93:, which cannot be in the middle of a word. The dainas traditionally are written down so that every line contains two dipodies. If a caesura is followed by three syllables, the last syllable – i.e. the one at the end of the line – is long; if four syllables follow it is short. A syllable is considered short if it contains a short vowel or a short vowel and S; all other syllables are considered long. This results in a rather limited vocabulary as a dipody can consist of either one four-syllable word, two two-syllable words, one one-syllable and one three-syllable word or two one-syllable words and one two-syllable word. Exceptions are mostly found in
105:). Occasionally contractions occur and I replaces a diminutive ending in I – i.e. the ending is retained but separated from the rest of the word by a caesura. This can perhaps be explained by diminutives being so popular in dainas that people didn't find it appropriate to replace one with the same word without it, which would be a syllable shorter. Sometimes a diminutive is added to increase the number of syllables even when the meaning of the word is the opposite of what is usually expressed with the diminutive. Similarly, the need to match the metric might cause disagreement in
171:. There are dainas that do not have a mythical theme as well – many simply describe the daily life of agrarian society and nature. However, these still often include personifications of natural phenomena. Another major theme is the human life cycle, especially the three major events: birth, wedding, and death (including burial). The dainas concerning birth are deeply emotional, and usually feature a mother figure not only as the person who gives birth but also as the one who determines the fate of the child. These also often feature the fate deity
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129:(the use of the same words at the beginning and end of lines, the repetition of a word, a combination of words or previous line, or starting a new sentence with a word that has the same root as the last word of the previous sentence). Comparisons and other symbolic devices are also found in their range, including straightforward comparisons,
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death and often relate to funeral customs. These often feature a female god related to the world of the dead, variously known as kapu māte, veļu māte, zemes māte or smilšu māte (mother of graves, mother of dead, mother Earth, mother of sand). The first collection of dainas was published between 1894 and 1915 as
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and were historically sung immediately after birth, which traditionally took place in a bathhouse. Many dainas are set apart from others by erotic and sexual themes and mockery. These are commonly known as nerātnās (naughty) dainas. The dainas devoted to death describe an individual preparing for
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A sound may be added or removed to increase vocabulary there or elsewhere. The addition of sounds is explained with structural changes in the language itself (loss of vowels in word endings). The sound added at the end of a word is usually I, in some rare cases also A, U or E (the last of these
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The trochaic metre is the most popular, with around 95% of dainas being in it. Characteristic of this metre is that an unstressed syllable follows a stressed syllable, with two syllables forming one foot. Two feet form a dipody and after every dipody, there is a
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Lyrically, dainas concern themselves with native mythology and traditional festivals but, in contrast to most similar forms, do not have any legendary
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share common traits with them, but have been more influenced by
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Dainas feature several stylistic devices to ensure euphony. Common devices use repetition; these include
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vocal styles and pre-Christian themes and legends, and can be accompanied by musical instruments such as
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Daži apcerējumi par latviešu tautas dziesmu metriku (Filologu biedrības raksti XVI sējums. R., 1936)
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Audio recordings of
Latvian folklore (archives of Latvian folklore)
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Virtual collection of
Latvian dainas (The Cabinet of Folksongs)
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157:. Stories often revolve around pre-Christian deities like the
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255:"American Latvian transforms Latvian folksongs into English"
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Biezais, Haralds (2005). "Dainas". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.).
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121:(repetition of similar consonants in stressed syllables),
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English by Latvian American Ieva Auziņa-Szentivanyi.
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101:mostly in some regions of
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241:Encyclopedia of Religion
194:The Cabinet of Folksongs
95:Eastern Latvian dialects
76:metre. Dainas are being
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288:"Tautasdziesmu metrika"
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30:folksong texts at the
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480:Samogitian Sanctuary
379:Baltic neopaganism
322:2009-02-24 at the
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261:. 13 October 2020
204:Latvian mythology
199:Daina (Lithuania)
113:Stylistic devices
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414:Jēkabs Bīne
159:sun goddess
139:synecdoches
51:Lithuanian
542:Song forms
521:Categories
407:Key people
393:Dievturība
386:Traditions
298:2012-08-23
265:13 October
210:References
143:allegories
78:translated
468:Buildings
135:metaphors
320:Archived
188:See also
166:moon god
164:and the
131:epithets
127:epiphora
123:anaphora
103:Courland
74:dactylic
70:trochaic
489:Sources
459:Vydūnas
91:caesura
28:Latvian
398:Romuva
169:Mēness
155:heroes
149:Themes
107:tenses
66:kokles
64:(e.g.
53:dainos
47:Latvia
173:Laima
162:Saule
72:or a
58:drone
39:daina
267:2020
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