NAACP - Knowledge

3578: 2833: 2524: 2943:, Alabama. This was designed to protest segregation on the city's buses, two-thirds of whose riders were black. The boycott lasted 381 days. In 1956 the South Carolina legislature created an anti-NAACP oath, and teachers who refused to take the oath lost their positions. After twenty-one Black teachers at the Elloree Training School refused to comply, White school officials dismissed them. Their dismissal led to Bryan v. Austin in 1957, which became an important civil rights case. In Alabama, the state responded by effectively barring the NAACP from operating within its borders because of its refusal to divulge a list of its members. The NAACP feared members could be fired or face violent retaliation for their activities. Although the Supreme Court eventually overturned the state's action in 2902: 3864: 3623:(ACT-SO) program for high school youth around the United States. The program is designed to recognize and award African-American youth who demonstrate accomplishment in academics, technology, and the arts. Local chapters sponsor competitions in various categories for young people in grades 9–12. Winners of the local competitions are eligible to proceed to the national event at a convention held each summer at locations around the United States. Winners at the national competition receive national recognition, along with cash awards and various prizes. 3876: 6768: 2701: 3611:"The mission of the NAACP Youth & College Division shall be to inform youth of the problems affecting African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities; to advance the economic, education, social and political status of African Americans and other racial and ethnic minorities and their harmonious cooperation with other peoples; to stimulate an appreciation of the African Diaspora and other African Americans' contribution to civilization; and to develop an intelligent, militant effective youth leadership." 12028: 3917: 1823: 3513: 3400:

intimidation by public officials. In his effort to rewrite American history to exclude the voices, contributions of African Americans and the challenges they overcame despite the systemic racism that African Americans have faced since first arriving in this country, Governor DeSantis has signed various controversial anti-civil rights measures into law; including the Combatting Violence, Disorder and Looting and Law Enforcement Protection Act Florida HB 1,

2536: 3419: 3555:, it was the local branches that carried out the boycotts. When the organization fought to expose and outlaw lynching, the branches carried the campaign into hundreds of communities. And while the Legal Defense Fund developed a federal court strategy of legal challenges to segregation, many branches fought discrimination using state laws and local political opportunities, sometimes winning important victories. 2237: 9648: 29: 3193: 2570:'s introduction of racial segregation into federal government policy, workplaces, and hiring. African-American women's clubs were among the organizations that protested Wilson's changes, but the administration did not alter its assuagement of Southern cabinet members and the Southern bloc in Congress. 2430:

To promote equality of rights and eradicate caste or race prejudice among citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for their children, employment

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Alcorn, who had been suspended three times in the previous five years for misconduct, subsequently resigned from the NAACP. He founded what he called the Coalition for the Advancement of Civil Rights. Alcorn criticized the NAACP, saying, "I can't support the leadership of the NAACP. Large amounts of

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declined an invitation to speak to the NAACP's national convention. Bush's spokesperson said that Bush had declined the invitation to speak to the NAACP because of harsh statements about him by its leaders. In an interview, Bush said, "I would describe my relationship with the current leadership as

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Youth sections of the NAACP were established in 1936; there are now more than 600 groups with a total of more than 30,000 individuals in this category. The NAACP Youth & College Division is a branch of the NAACP in which youth are actively involved. The Youth Council is composed of hundreds of

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and a noted African-American scholar and columnist. Within four years, Johnson was instrumental in increasing the NAACP's membership from 9,000 to almost 90,000. In 1920, Johnson was elected head of the organization. Over the next ten years, the NAACP escalated its lobbying and litigation efforts,

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status from "directly or indirectly participating in, or intervening in, any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for elective public office." The NAACP denounced the investigation as retaliation for its success in increasing the number of African Americans who were

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in 1939 specifically for tax purposes. It functioned as the NAACP legal department. Intimidated by the Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service, the Legal and Educational Defense Fund, Inc., became a separate legal entity in 1957, although it was clear that it was to operate in

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group at NAACP has 11 full-time staff members. In April 2019, the NAACP published a report outlining the tactics used by the fossil fuel industry. The report claims that "Fossil fuel companies target the NAACP for manipulation and co-optation." The NAACP has been concerned about the influence of

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to digitize and host online the earlier portion of its archives, through 1972 – nearly two million pages of documents, from the national, legal, and branch offices throughout the country, which offer first-hand insight into the organization's work related to such crucial issues as lynching,

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Its mission in the 21st century is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination". National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying, publicity efforts, and litigation strategies developed by its legal

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Under its current Governor, the State of Florida has engaged in an all-out attack on Black Americans, accurate Black history, voting rights, members of the LGBTQ+community, immigrants, women's reproductive rights, and free speech, while simultaneously embracing a culture of fear, bullying, and

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caused the exclusion of most blacks and many poor whites from the political system in southern states. Black voter registration and turnout dropped markedly in the South as a result of such legislation. Men who had been voting for thirty years in the South were told they did not "qualify" to

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By the 1940s, the federal courts were amenable to lawsuits regarding constitutional rights, against which Congressional action was virtually impossible. With the rise of private corporate litigators such as the NAACP to bear the expense, civil suits became the pattern in modern civil rights

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African Americans ... were the only Americans who were enslaved for two centuries, but we were far from the only Americans suffering discrimination then and now. ... Sexual disposition parallels race. I was born this way. I have no choice. I wouldn't change it if I could. Sexuality is

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utilities which have contributed massive amounts of money to NAACP chapters in return for chapter support of non-environmentally friendly goals of utilities. In response, the NAACP has been working with its chapters to encourage them to support environmentally sound policies.

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in 1917 that state and local governments cannot officially segregate African Americans into separate residential districts. The Court's opinion reflected the jurisprudence of property rights and freedom of contract as embodied in the earlier precedent it established in

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and one of the last states to lose its slaveholding past, may not be safe. ... SB 43 legalizes individual discrimination and harassment in Missouri and would prevent individuals from protecting themselves from discrimination, harassment, and retaliation in Missouri.

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to fill the position of executive director. A controversial figure, Chavis was ousted eighteen months later by the same board. They accused him of using NAACP funds for an out-of-court settlement in a sexual harassment lawsuit. Following the dismissal of Chavis,

2074:, which has served as the organization's official repository since 1964. The records held there comprise approximately five million items spanning the NAACP's history from the time of its founding until 2003. In 2011, the NAACP teamed with the digital repository 2786:" system in the South. Southern state Democratic parties had created white-only primaries as another way of barring blacks from the political process. Since the Democrats dominated southern states, the primaries were the only competitive contests. In 1944 in 2101:, featured many American innovations and achievements, but also included a disparaging caricature of slave life in the South as well as a depiction of life in Africa, called "Old Plantation" and "Darkest Africa", respectively. A local African-American woman, 2287:

in January 1909 to work on organizing for black civil rights. They sent out solicitations for support to more than 60 prominent Americans, and set a meeting date for February 12, 1909. This was intended to coincide with the 100th anniversary of the birth of

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of white Democrats voted as a bloc against it or used the filibuster in the Senate to block passage. Because of disenfranchisement, African Americans in the South were unable to elect representatives of their choice to office. The NAACP regularly displayed

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was used both for news reporting and for publishing African-American poetry and literature. During the organization's campaigns against lynching, Du Bois encouraged the writing and performance of plays and other expressive literature about this issue.

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of 1969, the NAACP became increasingly affected by the movement to gain rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. While chairman of the NAACP, Bond became an outspoken supporter of the rights of gays and lesbians and stated his support for

2439:, a white attorney from a Boston abolitionist family, served as the president of the NAACP from its founding to 1915. At its founding, the NAACP had one African American on its executive board, Du Bois. Storey was a long-time classical liberal and 3161:

money are being given to them by large corporations with which I have a problem." Alcorn also said, "I cannot be bought. For this reason I gladly offer my resignation and my membership to the NAACP because I cannot work under these constraints."

2677:. The NAACP organized the appeals for twelve black men sentenced to death a month later based on the fact that testimony used in their convictions was obtained by beatings and electric shocks. It gained a groundbreaking Supreme Court decision in 3151:

I strongly condemn those remarks. I find them to be repulsive, anti-Semitic, anti-NAACP and anti-American. Mr. Alcorn does not speak for the NAACP, its board, its staff or its membership. We are proud of our long-standing relationship with the

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state, county, high school and college operations where youth (and college students) volunteer to share their opinions with their peers and address local and national issues. Sometimes volunteer work expands to a more international scale.

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in the black community; while AIDS support organizations recommend that people live a monogamous lifestyle, the government did not recognize same-sex relationships as part of this. As a result of this endorsement, Keith Ratliff Sr. of

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worked hard to persuade Congress to pass a civil rights bill aimed at ending racial discrimination in employment, education and public accommodations, and succeeded in gaining passage in July 1964. He followed that with passage of the

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The organization's national initiatives, political lobbying, and publicity efforts were handled by the headquarters staff in New York and Washington, D.C. Court strategies were developed by the legal team based for many years at

3298:, Florida quarterly meeting. Benjamin Jealous, the organization's president, said of the decision, "Civil marriage is a civil right and a matter of civil law. ... The NAACP's support for marriage equality is deeply rooted in the 1758: 1645: 4793: 2971:(SNCC, in 1960) rose up with different approaches to activism. Rather than relying on litigation and legislation, these newer groups employed direct action and mass mobilization to advance the rights of African Americans. 2693: (1923) that significantly expanded the Federal courts' oversight of the states' criminal justice systems in the years to come. White investigated eight race riots and 41 lynchings for the NAACP and directed its study 6277: 2792:, the Supreme Court ruled against the white primary. Although states had to retract legislation related to the white primaries, the legislatures soon came up with new methods to severely limit the franchise for blacks. 3279:, Bond said, "If you don't like gay marriage, don't get gay married." His positions have pitted elements of the NAACP against religious groups in the civil rights movement who oppose gay marriage, mostly within the 2377:

crusader. Wells-Barnett addressed the conference on the history of lynching in the United States and called for action to publicize and prosecute such crimes. The members chose the new organization's name to be the

3144:? ... So I think we need to be very suspicious of any kind of partnerships between the Jews at that kind of level because we know that their interest primarily has to do with money and these kind of things." 2807:, and security agencies sought to prove to the NAACP had been infiltrated by Communists. To distance themselves from these accusations, the NAACP purged suspected Communists from its membership, according to the 3370:

books from public schools and libraries citing discriminatory depictions of Blacks, Jews, Indigenous peoples, Muslims, and Asians. In 2023 the group sued to block a book from being banned from school libraries.

3108:. 10.5 million African Americans cast their ballots in the election; this was one million more than four years before. The NAACP's effort was credited by observers as playing a significant role in Democrat 6576: 3343:

Moreover, over-zealous enforcement of routine traffic violations in Missouri against African Americans has resulted in an increasing trend that shows African Americans are 75% more likely to be stopped than

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news radio station, reported that the NAACP intended to relocate its national headquarters from its longtime home in Baltimore to the Franklin D. Reeves Center of Municipal Affairs, a building owned by the

2927:. Bolstered by that victory, the NAACP pushed for full desegregation throughout the South. NAACP activists were excited about the judicial strategy. Starting on December 5, 1955, NAACP activists, including 4513: 2577:. Six hundred African-American officers were commissioned and 700,000 men registered for the draft. The following year, the NAACP organized a nationwide protest, with marches in numerous cities, against 2043:

Departments within the NAACP govern areas of action. Local chapters are supported by the "Branch and Field Services" department and the "Youth and College" department. The "Legal" department focuses on

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In 1905, a group of thirty-two prominent African-American leaders met to discuss the challenges facing African Americans and possible strategies and solutions. They were particularly concerned by the

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In the U.S., the NAACP is administered by a 64-member board led by a chairperson. The board elects one person as the president and one as the chief executive officer for the organization.

5118: 1562: 3562:. When the Southern civil rights movement gained momentum in the 1940s and 1950s, credit went both to the Legal Defense Fund attorneys and to the massive network of local branches that 2292:, who emancipated enslaved African Americans. While the first large meeting did not occur until three months later, the February date is often cited as the organization's founding date. 5655: 1640: 11412: 6026: 4788: 1998:. Each regional office is responsible for coordinating the efforts of state conferences in that region. Local, youth, and college chapters organize activities for individual members. 1625: 5993: 2468:

and immigrants (he opposed immigration restrictions). Du Bois continued to play a pivotal leadership role in the organization, serving as editor of the association's magazine,

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basically nonexistent. You've heard the rhetoric and the names they've called me." Bush said he admired some members of the NAACP and would seek to work with them "in other ways".

3283:(SCLC). The NAACP became increasingly vocal in opposition against state-level constitutional amendments to ban same-sex marriage and related rights. State NAACP leaders such as 278: 4839: 11083: 7193: 5804: 3620: 3184:

with the NAACP and black America ... Our common concerns are too urgent, our history too long, our connection too sturdy, to let anything like this disturb our relationship."

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Individuals traveling in the state are advised to travel with extreme CAUTION. Race, gender and color based crimes have a long history in Missouri. Missouri, home of

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In the second half of the 1990s, the organization restored its finances, permitting the NAACP National Voter Fund to launch a major get-out-the-vote offensive in the

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accordance with NAACP policy. After 1961 serious disputes emerged between the two organizations, creating considerable confusion in the eyes and minds of the public.

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at the local, state, and federal levels. The goal of the Health Division is to advance health care for minorities through public policy initiatives and education.

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On July 20, 2006, Bush addressed the NAACP national convention. He made a bid for increasing support by African Americans for Republicans, in the midst of a

2950: 2683: 2523: 1512: 1502: 321: 6056: 3101:, was named the organization's president. Three years later strained finances forced the organization to drastically cut its staff, from 250 in 1992 to 50. 2013:. For decades in the first half of the 20th century, the organization was effectively led by its executive secretary, who acted as chief operating officer. 7354: 6572: 3062:

In the 1990s, the NAACP ran into debt. The dismissal of two leading officials further added to the picture of an organization in deep crisis. After such,

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The NAACP began to lead lawsuits targeting disfranchisement and racial segregation early in its history. It played a significant part in the challenge of

9478: 9326: 6789: 5624: 1932:, the status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic development. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the once common term 1572: 1567: 5259: 5085: 4986: 3140:, Alcorn stated, "If we get a Jew person, then what I'm wondering is, I mean, what is this movement for, you know? Does it have anything to do with the 118:"To ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination." 10307: 9633: 5943: 5541: 3672:

Derrick Johnson, the NAACP's president and CEO, emphasized that the organization will be better able to engage in and influence change in D.C. than in

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voting. In August 2006, the IRS investigation concluded with the agency's finding "that the remarks did not violate the group's tax-exempt status."

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By 1914, the group had 6,000 members and 50 branches. It was influential in winning the right of African Americans to serve as military officers in

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of blacks throughout the United States by working for legislation, lobbying, and educating the public. The organization sent its field secretary

798: 5107: 4570: 3176:, another prominent African-American leader, said, "The appointment of Mr. Lieberman was to be welcomed as a positive step." The leaders of the 3141: 2021:, who served in that role successively from 1920 to 1958, were much more widely known as NAACP leaders than were presidents during those years. 12007: 11982: 9483: 6086: 5647: 3964: 1837: 1738: 485: 357: 211: 11992: 11987: 10919: 10367: 9391: 7729: 7648: 5571: 4963: 2669:. Roving white vigilantes killed more than 200 black tenant farmers and federal troops after a deputy sheriff's attack on a union meeting of 2552: 1856: 6016: 3168:, Jewish groups and George W. Bush's rival Republican presidential campaign. Jackson said he strongly supported Lieberman's addition to the 12073: 11708: 11544: 11253: 11243: 10901: 10891: 6148: 4869: 3005:

By the mid-1960s, the NAACP had regained some of its prominence in the Civil Rights Movement by pressing for civil rights legislation. The

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joined the Board of Directors of the NAACP, founded in 1909. Although both organizations shared membership and overlapped for a time, the

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praised the NAACP for its quick response, stating that: "It will take more than one bigot like Alcorn to shake the sense of fellowship of

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took place on August 28, 1963. That fall, President John F. Kennedy sent a civil rights bill to Congress before he was assassinated.

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of the United States Constitution and equal protection of all people." Possibly significant in the NAACP's vote was its concern with the

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to the Supreme Court, based on his support for denying the vote to blacks and his anti-labor rulings. It organized legal support for the

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The fledgling group struggled for a time with limited resources and internal conflict and disbanded in 1910. Seven of the members of the

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On May 19, 2012, the NAACP's board of directors formally endorsed same-sex marriage as a civil right, voting 62–2 for the policy in a

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school desegregation, and discrimination in all its aspects (in the military, the criminal justice system, employment, housing).

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An African American drinks out of a segregated water cooler designated for "colored" patrons in 1939 at a streetcar terminal in

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Juanita Jackson Mitchell Award for Legal Activism – awarded to an NAACP unit for "exemplary legal redress committee activities"

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Foot Soldier In the Sands Award – awarded to attorneys who have contributed legal expertise to the NAACP on a pro bono basis

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District of Columbia Office of Tax and Revenue property information for the Franklin D. Reeves Center of Municipal Affairs

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was formed exclusively by African Americans. Four European Americans were among the founders of the NAACP, they included

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William Robert Ming Advocacy Award – awarded to lawyers who exemplify personal and financial sacrifice for human equality

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of blacks, which had been established in every southern state by 1908, excluding most from the political system, and the

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NAACP local branches have also been important. When, in its early years, the national office launched campaigns against

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W.E.B. DuBois Papers, Special Collections and University Archives W.E.B Du Bois Library, UMass, Amherst, Massachusetts

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and I personally will not tolerate statements that run counter to the history and beliefs of the NAACP in that regard.

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was a separate organization. Historically, it is considered to have had a more radical platform than the NAACP. The

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The organization has never had a woman president, except on a temporary basis, and there have been calls to name one.

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activist and former Georgia State Senator, was chairman until replaced in February 2010 by healthcare administrator

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for president in 1995, after Gibson was accused of overspending and mismanagement of the organization's funds.

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becoming internationally known for its advocacy of equal rights and equal protection for the "American Negro".

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The larger conference resulted in a more diverse organization, where the leadership was predominantly white.

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Du Bois played a key role in organizing the event and presided over the proceedings. Also in attendance was

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program targeted civil rights groups, including the NAACP, for infiltration, disruption and discreditation.

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The Jewish community contributed greatly to the NAACP's founding and continued financing. Jewish historian

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Missouri NAACP Conference president Rod Chapel Jr., suggested that visitors to Missouri "should have

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ticket, saying, "When we live our faith, we live under the law. He is a firewall of exemplary behavior."

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for his vice-presidential candidate because Lieberman was Jewish. On a gospel talk radio show on station

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Crafting Law in the Second Reconstruction: Julius Chambers, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and Title VII

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Randall Kennedy, "Martin Luther King's constitution: a legal history of the Montgomery bus boycott."

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NAACP Turns 100: The History and Future of the Nation's Oldest and Largest Civil Rights Organization

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and close friend of Walling. Russell helped plan the NAACP and had served as acting chairman of the

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NAACP President Kweisi Mfume immediately suspended Alcorn and condemned his remarks. Mfume stated,

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The NAACP was incorporated a year later in 1911. The association's charter expressed its mission:

11800: 11350: 11004: 10973: 10753: 10693: 10558: 10301: 9915: 9848: 9774: 9420: 8835: 8605: 8270: 8250: 8165: 8120: 7696: 7653: 7636: 7474: 7443: 7395: 7316: 7110: 7074: 7068: 6898: 6438: 2837: 2753: 2745: 2407: 2394: 2363: 2351: 2328: 2320: 2276: 2220: 2216: 2165: 2094: 1748: 1690: 1153: 1113: 836: 735: 613: 427: 6140: 5959:"'Pure censorship': NAACP, parents file federal lawsuit over Upstate school district's book ban" 4861: 2724:

The NAACP also worked for more than a decade seeking federal anti-lynching legislation, but the

11715: 11445: 10683: 10477: 10467: 10405: 10215: 10154: 9966: 9864: 9856: 9840: 8875: 8610: 8595: 8590: 8465: 8320: 8160: 8105: 7675: 7525: 7448: 7419: 7381: 7098: 6976: 6958: 6946: 6669:

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: A Case Study in Pressure Groups

3083: 2976: 2936: 2597: 2540: 2332: 2037: 447: 437: 417: 6655:

Invisible Activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the Struggle for Civil Rights, 1915–1945

5396: 5379: 5322: 5157: 4429: 2979:

and other civil rights leaders over questions of strategy and leadership within the movement.

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A More Perfect Union: Race, Rights, and Rhetoric in the NAACP and the White Citizens' Council

5716: 4621: 4592: 4228: 3632: 3362: 3229: 3079: 2999: 2954: 2854: 2687: 2583: 2400: 2260: 2189: 2006: 1071: 1061: 993: 956: 740: 730: 630: 311: 5601: 3524: 1928:

team. The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th century by considering issues such as

12032: 11440: 11203: 11014: 10966: 10838: 10728: 10633: 10400: 10390: 10362: 10227: 10081: 9807: 9769: 9488: 9376: 9174: 9055: 8960: 8770: 8400: 7558: 7290: 7173: 7116: 6910: 6904: 6892: 6778: 6564: 5520:, Associated Press (reprinted by NBC News), July 20, 2006. (retrieved on October 14, 2008). 5142:

Benjamin L. Hooks, "Birth and Separation of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund,"

3930: 3922: 3850: 2741: 2658: 2638: 2370: 2102: 2014: 1983: 1947: 1827: 1279: 524: 316: 249: 4659: 2295:

The NAACP was founded on February 12, 1909, by a larger group including African Americans

8: 11815: 11173: 11088: 10568: 10357: 10247: 10177: 9802: 9251: 9212: 8760: 8720: 8670: 8580: 8540: 8515: 8470: 8275: 8230: 8075: 8055: 8024: 8019: 7962: 7873: 7668: 7621: 7571: 7532: 7188: 7122: 7086: 7080: 7005: 6880: 6868: 6821: 6113: 5913: 4284: 3336: 2940: 2910: 2772: 2631: 2622: 2512: 2500: 2496: 2316: 2308: 2272: 2245: 2208: 2169: 2137: 2071: 1897: 1695: 1173: 1135: 552: 383: 69: 11820: 4814: 2917:

The campaign for desegregation culminated in a unanimous 1954 Supreme Court decision in

2304: 1178: 11888: 11825: 11568: 11026: 10793: 10773: 10678: 10603: 10430: 10335: 10325: 10313: 10204: 10101: 10076: 9568: 9336: 9320: 9313: 9292: 9284: 9278: 9241: 9075: 8985: 8965: 8890: 8870: 8860: 8840: 8755: 8640: 8585: 8530: 8435: 8215: 8130: 7789: 7773: 7753: 7519: 7484: 7411: 7178: 7029: 7011: 6886: 6773: 6767: 6707: 6604: 6501: 6255: 4926:"Working to Extend America's Freedoms: Jewish Involvement in the Civil Rights Movement" 4169: 3974: 3875: 3863: 3844: 3259: 3255: 2995: 2957: 2886:, challenged segregation in Maryland state professional schools by supporting the 1935 2871: 2866: 2788: 2615: 2606: 2157: 2133: 2025: 1943: 1066: 851: 618: 595: 284: 4711: 2690: 11335: 11056: 10718: 10688: 10283: 10040: 9436: 9351: 9346: 9306: 9179: 8950: 8935: 8900: 8680: 8600: 8545: 8330: 7494: 7489: 7361: 7347: 7340: 7301: 7047: 6874: 6687: 6588: 6318: 5918: 5498: 5298: 5163: 5051: 4987:"A century ago, James Weldon Johnson became the first Black person to head the NAACP" 4542: 4124: 3880: 3868: 3545: 3284: 3251: 3224:

informed the NAACP that it was investigating its tax-exempt status based on chairman

3063: 3013: 2924: 2888: 2862: 2717: 2098: 1929: 1917: 1889: 871: 712: 219: 7226: 6367:

NAACP intends to move national headquarters from Baltimore to DC's U Street corridor

4459: 3883:

Receives Thalheimer Award for Publications in Atlantic City, New Jersey in July 2022

2986:

to press for desegregation of schools and public facilities throughout the country.

2865:, undertook a campaign spanning several decades to bring about the reversal of the " 1251: 11491: 11462: 11457: 11355: 11323: 11296: 11021: 10638: 10608: 10598: 10593: 10160: 9734: 9693: 9613: 9598: 9588: 9558: 9299: 9246: 9095: 9080: 9045: 8910: 8855: 8845: 8740: 8615: 8550: 8425: 8340: 8300: 8290: 8280: 8265: 8260: 8235: 8125: 7509: 7424: 7387: 7203: 7104: 6999: 6862: 6513:

In the Shadow of Selma: The Continuing Struggle for Civil Rights in the Rural South

6493: 5222: 4724:

Kathryn Kish Sklar, "Florence Kelley", in Rima Lunin Schultz and Adele Hast (eds),

3969: 3895:

Nathaniel Jones Award for Public Service – first awarded to public servants in 2018

3892:

Montague Cobb Award – honoring African-American achievements in the field of health

3886: 3847:– honoring African-American achievements in film, television, music, and literature 3669: 3649: 3582: 3480: 3392: 3308: 3043: 2991: 2945: 2796: 2779:

over the control of those cases and the legal strategy to be pursued in that case.

2679: 2666: 2457: 2440: 2436: 2419: 2413: 2387: 2347: 2296: 2249: 2241: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2161: 2114: 2088: 2061: 2053: 2029: 1975: 1901: 1893: 1246: 1103: 931: 866: 846: 755: 73: 65: 6559:

NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

6170: 5416: 2700: 2626:. It also played a role in desegregating recreational activities via the historic 11486: 11313: 11223: 11218: 11149:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

10999: 10954: 10808: 10798: 10778: 10763: 10663: 10538: 10528: 10167: 9972: 9608: 9593: 9578: 9396: 9025: 9015: 8975: 8955: 8915: 8790: 8780: 8745: 8705: 8690: 8625: 8490: 8440: 8370: 8255: 8205: 8190: 8180: 8175: 8155: 8140: 8135: 8110: 8050: 7974: 7577: 7548: 7543: 7499: 7479: 7458: 7430: 7152: 7092: 7035: 6970: 6952: 6934: 6928: 6648:

Borders of Equality: The NAACP and the Baltimore Civil Rights Struggle, 1914–1970

6460:

The Ticket to Freedom: The NAACP and the Struggle for Black Political Integration

6373: 6354: 6239: 5832: 5403: 4797: 4517: 4466: 4416: 4291: 4035: 4023: 3402:

Stop Wrongs against Our Kids and Employees Act ("Stop W.O.K.E. Act") Florida HB 7

3276: 3246: 3070: 3025: 2841: 2768: 2508: 2324: 2289: 2264: 2018: 1274: 1081: 831: 750: 153: 6552:

Freedom's Sword: The NAACP and the Struggle against Racism in America, 1909–1969

6200: 3871:

Receives Thalheimer Award for Programs in Atlantic City, New Jersey in July 2022

3684:

The NAACP's national convention has been held annually in the following cities:

2503:

became chairman of the NAACP and recruited for its board such Jewish leaders as

12053: 11923: 11328: 11291: 11281: 11041: 11036: 10978: 10813: 10743: 10673: 10668: 10172: 10096: 9797: 9647: 9628: 9217: 9065: 9050: 8980: 8930: 8895: 8880: 8865: 8825: 8805: 8795: 8750: 8735: 8715: 8485: 8455: 8445: 8415: 8405: 8315: 8285: 8085: 7711: 7663: 7553: 7198: 6922: 6814: 6017:"NAACP issues travel advisory alleging, Florida 'hostile to African Americans'" 5108:"Black Civil Rights and Liberal Anticommunism: The NAACP in the Early Cold War" 4692: 3856: 3440: 3201: 3051: 2764: 2650: 2578: 2567: 2181: 2121: 2067:

As of 2007, the NAACP had approximately 425,000 paying and non-paying members.

2049: 1951: 1934: 1733: 1158: 1128: 886: 876: 707: 6836: 3319:

On June 7, 2017, the NAACP issued a warning for African-American travelers to

1888:

organization formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for

12047: 10881: 10863: 10853: 10823: 10768: 10723: 10708: 10653: 10643: 10628: 10578: 10573: 10543: 10340: 10268: 10091: 9922: 9623: 9553: 9401: 9267: 9090: 9020: 8925: 8775: 8710: 8695: 8685: 8645: 8570: 8560: 8520: 8505: 8395: 8385: 8345: 8295: 8170: 8095: 8065: 6691: 6322: 5922: 5679:"BV Q&A With Julian Bond; Why This Civil Rights Icon Embraces Gay Rights" 5184:

Brown v. Board of Education: A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy

5055: 3401: 3181: 3165: 3153: 3133: 3074: 2906: 2783: 2705: 2670: 2556: 2548: 2528: 2488: 2453: 2448: 2284: 2153: 1802: 1797: 6622: 6592: 6433: 6254:. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Archived from 4261:. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Archived from 11193: 10961: 10886: 10858: 10843: 10828: 10783: 10758: 10738: 10648: 10618: 10613: 10583: 10533: 10385: 10071: 9896: 9583: 9563: 9085: 9040: 9035: 8995: 8830: 8810: 8765: 8700: 8635: 8620: 8535: 8525: 8480: 8430: 8420: 8410: 8380: 8375: 8365: 8350: 8310: 8245: 8225: 8220: 8200: 8195: 8185: 8145: 8100: 8070: 7453: 7146: 7017: 6940: 6726:

Inheritors of the Spirit: Mary White Ovington and the Founding of the NAACP

6455: 6311:"N.A.A.C.P. Tells Local Chapters: Don't Let Energy Industry Manipulate You" 4262: 3590: 3586: 3559: 3558:

Those victories were mostly achieved in Northern and Western states before

3328: 3113: 3090: 3039: 2990:, president of its Arkansas state chapter, spearheaded the campaign by the 2589: 2504: 2461: 2359: 2300: 2010: 1909: 1905: 1885: 1286: 1098: 826: 689: 81: 77: 9825:

The Suppression of the African Slave-trade to the United States of America

6616:

The Chicago NAACP and the Rise of Black Professional Leadership, 1910–1966

5517: 2164:. A year later, three non-African-Americans joined the group: journalist 1942:

The NAACP bestows annual awards on African Americans in three categories:

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The Birth of the NAACP, Mob Violence, and the Challenge of Public Opinion

6520:

The Birth of the NAACP, Mob Violence, and the Challenge of Public Opinion

6388:"NAACP Plans To Move Its Headquarters From Baltimore To Washington, D.C." 4121:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

3225: 3173: 3047: 2972: 2928: 2845: 2725: 2709: 2574: 2129: 2002: 1921: 1452: 1108: 961: 841: 625: 5485:. FORA.tv. July 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009 5227: 5210: 3512: 2354:

House; they created an organization of more than 40, identifying as the

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Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement

6505: 5417:"Editorial: No mutual respect: Mr. Bush unwisely forgoes NAACP meeting" 4834: 3947: 3563: 3233: 3125: 3033: 2932: 2923:

that held state-sponsored segregation of public elementary schools was

2799:

the NAACP was often linked to Communism by right-wing politicians. The

2673:

left one white man dead. White published his report on the riot in the

2634:

was wrongfully discriminated against when attempting to board a ferry.

2479: 2470: 2045: 2033: 1995: 557: 296: 11084:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

6608: 4203: 4091:"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | History" 1954:

are for outstanding achievements of any kind. Its headquarters are in

11362: 11208: 10713: 10497: 10435: 10330: 9872: 9205: 8675: 8660: 6467:

The Voting Rights War: The NAACP and the Ongoing Struggle for Justice

4930:

Excerpt from A History of Jews in America, published by Vintage Books

4891: 3673: 3367: 3332: 2879: 2642: 2336: 2268: 1971: 1955: 1782: 1123: 856: 635: 462: 126: 107: 10009: 6497: 6486:

Dalfiume, Richard. "The 'Forgotten Years' of the Negro Revolution".

6481:

Defining the Struggle: National Racial Justice Organizing, 1880–1915

5156:

Pacelle, Richard L. Jr; Curry, Brett W.; Marshall, Bryan W. (2011).

4622:"The story of the Niagara Movement and the N. A. A. C. P., ca. 1945" 3418: 2535: 2176:. Moskowitz, who was Jewish, was then also Associate Leader of the 2141:

11835: 11830: 11340: 9662: 8565: 6599:

Murphy, Walter F. "The South Counterattacks: The Anti-NAACP Laws".

6229: 3320: 3069:

In 1993, the NAACP's Board of Directors narrowly selected Reverend

3042:

became NAACP President in 1966. After his death in 1975, scientist

2654: 2602: 2374: 2142: 2075: 2060:

the U.S. government, and the Education Department works to improve

2057: 1991: 1979: 1959: 1168: 1093: 1086: 130: 11099:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

6719:

The NAACP's Legal Strategy against Segregated Education, 1925–1950

4406: 3379:

In May 2023 in response to new laws targeting people of color and

2763:, the NAACP led the successful fight to prevent the nomination of 2733:

from the window of its offices in New York to mark each lynching.

10452: 9154: 6587:(PhD dissertation). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 4892:"Black News & Politics | The Crisis Magazine | United States" 3645: 3569:

Local organizations built a culture of black political activism.

3109: 2641:

to serve as field secretary. Johnson was a former U.S. consul to

2592:. As a result, several cities refused to allow the film to open. 2431:

according to their ability, and complete equality before the law.

1256: 562: 6733:

Art for Equality: The NAACP's Cultural Campaign for Civil Rights

6376:(Retrieved from WTOP Radio, Washington D.C. on November 9, 2020) 5879:"NAACP issues its first statewide travel advisory, for Missouri" 4036:"Charity Navigator – Rating for NAACP Empowerment Programs, Inc" 3112:'s winning several states where the election was close, such as 11286: 9222: 4728:, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 463. 4303:

Ian Urbina, "Health Executive Named Chairwoman of N.A.A.C.P.,"

3853:– honoring African-American achievements in theatre productions 3129: 2935:, who had served as the chapter's Secretary, helped organize a 2898:(1938) led to the formation of the Legal Defense Fund in 1939. 2149: 1163: 7194:

Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics

6801: 6629:, ed. Simon J. Bronner (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015). 5984:"Civil rights groups warn tourists about traveling to Florida" 5397:

AJCongress on Statement by NAACP Chapter Director on Lieberman

3621:

Afro-Academic, Cultural, Technological and Scientific Olympics

3271:

In a 2007 speech on the Martin Luther King Day Celebration at

2323:(the wealthy Socialist son of a former slave-holding family), 2148:

Because hotels in the US were segregated, the men convened in

6662:

We Return Fighting: The Civil Rights Movement in the Jazz Age

5032:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2006, p.2 and 42 4473:, March 2010. Library of Congress. Retrieved January 4, 2017. 3295: 1987: 28: 6721:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. 6623:"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" 6450:

An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the NAACP

5846:"National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" 5353:"Bush campaign denounces Dallas NAACP comments on Lieberman" 5288:"The NAACP's 93rd Convention: An Assessment (archived copy)" 4726:

Women Building Chicago, 1790–1990: A Biographical Dictionary

3245:

As the American LGBT rights movement gained steam after the

3212:. He referred to Republican Party support for civil rights. 1916:. Over the years, leaders of the organization have included 11143: 6252:"NAACP Proudly Announces 30th Anniversary ACT-SO Medalists" 5797:"NAACP endorses same-sex marriage, says it's a civil right" 3380: 3137: 2982:

The NAACP continued to use the Supreme Court's decision in

2782:

The organization also brought litigation to challenge the "

2106: 966: 6838: