Daisy Bates (activist)

487:, that they were delaying the entrance into Central High School. The family of the child had no telephone, and the father did not return from work until 3 a.m. Eckford didn't know that she needed her parents to accompany her, and she also didn't know that she needed to gather with other black students that morning. As a result, Eckford met a mob by herself, when a kind reporter, Grace Lorch, took her out of the mob and guided her to the bus station. The previous night, Bates fell asleep before she was able to deliver the message to the family, and the girl attempted to attend her first day alone at the segregated school. Bates not only wanted the black students to receive the same level of education as white students, but she also wanted to make it her job for all races to have the same quality of education. 438:... Mrs. Daisy Bates and her charges arrived at the school. With surprising ease, they were admitted through one of the less conspicuous entrances. Seconds later, a white female student climbed through a first-story window and yelled that she wasn't going to school with 'niggers'. ... The sweep of the television cameras showed a crowd that was calm. Many were smiling. None was visibly armed in any way. Things were moving so calmly that the cameramen were observed staging some action. A black was shown on film being kicked in the seat of the pants, but I was told by authorities on the scene that this had been staged. In the crowd, however, were some eight agitators known to the 219:

that she married her husband because he shared similar qualities with her father. Bates had great adulation for the man where she couldn't "remember a time when this man I called my father didn't talk to me almost as if I were an adult". In contrast to their relationship, Daisy had an austere relationship with her mother. Susie Smith would punish Daisy, who was "often clobbered, tamed, switched, and made to stand in the corner". Even after the death of Orlee Smith, the two had a falling out.

199:"My life now had a secret goal – to find the men who had done this horrible thing to my mother." She eventually identified one of her mother's killers. At a commissary, she stumbled upon a gaze from a young white man that would imply that he was involved. After this interaction, Daisy would go there often to belittle the drunken man with just her eyes. The young man later pleaded with Daisy, "In the name of God, please leave me alone." He drank himself to death and was found in an alleyway. 803: 443:

tried to bully the police into defecting. ... Tempers began to rise ... The leaders of each assault on the police lines were collared and put into police wagons and taken to jail. More than forty people were taken into custody. No one in the crowd tried to intervene to prevent the arrests and removal of the troublemakers. No one in the crowd had clubs or weapons of any kind. These two points convinced me that 98 percent of the people there were not part of an organized mob ...

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ministers accompany them would "serve as powerful symbols against the bulwark of segregation". Bates continued with her task of helping the nine enroll in school. She spoke with their parents several times throughout the day to make sure they knew what was going on. She joined the parent-teacher organization, even though she did not have a student enrolled in school. She was persistent and realized that she needed to dominate the situation in order to succeed.

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moral conscience of millions of white Americans is with you." King was a guest of the Bateses in May 1958 when he spoke at the Arkansas AM&N College commencement. Soon after the commencement, King asked Daisy Bates to be the Women's Day speaker at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church later that year in October. The same year that she was elected to be a speaker at the Baptist church, she was also elected to the executive committee of King's

3960: 415:, didn't receive the message from Daisy Bates the previous night and was met by a white mob outside the school as she tried to find the other eight students in that morning. The mob threatened to kill the black students; members of the mob harassed not only activists but also Northern journalists who came to cover the story. 38: 506:

the very fact that the kids went in Central; they got in ... And they remained there for the full year. And that opened a lot of doors that had been closed to Negroes, because this was the first time that this kind of revolution had succeeded without a doubt. And none of the children were really hurt

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in 2002 because of her role during the desegregation of schools. Her house served as a haven for The Little Rock Nine. The planning of how desegregation would be carried out and the goals to implement were an important part of her role during the movement and specifically, the house was a way to help

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upon moving to Little Rock. In an interview she explains her history with the organization and that all her "dreams were tied with this organization". Her father was a member of the NAACP many years before and she recounts asking him why he joined the organization. She said her father would bring her

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Bates' childhood included attendance in Huttig's segregated public schools, where she learned firsthand the poor conditions to which black students were exposed. Orlee Smith died when Bates was a teenager, leaving her with her mother. Bates deeply appreciated her father, leading to her own assumption

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sent a telegram in September 1957 regarding the Central High School and Little Rock Nine crisis. King's purpose was to encourage Bates to "adhere rigorously to a way of non-violence", despite being "terrorized, stoned, and threatened by ruthless mobs". He assured her, "World opinion is with you. The

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The Little Rock City Council instructed the Little Rock police chief to arrest Bates and other NAACP figures; she and the local branch president surrendered voluntarily. They were charged with failing to provide information about NAACP members for the public record, in violation of a city ordinance.

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who were there for no good purpose but to create as much chaos as possible. These recruits did not come from Little Rock. They had no children in the school; they were provocateurs. They began to mount on car tops and scream to the crowd "Let's get those niggers out of there."... The agitators first

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As President of the NAACP State Conference of Branches and as the publicized leader of the integration movement in Arkansas, I was singled out for 'special treatment.' Two flaming crosses were burned on our property. The first, a six-foot gasoline-soaked structure, was stuck into our front lawn just

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You're filled with hatred. Hate can destroy you, Daisy. Don't hate white people just because they're white. If you hate, make it count for something. Hate the humiliations we are living under in the South. Hate the discrimination that eats away at the South. Hate the discrimination that eats away at

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wrote the introduction for Bates' autobiography. The following year she sold the newspaper, but continued to act as a consultant. Little Rock paid perhaps the ultimate tribute, not only to Bates but to the new era she helped initiate, by opening Daisy Bates Elementary School and by making the third

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to Little Rock to ensure that the court orders were enforced. The troops maintained order, and desegregation proceeded. In the 1958–59 school year, however, public schools in Little Rock were closed in another attempt to roll back desegregation. That period is known as "The Lost Year" in Arkansas.

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Bates became president of The Arkansas Conference of Branches in 1952 at the age of 38. She remained active and was on the National Board of the NAACP until 1970. Due to her position in NAACP, Bates' personal life was threatened much of the time. In her autobiography, Bates discussed her life as a

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Daisy was 17 when she started dating Lucius Christopher Bates, an insurance salesman who had also worked on newspapers in the South and West. Daisy was only 15 years old when they first met, and Lucius was still married to Kassandra Crawford. Lucius divorced his first wife in 1941 before moving to

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The plan for desegregating the schools of Little Rock was to be implemented in three phases, starting first with the senior and junior high schools, and then only after the successful integration of senior and junior schools would the elementary schools be integrated. After two years and still no

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covered all social news happening within the state. It was an avid supporter of racial integration in schools and thoroughly publicized its support in its pages. In 1957, because of its strong position during the Little Rock Segregation Crisis, white advertisers held another boycott to punish the

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Bates used her organizational skills to plan a way for the nine students to get into Central High. She planned for ministers to escort the children into the school, two in front of the children and two behind. She thought that not only would they help protect the children physically but having

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This Crisis showed the influence of the local organizations, and Bates' action worked because the government started to have a reaction towards the organization like NAACP. After the Little Rock Nine crisis in Arkansas, the city enacted ordinances that all organizations should disclose their

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after dusk. At the base of the cross was scrawled: "GO BACK TO AFRICA! KKK." The second cross was placed against the front of our house, lit, and the flames began to catch. Fortunately, the fire was discovered by a neighbor and we extinguished it before any serious damage had been done.

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achieve advocacy for civil rights. Her house also was an official drop off and pick up place for the Little Rock Nine before and after school, every day. Because her house was an official meeting place, it became a center for violence and was often damaged by segregation supporters.

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Learning that no one was prosecuted for her mother's murder stoked Daisy's anger about injustice. Her adoptive father, Orlee Smith, told her that the killers were never found and that the police showed little interest in the case. Daisy wanted vengeance. She later wrote:

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editorialized, "We feel that the proper approach would be for the leaders among the Negro race—not clabber mouths, Uncle Toms, or grinning appeasers to get together and counsel with the school heads." Concerning the policy of academic desegregation, the

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newspaper for supporting desegregation. This boycott successfully cut off funding, except the money which came directly and through advertisements from the NAACP national office, and through ads from supporters throughout the country. Despite this the

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It is the belief of this paper that since the Negro's loyalty to America has forced him to shed blood on foreign battle fields against enemies, to safeguard constitutional rights, he is in no mood to sacrifice these rights for peace and harmony at

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progress, a suit was filed against the Little Rock School District in 1956. The court ordered the school board to integrate the schools as of September 1957. "The battle for the soul of Little Rock had indeed begun, and Bates entered vigorously."

550:, the Court held that free speech included a freedom of association for expressive purposes. This freedom, the Court believed, was threatened by the attempts of local government officials to obtain the membership lists of the NAACP chapters. 388:

Realizing her intense involvement and dedication to education and school integration, Daisy was the chosen agent. After the nine black students were selected to attend Central High, Mrs. Bates would be with them every step of the way.

5197: 183:. Hezekiah Gatson supported the family by working as a lumber grader in a local mill. Her mother Millie Riley was murdered when Daisy was an infant, and the girl was given care by her mother's close friends: Orlee Smith, a 273:. Stories about civil rights often ran on the front page with the rest of the paper mainly filled with other stories that spotlighted achievements of black Arkansans. Pictures were also in abundance throughout the paper. 590:, eastern Arkansas. She concentrated on improving the lives of her neighbors by establishing a self-help program which was responsible for new sewer systems, paved streets, a water system, and community center. 5253: 298:

cultivated a spirit of immediatism within the hearts of African-American and white citizens. Opposite to gradual approach, this newspaper mainly wanted immediate reform in Arkansas's educational system. The

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reported that the NAACP was the lead organizer in these protest events, and the newspaper also tended to enlarge national influence to let more people get involved in the educational events in Little Rock.

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The perseverance of Mrs. Bates and the Little Rock Nine during these turbulent years sent a strong message throughout the South that desegregation worked and the tradition of racial segregation under "

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After their move to Little Rock, the Bateses decided to act on a dream of theirs, the ownership of a newspaper. They leased a printing plant that belonged to a church publication and inaugurated the

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made all the segregated schools illegal, the schools in Arkansas refused to enroll African American students. Bates and her husband tried to fight against the situation in their newspaper. The

191:, Bates recounted learning, at the age of eight, that her birth mother had been raped and murdered by three local white men, and her body thrown into a millpond, where it was later discovered. 752: 5176: 279:

As the former president of the Arkansas State Conference of the NAACP, Bates was involved deeply in desegregated events. Even though in 1954 the United States Supreme Court decision in

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The Bateses' involvement in the Little Rock Crisis resulted in the loss of advertising revenue to their newspaper, and it was forced to close in 1959. In 1960, Daisy Bates moved to

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Before Daisy was exposed to her biological mother's death, she often played with Beatrice, a white girl around her age. They shared pennies for hard candy, and got along well.

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The paper became an avid voice for civil rights even before a nationally recognized movement had emerged. Daisy Bates was later recognized as co-publisher of the paper.

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Nevertheless, the pandemonium at Central High School caused superintendent Virgil Blossom to dismiss school that first day of desegregation, and the crowds dispersed.

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the soul of every black man and woman. Hate the insults hurled at us by white scum—and then try to do something about it, or your hate won't spell a thing.

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Kirk, John A. "Daisy Bates, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the 1957 Little Rock School Crisis: A Gendered Perspective." in

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Bates and her husband were important figures in the African-American community in the capital city of Little Rock. They published a local black newspaper, the

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to prevent their entry. The guard only let the white students to pass the school gate. Eight students out of the nine were asked to go back home. One student,

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In the same interview when asked what she and the organization were focused on changing, Bates responded "the whole darned system". However, it was after the

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in 1984 after L. C. Bates, her husband, died in 1980. In the same year, Bates also earned the Honorary Doctor of Laws degree, which was awarded by the

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A significant role of Bates during the Civil Rights Movement was the advocating and mentoring of the Little Rock Nine. Bates' house became a

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Bates said she had never forgotten that. She believed that this memory supported her strength for leadership in the cause of civil rights.

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Congressional Gold Medal posthumously awarded by President Bill Clinton along with other members of The Little Rock Nine in November 1999.

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Bradley, David. The Encyclopedia of Civil Rights in America. 1998 Library Reference ed. Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe Reference, 1998. Print.

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Daisy L. Gatson Bates Drive, formerly 14th Street, that runs to the north of Little Rock Central High School, was renamed for her.

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was primarily concerned with advocacy journalism and was modeled off other African-American publications of the era, such as the

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Daisy Bates was born on November 11, 1914, to her father Hezekiah Gatson, and her mother Millie Riley. She grew up in southern

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and his supporters were refusing even token desegregation of Central High School, this editorial appeared on the front page:

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Calloway, Carolyn; Thomas and Thurmon Garner (May 1996). "Daisy Bates and the Little Rock School Crisis: Forging the Way".

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In 1998, a spokeswoman for Bates stated that Bates had felt guilty for her failure to notify one of the young ladies,

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She began to hate white people. Out of concern and hope, her adoptive father gave her some advice from his deathbed:

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In an interview with Bates, she says the most important contribution she made during the Little Rock crisis was:

439: 397: 654:, a biography chronicling the rise of Bates and her husband and their influence on Black activism in the 1950s. 7196: 1536: 164: 118: 491:

Though Bates was charged a fine by the judge, the NAACP lawyers appealed and eventually won a reversal in the

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As the leader of the NAACP branch in Arkansas, Bates guided and advised the nine students, known as the

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veteran, and his wife Susie Smith. Her father Hezekiah abandoned her, and Daisy never saw him again. In

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back literature to read and after learning of their goals she decided to dedicate herself, too.

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Calloway, Carolyn et al. "Daisy Bates and the Little Rock School Crisis: Forging the Way".

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Bates died following a series of strokes, in Little Rock on November 4, 1999, at age 84.

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was unable to maintain itself and the last issue was published on October 29, 1959.

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Filmmaker Sharon La Cruise produced and directed a documentary film about Bates.

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could not compel the NAACP to turn over its membership list to state officials.

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became a fervent supporter of the NAACP's integrated public school events. The

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activist, publisher, journalist, and lecturer who played a leading role in the

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as the two representatives of the State of Arkansas in the U.S. Capitol's

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In 1952, Daisy Bates was elected president of the Arkansas Conference of

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Beyond Little Rock: The origins and legacies of the Central High crisis

977: 269: 1437:(1996) 5#26: 616–628. doi:10.1177/002193479602600507. S2CID 145431981. 7091: 6791: 6676: 6354: 5928: 5775: 5541: 5537: 3512: 2982: 2967: 1275: 427: 6847: 5508: 4779: 2872: 1395:"Civil rights leader Daisy Bates honored with statue at US Capitol" 1302:"Civil rights leader Daisy Bates honored with statue at US Capitol" 723: 476: 176: 1221:

We Shall Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement. "

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awarded John Lewis Adams a Ph.D. in history for his dissertation,

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The Daisy Bates Holiday Committee is headed by African-American

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In her home town of Huttig there is a Daisy L. Gatson Bates St.

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University of Arkansas, Special Collections Department, MC 582

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signed into law a bill that designates Daisy Bates and singer

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Diamond Cross of Malta from the Philadelphia Cotillion Society

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United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas

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The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History, 1954-68

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Arkansas has established the third Monday in February as "

567:. She also served in the administration of U.S. President 1368:"Daisy Bates, Johnny Cash statues headed to U.S. Capitol" 1170:

Osro Cobb of Arkansas: Memoirs of Historical Significance

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as one of two statues in the hall to represent Arkansas.

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Bates was a pivotal figure in that seminal moment of the

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Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

3492:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" 1430:(University of Arkansas Press, 2007), a primary source. 730:

George Washington's Birthday and Daisy Gatson Bates Day

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George Washington's Birthday and Daisy Gatson Bates Day

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Daisy Bates immediately joined the local branch of the

159:(November 11, 1914 – November 4, 1999) was an American 3738:

African American founding fathers of the United States

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Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

1951:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

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The power of one: Daisy Bates and the little Rock Nine

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decision that she began to focus mostly on education.

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was formally unveiled at the Capitol on May 8, 2024.

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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

582:In 1968, she moved to the rural black community of 5198:Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority’s Beta Pi Omega Chapter 1109:The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture 1461:Reed, Linda (1996). "The Legacy of Daisy Bates". 1416:Bartley, Numan V. "Looking Back at Little Rock." 964:Reed, Linda (1996). "The Legacy of Daisy Bates". 364: 227:. Daisy and L.C. Bates married on March 4, 1942. 7113: 2322:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 1470:Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader from Arkansas 1185: 1183: 1034:Daisy Bates: Civil Rights Crusader from Arkansas 5004:Women's Emergency Committee to Open Our Schools 2312:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 2245:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights 2131:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 3791:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument 1507:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture 1149:"Daisy Bates organized the 'Little Rock Nine'" 830:"Daisy Bates, Civil Rights Leader, Dies at 84" 635:premiered on February 2, 2012, as part of the 5356: 4919: 3990: 3699:List of lynching victims in the United States 2032:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 1544: 1180: 1454:Kirk, John A., and Minnijean Brown Trickey. 1440:Fradin, Judith Bloom, and Dennis B. Fradin. 1320:"Candace Award Recipients 1982–1990, Page 1" 1176:: Rose Publishing Company. pp. 226–227. 2166:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 925: 923: 921: 919: 434:refers in his memoirs to her, accordingly: 396:, when they attempted to enroll in 1957 at 5363: 5349: 5045:Religious Sisters of Mercy of the Americas 4926: 4912: 4004: 3997: 3983: 2215:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership 1551: 1537: 989: 987: 36: 16:American civil rights activist (1914–1999) 5254:Hispanic Women's Organization of Arkansas 3771:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument 1245:. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996. Print. 538:membership lists, such as the NAACP. The 332: 3806:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change 1841:University of Georgia desegregation riot 1525:. National Women's History Museum. 2017. 1428:The long shadow of Little Rock: A memoir 1031: 936:Southern Oral History Program Collection 916: 517:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 19:For other people named Daisy Bates, see 7162:20th-century American women journalists 3720:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence 3457:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" 3452:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" 1494:Oral History Interview with Daisy Bates 1167: 1098: 1096: 1094: 984: 674:Named Woman of the Year in 1957 by the 540:Encyclopedia of Civil Rights in America 237: 7114: 3634:African-American women in the movement 2081:White House Conference on Civil Rights 1912:"Segregation now, segregation forever" 887: 885: 827: 696:Arkansas General Assembly Commendation 633:Daisy Bates: First Lady of Little Rock 5344: 4907: 3978: 2070:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections 1532: 1458:(University of Arkansas Press, 2007). 1324:National Coalition of 100 Black Women 1299: 1263: 1133: 1048:"Daisy Bates – Biography & Facts" 929: 891: 745:in Little Rock is named in her honor. 711:National Coalition of 100 Black Women 661:was placed inside the U.S. Capitol's 373:, which publicized violations of the 7207:Activists from Little Rock, Arkansas 7172:African-American history of Arkansas 7122:African-American non-fiction writers 3843:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument 2307:Regional Council of Negro Leadership 2255:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 2201:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights 1673:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 1598:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore 1498:Oral Histories of the American South 1102: 1091: 963: 668: 355:president of the NAACP in Arkansas: 5203:Diane Frances Divers Kincaid Blair 2250:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 2186:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 1851:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address 1449:Gender in the Civil Rights Movement 1344:. arkansashouse.org. Archived from 1054:from the original on 4 October 2017 882: 13: 7142:African-American women journalists 3694:African-American churches attacked 2260:Montgomery Improvement Association 2235:Georgia Council on Human Relations 2220:Council of Federated Organizations 2191:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1944:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 1902:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot 1708:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom 1612:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 1444:(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004). 1410: 1374:from the original on 12 April 2019 1115:from the original on April 8, 2018 942:from the original on July 30, 2016 938:. Documenting the American South. 840:from the original on 14 April 2019 144: 14: 7218: 7202:20th-century American journalists 3766:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute 3639:Jews in the civil rights movement 1476: 1451:(Routledge, 2014) pp. 17–40. 1392: 1203:from the original on 20 July 2020 966:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 930:Bates, Daisy (October 11, 1976). 904:from the original on 13 July 2017 858: 771:National Statuary Hall Collection 663:National Statuary Hall Collection 7157:20th-century American memoirists 3965:Civil rights movement portal 3958: 3801:Freedom Riders National Monument 3543:The Kingdom of God Is Within You 2144:1968 Olympics Black Power salute 2050:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches 2009:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests 1896:Second Emancipation Proclamation 1138:. New York: David McKay Co. Inc. 801: 699:Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree, 680:Joint recipient, along with the 3828:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum 3816:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial 2292:National Council of Negro Women 2230:Deacons for Defense and Justice 1465:26 (5): 616–628. JSTOR 2784887. 1386: 1360: 1334: 1312: 1293: 1282:from the original on 2020-07-01 1257: 1248: 1235: 1215: 1161: 1142: 1127: 1080:from the original on 2019-05-25 676:National Council of Negro Women 454:intervened by federalizing the 440:Federal Bureau of Investigation 398:Little Rock Central High School 140: 5177:Women’s Foundation of Arkansas 1703:Mansfield school desegregation 1300:Cowan, Richard (May 8, 2024). 1136:The Long Shadow of Little Rock 1066: 1040: 852: 828:Martin, Douglas (4 Nov 1999). 821: 610:The Long Shadow of Little Rock 528:The Long Shadow of Little Rock 365:Little Rock Integration Crisis 320:Throughout its existence, the 165:Little Rock Integration Crisis 119:Little Rock Integration Crisis 1: 7127:American activist journalists 5162:Florence Beatrice Smith Price 4935:Arkansas Women's Hall of Fame 3838:National Voting Rights Museum 3781:Civil Rights Movement Archive 3580:Lynching in the United States 3467:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" 1917:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1890:University of Chicago sit-ins 1657:Davis v. Prince Edward County 1463:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 1418:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 815: 743:Daisy Bates Elementary School 732:", an official state holiday. 579:and returned to Little Rock. 565:Democratic National Committee 554: 223:Little Rock and starting the 179:in the small sawmill town of 170: 7147:African-American journalists 6716:Marianna De Marco Torgovnick 5244:Margaret Louise Sirman Clark 5218:Charlotte Tillar Schexnayder 5172:Annabelle Clinton Imber Tuck 5121:Olivetan Benedictine Sisters 3833:National Civil Rights Museum 3689:March on Washington Movement 3674:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church 2138:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 1489:Caselaw: Bates v Little Rock 1168:Griffee, Carol, ed. (1989). 1036:. University Press of Missi. 932:"Interview with Daisy Bates" 794:List of civil rights leaders 606:University of Arkansas Press 21:Daisy Bates (disambiguation) 7: 7167:American Book Award winners 6380:Mill Hunk Herald Collective 4044:William Stanley Braithwaite 3477:"This Little Light of Mine" 2225:Dallas County Voters League 2171:Atlanta Negro Voters League 1929:Letter from Birmingham Jail 1636:Brown v. Board of Education 900:. Oxford University Press. 898:American National Biography 781: 625:an official state holiday. 493:United States Supreme Court 348:Brown v. Board of Education 282:Brown v. Board of Education 10: 7223: 6772:Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni 3848:Olympic Black Power Statue 3811:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 3679:Holt Street Baptist Church 3649:16th Street Baptist Church 2633:Annie Bell Robinson Devine 2277:Nashville Student Movement 2207:An Appeal for Human Rights 1264:Adams, John Lewis (2014). 1008:10.1177/002193479602600507 468:National Historic Landmark 243: 18: 7192:Delta Sigma Theta members 7152:American women memoirists 6987: 6929:Allison Adelle Hedge Coke 6921: 6840: 6749: 6664: 6588: 6504: 6405: 6307: 6208:Barbara Grizzuti Harrison 6195: 6104: 6011: 5921: 5851: 5749: 5656: 5618:Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn 5585: 5501: 5430: 5379: 5287: 5236: 5223:Louise McPhetridge Thaden 5185: 5129: 5068: 5012: 4941: 4013: 3954: 3856: 3753: 3567: 3500: 3442: 3421: 3308:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson 3278:Modjeska Monteith Simkins 2350: 2342:Women's Political Council 2337:Wednesdays in Mississippi 2332:United Auto Workers (UAW) 2317:Southern Regional Council 2287:Northern Student Movement 2196:Committee for Freedom Now 2156: 2098:Memphis sanitation strike 2064:Voting Rights Act of 1965 1986: 1807:Savannah Protest Movement 1769: 1627: 1588:Journey of Reconciliation 1580: 1567: 1196:. National Park Service. 546:In an opinion by Justice 125: 114: 89: 70: 44: 35: 28: 6167:Josephine Gattuso Hendin 5320:Adolphine Fletcher Terry 5157:Bessie Grace Boehm Moore 4684:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. 4300:Charles Hamilton Houston 4084:George Washington Carver 2176:Atlanta Student Movement 2120:Civil Rights Act of 1968 2045:1964–1965 Scripto strike 2026:Civil Rights Act of 1964 1924:1963 Birmingham campaign 1817:Civil Rights Act of 1960 1741:Civil Rights Act of 1957 1435:Journal of Black Studies 996:Journal of Black Studies 861:"The Death of My Mother" 761:On April 11, 2019, Gov. 616:. The former First lady 5994:Septima Poinsette Clark 5984:Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum 5300:Dorothy McFadden Hoover 3728:Voter Education Project 3482:"We Shall Not Be Moved" 3143:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 2578:Josephine Dobbs Clement 1999:Chester school protests 1994:Twenty-fourth Amendment 1956:Detroit Walk to Freedom 1698:Tallahassee bus boycott 1619:Baton Rouge bus boycott 1191:"Daisy L. Gatson Bates" 1032:Stockley, Grif (2012). 865:ChickenBones: A Journal 460:101st Airborne Division 456:Arkansas National Guard 5603:Evangelina Vigil-Piñón 4740:Constance Baker Motley 4620:Frederick D. Patterson 4356:Martin Luther King Jr. 4284:Channing Heggie Tobias 4172:William T. B. Williams 4148:Richard Berry Harrison 4132:Mordecai Wyatt Johnson 3946:Movement photographers 3183:Bernice Johnson Reagon 2903:Martin Luther King Sr. 2898:Martin Luther King Jr. 2468:William Holmes Borders 2240:Highlander Folk School 2125:Poor People's Campaign 1978:St. Augustine movement 1828:Gomillion v. Lightfoot 1751:Katz Drug Store sit-in 1722:Royal Ice Cream sit-in 1684:Montgomery bus boycott 1420:25.2 (1966): 101–116. 1105:"Arkansas State Press" 701:University of Arkansas 659:statue depicting Bates 599:University of Arkansas 552: 526:and wrote her memoir, 512:Martin Luther King Jr. 509: 481: 445: 362: 333:Involvement with NAACP 318: 210: 201: 189:The Death of My Mother 7197:Writers from Arkansas 6438:José Antonio Burciaga 6413:A'Lelia Perry Bundles 6385:Nora Marks Dauenhauer 5703:Mei-mei Berssenbrugge 5567:Ronald Phillip Tanaka 5407:Mei-mei Berssenbrugge 5330:Women's Giving Circle 5325:Joyce Williams Warren 5295:Sandra Keiser Edwards 5279:Sister Rosetta Tharpe 4700:Myrlie Evers-Williams 4456:Clarence Mitchell Jr. 4308:Mabel Keaton Staupers 4068:Charles Sidney Gilpin 3776:Civil Rights Memorial 3664:Bethel Baptist Church 3313:Charles Kenzie Steele 2758:Audrey Faye Hendricks 2663:Myrlie Evers-Williams 2643:Patricia Stephens Due 2613:Abraham Lincoln Davis 2548:Colia Lafayette Clark 2302:Operation Breadbasket 2297:National Urban League 2039:Katzenbach v. McClung 1907:Atlanta's Berlin Wall 1560:Civil rights movement 1267:"Time for a showdown" 1174:Little Rock, Arkansas 1134:Bates, Daisy (1962). 575:. In 1965, she had a 573:anti-poverty programs 569:Lyndon Baines Johnson 563:, and worked for the 544: 504: 473: 436: 424:Civil Rights Movement 407:, who called out the 357: 313: 205: 197: 106:civil rights activist 82:Little Rock, Arkansas 7015:E. Donald Two-Rivers 6888:Shirley Geok-lin Lim 6863:Guillermo Gómez-Peña 6550:Francisco X. Alarcón 6423:Benjamin Alire Sáenz 6291:Shirley Geok-lin Lim 6252:José Emilio González 6187:William Minoru Hohri 6157:J. California Cooper 5998:Cynthia Stokes Brown 5818:Robert Edward Duncan 5726:Ellen Lai-shan Yeung 5448:Bienvenido N. Santos 5372:American Book Awards 5106:Elsijane Trimble Roy 4804:Frankie Muse Freeman 4568:Benjamin Elijah Mays 4196:Walter Francis White 4100:James Weldon Johnson 4076:Mary Burnett Talbert 3821:other King memorials 3796:Freedom Rides Museum 3733:1960s counterculture 3684:Edmund Pettus Bridge 3363:Walter Francis White 3268:Alexander D. Shimkin 1777:New Year's Day March 1746:Ministers' Manifesto 1593:Executive Order 9981 1503:"Daisy Gatson Bates" 892:McCaskill, Barbara. 809:United States portal 750:State Representative 595:Arkansas State Press 559:Bates then moved to 458:and dispatching the 452:Dwight D. Eisenhower 371:Arkansas State Press 322:Arkansas State Press 301:Arkansas State Press 287:Arkansas State Press 259:Arkansas State Press 252:Arkansas State Press 246:Arkansas State Press 239:Arkansas State Press 225:Arkansas State Press 6616:Janet Campbell Hale 6360:Karen Tei Yamashita 6272:Michelle T. Clinton 6112:Alma Luz Villanueva 6049:Jimmy Santiago Baca 5979:Juan Felipe Herrera 5718:Ruthanne Lum McCunn 5562:Lorna Dee Cervantes 5402:Leslie Marmon Silko 5374:winners (1980–1999) 5305:Cathy Hastings Owen 5228:Carolyn Witherspoon 4332:Theodore K. Lawless 4180:Mary McLeod Bethune 4124:Charles W. Chesnutt 4020:Ernest Everett Just 3559:Mary McLeod Bethune 3520:Sermon on the Mount 3487:"We Shall Overcome" 3068:William Lewis Moore 2848:Frank Minis Johnson 2823:Richie Jean Jackson 2778:Donald L. Hollowell 2583:Charles E. Cobb Jr. 2388:Gwendolyn Armstrong 2383:William G. Anderson 2363:Victoria Gray Adams 2327:The Freedom Singers 2181:Black Panther Party 1961:March on Washington 1874:Garner v. Louisiana 1835:Boynton v. Virginia 1074:"Meeting Ms. Daisy" 719:Honorary member of 692:American Book Award 652:Time For a Showdown 621:Monday in February 614:American Book Award 532:National Book Award 530:, which won a 1988 7187:Arkansas Democrats 7077:Luís Alberto Urrea 6939:Brenda Marie Osbey 6626:Lawson Fusao Inada 6483:Verlyn Klinkenborg 6389:Richard Dauenhauer 6350:John Edgar Wideman 6299:Margarita Donnelly 5868:Gloria E. Anzaldúa 5771:Colleen J. McElroy 5766:John Kuo Wei Tchen 5741:William J. Kennedy 5736:Venkatesh Kulkarni 5683:Imamu Amiri Baraka 5552:Joyce Carol Thomas 5137:Carolyn F. Blakely 5050:Lottie Shackelford 4844:Nathaniel R. Jones 4708:Earl G. Graves Sr. 4676:John Hope Franklin 4276:Percy Lavon Julian 4236:A. Philip Randolph 4156:Robert Russa Moton 3881:Michael Eric Dyson 3761:In popular culture 3644:Fifth Circuit Four 3628:Loving v. Virginia 3621:Hernandez v. Texas 3600:Buchanan v. Warley 3592:Separate but equal 3586:Plessy v. Ferguson 3549:Frederick Douglass 3383:Robert F. Williams 3293:Kelly Miller Smith 3273:Fred Shuttlesworth 3198:Frederick D. Reese 3178:George Raymond Jr. 3168:A. Philip Randolph 3148:Fay Bellamy Powell 3063:Queen Mother Moore 2948:Z. Alexander Looby 2893:Coretta Scott King 2838:Barbara Rose Johns 2818:Jimmie Lee Jackson 2743:William E. Harbour 2523:Stokely Carmichael 2438:Randolph Blackwell 2103:King assassination 2092:Loving v. Virginia 2076:March Against Fear 2056:How Long, Not Long 1934:Children's Crusade 1885:Cambridge movement 1822:Ax Handle Saturday 1787:Greensboro sit-ins 1714:Give Us the Ballot 1521:Norwood, Arlisha. 1483:Daisy Bates Papers 1330:on March 14, 2003. 1228:2015-04-29 at the 1223:Daisy Bates House. 1154:2017-12-24 at the 834:The New York Times 648:Rutgers University 593:Bates revived the 7109: 7108: 6878:Montserrat Fontes 6777:E.J. Miller Laino 6672:Abraham Rodriguez 6656:Virginia L. Kroll 6565:Leroy V. Quintana 6545:Eugene B. Redmond 6521:Christopher Mogil 6488:William B. Branch 6463:Peter Kalifornsky 6397:Thomas Centolella 6315:Alejandro Murguía 6262:Lloyd A. Thompson 6177:Shuntaro Tanikawa 6147:Henry Louis Gates 6082:Salvatore La Puma 5593:Barbara Christian 5547:Jerome Rothenberg 5529:Hilton Obenzinger 5493:Toni Cade Bambara 5338: 5337: 5310:Pat Steele Qualls 5259:Brownie Ledbetter 5249:Cynthia L. Conger 5096:Brinda J. Jackson 5020:Kay Kelley Arnold 4979:Roberta Fulbright 4901: 4900: 4884:Cato T. Laurencin 4268:Thurgood Marshall 4244:William H. Hastie 4108:Carter G. Woodson 3972: 3971: 3744:Eyes on the Prize 3659:A.G. Gaston Motel 3654:Kelly Ingram Park 3614:Sweatt v. Painter 3298:Mary Louise Smith 3258:Cleveland Sellers 3243:Michael Schwerner 3208:Gloria Richardson 2988:Thurgood Marshall 2908:Bernard Lafayette 2638:John Wesley Dobbs 2152: 2151: 1866:Birmingham attack 1846:Rock Hill sit-ins 1797:Sibley Commission 1792:Nashville sit-ins 1664:Gebhart v. Belton 1650:Briggs v. Elliott 1643:Bolling v. Sharpe 1604:Sweatt v. Painter 1370:. 11 April 2019. 1348:on April 16, 2015 1076:. 30 April 2018. 788:Daisy Bates House 721:Delta Sigma Theta 669:Honors and awards 618:Eleanor Roosevelt 601:in Fayetteville. 485:Elizabeth Eckford 413:Elizabeth Eckford 154: 153: 59:November 11, 1914 7214: 7177:Little Rock Nine 7067:Josip Novakovich 7053:Gerald V. Mohatt 7044:James D. Houston 7034:Gioia Timpanelli 7020:Edwidge Danticat 6964:Nora Okja Keller 6954:John A. Williams 6908:William M. Banks 6827:Stephanie Cowell 6736:Gordon Henry Jr. 6646:Rose L. Glickman 6428:Donna J. Haraway 6393:R. Baxter Miller 6375:Meridel Le Sueur 6345:Jessica Hagedorn 6330:Charley Trujillo 6295:Mayumi Tsutakawa 6286:Paula Gunn Allen 6242:J. Raymond Jones 6233:James M. Freeman 6213:Daniela Gioseffi 6203:Adrienne Kennedy 6172:Leslie Scalapino 6034:David Halberstam 5954:Etheridge Knight 5898:Raymond Federman 5893:Natasha Borovsky 5859:Anna Lee Walters 5843:William Oandasan 5623:John A. Williams 5613:James D. Houston 5473:Peter Blue Cloud 5365: 5358: 5351: 5342: 5341: 5167:Mary Steenburgen 5030:Cathy Cunningham 4994:Edith Irby Jones 4928: 4921: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4748:Robert L. Carter 4742: 4734: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4534: 4526: 4514: 4506: 4498: 4490: 4482: 4474: 4466: 4458: 4450: 4442: 4434: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4400:Robert C. Weaver 4394: 4392:Kenneth B. Clark 4386: 4378: 4370: 4368:Little Rock Nine 4358: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4324:Paul R. Williams 4318: 4310: 4302: 4294: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4222: 4214: 4206: 4198: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4134: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4102: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4070: 4062: 4060:W. E. B. Du Bois 4054: 4052:Archibald Grimké 4046: 4038: 4030: 4022: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3963: 3962: 3926:Charles M. Payne 3911:Steven F. Lawson 3901:David Halberstam 3871:Clayborne Carson 3607:Hocutt v. Wilson 3554:W. E. B. Du Bois 3403:Sammy Younge Jr. 3388:Q. V. Williamson 3353:Wyatt Tee Walker 3218:Bernice Robinson 3163:Lincoln Ragsdale 3153:Rodney N. Powell 3048:Douglas E. Moore 2923:Sanford R. Leigh 2858:J. Charles Jones 2733:Fannie Lou Hamer 2648:Joseph Ellwanger 2608:Jonathan Daniels 2598:Claudette Colvin 2588:Annie Lee Cooper 2573:Kathleen Cleaver 2568:Eldridge Cleaver 2543:Shirley Chisholm 2433:Gloria Blackwell 2019:workers' murders 1966:"I Have a Dream" 1861:Anniston bombing 1812:Greenville Eight 1727:Little Rock Nine 1690:Browder v. Gayle 1578: 1577: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1468:Stockley, Grif. 1405: 1404: 1393:Cowan, Richard. 1390: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1326:. Archived from 1316: 1310: 1309: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1276:10.7282/T3GB22BZ 1261: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1241:Kasher, Steven. 1239: 1233: 1219: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1202: 1195: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1165: 1159: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1103:Stockley, Grif. 1100: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1029: 1020: 1019: 991: 982: 981: 961: 952: 951: 949: 947: 927: 914: 913: 911: 909: 889: 880: 879: 877: 876: 867:. Archived from 856: 850: 849: 847: 845: 825: 811: 806: 805: 804: 682:Little Rock Nine 637:Independent Lens 561:Washington, D.C. 394:Little Rock Nine 264:Chicago Defender 148: 146: 142: 77: 74:November 4, 1999 63:Huttig, Arkansas 58: 56: 49:Daisy Lee Gatson 40: 26: 25: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7182:NAACP activists 7112: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7097:Chiori Santiago 7057:Ciulistet Group 7029:Meg McHutchison 7010:Chiori Santiago 6995:Alice McDermott 6983: 6934:Angela Y. Davis 6917: 6858:Dorothy Barresi 6836: 6832:William H. Gass 6820:Ron Sakolsky / 6787:James W. Loewen 6745: 6681:Robert L. Allen 6660: 6651:Tino Villanueva 6631:Nicole Blackman 6611:Gregory J. Reed 6596:Giose Rimanelli 6584: 6580:Ninotchka Rosca 6570:Katherine Peter 6535:Denise Giardina 6500: 6478:Sheila Hamanaka 6473:Sandra Scofield 6468:Raymond Andrews 6401: 6303: 6218:Elizabeth Woody 6191: 6182:Charles Fanning 6137:Eduardo Galeano 6100: 6077:Ronald Sukenick 6019:Allison Blakely 6007: 5917: 5847: 5828:Sandra Cisneros 5790:Taisanboku Mori 5745: 5674:Howard Schwartz 5652: 5643:Peter Guralnick 5638:Nash Candelaria 5581: 5497: 5458:Lionel Mitchell 5426: 5412:Milton Murayama 5375: 5369: 5339: 5334: 5283: 5232: 5181: 5125: 5086:June B. Freeman 5064: 5035:Joycelyn Elders 5025:Bettye Caldwell 5008: 4974:Hester A. Davis 4969:Hillary Clinton 4949:Mary Ann Arnold 4937: 4932: 4902: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4873: 4868:Patrick Gaspard 4865: 4857: 4849: 4841: 4833: 4825: 4817: 4812:Harry Belafonte 4809: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4753: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4713: 4705: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4589: 4581: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4549: 4537: 4529: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4453: 4448:Sammy Davis Jr. 4445: 4437: 4432:John H. Johnson 4429: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4389: 4384:Langston Hughes 4381: 4373: 4361: 4353: 4348:Jackie Robinson 4345: 4337: 4329: 4321: 4313: 4305: 4297: 4289: 4281: 4273: 4265: 4257: 4252:Charles R. Drew 4249: 4241: 4233: 4225: 4220:Louis T. Wright 4217: 4212:Marian Anderson 4209: 4201: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4161: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4129: 4121: 4116:Anthony Overton 4113: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4073: 4065: 4057: 4049: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4017: 4009: 4003: 3973: 3968: 3957: 3950: 3931:Thomas E. Ricks 3921:Diane McWhorter 3906:Vincent Harding 3891:Adam Fairclough 3858: 3852: 3749: 3704:Freedom Schools 3563: 3496: 3444: 3438: 3429:Omaha, Nebraska 3417: 3333:Hartman Turnbow 3323:Dorothy Tillman 3283:Glenn E. Smiley 3263:Charles Sherrod 3223:Jo Ann Robinson 3098:Charles Neblett 3088:Elijah Muhammad 3053:Harriette Moore 3013:Floyd McKissick 2998:Franklin McCain 2933:Stanley Levison 2798:T. R. M. Howard 2748:Vincent Harding 2678:Walter Fauntroy 2563:Xernona Clayton 2513:John H. Calhoun 2498:Aurelia Browder 2488:Stanley Branche 2483:Raylawni Branch 2463:Joseph E. Boone 2448:Ezell Blair Jr. 2443:Unita Blackwell 2418:Harry Belafonte 2358:Ralph Abernathy 2346: 2282:Nation of Islam 2158: 2148: 1982: 1939:Birmingham riot 1880:Albany Movement 1802:Atlanta sit-ins 1782:Sit-in movement 1765: 1761:Biloxi wade-ins 1733:Cooper v. Aaron 1623: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1479: 1413: 1411:Further reading 1408: 1391: 1387: 1377: 1375: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1342:"Charles Blake" 1340: 1339: 1335: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1240: 1236: 1230:Wayback Machine 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1166: 1162: 1156:Wayback Machine 1147: 1143: 1132: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1101: 1092: 1083: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1057: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1030: 1023: 992: 985: 962: 955: 945: 943: 928: 917: 907: 905: 890: 883: 874: 872: 857: 853: 843: 841: 826: 822: 818: 807: 802: 800: 784: 775:statue of Bates 755:of Little Rock. 671: 657:In May 2024, a 557: 367: 335: 307:While Governor 248: 242: 173: 150: 138: 134: 110: 85: 79: 75: 66: 60: 54: 52: 51: 50: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7220: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6969:Sandra Benitez 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6822:Fred Weihan Ho 6818: 6816:Sherman Alexie 6813: 6811:Robert Viscusi 6808: 6806:Maria Espinosa 6803: 6798: 6789: 6784: 6782:Glenn C. Loury 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6721:Marnie Mueller 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6674: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6606:Graciela Limón 6603: 6598: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6418:Art Spiegelman 6415: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6391: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6340:Deborah Keenan 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238:John C. Walter 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6162:Jennifer Stone 6159: 6154: 6152:Isabel Allende 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6117:Askia M. Touré 6114: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058:Cherry Muhanji 6054:Kesho Y. Scott 6051: 6046: 6044:Gerald Vizenor 6041: 6039:Edward Sanders 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6003:Terry McMillan 6000: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5949:Dorothy Bryant 5946: 5944:Daniel McGuire 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5888:Miguel Algarín 5885: 5880: 5875: 5873:Helen Barolini 5870: 5864:Cherríe Moraga 5861: 5855: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5838:Julia Vinograd 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:Louise Erdrich 5800: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5759: 5757:Angela Jackson 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5731:Thomas McGrath 5728: 5715: 5713:Paule Marshall 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5693:Joseph Bruchac 5690: 5685: 5680: 5671: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5608:Harriet Rohmer 5605: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5557:Leroy Quintana 5554: 5549: 5544: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5468:Nicholasa Mohr 5465: 5463:Miguel Algarín 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5443:Alan Chong Lau 5440: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5269:Carolyn Pollan 5266: 5264:Dorothy Morris 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5208:Olivia Farrell 5205: 5200: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5111:Joanna Seibert 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5040:Betty Ann Lowe 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4964:Hattie Caraway 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4836:Sidney Poitier 4831: 4823: 4815: 4807: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4743: 4735: 4727: 4719: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4687: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4660:Dorothy Height 4655: 4652:Barbara Jordan 4647: 4639: 4636:Douglas Wilder 4631: 4623: 4615: 4607: 4604:Benjamin Hooks 4599: 4587: 4579: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4535: 4527: 4515: 4507: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4464:Jacob Lawrence 4459: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4424:Leontyne Price 4419: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4376:Duke Ellington 4371: 4359: 4351: 4343: 4340:Carl J. Murphy 4335: 4327: 4319: 4316:Harry T. Moore 4311: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4279: 4271: 4263: 4255: 4247: 4239: 4231: 4228:Richard Wright 4223: 4215: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4036:Harry Burleigh 4031: 4023: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4006:Spingarn Medal 4002: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3941:Akinyele Umoja 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3525:Mahatma Gandhi 3522: 3517: 3516: 3515: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3434:South Carolina 3431: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3373:Hosea Williams 3370: 3365: 3360: 3358:Hollis Watkins 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3288:A. Maceo Smith 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3238:Bernie Sanders 3235: 3230: 3228:Angela Russell 3225: 3220: 3215: 3213:David Richmond 3210: 3205: 3203:Walter Reuther 3200: 3195: 3190: 3188:Cordell Reagon 3185: 3180: 3175: 3173:George Raymond 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3133:Charles Person 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3103:Huey P. Newton 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3058:Harry T. Moore 3055: 3050: 3045: 3043:Cecil B. Moore 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3023:James Meredith 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2853:Clarence Jones 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2793:Zilphia Horton 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2763:Lola Hendricks 2760: 2755: 2753:Dorothy Height 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2723:Lawrence Guyot 2720: 2715: 2713:Jack Greenberg 2710: 2705: 2700: 2698:Andrew Goodman 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2623:Joseph DeLaine 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2593:Dorothy Cotton 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2538:J. L. Chestnut 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473:Amelia Boynton 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2393:Arnold Aronson 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2110: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2066: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2014:Freedom Summer 2011: 2006: 2004:Bloody Tuesday 2001: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1681: 1676: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1608: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1575: 1565: 1564: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1510: 1500: 1491: 1486: 1478: 1477:External links 1475: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1438: 1431: 1426:Bates, Daisy. 1424: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1385: 1359: 1333: 1311: 1292: 1256: 1247: 1234: 1214: 1179: 1160: 1141: 1126: 1090: 1065: 1039: 1021: 983: 972:(5): 616–628. 953: 915: 881: 859:Bates, Daisy. 851: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 797: 796: 791: 783: 780: 779: 778: 763:Asa Hutchinson 759: 756: 746: 739: 736: 733: 726: 717: 714: 704: 697: 694: 688: 686:Spingarn Medal 678: 670: 667: 556: 553: 548:Potter Stewart 542:records that, 449:U.S. President 409:National Guard 366: 363: 334: 331: 244:Main article: 241: 236: 172: 169: 152: 151: 136: 130: 129: 127: 123: 122: 116: 115:Known for 112: 111: 109: 108: 103: 100: 97: 93: 91: 87: 86: 80: 78:(aged 84) 72: 68: 67: 61: 48: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7219: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Nelson George 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039:Gloria Naylor 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6974:Scott DeVeaux 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6913:Brenda Knight 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6898:Thulani Davis 6896: 6894: 6893:Sunaina Maira 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6883:Noel Ignatiev 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6873:Martín Espada 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Chang-Rae Lee 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6757:Agate Nesaule 6755: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Linda Raymond 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:Denise Chavez 6684: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6641:Ronald Takaki 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6575:Nelson George 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Peter Woodrow 6522: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6497: 6496:August Wilson 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448:Lucy Thompson 6446: 6444: 6443:Keith Gilyard 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433:Fritjof Capra 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6370:Mary Crow Dog 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6276:Sesshu Foster 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267:Martin Bernal 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6228:Itabari Njeri 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132:Emory Elliott 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6087:Toni Morrison 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:Benjamin Hoff 6070: 6068: 6067:Marlon K. Hom 6065: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6024:Charles Olson 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908:Terence Winch 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5878:Jeff Hannusch 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Sonia Sanchez 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762:Arnold Genthe 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5722:You-shan Tang 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Maurice Kenny 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5598:Cecilia Liang 5596: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:Russell Banks 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:Rose Drachler 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5422:Rudolfo Anaya 5420: 5418: 5417:Quincy Troupe 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Douglas Woolf 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5193:Alice Andrews 5191: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5152:Raye Montague 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5116:Dorothy Stuck 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5081:Bernice Jones 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4989:Johnelle Hunt 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4959:Betty Bumpers 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4820:Jessye Norman 4816: 4813: 4808: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4760: 4757: 4752: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4725: 4724:Vernon Jordan 4720: 4717: 4716:Oprah Winfrey 4712: 4709: 4704: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4628:Jesse Jackson 4624: 4621: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4560:Coleman Young 4556: 4553: 4552:Rayford Logan 4548: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4513: 4508: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4492: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4473: 4472:Leon Sullivan 4468: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4441: 4440:Edward Brooke 4436: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4380: 4377: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4277: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4140:Henry A. Hunt 4136: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4028:Charles Young 4024: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936:Timothy Tyson 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866:Taylor Branch 3864: 3863: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709:Freedom songs 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3575:Jim Crow laws 3573: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3472:"Oh, Freedom" 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3398:Whitney Young 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3378:Kale Williams 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338:Albert Turner 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3328:A. P. Tureaud 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3233:Bayard Rustin 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3083:William Moyer 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3018:Joseph McNeil 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3003:Charles McDew 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2993:Benjamin Mays 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2978:Vivian Malone 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2953:Joseph Lowery 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2878:Clyde Kennard 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2868:Vernon Jordan 2866: 2864: 2863:Matthew Jones 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2828:T. J. Jemison 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2813:Jesse Jackson 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2703:Robert Graetz 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693:Golden Frinks 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2653:Charles Evers 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603:Vernon Dahmer 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2558:Septima Clark 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2478:Bruce Boynton 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2403:James Baldwin 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2373:Mathew Ahmann 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270:Youth Council 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2155: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1856:Freedom Rides 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1581:Prior to 1954 1579: 1576: 1573: 1566: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1524: 1523:"Daisy Bates" 1520: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1389: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1347: 1343: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1260: 1251: 1244: 1238: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1199: 1192: 1186: 1184: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1137: 1130: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 988: 979: 975: 971: 967: 960: 958: 941: 937: 933: 926: 924: 922: 920: 903: 899: 895: 888: 886: 871:on 2011-07-08 870: 866: 862: 855: 839: 835: 831: 824: 820: 810: 799: 795: 792: 789: 786: 785: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 757: 754: 753:Charles Blake 751: 747: 744: 740: 737: 734: 731: 727: 725: 722: 718: 715: 712: 708: 707:Candace Award 705: 702: 698: 695: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 677: 673: 672: 666: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 646:In May 2014, 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 626: 624: 619: 615: 611: 607: 604:In 1986, the 602: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 584:Mitchellville 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 551: 549: 543: 541: 535: 533: 529: 525: 524:New York City 520: 518: 513: 508: 503: 500: 498: 494: 488: 486: 480: 478: 472: 469: 464: 461: 457: 453: 450: 444: 441: 435: 433: 429: 425: 420: 416: 414: 410: 406: 403: 399: 395: 390: 386: 382: 380: 379:desegregation 376: 375:Supreme Court 372: 361: 356: 352: 350: 349: 343: 340: 330: 328: 323: 317: 312: 310: 305: 302: 297: 292: 288: 284: 283: 277: 274: 272: 271: 266: 265: 260: 255: 253: 247: 240: 235: 233: 228: 226: 220: 216: 213: 209: 204: 200: 196: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 168: 166: 162: 158: 133: 128: 124: 120: 117: 113: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 94: 92: 88: 83: 73: 69: 64: 47: 43: 39: 34: 27: 22: 7101:Judith Lowry 7087:Speer Morgan 7072:Lauro Flores 7025:Judith Roche 6979:Thomas Lynch 6959:Nancy Rawles 6903:Tom De Haven 6853:Derrick Bell 6731:Sandra Martz 6711:Li-Young Lee 6701:Thomas Avena 6691:John Egerton 6601:Eric Drooker 6555:Gerald Graff 6540:Diane Glancy 6516:Belvie Rooks 6512:Asake Bomani 6492:Amiri Baraka 6365:Lucia Berlin 6335:D. H. Melhem 6325:Bruce Wright 6223:Hualing Nieh 6092:Wing Tek Lum 6062:Egyirba High 5989:Michael Mayo 5974:John Wieners 5964:Harvey Pekar 5959:Gary Giddins 5934:Ana Castillo 5808:Maureen Owen 5648:Seán Ó Tuama 5577:Tato Laviera 5534:Him Mark Lai 5514:Duane Niatum 5478:Robert Kelly 5397:Jayne Cortez 5091:Ruth Hawkins 5076:Maya Angelou 4999:Alice Walton 4984:Mary L. Good 4953: 4875: 4860:Willie Brown 4851: 4828:Quincy Jones 4796:Cicely Tyson 4772:John Conyers 4668:Maya Angelou 4644:Colin Powell 4612:Percy Sutton 4583: 4540:Andrew Young 4531: 4503: 4488:Wilson Riles 4480:Gordon Parks 4408:Medgar Evers 4363: 4292:Ralph Bunche 4260:Paul Robeson 4203: 4092:Roland Hayes 3956: 3896:David Garrow 3876:John Dittmer 3742: 3669:Brown Chapel 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3598: 3584: 3541: 3393:Andrew Young 3348:A. T. Walden 3343:C. T. Vivian 3303:Maxine Smith 3138:Homer Plessy 3118:James Orange 3073:Irene Morgan 3028:William Ming 3008:Ralph McGill 2943:Viola Liuzzo 2928:Jim Letherer 2913:James Lawson 2843:Vernon Johns 2833:Esau Jenkins 2788:Myles Horton 2738:Fred Hampton 2728:Prathia Hall 2718:Dick Gregory 2688:Marie Foster 2683:James Forman 2673:James Farmer 2658:Medgar Evers 2618:Angela Davis 2553:Ramsey Clark 2533:James Chaney 2528:Johnnie Carr 2508:Ralph Bunche 2503:H. Rap Brown 2493:Ruby Bridges 2453:Joanne Bland 2428:Claude Black 2412: 2408:Marion Barry 2378:Muhammad Ali 2205: 2136: 2129: 2090: 2068: 2037: 2030: 1872: 1833: 1826: 1756:Kissing Case 1731: 1688: 1671: 1662: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1634: 1610: 1602: 1517:Find a Grave 1506: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1417: 1398: 1388: 1376:. Retrieved 1362: 1350:. Retrieved 1346:the original 1336: 1328:the original 1323: 1314: 1305: 1295: 1284:. Retrieved 1266: 1259: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1217: 1205:. Retrieved 1169: 1163: 1144: 1135: 1129: 1117:. 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Daisy Bates (activist)

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