589:, a little further downstream, to assess how drainage could be improved for the Commissioners of Sewers. He demonstrated the use of a telescopic spirit level, which enabled him to achieve accurate levels, with errors of less than 1 inch per mile (2 cm per km). Next he addressed the issue of flow in open drains. Using his mathematical principles, he calculated that water in a drain which was 4 miles (6.4 km) long, and had a fall of 12 inches (30 cm) over its length should travel at around 4 feet per second (1.2 m/s), taking 1 hour and 28 minutes to travel the length of the drain. Observations in the field showed him that other factors, such as fluid friction, resulted in the actual flow rate being less than half of this. He published a paper of his findings in April 1734, and insisted that accurate mapping and levels, together with physical observation of drains and rivers, were essential to deciding how fenland could best be drained. In the same month, he began working for the Adventurers of Deeping Fen, to produce a drainage scheme. He spent some time mapping 22 miles (35 km) of the Welland, and his chief recommendation was for a reservoir and sluice at the outfall of the River Glen, which would enable the outfall to be scoured at low tide, by releasing water from the reservoir.
569:
many tenants were unable to pay the rent, due to the poor state of the drainage which reduced crop yields. In April 1729, the
Deeping Fen Adventurers received a letter from Captain John Perry, expressing the opinion that the only way to improve the drainage was to improve the river outfalls, and proposing the construction of scouring sluices on the river at Spalding, on Vernatt's drain at its outfall, and on the River Glen at Surfleet. Perry was an engineer of some repute, who had set the standard for engineering reports in 1727, when he published his recommendations for the North Level of the Fens. His plans were approved, and the Adventurers offered to give him land covering nearly 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) in payment for the work. He sold one third of the land to finance the project, and began work in 1730. Cowbit sluice on the Welland had six 6-foot (1.8 m) wide gates which were operated by chains connected to a treadwheel. At high tide, water was penned in Cowbit Wash, between banks which were set well back from the main channel. At low tide, the sluice gates were opened, and the flow scoured out silt from the river bed for some 3 miles (4.8 km) downstream. Perry died in February 1733, before the other works were completed, and was buried in Spalding churchyard.
733:
from the fen to the Pode Hole pumps. A tunnel already existed under
Vernatt's drain, and so the trustees agreed. However, the charges levied by the trustees for this service rose dramatically, so that the South Fen residents decided to build their own pumping engine at Pode Hole in 1830. A Fenton & Murray beam engine driving a 20-foot (6.1 m) scoop wheel was installed, at a cost of £3,000, which was considerably less than the charge the trustees wanted to make. The engine was replaced by a suction gas engine and Ruston pump in 1919, which was decommissioned in 1943 when a Petter oil engine with a 20-inch (51 cm) Gwynnes pump was installed. This only lasted for ten years, as two electric motors driving 24-inch (61 cm) and 20-inch (51 cm) pumps were fitted in 1953.
695:
construction, and the second, favoured by Jessop and Rennie, was the provision of steam pumping engines at Pode Hole. These would pump water from the internal drains of the fen to
Vernatt's Drain, and the lower internal water levels would allow the existing wind-powered drainage mills to work efficiently. A report was produced, which formed the basis for the Deeping Fen Act 1801. The channel of the Welland above Spalding was made deeper, the north bank was made stronger, and the North and South Drove Drains which crossed the fen to join Vernatt's Drain at Pode Hole were made deeper. At the time there were no steam engines working in the fens, and Rennie's recommendation of a steam pumping station at Pode Hole was not implemented.
43:
614:
679:, took over as Surveyor of Works after the death of his father in 1748, and spent nearly £10,000 on repairs to the Deeping Bank and the Country bank between then and 1764. He rebuilt Perry's sluice on the Welland soon after 1750, with taller doors and a set of tide gates to prevent the tide moving upstream. In 1755 three more drainage mills were built on Hills Drain, while a sluice on the Forty Foot Drain followed in 1758. From 1759 to 1761 he was engaged in lowering the bed of the Welland below the outfall sluice by 2.5 feet (0.76 m). After 1764, Thomas Hogard became the Surveyor of Works, but Grundy continued to act as a consultant engineer.
489:
668:, one on Vernatt's Drain and the other on Hill's Drain. The bed of the Glen had also been regraded and its banks raised by 1742, when Smith retired and Grundy took sole charge of the works. He oversaw the job of making the Welland through Spalding deeper and wider, and suggested that the outfall of Vernatt's Drain should be moved 2.5 miles (4.0 km) downstream from its existing position. Although not implemented immediately, his son completed this task in 1774. Grundy died in 1748, having been a pioneer in applying scientific principles to civil engineering problems.
59:
423:
664:
programme of repairs to the
Deeping Bank, which ran for 12 miles (19 km) along the south-eastern edge of the fen, protecting it from the Welland. John Scribo did the same for the Country Bank, which ran for 6 miles (9.7 km) on the far side of the river. Grundy made the river deeper above Spalding, and also constructed a sluice and reservoir at the mouth of the Glen. The reservoir covered 8 acres (3.2 ha) and provided water to scour the channel below the sluice. Two drainage mills were constructed, each with a 16-foot (4.9 m)
737:
acres (2,400 ha) feeds into the River Glen from the Blue Gowt Drain. A 20 hp (15 kW) Butterley beam engine driving a 22-foot (6.7 m) scoop wheel was installed in 1833. Although a new boiler was installed in 1895, the engine and wheel continued to operate until 1952, making it the last beam engine and scoop wheel combination to be used in the Fens, and also the one which ran for the longest time. Its function was replaced by the two electric pumps fitted in 1953, which also pump the
Pinchbeck South Fen, but the
683:
opinion, who suggested a shorter 5-mile (8.0 km) cut from
Spalding to Fosdyke. They requested help from Grundy, who proposed a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) cut to Fosdyke, and that the outfall of Vernatt's drain should be moved downstream as his father had suggested. Improvements to the drain were carried out under an act of Parliament obtained in 1774, and an act was obtained in 1794 to sanction the Wyberton cut, although the work was not carried out, and Grundy's shorter cut was built under a new act of 1801.
31:
1297:
720:, and were scrapped in 1956. Following the demise of the steam engines, a Mirrlees 250 hp (190 kW) five-cylinder diesel engine, which drove a 54-inch (140 cm) pump was obtained. The first electric pump was installed in 1939, to be joined by three more in 1957, once the Mirrlees engines had been decommissioned. A new engine house was built in 1964, which held two 650 hp (480 kW) Ruston diesel engines driving 60-inch (150 cm)
1285:
1231:
66:
713:
could be varied as the water level in
Vernatt's drain varied. Five new boilers, which could supply either engine, were fitted in 1883, and had been replaced by five more some time before 1928, for the new boilers failed in that year. The Kesteven engine had its scoop wheel removed, although the rest of the plant was not scrapped until 1952.
704:
in each drain, so that a less powerful engine could be built to pump the South Drove Drain. By the time the details had been finalised, engines of 60 hp (45 kW) and 80 hp (60 kW) were ordered. Both engines were beam engines. The larger one was manufactured by
Butterley, was called the Holland engine, and drove a
585:, who wanted his estates surveyed. Perry was building the Spalding sluice at the time, and Grundy's work allowed him to study drains, banks, sluices and outfalls. He formed the opinion that mathematical and philosophical principles should be applied to the drainage of low-lying regions. In 1733, he surveyed the parish of
682:
Hogard devised a scheme to cut a new channel from the junction of the
Welland and the Glen to Wyberton, on the estuary of the River Witham below Boston. At the end of the 7.5-mile (12.1 km) cut, there would be a huge sluice and a navigation lock. The Adventurers asked Thomas Tofield for a second
631:
An Act to enable the
Adventurers, Owners, and Proprietors, of the Taxable Lands, and the Owners and Proprietors of the Free Lands, in Deeping Fens, and other Fens, in the County of Lincoln, therein mentioned, to raise a competent Sum of Money, for the effectual Draining and future Preservation of all
396:
Deeping Fen is a low-lying area bounded by the River Welland and the River Glen, which meet at its northern tip, covering around 47 square miles (120 km). It was originally an extra-parochial liberty, as it was formed of waste land which had previously belonged to a number of other parishes, but
744:
The management of Deeping Fen by trustees, appointed under the terms of the 1801 Act, continued until they were replaced in 1939 by the Deeping Fen, Spalding and Pinchbeck Internal Drainage Board, which became part of the Welland & Deepings Internal Drainage Board, when it amalgamated with three
736:
Pinchbeck Marsh was also part of Deeping Fen, but following the failure of the work carried out under the 1801 Act to effectively drain the area, an act of Parliament was obtained in 1832 to create a separate district, called the Spalding and Pinchbeck District, or Blue Gowt, as water from the 6,000
694:
were asked to assist the local engineers Edward Hare and George Maxwell. There was a clear understanding that the outfalls were too high to allow proper drainage by gravity, and two possible solutions were considered. The first was an outfall at a lower level, which would involve hugh expense in its
463:
were granted permission to drain Deeping Fen, South Fen and Croyland. The work included making the Welland deeper and wider from Deeping St James to its outfall beyond Spalding, and the construction of side drains. These included a drain running from Pode Hole to below Spalding, which is still known
708:
which was 28 feet (8.5 m) in diameter. The wheel had 40 scoops and lifted the water by 5 feet (1.5 m). The smaller engine, which was called the Kesteven engine, was made by Fenton & Murrey, and drove a similar scoop wheel. They were operational by August 1825, having cost £26,673. The
703:
After reports by Rennie and Thomas Pear in 1815, and by Rennie alone in 1818 and 1820, the provision of steam engines was authorised by an act in 1823. The land which formed the North Drove was at a lower level to that in the South Drove, and so it was intended to keep the water at different levels
568:
and others 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of land in return for the drainage works. They were also obliged to maintain the banks of the Welland. The inadequacy of its outfall and a spate of bad weather stopped them from completing their task. They tried renting out the land they had been granted, but
732:
Pinchbeck South Fen is a region covering 1,700 acres (690 ha) lying on the west side of Vernatt's Drain. It was originally managed as the Fourth District by the Deeping Fen trustees, but was independent in 1828, when the occupants approached the trustees with a plan to drain some of the water
663:
In July 1737 Grundy and Humphry Smith set out their plans for the fen, and a bill was put before Parliament, to allow the Adventurers to raise the £15,000 estimated cost by taxes. The act was granted in 1738, and Smith and Grundy were appointed "Surveyors and Agents of Deeping Fen." They oversaw a
458:
were in a poor state of repair. They suggested that Thomas Lovell should undertake the work, which he did, at a cost of £12,000, for which he received 15,000 acres (6,100 ha) of the land which was reclaimed as a result of the work. Unrest in the early 1600s resulted in most of the works being
344:
took control of the drainage, in return for which they were granted land. They faced the problem that the outfalls of the River Welland and the River Glen were not sufficiently low to enable proper drainage by gravity, and most schemes included improvement to the rivers. John Perry, an engineer of
712:
Upgrading of the plant occurred several times. The Kesteven and Holland engines were overhauled in 1881 and 1883 respectively. Flow into the wheel pits was restricted by the provision of shuttles, and rising breasts were fitted on the outflow, so that the height at which the water was discharged
383:
From 1801 the fen was managed by trustees, appointed under the terms of an act of Parliament obtained in that year, and this remained the case until 1939 when the administrative structure was replaced by the Welland & Deepings
464:
as Vernatt's Drain, after one of the adventurers called Sir Philibert Vernatti. Although declared completed in 1637, efficient drainage would have to wait until the construction of Pode Hole pumping station in 1827.
345:
some repute, who had set the standard for engineering reports in 1727, began work in 1730, and was followed by John Grundy, Sr., a pioneer in applying scientific principles to civil engineering problems. His son,
724:
pumps, and a third 410 hp (310 kW) Ruston unit, fitted with a 50-inch (130 cm) Gwynnes pump. The remaining Mirrlees engine and the first electric pump were scrapped at this time.
1242:
360:
assisted local engineers with plans for improvements, the chief of which was for a steam pumping station. This plan was not implemented immediately, but two steam engines fitted with
1671:
242:
333:, and is extensively drained, but the efficient drainage of the land exercised the minds of several of the great civil engineers of the 17th and 18th centuries.
105:
234:
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Two 100 hp (75 kW) twin-cylinder diesel engines were installed to aid the steam plant, the first in 1914 and the second in 1920. They were made by
162:
891:. Vol. 5: 1628–80. pp. 559–568, Charles II, 1664 & 1665, An Act for drayning of the Fenn called Deeping Fenn and other Fenns therin mentioned.
1641:
1911:
368:
was the largest in the Fens at the time, and remained so for many years. Steam gradually gave way to diesel engines and scoop wheels were replaced by
632:
the said Fens, according to their Agreement in that Behalf, and to carry the said Agreement into Execution; and for other Purposes therein mentioned.
1251:
2026:
2072:
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because it had been reclaimed by Adventurers, was free from land tax and ecclesiastical tithes. About half of the fen became the parish of
278:
807:
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58:
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1701:
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349:, was another capable engineer, who was retained as a consultant after he resigned as full-time Surveyor of Works.
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1711:
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222:
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1202:
1339:
270:
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98:
42:
1716:
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was retained, and is now open to the public, although the steam engine is now turned by an electric motor.
1269:
1981:
1852:
618:
341:
315:
152:
1856:
1494:
1322:
1275:
1986:
1721:
1651:
1646:
1536:
858:
318:
265:
2067:
1676:
1444:
455:
330:
212:
1996:
1951:
1848:
1820:
1706:
1611:
1459:
1360:
746:
385:
454:, requesting that the fens should be drained, as the banks of the river and of the neighbouring
1920:
1591:
1581:
1401:
811:
917:
A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
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1489:
1315:
1301:
897:
691:
626:
586:
501:
493:
357:
121:
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717:
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in 1846, which became a civil parish in reforms authorised by an act of Parliament of 1856.
2036:
1991:
1961:
1636:
1601:
1484:
1449:
1439:
1429:
408:'Deoping', which means a "deep or low place". The village was listed as "Estdeping" in the
144:
949:
564:
The drainage of the fen was again addressed in 1664, when the Deeping Fen Act awarded the
325:, England, which covers approximately 47 square miles (120 km). It is bounded by the
8:
1956:
1946:
1541:
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pumping station was the largest in the Fens at the time, and remained so for many years.
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380:
Marsh, which ran from 1833 to 1952, was not scrapped, and can be visited by the public.
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1756:
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1365:
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180:
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1250:. Deeping Fen, Spalding & Pinchbeck internal drainage board. 1943. Archived from
920:
871:
843:
824:
792:
582:
516:
506:
An Act for drayning of the Fenn called Deeping Fenn and other Fenns therin mentioned.
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2016:
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1391:
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377:
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346:
227:
35:
The electric pumping station at Pode Hole, known as the Adventurers pumping station
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1816:
1804:
721:
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365:
1928:
1828:
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1396:
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687:
435:
353:
30:
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2011:
1872:
1836:
1812:
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447:
410:
372:, and the diesel engines were then replaced by electric motors. However, the
326:
293:
280:
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170:
128:
79:
1966:
1546:
1474:
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451:
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The Map of Deeping Fenne from "The history of imbanking and drayning" by
405:
373:
361:
337:
1808:
1780:
1566:
1514:
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1519:
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1941:
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Drainage schemes were first authorised during the reign of Queen
204:
1889:
1936:
1230:
544:
115:
902:. Vol. 12: 1602–1603. pp. 157–180, 'May 1602, 16–31'
581:, who had arrived in the region in 1731 at the request of the
1454:
459:
destroyed, but in 1632 a group of adventurers led by the
1179:
686:
The fen was inundated in 1798, and the civil engineers
1337:
1273:
1167:
808:"The Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales"
2054:
414:, an inventory of the country compiled in 1086.
1098:
1096:
899:Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House
1905:
1323:
965:
963:
1119:
1039:
1027:
786:
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1130:
1128:
1115:
1113:
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1316:
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446:, together with other villages along the
364:were installed at Pode Hole in 1823. The
1140:
1125:
1108:
1102:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
969:
950:"City Population – East Midlands (2011)"
915:Skempton, Sir Alec; et al. (2002).
914:
421:
404:The name of the fen is derived from the
1033:
1015:
993:
895:
884:
859:"A Topographical Dictionary of England"
805:
2055:
1620:List of civil parishes in Lincolnshire
572:
1893:
1311:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1134:
1004:
981:
956:from the original on 29 October 2020.
865:
856:
837:
818:
787:Boyes, John; Russell, Ronald (1977).
47:Bylaws posted on the old pump station
1205:from the original on 10 January 2016
2073:Land drainage in the United Kingdom
868:A Dictionary of English Place-Names
698:
65:
13:
727:
671:
14:
2089:
1919:
1223:
1295:
1283:
1229:
1199:"The Welland & Deepings IDB"
612:
487:
64:
57:
41:
29:
1801:Grimsby Fishing Heritage Centre
1191:
1155:
1081:
1069:
1057:
779:
1201:. Welland & Deepings IDB.
1045:
1021:
1009:
998:
987:
975:
942:
243:South Holland and The Deepings
120:85 mi (137 km)
1:
935:
806:Brabner, J.H.F., ed. (1895).
789:The Canals of Eastern England
601:Deeping Fen Drainage Act 1737
550:Deeping Fen Drainage Act 1856
476:Draining Deeping Fen Act 1664
1642:Parliamentary constituencies
1018:, pp. 157–180, includes
896:Roberts, R. A., ed. (1910).
352:In 1800 the civil engineers
340:, but from 1632, a group of
7:
1853:Museum of Lincolnshire Life
1244:Length of drains maintained
885:Raithby, John, ed. (1819).
870:. Oxford University Press.
857:Lewis, Samuel, ed. (1831).
842:. Landmark Publishing Ltd.
823:. Landmark Publishing Ltd.
752:
619:Parliament of Great Britain
391:
314:is a low-lying area in the
99:OS grid reference
18:Human settlement in England
10:
2094:
1749:History and notable places
1692:Grade II* listed buildings
819:Hills, Richard L. (2008).
594:United Kingdom legislation
469:United Kingdom legislation
450:, presented a petition to
417:
2063:Landforms of Lincolnshire
1927:
1730:
1629:
1420:
1374:
1353:
861:. British History Online.
651:
646:
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625:
611:
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599:
555:
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538:
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486:
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251:
233:
221:
211:
197:
179:
161:
143:
127:
113:
97:
89:
52:
40:
28:
23:
1687:Grade I listed buildings
1120:Boyes & Russell 1977
1040:Boyes & Russell 1977
1028:Boyes & Russell 1977
838:Hinde, K. S. G. (2006).
821:The Drainage of the Fens
747:internal drainage boards
1857:St James' Church, Louth
1849:Market Rasen Racecourse
1361:North East Lincolnshire
840:Fenland Pumping Engines
577:Perry was succeeded by
386:Internal Drainage Board
431:
223:Postcode district
1733:Historic subdivisions
1375:Boroughs or districts
888:Statutes of the Realm
866:Mills, A. D. (1998).
814:on 27 September 2011.
791:. David and Charles.
494:Parliament of England
425:
1602:Wainfleet All Saints
1238:at Wikimedia Commons
213:Sovereign state
1947:Deeping St Nicholas
1877:Winceby Battlefield
1821:Kinema in the Woods
1697:Scheduled monuments
1423:(cities in italics)
1354:Unitary authorities
1188:, pp. 164–165.
573:Scientific drainage
399:Deeping St Nicholas
376:and scoop wheel at
294:52.7284°N 0.20205°W
290: /
136:Deeping St Nicholas
1861:Tattershall Castle
1845:Lincolnshire Coast
1825:Kingdom of Lindsey
1757:Bolingbroke Castle
1435:Barton-upon-Humber
1366:North Lincolnshire
1257:on 22 October 2013
1137:, pp. 110–114
1122:, pp. 247–248
1105:, pp. 558–559
1090:, pp. 327–328
1066:, pp. 276–277
1054:, pp. 522–523
1042:, pp. 243–244
1030:, pp. 241–242
919:. Thomas Telford.
566:Earl of Manchester
517:16 & 17 Cha. 2
432:
235:UK Parliament
2050:
2049:
1887:
1886:
1881:Woolsthorpe Manor
1841:Lincolnshire Fens
1833:Lincoln Cathedral
1773:Cross Keys Bridge
1525:Kirton in Lindsey
1421:Major settlements
1340:Ceremonial county
1234:Media related to
926:978-0-7277-2939-2
877:978-0-19-280074-9
849:978-1-84306-188-5
830:978-1-84306-323-0
798:978-0-7153-7415-3
661:
660:
607:Act of Parliament
583:Duke of Buccleuch
562:
561:
539:Other legislation
482:Act of Parliament
370:centrifugal pumps
309:
308:
299:52.7284; -0.20205
163:Shire county
2085:
2017:Sutton St Edmund
1914:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1712:Lord Lieutenants
1348:
1342:
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1309:
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996:
991:
985:
984:, pp. 23–28
979:
973:
967:
958:
957:
946:
930:
911:
909:
907:
892:
881:
862:
853:
834:
815:
810:. Archived from
802:
759:Pinchbeck Engine
699:Pumping stations
677:John Grundy, Jr.
616:
615:
602:
597:
596:
579:John Grundy, Sr.
557:Status: Repealed
491:
490:
477:
472:
471:
444:Deeping St James
347:John Grundy, Jr.
305:
304:
302:
301:
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295:
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288:
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257:
207:
109:
108:
78:Location within
68:
67:
61:
45:
33:
21:
20:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
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2068:Fens of England
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2022:Sutton St James
1923:
1918:
1888:
1883:
1817:Isle of Axholme
1805:Grimsby Minster
1797:Gibraltar Point
1747:
1726:
1662:Monastic houses
1625:
1614:
1422:
1416:
1370:
1349:
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831:
799:
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769:Vernatt's Drain
755:
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728:Other districts
722:Gwynnes Limited
701:
674:
672:Civil engineers
621:
613:
600:
595:
575:
558:
496:
488:
475:
470:
461:Earl of Bedford
428:William Dugdale
420:
394:
366:pumping station
298:
296:
292:
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203:
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104:
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85:
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48:
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2091:
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2075:
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2065:
2048:
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2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
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1954:
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1939:
1933:
1931:
1929:Civil parishes
1925:
1924:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1829:Lincoln Castle
1793:Freiston Shore
1789:Frampton Marsh
1777:Crowland Abbey
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
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1682:Country Houses
1679:
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1627:
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1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
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1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1552:Market Deeping
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
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1467:
1465:Burgh le Marsh
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1407:South Kesteven
1404:
1399:
1397:North Kesteven
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
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1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
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1351:
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1327:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1302:United Kingdom
1292:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1239:
1225:
1224:External links
1222:
1217:
1216:
1190:
1178:
1176:, p. 165.
1166:
1154:
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829:
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766:
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688:William Jessop
673:
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560:
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541:
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508:
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498:
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492:
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479:
478:
468:
436:Market Deeping
419:
416:
393:
390:
354:William Jessop
307:
306:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
256:List of places
252:
249:
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246:
245:
239:
237:
231:
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217:United Kingdom
215:
209:
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185:
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118:
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101:
95:
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63:
62:
56:
55:
54:
53:
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49:
46:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2090:
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2043:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Sutton Bridge
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:Little Sutton
1980:
1978:
1975:
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1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:South Holland
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Usher Gallery
1870:
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1846:
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1837:Lincoln Cliff
1834:
1830:
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1717:High Sheriffs
1715:
1713:
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1597:Sutton-on-Sea
1595:
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1562:North Hykeham
1560:
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1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:South Holland
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
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1293:
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1237:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1164:, p. 164
1163:
1158:
1152:, p. 163
1151:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1103:Skempton 2002
1099:
1097:
1089:
1088:Skempton 2002
1084:
1078:, p. 279
1077:
1076:Skempton 2002
1072:
1065:
1064:Skempton 2002
1060:
1053:
1052:Skempton 2002
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1001:
995:
990:
983:
978:
972:, p. 277
971:
970:Skempton 2002
966:
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951:
945:
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928:
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918:
913:
901:
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642:11 Geo 2 c 39
641:
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531:
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485:
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473:
467:
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462:
457:
453:
449:
448:River Welland
445:
441:
437:
429:
424:
415:
413:
412:
411:Domesday Book
407:
402:
400:
389:
387:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
327:River Welland
324:
320:
317:
316:South Holland
313:
303:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
254:
253:
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244:
241:
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238:
236:
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206:
202:
200:
196:
190:
189:East Midlands
187:
186:
184:
182:
178:
172:
169:
168:
166:
164:
160:
154:
153:South Holland
151:
150:
148:
146:
142:
135:
134:
132:
130:
126:
123:
119:
117:
112:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
81:
60:
51:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
16:
2078:The Deepings
2032:Tydd St Mary
2027:The Moultons
1769:Cadwell Park
1765:Bourne Abbey
1761:Boston Stump
1753:Belton House
1748:
1732:
1618:
1615:
1607:Woodhall Spa
1557:Market Rasen
1529:
1495:Gainsborough
1412:West Lindsey
1387:East Lindsey
1346:Lincolnshire
1259:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1243:
1220:
1207:. Retrieved
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1016:Roberts 1910
1011:
1000:
994:Brabner 1895
989:
977:
944:
916:
904:. Retrieved
898:
887:
867:
839:
820:
812:the original
788:
780:Bibliography
774:The Deepings
745:other local
743:
735:
731:
715:
711:
702:
685:
681:
675:
662:
653:Royal assent
591:
576:
563:
534:2 March 1665
530:Royal assent
466:
440:Deeping Gate
433:
409:
403:
395:
382:
362:scoop wheels
351:
335:
323:Lincolnshire
311:
310:
271:Lincolnshire
171:Lincolnshire
129:Civil parish
80:Lincolnshire
15:
1987:Long Sutton
1967:Gedney Hill
1547:Mablethorpe
1537:Long Sutton
1475:Cleethorpes
1236:Deeping Fen
906:31 December
706:scoop wheel
692:John Rennie
666:scoop wheel
657:20 May 1738
545:Repealed by
452:Elizabeth I
406:Old English
374:beam engine
358:John Rennie
342:adventurers
338:Elizabeth I
312:Deeping Fen
297: /
93:1,961
72:Deeping Fen
24:Deeping Fen
2057:Categories
1809:Haxey Hood
1781:Donna Nook
1567:Scunthorpe
1515:Horncastle
1445:Bottesford
1261:22 October
1186:Hinde 2006
1174:Hinde 2006
1162:Hinde 2006
1150:Hinde 2006
1135:Hills 2008
1005:Mills 1998
982:Lewis 1831
936:References
627:Long title
502:Long title
456:River Glen
434:People of
331:River Glen
282:52°43′42″N
90:Population
1997:Pinchbeck
1972:Gosberton
1952:Donington
1869:The Wolds
1722:Transport
1702:Windmills
1652:Geography
1647:Education
1616:See also:
1612:Winterton
1520:Immingham
1460:Broughton
764:Pode Hole
749:in 1973.
378:Pinchbeck
285:0°12′07″W
2042:Whaplode
2007:Surfleet
2002:Quadring
1977:Holbeach
1942:Crowland
1865:The Wash
1785:Far Ings
1741:Kesteven
1677:Politics
1592:Stamford
1582:Spalding
1577:Sleaford
1572:Skegness
1510:Holbeach
1500:Grantham
1480:Crowland
1209:17 March
1203:Archived
954:Archived
753:See also
718:Mirrlees
638:Citation
512:Citation
392:Location
329:and the
319:district
145:District
106:TF215160
1745:Lindsey
1737:Holland
1707:History
1667:Museums
1657:Diocese
1587:Spilsby
1531:Lincoln
1505:Grimsby
1490:Epworth
1470:Caistor
1392:Lincoln
1290:England
1276:Portals
587:Moulton
519:. c. 11
430:(1662).
418:History
266:England
205:England
199:Country
114:•
2037:Weston
1992:Lutton
1962:Gedney
1937:Cowbit
1630:Topics
1485:Crowle
1450:Bourne
1440:Boston
1430:Alford
1382:Boston
923:
874:
846:
827:
795:
181:Region
116:London
1957:Fleet
1672:SSSIs
1542:Louth
1455:Brigg
1255:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
739:plant
647:Dates
524:Dates
1637:Flag
1263:2013
1211:2018
921:ISBN
908:2010
872:ISBN
844:ISBN
825:ISBN
793:ISBN
690:and
442:and
356:and
1343:of
321:of
228:PE6
2059::
1879:,
1875:,
1871:,
1867:,
1863:,
1859:,
1855:,
1851:,
1847:,
1843:,
1839:,
1835:,
1827:,
1823:,
1819:,
1815:,
1811:,
1807:,
1803:,
1799:,
1795:,
1791:,
1787:,
1783:,
1779:,
1775:,
1771:,
1767:,
1763:,
1759:,
1755:,
1751::
1743:,
1739:,
1735::
1142:^
1127:^
1110:^
1095:^
962:^
952:.
438:,
388:.
261:UK
1913:e
1906:t
1899:v
1831:,
1331:e
1324:t
1317:v
1278::
1265:.
1213:.
929:.
910:.
880:.
852:.
833:.
801:.
122:S
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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