32:
549:, the founder of the kingdom, and Antiochus Epiphanes , comparable to the feet of iron and clay in chapter 2 and the succession of kings described in chapter 11. The "little horn" is Antiochus himself. The "three horns" uprooted by the "little horn" reflect the fact that Antiochus was fourth in line to the throne, and became king after his brother and one of his brother's sons were murdered and the second son exiled to Rome. Antiochus was responsible only for the murder of one of his nephews, but the author of Daniel 7 holds him responsible for all. Anthiochus called himself Theos Epiphanes, "God Manifest", suiting the "arrogant" speech of the little horn.
247:
the vision: the four beasts are four earthly kings (or kingdoms), "but the holy ones of the Most High shall receive and possess the kingdom forever." Regarding the fourth beast, the ten horns are ten kings of this last and greatest earthly kingdom; the eleventh horn (king) will overthrow three kings and make war on the "holy ones of God", and attempt to change the sacred seasons and the law he will have power "for a time, two times and a half", but when his allotted time is done he will be destroyed, and the holy ones will possess the eternal kingdom.
390:, the Seleucid king of Syria, the visions of chapters 7–12 predict the end of the earthly Seleucid kingdom, its replacement by the eternal kingdom of God, the resurrection of the dead, and the final judgement. Chapter 7 reintroduces the theme of the "four kingdoms", which is that Israel (or the world) would come under four successive world-empires, each worse than the last, until finally God and his hosts would end oppression and introduce the eternal kingdom.
220:
242:(probably 553 BC), Daniel receives a vision from God. He sees the "great sea" stirred up by the "four winds of heaven," and from the waters emerge four beasts, the first a lion with the wings of an eagle, the second a bear, the third a winged leopard with four heads, and the fourth a beast with ten horns, and a further horn appeared which uprooted three of the ten. As Daniel watches, the
362:, a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient. Apocalypses are characterized by visions, symbolism, an other-worldly mediator, an emphasis on cosmic events, angels and demons, and pseudonymity (false authorship). Apocalypses were common from 300 BC to AD 100, not only among Jews and Christians, but Greeks,
324:
to the second. There is also a temporal shift: the tales in chapters 1–6 have run from
Nebuchadnezzar to Belshazzar to Darius, but in chapter 7 we move back to the first year of Belshazzar and the forward movement starts over again, to the third year of Belshazzar, the first year of Darius, and then the third year of Cyrus.
323:
Chapter 7 is pivotal to the larger structure of the entire book, acting as a bridge between the tales of chapters 1–6 and the visions of 7–12. The use of
Aramaic and its place in the chiasm link it to the first half, while the use of Daniel as first-person narrator and its emphasis on visions link it
278:
era (mid-2nd century BC). Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure. It is possible that the name was chosen for the hero of the book because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition. The tales are in the voice of an anonymous narrator, except for chapter 4 which is
246:
takes his seat on the throne of heaven and sits in judgment in the midst of the heavenly court, the fourth and worst beast is put to death, and a being like a human ("like a son of man") approaches the
Ancient One in the clouds of heaven and is given everlasting kingship. A heavenly being explains
587:
The "holy ones" seems to refer to the persecuted Jews under
Antiochus; the "sacred seasons and the law" are the Jewish religious customs disrupted by him; the "time, two times and a half" is approximately the time of the persecution, from 167 to 164 BC, as well as being half of seven, the
571:
The identity of the "one like a son of man" who approaches God on his throne has been much discussed. The usual suggestion is that this figure represents the triumph of the Jewish people over their oppressor; the main alternative view is that he is the angelic leader of God's heavenly host, a
327:
Most scholars accept that the chapter was written as a unity, possibly based on an early anti-Hellenistic document from around 300 BC; verse 9 is usually printed as poetry, and may be a fragment of an ancient psalm. The overall structure can be described as follows:
2258:
520:
The lion: Babylon. Its transformation into a man reverses
Nebuchadnezzar's transformation into a beast in chapter 4, and the "human mind" may reflect his regaining sanity; the "plucked wings" reflect both loss of power and the transformation to a human
370:. Daniel, the book's hero, is a representative apocalyptic seer, the recipient of the divine revelation: has learned the wisdom of the Babylonian magicians and surpassed them, because his God is the true source of knowledge. Daniel is one of the
211:. Chapter 7 reintroduces the theme of the "four kingdoms" of chapter 2, which is that Israel would come under four successive world-empires, each worse than the last, until finally God would end oppression and introduce the eternal kingdom.
180:" is given eternal kingship. An angelic guide interprets the beasts as kingdoms and kings, the last of whom will make war on the "holy ones" of God, but they will be destroyed and the "holy ones" will be given eternal dominion and power.
568:, the God of Israel, as he rides to battle against his people's enemies. There is no battle, however; instead "the books" are opened and the fate of Israel's enemies is decided by God's sovereign judgement.
1017:
1745:
406:
began the period as a
Babylonian client state, but after a series of rebellions Babylon reduced it to the status of a province and carried off its élite (not all its population) into captivity. This "
591:
Kingship is taken from the four beasts, whose rule is "succeeded by the kingdom of the saints of the Most High, which will endure for ever". "Their kingly power is an everlasting power": the
438:, also called Antiochus Epiphanes (reigned 175-164 BC) proved an exception. Interpreting Jewish opposition as motivated by religion and culture, he outlawed Jewish customs such as
31:
434:, but around 200 BC it passed to the Seleucids, then based in Syria. Both dynasties were Greek and both promoted Greek culture, usually peacefully, but the Seleucid ruler
556:
should have only one throne as there is only one god, but here we see multiple thrones, suggesting the mythic background to the vision. The "Ancient of Days" echoes
Canaanite
1563:
2321:
1835:
100:
2147:
2711:
1653:
195:, a divine revelation concerning the moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom. Its context is oppression of the Jews by the
187:(who probably died in 539 BCE), the prophetic chapters of the Book of Daniel date to 167–164 BCE, with Daniel 7 dated somewhat earlier than the rest. It is an
1951:
1542:
2464:
1632:
2193:
2649:
1697:
564:'s mobile throne of God. He is surrounded by fire and an entourage of "ten thousand times ten thousand", an allusion to the heavenly hosts attending
378:, meaning a divine revelation concerning the end of the present age, a moment in which God will intervene in history to usher in the final kingdom.
335:
Vision report: vision of the four beasts; vision of the "little horn"; throne vision; vision of judgement; vision of a figure on the clouds (2b–14)
1930:
1879:
1361:
1103:
2701:
1384:
1268:
1590:
291:, a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side:
1772:
1150:
422:
in the second half of the 4th century, and following
Alexander's death in 323 BC his generals divided his empire between themselves. The
1972:
386:
The overall theme of the Book of Daniel is God's sovereignty over history. Written to encourage Jews undergoing persecution at the hands of
1616:(Volume 3 of Daniel and Revelation Committee Series ed.). Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists.
572:
connection made explicitly in chapters 10–12, where the reader is told that the conflict on Earth is mirrored by a war in heaven between
2300:
1410:
2060:
140:
1435:
An
Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus
1338:
512:
in the 1920s. In Daniel 7, composed sometime before Judas
Maccabeus purified the temple in 164 BC, they symbolise Babylon, the
168:'s vision of four world-kingdoms replaced by the kingdom of the saints or "holy ones" of the Most High, which will endure for ever.
2363:
1233:
1061:
2726:
2767:
2037:
1793:
1814:
462:"), sparking in 167 BC a massive popular uprising against Hellenic Greek rule which led to the retaking of Jerusalem by
2757:
597:(the sect of "the pious ones") believed that the restoration of Jewish worship in the temple would usher in the final age.
2731:
1126:
2016:
1909:
1663:
1050:
2331:
2289:
2268:
2260:
The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity
2247:
2226:
2205:
2180:
2157:
2136:
2112:
2091:
2070:
2049:
2026:
2005:
1984:
1961:
1940:
1919:
1889:
1868:
1847:
1824:
1803:
1782:
1771:
Lucas, Ernest C. (2005). "Daniel, Book of". In Vanhoozer, Kevin J.; Bartholomew, Craig G.; Treier, Daniel J. (eds.).
1761:
1642:
1602:
1579:
1552:
1531:
1510:
1464:
1443:
1396:
1350:
1327:
1303:
1280:
1245:
1190:
1160:
1136:
1115:
1092:
1071:
1029:
528:
2721:
2752:
2654:
2383:
2299:
Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "The Writing of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1995:
157:
2706:
1500:
2772:
2546:
2102:
51:
2716:
535:
2310:
1734:
1709:
1686:
1621:
1487:
1422:
1373:
1219:
2081:
1750:
The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version
1454:
133:
609:'s song "Chayat HaBarzel" (The Iron Beast) links the fourth beast of Daniel 7 to modern industrial society.
500:
prototype for the imagery exists, there are a number of parallels with the extant myth. The four beasts are
2356:
2603:
66:
2762:
2644:
2608:
2583:
2216:
1858:
1182:
459:
204:
81:
2521:
2469:
2126:
545:
The "ten horns" that appear on the beast is a round number standing for the Seleucid kings between
228:
165:
126:
106:
86:
1521:
2639:
2598:
2349:
1753:
169:
2015:
Reid, Stephen Breck (2000). "Daniel, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
1082:
1040:
501:
426:
in turn eventually took control over those parts of the Middle East to the west of Mesopotamia.
1290:
Davidson, Robert (1993). "Jeremiah, Book of". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.).
200:
191:, a literary genre in which a heavenly reality is revealed to a human recipient; it is also an
2237:
1433:
1317:
2593:
2168:
998:
418:
empire (with the Achaemenids as the ruling dynasty). The Persian empire in turn succumbed to
399:
239:
61:
1722:
1674:
1475:
1207:
1175:
474:
Many scholars have accepted the view that the imagery of Daniel 7 comes ultimately from the
973:
454:). In his most infamous act he built an altar to Zeus over the altar of burnt offerings in
8:
2567:
2456:
1456:
Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh
455:
419:
387:
256:
207:"), sparking a popular uprising which led to the retaking of Jerusalem and the Temple by
92:
274:
periods (5th to 3rd centuries BC), expanded by the visions of chapters 7–12 in the
2685:
2618:
2474:
475:
427:
113:
2536:
2327:
2306:
2285:
2264:
2243:
2222:
2201:
2176:
2153:
2132:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2045:
2022:
2001:
1980:
1957:
1936:
1915:
1885:
1864:
1843:
1820:
1799:
1778:
1757:
1730:
1705:
1682:
1659:
1638:
1617:
1598:
1575:
1548:
1527:
1506:
1483:
1460:
1439:
1418:
1392:
1369:
1346:
1323:
1299:
1276:
1241:
1215:
1186:
1156:
1132:
1111:
1088:
1067:
1046:
1025:
618:
584:
is sometimes advanced, but Daniel makes no clear reference to the messiah elsewhere.
577:
573:
493:
2122:
525:
407:
403:
1316:
Davies, Philip (2006). "Apocalyptic". In Rogerson, J. W.; Lieu, Judith M. (eds.).
2623:
2588:
2526:
2516:
2279:
1406:
1292:
1229:
1203:
1170:
1146:
561:
463:
431:
411:
243:
208:
184:
173:
2372:
1255:
280:
270:
among the Jewish community in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and early
266:
It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of
161:
23:
505:
2746:
1177:
The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature
633:
203:, who outlawed Jewish customs and built an altar to Zeus in the Temple (the "
287:(after the first few lines of chapter 2 in Hebrew) and are in the form of a
439:
435:
423:
363:
304:
C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar
580:, and the angelic "princes" of Greece and Persia; the idea that he is the
534:
The leopard: Persia. The four heads may reflect the four Persian kings of
2675:
628:
623:
375:
271:
192:
2680:
2613:
2511:
2149:
From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism
1655:
Essays on the Book of Enoch and Other Early Jewish Texts and Traditions
606:
557:
553:
546:
483:
415:
359:
275:
235:
188:
177:
1063:
When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture
954:
374:, the wise, whose task is to teach righteousness. The book is also an
2659:
2531:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2278:
Weber, Timothy P. (2007). "Millennialism". In Walls, Jerry L. (ed.).
1911:
The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel
1748:. In Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A. (eds.).
1571:
906:
541:
The fourth beast: The Greeks and particularly the Seleucids of Syria.
367:
1953:
Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism
393:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
288:
267:
196:
76:
56:
46:
41:
1236:. In McGinn, Bernard; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J. (eds.).
882:
479:
314:
A'. (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth
219:
2562:
2541:
2490:
2341:
1725:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1700:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1677:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1478:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1413:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1364:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
1210:. In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (eds.).
593:
581:
447:
284:
224:
894:
565:
509:
443:
1042:
Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
768:
2380:
1634:
Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea
1234:"From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End"
513:
451:
833:
831:
677:
675:
295:
A. (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth
2495:
942:
744:
732:
301:
C. (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar
298:
B. (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
2040:. In Hass, Andrew; Jasper, David; Jay, Elisabeth (eds.).
1197:
Son of Man: The interpretation and influence of Daniel 7.
855:
828:
722:
720:
692:
690:
672:
1614:
The Seventy Weeks, Leviticus, and the Nature of Prophecy
872:
870:
816:
780:
662:
660:
1975:. In Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (eds.).
930:
707:
705:
2059:
Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998).
2042:
The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology
1774:
Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible
1152:
Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature
843:
792:
717:
687:
410:" ended in 538 BC when Medes and Persians led by
2465:
Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
867:
804:
657:
1544:
Reading Daniel as a Text in Theological Hermeneutics
979:
756:
702:
645:
398:
In the late 7th and early 6th centuries BC the
2196:. In Coogan, Michael D.; Metzger, Bruce M. (eds.).
2058:
1838:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
1593:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
1271:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
1106:. In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (eds.).
918:
2171:. In Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. (eds.).
1698:"Stages in the Canonization of the Book of daniel"
1291:
1174:
1566:. In Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (eds.).
394:Historical background: from Babylon to the Greeks
2744:
2104:Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity
1929:Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005).
1928:
414:conquered Babylon and ushered in the Persian or
1262:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 400.
2323:Yahweh's Council: Its Structure and Membership
2256:
576:, the angelic champion of Israel, assisted by
552:The next scene is the divine court. Israelite
466:and the purification of the Temple in 164 BC.
341:Additional clarification of the vision (19–27)
2357:
2302:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1949:
1813:Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. (2012).
1812:
1727:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1702:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1679:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1480:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1415:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1366:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
1362:"The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament"
1212:The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
176:sits in judgment over them, and "one like a
134:
1899:Nichol, F., ed. (1954). "chronology chart".
1878:Newsom, Carol A.; Breed, Brennan W. (2014).
1022:The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament
250:
183:Although set during the reign or regency of
1877:
1343:World Religions in America: An Introduction
450:observance, and the Jewish scriptures (the
2364:
2350:
2257:VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter (2013).
1519:
141:
127:
2298:
2235:
2145:
1405:
1385:"Millennialism, Scripture, and Tradition"
1382:
1260:A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament
786:
2100:
1907:
1611:
1289:
1266:
1080:
1038:
974:Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
696:
666:
469:
218:
2166:
2083:The History of the Second Temple Period
2035:
1993:
1791:
1630:
1540:
1336:
1319:The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies
1238:The Continuum History of Apocalypticism
1228:
1208:"Current Issues in the Study of Daniel"
1202:
1169:
1145:
1101:
948:
876:
822:
810:
798:
774:
762:
750:
681:
651:
309:B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den
2745:
2214:
2191:
2079:
1970:
1932:A Concise History of the Jewish People
1898:
1856:
1833:
1743:
1498:
1473:
1452:
1431:
1411:"Daniel in the Context of OT Theology"
1315:
1254:
985:
960:
912:
900:
888:
861:
849:
837:
738:
2345:
2319:
2277:
1770:
1720:
1672:
1651:
1059:
600:
223:Daniel's vision of the four beasts –
87:Chapters 10–12: Daniel's final vision
16:Seventh chapter of the Book of Daniel
2121:
2014:
1695:
1588:
1561:
1389:The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism
1359:
1124:
1015:
976:on Daniel 7, accessed 9 October 2020
936:
924:
726:
711:
430:fell first under the control of the
77:Chapter 8: The Ram, He-Goat and Horn
67:Chapter 6: Daniel in the Lions's Den
1816:The Old Testament: Text and Context
1675:"The Book of Daniel in its Context"
348:
57:Chapter 4: Nebuchadnezzar's Madness
13:
2371:
2281:The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology
1950:Portier-Young, Anathea E. (2013).
560:, but his wheeled throne suggests
504:which appeared as serpents in the
279:in the form of a letter from king
14:
2784:
2198:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
1387:. In Wessinger, Catherine (ed.).
1294:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
1128:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
488:
261:
47:Chapter 2: Nebuchadnezzar's Dream
42:Chapter 1: Induction into Babylon
2018:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1977:Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
1884:. Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
1840:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1637:. Presbyterian Publishing Corp.
1595:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1568:The Expositor's Bible Commentary
1273:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1108:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
1045:. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
30:
2547:Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego
2221:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2173:The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha
2146:Schiffman, Lawrence H. (1991).
2131:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1345:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1267:Crawford, Sidnie White (2000).
1131:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1008:
991:
966:
963:, p. 1248-1249, footnotes.
531:on the Medes attacking Babylon.
402:dominated the Middle East. The
257:Book of Daniel § structure
101:Song of the Three Holy Children
2768:Seventh-day Adventist theology
2062:Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
1520:Harrington, Daniel J. (1999).
1505:. Cambridge University Press.
1087:. Jewish Publication Society.
1018:"The World of Roman Hellenism"
915:, p. 1247-1248 footnotes.
524:The bear: the Medes – compare
1:
2036:Rowland, Christopher (2007).
1547:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1383:Gallagher, Eugene V. (2011).
62:Chapter 5: Belshazzar's Feast
2236:VanderKam, James C. (2010).
2167:Spencer, Richard A. (2002).
2101:Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992).
1997:Introduction to the Prophets
1935:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1631:Horsley, Richard A. (2007).
1476:"A Dan(iel) For All Seasons"
1066:. Harvard University Press.
639:
318:
82:Chapter 9: The Seventy Weeks
52:Chapter 3: The Fiery Furnace
7:
2758:Biblical dreams and visions
2650:Historicist interpretations
2284:. Oxford University Press.
2200:. Oxford University Press.
2175:. Mercer University Press.
2044:. Oxford University Press.
1857:Nelson, William B. (2013).
1834:Nelson, William B. (2000).
1612:Holbrook, Frank B. (1986).
1523:Invitation to the Apocrypha
1391:. Oxford University Press.
1341:. In Neusner, Jacob (ed.).
1322:. Oxford Handbooks Online.
1298:. Oxford University Press.
1081:Brettler, Mark Zvi (2005).
1039:Bandstra, Barry L. (2008).
1020:. In Aune, David E. (ed.).
891:, p. p.1247 footnotes.
612:
508:discovered in the ruins of
10:
2789:
2239:The Dead Sea Scrolls Today
2215:Towner, W. Sibley (1984).
2192:Towner, W. Sibley (1993).
1541:Hebbard, Aaron B. (2009).
1474:Grabbe, Lester L. (2002).
1453:Grabbe, Lester L. (2002).
1432:Grabbe, Lester L. (2010).
492: "Sea"), symbolic of
332:Introduction (verses 1–2a)
254:
214:
72:Chapter 7: The Four Beasts
2727:American Standard Version
2694:
2668:
2633:Christian interpretations
2632:
2609:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
2584:Abomination of desolation
2576:
2555:
2504:
2483:
2455:
2379:
2152:. KTAV Publishing House.
1994:Redditt, Paul L. (2008).
1744:Levine, Amy-Jill (2010).
1589:Hill, Charles E. (2000).
1360:Dunn, James D.G. (2002).
1339:"Apocalyptic Communities"
1125:Cohn, Shaye J.D. (2006).
1102:Carroll, John T. (2000).
1024:. John Wiley & Sons.
903:, p. 1247 footnotes.
605:Popular Israeli musician
460:abomination of desolation
381:
358:The Book of Daniel is an
251:Structure and composition
205:abomination of desolation
172:come out of the sea, the
2038:"Apocalyptic Literature"
1721:Kratz, Reinhard (2002).
1562:Hill, Andrew E. (2009).
1499:Hammer, Raymond (1976).
353:
229:Hans Holbein the Younger
2753:Book of Daniel chapters
1908:Niskanen, Paul (2004).
1754:Oxford University Press
1723:"The Visions of Daniel"
1673:Knibb, Michael (2002).
1652:Knibb, Michael (2009).
1417:. Vol. II. BRILL.
1060:Boyer, Paul S. (1992).
1016:Aune, David E. (2010).
2773:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2470:Susanna and the Elders
2080:Sacchi, Paolo (2004).
2065:. InterVarsity Press.
1792:Mangano, Mark (2001).
1337:DeChant, Dell (2009).
1214:. Vol. I. BRILL.
972:Driver, S. R. (1900),
777:, p. 176-177,180.
446:dietary restrictions,
338:Interpretation (15–18)
283:. Chapters 2–7 are in
231:
201:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
107:Susanna and the Elders
2732:World English Version
2320:White, Ellen (2014).
2169:"Additions to Daniel"
1971:Provan, Iain (2003).
1084:How To Read the Bible
516:, Persia and Greece:
470:Imagery and symbolism
400:Neo-Babylonian empire
234:In the first year of
222:
1901:SDA Bible Commentary
1881:Daniel: A Commentary
1696:Koch, Klaus (2002).
1181:. Eerdmans. p.
741:, p. 1247-1249.
1903:. pp. 326–327.
1795:Esther & Daniel
753:, p. 29,34–35.
420:Alexander the Great
388:Antiochus Epiphanes
93:Additions to Daniel
2722:King James Version
2686:Codex Chisianus 45
2619:Territorial spirit
2594:Belshazzar's feast
2475:Bel and the Dragon
1777:. Baker Academic.
1502:The Book of Daniel
1407:Goldingay, John J.
951:, p. 101-103.
939:, p. 106-107.
864:, p. 311-312.
840:, p. 397-406.
729:, p. 188-189.
684:, p. 420-421.
601:In popular culture
588:"perfect number".
432:Ptolemies of Egypt
232:
114:Bel and the Dragon
2763:Nebuchadnezzar II
2740:
2739:
2537:Nebuchadnezzar II
2263:. HarperCollins.
1798:. College Press.
619:1260-day prophecy
491:
281:Nebuchadnezzar II
151:
150:
2780:
2717:Wycliffe Version
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2326:. Mohr Siebeck.
2316:
2295:
2274:
2253:
2232:
2211:
2186:
2163:
2142:
2118:
2107:. Mohr Siebeck.
2097:
2076:
2055:
2032:
2011:
1990:
1967:
1946:
1925:
1904:
1895:
1874:
1853:
1830:
1809:
1788:
1767:
1740:
1715:
1692:
1669:
1648:
1627:
1608:
1585:
1564:"Daniel-Malachi"
1558:
1537:
1516:
1493:
1470:
1449:
1428:
1402:
1379:
1356:
1333:
1312:
1310:Jeremiah Book Of
1297:
1286:
1263:
1251:
1230:Collins, John J.
1225:
1204:Collins, John J.
1199:
1180:
1171:Collins, John J.
1166:
1147:Collins, John J.
1142:
1121:
1098:
1077:
1056:
1035:
1003:
1002:
995:
989:
983:
977:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
826:
825:, p. 74-75.
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
715:
714:, p. 15-19.
709:
700:
694:
685:
679:
670:
664:
655:
649:
490:
487:
408:Babylonian exile
404:Kingdom of Judah
349:Genre and themes
143:
136:
129:
34:
22:Chapters of the
19:
18:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2690:
2664:
2628:
2624:Watcher (angel)
2589:Ancient of Days
2572:
2551:
2527:Darius the Mede
2517:Cyrus the Great
2500:
2479:
2451:
2375:
2370:
2340:
2334:
2313:
2292:
2271:
2250:
2229:
2208:
2183:
2160:
2139:
2115:
2094:
2073:
2052:
2029:
2008:
1987:
1964:
1943:
1922:
1892:
1871:
1863:. Baker Books.
1850:
1827:
1819:. Baker Books.
1806:
1785:
1764:
1737:
1712:
1689:
1666:
1645:
1624:
1605:
1582:
1570:. Vol. 8.
1555:
1534:
1513:
1490:
1467:
1446:
1425:
1399:
1376:
1353:
1330:
1306:
1283:
1256:Coogan, Michael
1248:
1222:
1193:
1163:
1139:
1118:
1095:
1074:
1053:
1032:
1011:
1006:
997:
996:
992:
984:
980:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
883:
875:
868:
860:
856:
852:, p. 1234.
848:
844:
836:
829:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
725:
718:
710:
703:
695:
688:
680:
673:
665:
658:
650:
646:
642:
615:
603:
482:'s battle with
472:
464:Judas Maccabeus
412:Cyrus the Great
396:
384:
366:, Persians and
356:
351:
344:Conclusion (28)
321:
264:
259:
253:
244:Ancient of Days
217:
209:Judas Maccabeus
185:King Belshazzar
174:Ancient of Days
147:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2373:Book of Daniel
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2098:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2056:
2050:
2033:
2027:
2012:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1831:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1741:
1735:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1693:
1687:
1670:
1665:978-9004167254
1664:
1649:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1609:
1603:
1586:
1580:
1559:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1471:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1403:
1397:
1380:
1374:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1304:
1287:
1281:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1226:
1220:
1200:
1191:
1167:
1161:
1143:
1137:
1122:
1116:
1099:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1052:978-0495391050
1051:
1036:
1030:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:
990:
978:
965:
953:
941:
929:
927:, p. 106.
917:
905:
893:
881:
866:
854:
842:
827:
815:
803:
801:, p. 177.
791:
789:, p. 295.
787:Wesselius 2002
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
716:
701:
699:, p. 449.
686:
671:
656:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
614:
611:
602:
599:
543:
542:
539:
532:
522:
502:chaos monsters
496:. Although no
471:
468:
395:
392:
383:
380:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
305:
302:
263:
262:Book of Daniel
260:
255:Main article:
252:
249:
216:
213:
162:Book of Daniel
149:
148:
146:
145:
138:
131:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
110:
103:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
24:Book of Daniel
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2785:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Latin Vulgate
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Four kingdoms
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2335:
2333:9783161532931
2329:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2291:9780199742486
2287:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2270:9780062243300
2266:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2249:9780802864352
2245:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2228:9780664237561
2224:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2207:9780199743919
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2182:9780865545106
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2159:9780881253726
2155:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2138:9780664256753
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:9783161457982
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2093:9780567044501
2089:
2086:. Continuum.
2085:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2072:9780830867332
2068:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2051:9780199271979
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2028:9789053565032
2024:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2007:9780802828965
2003:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1986:9780802837110
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1963:9780802837110
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1942:9780742543669
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1921:9780567082138
1917:
1914:. Continuum.
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1891:9780664220808
1887:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1870:9781441240064
1866:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1849:9789053565032
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1826:9780801048357
1822:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1805:9780899008851
1801:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1784:9780801026942
1780:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1763:9780199370504
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1644:9780664229917
1640:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1604:9789053565032
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1581:9780310590545
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1554:9781606089910
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1533:9780802846334
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1512:9780521097659
1508:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:9780203461013
1462:
1459:. Routledge.
1458:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1445:9780567552488
1441:
1438:. Continuum.
1437:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1398:9780195301052
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1352:9781611640472
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1329:9780199254255
1325:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1305:9780199743919
1301:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1282:9789053565032
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:"Apocalyptic"
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:9780826415202
1243:
1240:. Continuum.
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1192:9780802843715
1188:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:9780802800206
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:9780664227432
1134:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1117:9789053565032
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:"Eschatology"
1100:
1096:
1094:9780827610019
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1073:0-674-95129-8
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1031:9781444318944
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1000:
994:
988:, p. 82.
987:
982:
975:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
890:
885:
879:, p. 77.
878:
873:
871:
863:
858:
851:
846:
839:
834:
832:
824:
819:
813:, p. 23.
812:
807:
800:
795:
788:
783:
776:
771:
765:, p. 28.
764:
759:
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
721:
713:
708:
706:
698:
697:Bandstra 2008
693:
691:
683:
678:
676:
669:, p. 73.
668:
667:Crawford 2000
663:
661:
654:, p. 36.
653:
648:
644:
635:
634:Antinomianism
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
616:
610:
608:
598:
596:
595:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
540:
537:
536:Daniel 11:2–7
533:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
485:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
330:
329:
325:
313:
308:
303:
300:
299:
297:
296:
294:
293:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
258:
248:
245:
241:
237:
230:
226:
221:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:(the seventh
155:
144:
139:
137:
132:
130:
125:
124:
122:
121:
115:
111:
108:
104:
102:
98:
97:
96:
94:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
45:
43:
40:
39:
38:
37:
33:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
2702:Hebrew Bible
2421:
2322:
2301:
2280:
2259:
2242:. Eerdmans.
2238:
2217:
2197:
2172:
2148:
2127:
2103:
2082:
2061:
2041:
2021:. Eerdmans.
2017:
2000:. Eerdmans.
1996:
1979:. Eerdmans.
1976:
1956:. Eerdmans.
1952:
1931:
1910:
1900:
1880:
1859:
1842:. Eerdmans.
1839:
1815:
1794:
1773:
1749:
1726:
1701:
1678:
1654:
1633:
1613:
1597:. Eerdmans.
1594:
1591:"Antichrist"
1567:
1543:
1526:. Eerdmans.
1522:
1501:
1479:
1455:
1434:
1414:
1388:
1365:
1342:
1318:
1309:
1293:
1275:. Eerdmans.
1272:
1259:
1237:
1211:
1196:
1176:
1155:. Eerdmans.
1151:
1127:
1110:. Eerdmans.
1107:
1083:
1062:
1041:
1021:
1009:Bibliography
999:"Iron Beast"
993:
981:
968:
956:
949:Collins 1998
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
884:
877:Collins 1984
857:
845:
823:Collins 1984
818:
811:Hebbard 2009
806:
799:Redditt 2008
794:
782:
775:Redditt 2008
770:
763:Collins 1984
758:
751:Collins 1984
746:
734:
682:Carroll 2000
652:Collins 1984
647:
604:
592:
590:
586:
570:
551:
544:
497:
473:
440:circumcision
436:Antiochus IV
424:Roman Empire
397:
385:
371:
357:
326:
322:
265:
233:
182:
153:
152:
91:
71:
2676:Papyrus 967
2669:Manuscripts
2645:Historicism
986:Hammer 1976
961:Levine 2010
913:Levine 2010
901:Levine 2010
889:Levine 2010
862:Nelson 2000
850:Levine 2010
838:Davies 2006
739:Levine 2010
629:2 Maccabees
624:1 Maccabees
506:Baʿal Cycle
376:eschatology
272:Hellenistic
193:eschatology
170:Four beasts
164:) tells of
116:(Daniel 14)
109:(Daniel 13)
2747:Categories
2707:Septuagint
2681:Papyrus 62
2614:Son of man
2604:Lion's den
2512:Belshazzar
2312:0391041282
2123:Seow, C.L.
1736:9004116753
1711:0391041282
1688:9004116753
1623:0925675024
1489:9004116753
1424:0391041282
1375:0391041282
1221:9004116753
607:Meir Ariel
554:monotheism
547:Seleucus I
456:the Temple
416:Achaemenid
360:apocalypse
238:, king of
236:Belshazzar
189:apocalypse
178:son of man
2660:Preterism
2532:Jehoiakim
2457:Additions
2305:. BRILL.
1729:. BRILL.
1704:. BRILL.
1681:. BRILL.
1658:. BRILL.
1572:Zondervan
1482:. BRILL.
1368:. BRILL.
937:Seow 2003
925:Seow 2003
727:Cohn 2006
712:Aune 2010
640:Citations
476:Canaanite
428:Palestine
368:Egyptians
319:Chapter 7
276:Maccabean
268:folktales
2655:Idealism
2640:Futurism
2392:Daniel 1
2384:chapters
2194:"Daniel"
2125:(2003).
1973:"Daniel"
1836:"Daniel"
1746:"Daniel"
1409:(2002).
1258:(2009).
1232:(2003).
1206:(2002).
1173:(1998).
1149:(1984).
613:See also
526:Jeremiah
478:myth of
372:maskilim
289:chiasmus
197:Seleucid
154:Daniel 7
2695:Sources
2568:Michael
2563:Gabriel
2542:Palmoni
2491:Babylon
594:hasidim
582:messiah
578:Gabriel
574:Michael
562:Ezekiel
448:Sabbath
285:Aramaic
240:Babylon
225:woodcut
215:Summary
160:of the
158:chapter
2556:Angels
2522:Daniel
2505:People
2484:Places
2330:
2309:
2288:
2267:
2246:
2225:
2218:Daniel
2204:
2179:
2156:
2135:
2128:Daniel
2111:
2090:
2069:
2048:
2025:
2004:
1983:
1960:
1939:
1918:
1888:
1867:
1860:Daniel
1846:
1823:
1802:
1781:
1760:
1733:
1708:
1685:
1662:
1641:
1620:
1601:
1578:
1551:
1530:
1509:
1486:
1463:
1442:
1421:
1395:
1372:
1349:
1326:
1302:
1279:
1244:
1218:
1189:
1159:
1135:
1114:
1091:
1070:
1049:
1028:
566:Yahweh
521:state.
510:Ugarit
458:(the "
444:kosher
382:Themes
364:Romans
199:ruler
166:Daniel
2577:Terms
2381:Bible
529:51:11
514:Medes
498:exact
494:chaos
480:Baʿal
452:Torah
354:Genre
2496:Susa
2328:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2088:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2046:ISBN
2023:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1440:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1112:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1026:ISBN
489:lit.
484:Yamm
1183:103
227:by
2749::
2447:12
2442:11
2437:10
1756:.
1752:.
1574:.
1308:.
1195:.
1185:.
869:^
830:^
719:^
704:^
689:^
674:^
659:^
558:El
442:,
112:-
105:-
99:-
95::
2432:9
2427:8
2422:7
2417:6
2412:5
2407:4
2402:3
2397:2
2365:e
2358:t
2351:v
2336:.
2315:.
2294:.
2273:.
2252:.
2231:.
2210:.
2185:.
2162:.
2141:.
2117:.
2096:.
2075:.
2054:.
2031:.
2010:.
1989:.
1966:.
1945:.
1924:.
1894:.
1873:.
1852:.
1829:.
1808:.
1787:.
1766:.
1739:.
1714:.
1691:.
1668:.
1647:.
1626:.
1607:.
1584:.
1557:.
1536:.
1515:.
1492:.
1469:.
1448:.
1427:.
1401:.
1378:.
1355:.
1332:.
1285:.
1250:.
1224:.
1165:.
1141:.
1120:.
1097:.
1076:.
1055:.
1034:.
1001:.
538:.
486:(
142:e
135:t
128:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
