5073:S2CID 4954:S2CID 4791:S2CID 4744:S2CID 4687:S2CID 4597:(PDF) 4472:(PDF) 4420:S2CID 4313:S2CID 4144:S2CID 3410:S2CID 3076:S2CID 2997:(PDF) 2973:(PDF) 2828:S2CID 2768:S2CID 2479:BoPET 2235:SAPEA 1984:JSTOR 1970:books 1861:OH → 1551:para- 1482:JSTOR 1468:books 1290:BOPET 1212:resin 1201:nylon 994:As a 977:As a 934:fibre 801:0.16 766:Vicat 541:PET-P 327:1.455 317:1.370 289:10–50 143:ChEBI 6155:PFCs 6145:PCBs 6121:(in 6085:DEHA 6060:DINP 6055:DIDP 6049:DEHP 6044:DIHP 6028:DIBP 6005:and 5936:Bags 5409:PMID 5401:ISSN 5357:2022 5319:PMID 5311:ISSN 5264:PMID 5256:ISSN 5183:2016 5145:PMID 5065:PMID 5013:PMID 4995:ISSN 4946:ISSN 4911:2022 4885:2022 4859:2022 4783:ISSN 4736:ISSN 4679:PMID 4661:ISSN 4626:2019 4579:2022 4553:2022 4523:ISSN 4480:2022 4412:ISSN 4370:PMID 4276:2022 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