298:
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1458:. Additional constructions prevented the circumvention of the city, through which many important trade routes passed, thus ensuring that tolls were paid when the caravans passed through the city gates, and that the local market was visited by the trade caravans. Furthermore, additional signaling and observation towers were frequently built outside the city, and were sometimes fortified in a castle-like fashion. The border of the area of influence of the city was often partially or fully defended by elaborate ditches, walls and hedges. The crossing points were usually guarded by gates or gate houses. These defenses were regularly checked by riders, who often also served as the gate keepers. Long stretches of these defenses can still be seen to this day, and even some gates are still intact. To further protect their territory, rich cities also established castles in their area of influence. An example of this practice is the Romanian
943:, whose walls often reached 10 metres (33 ft) in height, the same as many Chinese city walls, but were only 1.5 to 2.5 metres (4 ft 11 in to 8 ft 2 in) thick. Rome's Servian Walls reached 3.6 and 4 metres (12 and 13 ft) in thickness and 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 ft) in height. Other fortifications also reached these specifications across the empire, but all these paled in comparison to contemporary Chinese walls, which could reach a thickness of 20 metres (66 ft) at the base in extreme cases. Even the walls of Constantinople which have been described as "the most famous and complicated system of defence in the civilized world," could not match up to a major Chinese city wall. Had both the outer and inner walls of Constantinople been combined they would have only reached roughly a bit more than a third the width of a major wall in China. According to
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at the flanks could fire parallel into the opposite bastion's line of fire, thus providing two lines of cover fire against an armed assault on the wall, and preventing mining parties from finding refuge. Meanwhile, artillery positioned on the bastion platform could fire frontally from the two faces, also providing overlapping fire with the opposite bastion. Overlapping mutually supporting defensive fire was the greatest advantage enjoyed by the star fort. As a result, sieges lasted longer and became more difficult affairs. By the 1530s the bastion fort had become the dominant defensive structure in Italy.
2324:
1331:
2290:
2490:
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52:
2346:
1439:), whereas Central European city walls tend to show a variety of different styles. In these cases the gate and wall towers often reach up to considerable heights, and gates equipped with two towers on either side are much rarer. Apart from having a purely military and defensive purpose, towers also played a representative and artistic role in the conception of a fortified complex. The architecture of the city thus competed with that of the castle of the noblemen and city walls were often a manifestation of the pride of a particular city.
2810:
960:
absorbed the energy of artillery shots. Walls were constructed using wooden frameworks which were filled with layers of earth tamped down to a highly compact state, and once that was completed the frameworks were removed for use in the next wall section. Starting from the Song dynasty these walls were improved with an outer layer of bricks or stone to prevent erosion, and during the Ming, earthworks were interspersed with stone and rubble. Most
Chinese walls were also sloped rather than vertical to better deflect projectile energy.
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286:
90:
43:
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72:
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81:
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breached the wall. The morning came with most of our unit still behind us, but we were beyond the wall. Behind the gate great heaps of sandbags were piled up. We 'cleared them away, removed the lock, and opened the gates, with a great creaking noise. We'd done it! We'd opened the fortress! All the enemy ran away, so we didn't take any fire. The residents too were gone. When we passed beyond the fortress wall we thought
1037:
976:
late as the 1490s a
Florentine diplomat considered the French claim that "their artillery is capable of creating a breach in a wall of eight feet in thickness" to be ridiculous and the French "braggarts by nature". Very rarely did cannons blast breaches in city walls in Chinese warfare. This may have been partly due to cultural tradition. Famous military commanders such as
1446:, were often enclosed by their own set of walls and integrated into the defense of the city. These areas were often inhabited by the poorer population and held the "noxious trades". In many cities, a new wall was built once the city had grown outside of the old wall. This can often still be seen in the layout of the city, for example in
2618:
932:
mid-twentieth century a
European expert in fortification commented on their immensity: "in China ... the principal towns are surrounded to the present day by walls so substantial, lofty, and formidable that the medieval fortifications of Europe are puny in comparison." Chinese walls were thick. The eastern wall of
1065:
slow rate of fire, reverberating concussions, and noxious fumes produced greatly hindered defenders. Gun towers also limited the size and number of cannon placements because the rooms could only be built so big. Notable surviving artillery towers include a seven layer defensive structure built in 1480 at
1275:
Additionally, in some countries, different embassies may be grouped together in a single "embassy district", enclosed by a fortified complex with walls and towers – this usually occurs in regions where the embassies run a high risk of being target of attacks. An early example of such a
1115:
so that their cannons could better support each other. The officials Han Yun and Han Lin noted that cannons on square forts could not support each side as well as bastion forts. Their efforts to construct bastion forts, and their results, were limited. Ma
Weicheng built two bastion forts in his home
1095:
The main distinguishing features of the star fort were its angle bastions, each placed to support their neighbor with lethal crossfire, covering all angles, making them extremely difficult to engage with and attack. Angle bastions consisted of two faces and two flanks. Artillery positions positioned
975:
The
Chinese Wall Theory essentially rests on a cost benefit hypothesis, where the Ming recognized the highly resistant nature of their walls to structural damage, and could not imagine any affordable development of the guns available to them at the time to be capable of breaching said walls. Even as
1064:
As a response to gunpowder artillery, European fortifications began displaying architectural principles such as lower and thicker walls in the mid-1400s. Cannon towers were built with artillery rooms where cannons could discharge fire from slits in the walls. However, this proved problematic as the
1002:
We fought our way to
Nanking and joined in the attack on the enemy capital in December. It was our unit which stormed the Chunghua Gate. We attacked continuously for about a week, battering the brick and earth walls with artillery, but they never collapsed. The night of December 11, men in my unit
1148:
around cities, many city walls were demolished. Also, the invention of gunpowder rendered walls less effective, as siege cannons could then be used to blast through walls, allowing armies to simply march through. Today, the presence of former city fortifications can often only be deduced from the
964:
The defensive response to cannon in Europe was to build relatively low and thick walls of packed earth, which could both withstand the force of cannon balls and support their own, defensive cannon. Chinese wall-building practice was, by happenstance, extremely resistant to all forms of battering.
947:
the width of a wall had to be 4.5 metres (15 ft) thick to be able to withstand ancient (non-gunpowder) siege engines. European walls of the 1200s and 1300s could reach the Roman equivalents but rarely exceeded them in length, width, and height, remaining around 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
931:
While gunpowder and cannons were invented in China, China never developed wall breaking artillery to the same extent as other parts of the world. Part of the reason is probably because
Chinese walls were already highly resistant to artillery and discouraged increasing the size of cannons. In the
1099:
Outside Europe, the star fort became an "engine of
European expansion," and acted as a force multiplier so that small European garrisons could hold out against numerically superior forces. Wherever star forts were erected the natives experienced great difficulty in uprooting European invaders.
959:
Aside from their immense size, Chinese walls were also structurally different from the ones built in medieval Europe. Whereas
European walls were mostly constructed of stone interspersed with gravel or rubble filling and bonded by limestone mortar, Chinese walls had tamped earthen cores which
456:
The concept of a city fully enclosed by walls was not fully developed in
Southeast Asia until the arrival of Europeans. However, Burma serves an exception, as they had a longer tradition of fortified walled towns; towns in Burma had city walls by 1566. Besides that, Rangoon in 1755 had
3112:
297:
1120:
incursion in 1638. By 1641, there were ten bastion forts in the county. Before bastion forts could spread any further, the Ming dynasty fell in 1644, and they were largely forgotten as the Qing dynasty was on the offensive most of the time and had no use for them.
984:
recommended not to directly attack cities and storm their walls. Even when direct assaults were made with cannons, it was usually by focusing on the gates rather than the walls. There were instances where cannons were used against walled fortifications, such as by
1421:: a tower built on top of a segment of the wall, which usually extended outwards slightly, so as to be able to observe the exterior of the walls on either side. In addition to arrow slits, ballistae, catapults and cannons could be mounted on top for extra defence.
936:, established in 859 BC, had a maximum thickness of 43 metres and an average thickness of 20–30 metres. Ming prefectural and provincial capital walls were 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 ft) thick at the base and 5 to 10 metres (16 to 33 ft) at the top.
2361:
764:
had walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries for defense instead. Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without
235:
were used in combination with castles to seal valleys from potential attack. Beyond their defensive utility, many walls also had important symbolic functions – representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.
993:
had no effect and they focused on the gates instead just as in Chinese warfare. In 1841, a 74-gun British warship bombarded a Chinese coastal fort near Guangzhou and found that it was "almost impervious to the efforts of horizontal fire." In fact
1287:
Most of these modern city walls are made of steel and concrete. Vertical concrete plates are put together so as to allow the least space in between them, and are rooted firmly in the ground. The top of the wall is often protruding and beset with
989:, but only in the case of small villages. During Koxinga's career, there is only one recorded case of capturing a settlement by bombarding its walls: the siege of Taizhou in 1658. In 1662, the Dutch found that bombarding the walls of a town in
834:. From the 12th century AD hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, which very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterwards. Several medieval town walls have survived into the modern age, such as the
1469:
The city walls were often connected to the fortifications of hill castles via additional walls. Thus the defenses were made up of city and castle fortifications taken together. Several examples of this are preserved, for example in Germany
948:
thick. When referring to a very thick wall in medieval Europe, what is usually meant is a wall of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in width, which would have been considered thin in a Chinese context. There are some exceptions such as the
1192:
Walls and fortified wall structures were still built in the modern era. They did not, however, have the original purpose of being a structure able to resist a prolonged siege or bombardment. Modern examples of defensive walls include:
1292:
in order to make climbing them more difficult. These walls are usually built in straight lines and covered by watchtowers at the corners. Double walls with an interstitial "zone of fire", as the former Berlin Wall had, are now rare.
3021:
The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged By Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer. Compiled by William L Langer. Published 2001 Houghton Mifflin Books. History / General History.
1197:
Berlin's city wall from the 1730s to the 1860s was partially made of wood. Its primary purpose was to enable the city to impose tolls on goods and, secondarily, also served to prevent the desertion of soldiers from the garrison in
2520:
881:. These cities are easy to recognise due to their regular layout and large market spaces. The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development.
1159:
In the 19th century, less emphasis was placed on preserving the fortifications for the sake of their architectural or historical value – on the one hand, complete fortifications were restored
2219:
952:, a Celtic ringfort with a thickness of 40 metres (130 ft) in some parts, but Celtic fort-building practices died out in the early medieval period. Andrade goes on to note that the walls of the
247:
of the area surrounding the city or the settlement the wall is intended to protect, elements of the terrain such as rivers or coastlines may be incorporated in order to make the wall more effective.
2289:
6110:
1080:, or renaissance fortress, was a style of fortification that became popular in Europe during the 16th century. The bastion and star fort was developed in Italy, where the Florentine engineer
877:
The founding of urban centers was an important means of territorial expansion and many cities, especially in central and eastern Europe, were founded for this purpose during the period of
634:
issued an order for their demolition, resulting in most being destroyed. Studies of the ruins and reconstructions of the ancient city walls are currently being undertaken at some sites.
5063:
468:
In other areas of Southeast Asia, city walls spread in the 16th and 17th century along with the rapid growth of cities in this period as a need to defend against European naval attack.
1383:
At its simplest, a defensive wall consists of a wall enclosure and its gates. For the most part, the top of the walls were accessible, with the outside of the walls having tall
1205:(1961 to 1989) did not exclusively serve the purpose of protection of an enclosed settlement. One of its purposes was to prevent the crossing of the Berlin border between the
2712:
830:
also saw the creation of some towns built around castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and
1164:), on the other hand many structures were demolished in an effort to modernize the cities. One exception to this is the "monument preservation" law by the Bavarian King
6095:
878:
1353:
599:, the immense thickness of Chinese city walls prevented larger cannons from being developed, since even industrial era artillery had trouble breaching Chinese walls.
2448:
429:
were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, for neighboring communities quarreled constantly about the control of prime agricultural land.
2731:
229:, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. In mountainous terrain, defensive walls such as
1424:
Pre-wall: wall built outside the wall proper, usually of lesser height – the space in between was usually further subdivided by additional walls.
254:
and are often supplemented with towers. The practice of building these massive walls, though having its origins in prehistory, was refined during the rise of
2433:
2248:
1237:
In the 20th century and after, many enclaved Jewish settlements in Israeli occupied territory in the West Bank were and are surrounded by fortified walls
2673:
2535:
2825:
571:
BC) and subsequently connected and fortified during the Qin dynasty, although its present form was mostly an engineering feat and remodeling of the
6158:
2505:
2267:
1156:
Furthermore, some street names hint at the presence of fortifications in times past, for example when words such as "wall" or "glacis" occur.
2865:
1330:
1134:
1431:
The defensive towers of west and south European fortifications in the Middle Ages were often very regularly and uniformly constructed (cf.
1271:
are modern residential neighborhoods where access is controlled, often prohibiting through-travelers or non-residents via a wall and guards
2653:
965:
This held true into the twentieth century, when even modern explosive shells had some difficulty in breaking through tamped earth walls.
2692:
615:
2345:
6105:
3776:
618:(Hangul: 읍성), 'city fortresses', which served both military and administrative functions, have been constructed since the time of
2750:
6100:
2895:
2171:
201:
for access to the city. From ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as
27:
3238:"경주읍성 일부·향일문 복원...2030년까지 정비 마무리 (Restoration of part of Gyeongju Eupseong and Hyangilmun Gate...Maintenance completed by 2030)"
5706:
4879:
3277:
Chang, Kwang-Chih; Xu, Pingfang; Lu, Liancheng; Pingfang, Xu; Wangping, Shao; Zhongpei, Zhang; Renxiang, Wang (January 2005).
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917:(220～589). Almost all of the original city is gone, but portions of the city wall remain. Not to be confused with the
5288:
5073:
3668:
3663: – Untersuchungen zur frühen Stadtbefestigung im mittelalterlichen Deutschen Reich. Hertingen, 2000.
3514:
3048:
3027:
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695:
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usually used to protect a city, town or other settlement from potential aggressors. The walls can range from simple
1240:
5950:
5498:
2152:
1248:
669:
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floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets. The stone and mud brick houses of
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3214:
3187:
2417:
673:
2380:
2905:
6148:
6115:
4721:
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and many more. A few castles were more directly incorporated into the defensive strategy of the city (e.g.
631:
186:
3043:
By Banister Fletcher, Sir, Dan Cruickshank. Published 1996 Architectural Press. Architecture. 1696 pages.
3004:
By Banister Fletcher, Sir, Dan Cruickshank. Published 1996 Architectural Press. Architecture. 1696 pages.
2565:
1314:
607:
378:
was one of the most famous cities of the ancient world, especially as a result of the building program of
5058:
4139:
2550:
1608:
1144:
In the wake of city growth and the ensuing change of defensive strategy, focusing more on the defense of
354:
776:
later fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls. Among these are the largely extant
258:, and energetic wall-building continued into the medieval period and beyond in certain parts of Europe.
5860:
5734:
5699:
4654:
2071:
1297:
1206:
3677:
The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A–K
5940:
5820:
5103:
3040:
3001:
2274:
1224:
414:
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2584:
1251:
to prevent illegal immigration, drug smuggling, human trafficking, and entry of potential terrorists
5600:
4678:
1277:
1169:
859:
658:
1483:
894:
5870:
5647:
5422:
5128:
5123:
5043:
4840:
4787:
4757:
4514:
4444:
4388:
3965:
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2296:
949:
662:
521:
462:
274:
128:
5960:
5672:
5488:
5078:
4975:
4860:
4044:
2935:
2628:
1933:
1713:
1502:), or the cities were directly outside the castle as a sort of "pre-castle" (Coucy-le-Chateau,
708:
390:
60:
6133:
2718:
A city gate with its towers, the defensive walls, and the city ditch from the 13th century in
1296:
In September 2014, Ukraine announced the construction of the "European Rampart" alongside its
5784:
5692:
5625:
5463:
5245:
4998:
4735:
4558:
3887:
2955:
2229:
1514:
and a clerical city. These different parts were often separated by their own fortifications.
1402:
1398:
In addition to this, many different enhancements were made over the course of the centuries:
847:
835:
831:
805:
465:. The city was fortified with six city gates with each gate flanked by massive brick towers.
182:
1650:
5764:
5759:
5610:
5138:
4764:
4563:
4529:
3929:
3811:
2541:
1870:
1081:
918:
398:
3558:(in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Međunarodni centar za mir, Institut za istoriju. p. 27
329:
From very early history to modern times, walls have been a near necessity for every city.
8:
6153:
5925:
5427:
5163:
4519:
3897:
2835:
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2255:
2240:
1991:
1471:
1165:
210:
148:
3608:
The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History
998:
century explosive shells had some difficulty creating a breach in tamped earthen walls.
500:. This wooden walled area housed the royal citadel or aristocratic compounds such as in
5887:
5769:
5549:
5158:
5133:
5118:
5113:
4963:
4943:
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4301:
4168:
3912:
3519:
3132:
3090:
2329:
1850:
1773:
1692:
1511:
1049:
496:. For cities that did not have city walls, the least it would have had was a stockaded
152:
1395:. North of the Alps, this passageway at the top of the walls occasionally had a roof.
243:
structures, although brick and timber-built variants are also known. Depending on the
51:
6049:
5996:
5605:
5564:
5539:
5412:
5093:
4933:
4780:
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4244:
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3611:
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3044:
3023:
3005:
2981:
2920:
2764:
2756:
2640:
2557:
1972:
1506:
and others). Larger cities often had multiple stewards – for example
1415:: a tower built next to, or on top of the city gates to better defend the city gates.
1377:
926:
493:
369:
218:
132:
1671:
1566:
1129:
713:
136:
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5805:
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5003:
4938:
4489:
4293:
3872:
3124:
3074:
2699:
2371:
2011:
1586:
1345:
1300:
to be able to successfully apply for a visa-free movement with the European Union.
1258:
839:
785:
766:
733:
469:
156:
3237:
630:
eupseongs were modified and renovated, and new eupseongs were built, but in 1910
6069:
5825:
5789:
5779:
5468:
5320:
5293:
5233:
5203:
5088:
5053:
5033:
5018:
4573:
4568:
4536:
4297:
4239:
4227:
4209:
4076:
4057:
3983:
3960:
3577:
3553:
3515:"Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Plans to Block Syrian Refugees"
2839:
2742:
1268:
990:
843:
819:, whose walls seem partially influenced by those built in the Mediterranean. The
792:, together with partial remains elsewhere. These are mostly city gates, like the
222:
190:
3722:
The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History
3113:"Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680. Vol. 2: Expansion and Crisis"
2660:
1432:
539:
BC), as the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in this fashion (see
372:
deployed large labour forces to build new palaces, temples and defensive walls.
6016:
5945:
5774:
5749:
5637:
5632:
5298:
5283:
5218:
5208:
5083:
5068:
4968:
4958:
4923:
4797:
4590:
4287:
4254:
4218:
4034:
3856:
3209:
3182:
2950:
2915:
2816:
2680:
2387:
1545:
820:
789:
777:
725:
592:
584:
544:
379:
346:
214:
160:
20:
3128:
1911:
1405:: a ditch dug in front of the walls, occasionally filled with water to form a
1177:
1168:, which led to the nearly complete preservation of many monuments such as the
855:
551:
BC), mass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the
6142:
6079:
5981:
5935:
5915:
5739:
5642:
5595:
5503:
5493:
5447:
5417:
5402:
5371:
5352:
5213:
5153:
5108:
5023:
4982:
4792:
4425:
4420:
4153:
4116:
4101:
4052:
3997:
3976:
3785:
3086:
2945:
2900:
2872:
1811:
1450:, and sometimes even a few of the old gate towers are preserved, such as the
1108:
981:
933:
914:
596:
525:
473:
302:
226:
174:
1475:
1447:
1173:
851:
285:
6011:
5965:
5899:
5715:
5620:
5478:
5442:
5397:
5381:
5309:
5262:
5238:
5228:
5223:
5038:
4855:
4716:
4683:
4548:
4484:
4459:
4371:
4345:
4313:
4307:
4249:
4188:
4158:
4006:
2527:
2512:
2401:
2051:
1950:
1244:
1117:
1031:
940:
867:
801:
773:
572:
552:
517:
394:
306:
89:
3535:"Yatseniuk: Project Wall to allow Ukraine to get visa-free regime with EU"
2299:, the only remaining fortified city walls in North America north of Mexico
42:
5920:
5855:
5519:
5376:
5345:
5327:
5315:
5257:
5252:
5193:
5188:
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1104:
827:
793:
564:
445:
402:
383:
338:
312:
31:
4146:
1084:(1445–1516) compiled a comprehensive defensive plan using the geometric
1066:
71:
6074:
6001:
5830:
5815:
5544:
5364:
5336:
5267:
5143:
5098:
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4413:
4361:
4319:
4264:
4106:
4022:
2636:
2455:
2405:
2159:
1487:
1479:
1418:
1412:
749:
729:
560:
505:
362:
342:
255:
244:
100:
5524:
4069:
3094:
3062:
1227:
that divides North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel north.
905:
118:
6058:
6054:
6021:
6006:
5986:
5882:
5835:
5744:
4953:
4884:
4711:
4706:
4639:
4280:
4193:
4123:
4081:
3907:
3877:
3838:
3804:
2910:
2632:
2333:
2092:
1891:
1793:
1491:
1455:
1388:
1372:
1181:
1150:
1056:
1041:
741:
501:
350:
341:) is one of the world's oldest known walled cities. Before that, the
317:
251:
3280:
The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective
1463:
956:
of Chang'an were thicker than the walls of major European capitals.
898:
Remains of a defensive wall of Prince Qin Mansion, a citadel within
647:
543:
for more info). Although stone walls were built in China during the
80:
5991:
5437:
5432:
5357:
5198:
4916:
4891:
4874:
4804:
4745:
4673:
4666:
4509:
4397:
4271:
4091:
4086:
4062:
3990:
3970:
3950:
3917:
3078:
2684:
2571:
2409:
2259:
1507:
1443:
1359:
The fortified wall of a police station in Belfast, Northern Ireland
1070:
899:
489:
485:
458:
430:
426:
266:
262:
178:
6111:
Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association
863:
109:
5845:
5754:
5569:
5534:
5529:
4867:
4850:
4835:
4819:
4771:
4699:
4644:
4634:
4602:
4504:
4479:
4464:
4234:
4178:
4096:
3943:
3936:
3882:
3754:
2925:
2778:
2760:
2703:
2644:
2624:
2367:
2352:
2163:
2111:
1830:
1436:
1384:
1341:
1281:
1254:
1213:
1210:
1138:
1085:
1027:
1013:
986:
977:
910:
816:
753:
737:
588:
580:
497:
375:
290:
240:
194:
144:
140:
1036:
939:
In Europe the height of wall construction was reached under the
6064:
6044:
5930:
5865:
5840:
5729:
5684:
5574:
4928:
4494:
4432:
4376:
4354:
4331:
4324:
4200:
4183:
4015:
3847:
3829:
3799:
2930:
2723:
2575:
2459:
2337:
2278:
2237:
1392:
1073:, and a four layer tower built in 1479 at Querfurth in Saxony.
757:
745:
627:
623:
477:
270:
16:
Fortification used to protect an area from potential aggressors
6026:
5894:
5850:
5810:
5615:
5559:
5303:
4828:
4659:
4499:
3820:
3545:
2843:
2782:
2738:
2664:
2631:, built around a prehistoric central fortified settlement or
2591:
2193:
2178:
1733:
1503:
1045:
944:
812:
797:
717:
619:
540:
481:
448:
has defensive walls and square bastions of sun dried bricks.
422:
334:
231:
261:
Simpler defensive walls of earth or stone, thrown up around
4597:
4439:
4406:
4381:
4173:
4163:
4132:
4111:
2831:
2719:
1495:
1406:
1184:
region were also preserved as a consequence of this edict.
1145:
871:
781:
761:
330:
198:
6096:
International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
2177:
Defensive walls around the ancient Egyptian settlement of
1462:, which was intended to protect nearby Kronstadt (today's
815:
built large fortified settlements which the Romans called
3644:
The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb
3436:
3434:
3432:
3395:
3393:
3405:
3368:
3366:
3341:
3339:
3314:
3312:
3260:
3258:
492:
had theirs by 1634. A sea wall was the main defense for
3679:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press,
3494:
3429:
3390:
3378:
3351:
250:
Walls may only be crossed by entering the appropriate
3363:
3336:
3324:
3309:
3297:
3255:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3146:
26:
For the expression used in association football, see
3738:
Walls: A History of Civilizations in Blood and Brick
3482:
3470:
3446:
2854:
748:
built a long set of parallel stone walls called the
19:"City wall" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3458:
3578:"The natural and architectural ensemble of Stolac"
3417:
3143:
3067:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1517:
591:were established in the early 15th century by the
421:BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the
3695:A History of the Early Medieval Siege c. 450–1200
3276:
583:serve as one example. Likewise, the walls of the
361:BC. The earliest known town wall in Europe is of
6140:
4026:
3704:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500
2679:The remaining section of city walls in town of
1076:The star fort, also known as the bastion fort,
744:' walls). In classical era Greece, the city of
28:Glossary of association football terms § W
4588:
4534:
4352:
4198:
2737:The medieval fortress overlooking the city of
2635:(existed there cca. 17-16th to the end of the
1442:Urban areas outside the city walls, so-called
209:, although there were also walls, such as the
5700:
5243:
4973:
4802:
4778:
4395:
4386:
4343:
4067:
3863:
3854:
3770:
3570:
3551:
1180:. The countless small fortified towns in the
357:surrounding it as early as the 8th millennium
185:to extensive military fortifications such as
5362:
5343:
5334:
5325:
4914:
4889:
4865:
4826:
4817:
4769:
4755:
4726:
4697:
4688:
4664:
4625:
4430:
4411:
4329:
4278:
4269:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4144:
4130:
4121:
4004:
3981:
4013:
3995:
3941:
3927:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3818:
3809:
3513:Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (25 January 2017).
3123:(4). Yale University Press: 78, 84, 86–88.
1427:Additional obstacles in front of the walls.
1284:in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
1012:Nohara Teishin, on the Japanese capture of
756:. Exceptions were few, but neither ancient
720:) are one of Europe's best preserved walls.
676:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5707:
5693:
3777:
3763:
3627:History of Warfare: The Renaissance at War
3177:
3175:
1021:
740:(famous for the huge stone blocks of its '
393:to protect their territories, notably the
320:, Poland, made of field stone and bog iron
1107:advocated for the construction of angled
823:were continuously expanded and improved.
696:Learn how and when to remove this message
365:, built in the 6th or 5th millennium BC.
239:Existing ancient walls are almost always
6106:Mason Contractors Association of America
1371:
1128:
1055:
1035:
904:
893:
707:
606:
311:
296:
284:
273:and the like, tend to be referred to as
6101:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
3605:
3500:
3440:
3399:
3384:
3372:
3357:
3345:
3318:
3303:
3264:
3172:
3166:
2896:List of town walls in England and Wales
2192:Remains of Naa Zaringa defense wall in
382:, who expanded the walls and built the
316:Medieval defensive walls and towers in
6159:Fortification (architectural elements)
6141:
3701:
3692:
3624:
3488:
3476:
3452:
3330:
752:that reached their guarded seaport at
5688:
3758:
3719:
3674:
3641:
3512:
3464:
3411:
3154:
2975:
1243:, a wall advocated by U.S. President
889:
870:hosts surviving medieval walls while
3735:
3632:
3423:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3063:"Traditional Town Planning in Burma"
2639:, cca. 9-8th c. BCE), surrounded by
674:adding citations to reliable sources
641:
632:Japan (the occupying power of Korea)
611:Dangjin-myeoncheon-eupseong (唐津沔川邑城)
5169:Weapons Storage and Security System
3235:
3060:
2891:List of cities with defensive walls
13:
3784:
3729:
1092:that became widespread in Europe.
417:were also fortified. By about 3500
30:. For the infantry formation, see
14:
6170:
6127:
3101:
2855:Archaeological Erbil Citadel wall
1060:Chinese angled bastion fort, 1638
451:
401:built on the either sides of the
5714:
5668:
5667:
3183:"당진 Dangjin Myeoncheon-eupseong"
2864:
2824:
2808:
2771:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2691:
2672:
2652:
2617:
2583:
2564:
2549:
2534:
2519:
2511:Fortress and soldiers training,
2504:
2488:
2447:
2432:
2416:
2394:
2379:
2360:
2344:
2322:
2288:
2266:
2247:
2218:
2185:
2170:
2151:
1352:
1329:
1313:
1116:county, which helped fend off a
1040:17th-century map of the city of
884:
646:
117:
108:
99:
88:
79:
70:
59:
50:
41:
5951:Non-explosive demolition agents
3555:Urbano biće Bosne i Hercegovine
3527:
3506:
3270:
3229:
3202:
3117:The Journal of Economic History
1518:Dimensions of famous city walls
1234:divides North and South Cyprus.
626:. Throughout the period of the
3661:Stadtmauer und Stadtentstehung
3646:, Cambridge University Press,
3610:, Princeton University Press,
3215:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
3188:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
3054:
3033:
3015:
2994:
2969:
2846:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
2706:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
2667:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
1367:
736:, such as the ancient site of
488:all had theirs by 1600; while
461:made of teak logs on a ground
324:
1:
5064:British "hedgehog" road block
3635:Japan At War: An Oral History
3599:
2906:Ancient Roman defensive walls
1187:
529:
434:
408:
6116:Worshipful Company of Masons
3582:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1241:Mexico–United States barrier
909:The Stone City is a wall in
826:Apart from these, the early
563:had been built prior to the
472:built its walls in 1550 and
444:) in present-day south-east
289:9th century BC relief of an
7:
5474:Cities with defensive walls
5059:Defensive fighting position
4974:
4779:
4589:
4535:
4396:
4387:
4353:
4344:
4199:
2883:
2602:
2458:, the "Walled City" of old
2203:
1249:Mexico–United States border
1230:The Nicosia Wall along the
10:
6175:
3633:Cook, Haruko Taya (2000),
2980:. Routledge. p. 756.
2647:) dated to the 4th c. BCE.
2473:
2131:
1207:German Democratic Republic
1124:
1025:
924:
874:has an intact Roman wall.
280:
25:
18:
6088:
6037:
5974:
5941:Lewis (lifting appliance)
5908:
5798:
5722:
5658:
5588:
5512:
5456:
5390:
5276:
5181:
5104:Hardened aircraft shelter
5079:Entry control point (ECP)
4991:
4902:
4618:
4611:
4043:
3792:
3675:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006),
3283:. Yale University Press.
3129:10.1017/S0022050700015679
3041:A History of Architecture
3002:A History of Architecture
2526:Prince of Teng Pavilion,
2295:Porte St. Louis, part of
2275:San Francisco de Campeche
2136:
1225:Korean Demilitarized Zone
637:
415:Indus Valley civilization
405:against nomadic nations.
301:The lakeside wall of the
5601:Continuity of government
3642:Lorge, Peter A. (2008),
2978:Encyclopedia of the City
2962:
2793:
2609:European defensive walls
2544:with walls and seafront.
2351:Wall of Hittite Capital
2210:American defensive walls
2032:Theodosian Walls (outer)
1170:Rothenburg ob der Tauber
860:Rothenburg ob der Tauber
602:
579:AD). The large walls of
511:
413:Some settlements in the
5423:Motte-and-bailey castle
5129:Missile launch facility
5124:Main line of resistance
3819:
3720:Reger, William (2016),
3625:Arnold, Thomas (2001),
3606:Andrade, Tonio (2016),
2480:Chinese defensive walls
2454:The defensive walls of
2307:
2297:Ramparts of Quebec City
2143:African defensive walls
1934:Seoul (Hanyang doseong)
1022:Bastions and star forts
1007:had occupied this city.
950:Hillfort of Otzenhausen
850:in England, as well as
842:, or the town walls of
836:walled towns of Austria
811:In Central Europe, the
293:attack on a walled town
129:Walls of Constantinople
5499:Military installations
5363:
5344:
5335:
5326:
5244:
4915:
4890:
4866:
4856:Scarp and Counterscarp
4827:
4818:
4803:
4770:
4756:
4727:
4698:
4689:
4665:
4626:
4431:
4412:
4330:
4279:
4270:
4226:
4217:
4208:
4145:
4131:
4122:
4068:
4027:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3982:
3942:
3928:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3810:
3724:, Taylor & Francis
3702:Purton, Peter (2010),
3693:Purton, Peter (2009),
3552:Seka Brkljača (1996).
3111:Reid, Anthony (1993).
2936:Medieval fortification
2226:Castillo San Cristóbal
1380:
1305:Modern defensive walls
1141:
1133:Multiple barbicans of
1061:
1053:
1019:
973:
922:
902:
862:in Germany. In Spain,
721:
612:
321:
309:
294:
147:, two sections of the
5268:Floating water castle
4999:Admiralty scaffolding
4292:Fortified buildings (
3740:. Faber & Faber.
2976:Caves, R. W. (2004).
2956:Talus (fortification)
2800:Roman defensive walls
2314:Asian defensive walls
1376:A model of a typical
1375:
1149:presence of ditches,
1132:
1059:
1039:
1000:
962:
908:
897:
711:
622:until the end of the
610:
559:AD). Sections of the
315:
300:
288:
5765:Massive precut stone
5760:Post-tensioned stone
5611:Subterranean warfare
4564:Viking ring fortress
3736:Frye, David (2018).
3039:Banister Fletcher's
3000:Banister Fletcher's
2542:Old City of Shanghai
2273:Part of the wall in
2158:A defensive wall in
1082:Giuliano da Sangallo
919:City Wall of Nanjing
670:improve this section
520:walls were built in
399:Great Wall of Gorgan
6149:Castle architecture
6134:San Juan City Walls
5961:Stonemason's hammer
5926:Ceramic tile cutter
5428:Quadrangular castle
5164:Weapon storage area
4520:Quadrangular castle
3697:, The Boydell Press
3061:Hla, U Kan (1978).
2282:World Heritage Site
2241:World Heritage Site
1510:was divided into a
1166:Ludwig I of Bavaria
389:The Persians built
211:Great Wall of China
149:Great Wall of China
5159:Underground hangar
4944:Fire control tower
4741:Gunpowder magazine
4169:Butter-churn tower
3520:The New York Times
3414:, p. 162-164.
3236:손대성 (2018-11-08).
2330:Walls of Jerusalem
2254:Defensive wall in
1381:
1298:border with Russia
1142:
1062:
1054:
1048:, an example of a
923:
903:
890:Chinese city walls
879:Eastern settlement
732:had been built in
722:
613:
322:
310:
295:
153:Walls of Dubrovnik
6124:
6123:
6050:Hardstone carving
5997:Polygonal masonry
5821:Decorative stones
5682:
5681:
5606:Military urbanism
5540:Fortified gateway
5413:Concentric castle
5177:
5176:
5094:Fire support base
4934:Coastal artillery
4809:(Spanish America)
4403:
4245:Concentric castle
3713:978-1-84383-449-6
3706:, Boydell Press,
3686:978-0-313-33733-8
3653:978-0-521-60954-8
3617:978-0-691-13597-7
3210:"Eupseong 읍성(邑城)"
2921:Chinese city wall
2757:Narikala fortress
2558:Beijing city wall
2129:
2128:
1537:Lowest Height (m)
1531:Minimum width (m)
1378:Chinese city wall
1276:compound was the
1269:Gated communities
927:Chinese city wall
706:
705:
698:
6166:
5956:Plug and feather
5806:Artificial stone
5709:
5702:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5671:
5670:
5664:
5555:National redoubt
5484:Fortified estate
5408:Circular rampart
5368:
5349:
5340:
5331:
5249:
5009:Anti-tank trench
5004:Air raid shelter
4979:
4939:Disappearing gun
4920:
4895:
4871:
4832:
4823:
4808:
4784:
4775:
4761:
4732:
4703:
4694:
4670:
4631:
4616:
4615:
4594:
4574:Bailey (or ward)
4540:
4445:Motte-and-bailey
4436:
4417:
4401:
4393:
4392:
4358:
4349:
4335:
4284:
4275:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4150:
4136:
4127:
4073:
4030:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3987:
3947:
3933:
3873:Circular rampart
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3725:
3716:
3698:
3689:
3659:Monika Porsche:
3656:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3539:Interfax-Ukraine
3531:
3525:
3524:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3141:
3140:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3073:(2): 92, 97–98.
3058:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3019:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2973:
2868:
2828:
2815:The gate of the
2812:
2775:
2753:
2734:
2715:
2700:walls of Tallinn
2695:
2676:
2656:
2621:
2587:
2568:
2553:
2538:
2523:
2508:
2492:
2451:
2436:
2420:
2398:
2383:
2364:
2355:(reconstruction)
2348:
2326:
2292:
2270:
2251:
2222:
2189:
2174:
2155:
2012:Theodosian Walls
1973:Suwon (Hwaseong)
1522:
1521:
1356:
1346:Northern Ireland
1333:
1317:
1278:Legation Quarter
1259:Northern Ireland
1017:
971:
840:walls of Tallinn
786:Theodosian Walls
734:Mycenaean Greece
701:
694:
690:
687:
681:
650:
642:
578:
570:
558:
550:
538:
534:
531:
443:
441:
436:
420:
360:
157:Gates of Baghdad
121:
112:
103:
92:
83:
74:
63:
54:
45:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6139:
6138:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6084:
6033:
5970:
5904:
5826:Dimension stone
5794:
5718:
5713:
5683:
5678:
5662:
5654:
5584:
5508:
5452:
5386:
5321:Imperial castle
5294:Coercion castle
5289:Coastal defence
5272:
5234:Promontory fort
5204:Hillside castle
5173:
5089:Fallout shelter
5054:Concertina wire
5034:Border security
4987:
4898:
4607:
4240:Coercion castle
4228:Cheval de frise
4210:Chemin de ronde
4058:Albarrana tower
4039:
3984:Schwedenschanze
3961:Promontory fort
3788:
3783:
3748:
3732:
3730:Further reading
3714:
3687:
3654:
3637:, Phoenix Press
3618:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3546:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3439:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3245:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3194:
3192:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3144:
3109:
3102:
3059:
3055:
3038:
3034:
3020:
3016:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2871:Archaeological
2869:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2829:
2820:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2776:
2767:
2754:
2745:
2743:North Macedonia
2735:
2726:
2716:
2707:
2696:
2687:
2677:
2668:
2657:
2648:
2641:cyclopean walls
2622:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2340:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2271:
2262:
2252:
2243:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
1630:Beijing (outer)
1520:
1474:on the Neckar,
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1334:
1325:
1318:
1307:
1306:
1190:
1127:
1090:trace italienne
1078:trace italienne
1034:
1026:Main articles:
1024:
1018:
1011:
991:Fujian Province
972:
969:
929:
892:
887:
702:
691:
685:
682:
667:
651:
640:
605:
595:. According to
576:
568:
556:
548:
536:
532:
514:
454:
439:
437:
418:
411:
391:defensive walls
358:
327:
283:
223:Anastasian Wall
167:
166:
165:
164:
159:, walls of the
127:Left to right:
124:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
104:
95:
94:
93:
85:
84:
76:
75:
66:
65:
64:
56:
55:
47:
46:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6172:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6137:
6136:
6129:
6128:External links
6126:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5880:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5750:Letter cutting
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5640:
5638:Trench warfare
5635:
5633:Tunnel warfare
5630:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5489:Fortifications
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5341:
5332:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5299:Counter-castle
5296:
5291:
5286:
5284:Border barrier
5280:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5219:Lowland castle
5216:
5211:
5209:Hilltop castle
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5084:Electric fence
5081:
5076:
5074:Dragon's teeth
5071:
5069:Czech hedgehog
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4983:Wire obstacles
4980:
4971:
4969:Polygonal fort
4966:
4961:
4959:Martello tower
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Border outpost
4921:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4810:
4800:
4798:Polygonal fort
4795:
4790:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4762:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4409:
4404:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4336:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4290:
4288:Flanking tower
4285:
4276:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4255:Counter-castle
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4142:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4045:Post-classical
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4035:Vitrified fort
4032:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3988:
3979:
3974:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3939:
3934:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Defensive wall
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3786:Fortifications
3782:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3747:978-0571348411
3746:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3712:
3699:
3690:
3685:
3672:
3657:
3652:
3639:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3569:
3544:
3526:
3505:
3503:, p. 214.
3493:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3445:
3443:, p. 211.
3428:
3416:
3404:
3402:, p. 101.
3389:
3387:, p. 100.
3377:
3362:
3360:, p. 339.
3350:
3335:
3333:, p. 363.
3323:
3308:
3296:
3289:
3269:
3254:
3228:
3201:
3171:
3169:, p. 103.
3159:
3142:
3100:
3079:10.2307/989177
3053:
3032:
3014:
2993:
2987:978-0415862875
2986:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2951:Murus Gallicus
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Border barrier
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2755:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2671:
2669:
2659:City walls in
2658:
2651:
2649:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2570:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2413:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2388:Ark of Bukhara
2385:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1714:Forbidden City
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:Aurelian Walls
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1534:Max Height (m)
1532:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1320:A view of the
1319:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1252:
1238:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1199:
1189:
1186:
1126:
1123:
1023:
1020:
1009:
967:
925:Main article:
891:
888:
886:
883:
821:fortifications
790:Constantinople
778:Aurelian Walls
726:ancient Greece
714:Walls of Avila
704:
703:
654:
652:
645:
639:
636:
628:Joseon dynasty
624:Joseon dynasty
604:
601:
593:Yongle Emperor
585:Forbidden City
545:Warring States
513:
510:
453:
452:Southeast Asia
450:
410:
407:
380:Nebuchadnezzar
326:
323:
282:
279:
219:Hadrian's Wall
215:Walls of Benin
171:defensive wall
161:Jaisalmer Fort
137:Walls of Ávila
133:Hadrian's Wall
126:
125:
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
97:
96:
87:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
67:
58:
57:
49:
48:
40:
39:
38:
37:
36:
21:Border barrier
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6171:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:Organizations
6087:
6081:
6080:Machicolation
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5936:Diamond blade
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Angle grinder
5914:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5675:
5674:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5643:Urban warfare
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:Civil defense
5594:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Bastion forts
5462:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5448:Z-plan castle
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:L-plan castle
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:Bridge castle
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:Refuge castle
5370:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5353:Military base
5351:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:Hunting lodge
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Moated castle
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:Island castle
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:By topography
5180:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5154:Submarine pen
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Hesco bastion
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Blast shelter
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4793:Place-of-arms
4791:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4426:Machicolation
4424:
4422:
4421:L-plan castle
4419:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Bridge castle
4152:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4117:Bent entrance
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Battery tower
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Advanced work
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3977:Refuge castle
3975:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3669:3-930327-07-4
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3497:
3491:, p. 45.
3490:
3485:
3479:, p. 40.
3478:
3473:
3467:, p. 67.
3466:
3461:
3455:, p. 37.
3454:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3426:, p. 32.
3425:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3375:, p. 99.
3374:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3354:
3348:, p. 98.
3347:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3321:, p. 97.
3320:
3315:
3313:
3306:, p. 92.
3305:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3267:, p. 96.
3266:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3205:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3157:, p. 43.
3156:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3049:0-7506-2267-9
3046:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3028:0-395-65237-5
3025:
3018:
3011:
3010:0-7506-2267-9
3007:
3003:
2997:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2968:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Murus Dacicus
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:List of walls
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2874:
2873:Erbil Citadel
2867:
2862:
2861:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2614:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2499:castle (wubi)
2498:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2439:Walls of the
2435:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2386:Walls of the
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:Derbent Walls
2363:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:Max width (m)
1527:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1109:bastion forts
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1015:
1008:
1006:
999:
997:
992:
988:
983:
982:Zheng Zhilong
979:
966:
961:
957:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
935:
934:Ancient Linzi
928:
920:
916:
915:Six Dynasties
913:dated to the
912:
907:
901:
896:
885:Gunpowder era
882:
880:
875:
873:
869:
868:Tossa del Mar
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
715:
712:The medieval
710:
700:
697:
689:
679:
675:
671:
665:
664:
660:
655:This section
653:
649:
644:
643:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
600:
598:
597:Tonio Andrade
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
566:
562:
554:
546:
542:
527:
526:Shang dynasty
523:
522:ancient China
519:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
449:
447:
432:
428:
424:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
371:
366:
364:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
319:
314:
308:
304:
303:Yueyang Tower
299:
292:
287:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
237:
234:
233:
228:
227:Atlantic Wall
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:curtain walls
184:
180:
176:
175:fortification
172:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
120:
111:
102:
91:
82:
73:
62:
53:
44:
33:
29:
22:
6012:Tuckpointing
5966:Straightedge
5900:Stone veneer
5716:Stonemasonry
5666:
5621:Siege engine
5589:Other topics
5513:Related word
5479:Defense line
5443:Tower castle
5398:Bastion fort
5382:Urban castle
5310:Ganerbenburg
5308:
5263:Water castle
5239:Ridge castle
5224:Marsh castle
5039:Bomb shelter
5019:Belgian gate
4992:20th century
4903:19th century
4841:Retrenchment
4813:Punji sticks
4722:Entrenchment
4717:Device Forts
4684:Counterguard
4619:Early modern
4549:Tower castle
4485:Powder tower
4460:Outer bailey
4372:Inner bailey
4346:Gulyay-gorod
4314:Ganerbenburg
4312:
4308:Fujian tulou
4250:Corner tower
4189:Chamber gate
4159:Bridge tower
4007:Trou de loup
3892:
3737:
3721:
3703:
3694:
3676:
3660:
3643:
3634:
3626:
3607:
3585:. Retrieved
3581:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3554:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3518:
3508:
3501:Andrade 2016
3496:
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3441:Andrade 2016
3419:
3407:
3400:Andrade 2016
3385:Andrade 2016
3380:
3373:Andrade 2016
3358:Andrade 2016
3353:
3346:Andrade 2016
3326:
3319:Andrade 2016
3304:Andrade 2016
3299:
3279:
3272:
3265:Andrade 2016
3246:. Retrieved
3241:
3231:
3220:. Retrieved
3213:
3204:
3193:. Retrieved
3186:
3167:Andrade 2016
3162:
3120:
3116:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3035:
3017:
2996:
2977:
2971:
2643:(similar to
2528:Yuan dynasty
2513:Tang dynasty
2402:Derawar Wall
1951:Servian Wall
1540:Length (km)
1468:
1451:
1441:
1430:
1397:
1382:
1295:
1286:
1274:
1245:Donald Trump
1191:
1158:
1155:
1143:
1112:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1077:
1075:
1063:
1032:Bastion fort
1004:
1001:
995:
974:
963:
958:
953:
941:Roman Empire
938:
930:
876:
825:
810:
802:Newport Arch
771:
760:nor ancient
723:
692:
686:October 2022
683:
668:Please help
656:
614:
573:Ming dynasty
553:Tang dynasty
518:rammed earth
515:
467:
455:
412:
395:Derbent Wall
388:
374:
367:
328:
307:Yuan dynasty
260:
249:
238:
230:
206:
202:
170:
168:
5921:Bush hammer
5856:Lime mortar
5735:Rustication
5520:Castle town
5377:Toll castle
5346:Lustschloss
5328:Kaiserpfalz
5258:Spur castle
5253:Rock castle
5194:Hill castle
5189:Cave castle
5149:Spider hole
5049:Bremer wall
5014:Barbed tape
4910:Barbed wire
4584:Witch tower
4554:Tower house
4544:Toll castle
4530:Shield wall
4450:Murder hole
4339:Guard tower
3956:Pincer gate
3903:Faussebraye
3489:Arnold 2001
3477:Arnold 2001
3453:Arnold 2001
3331:Purton 2009
3244:(in Korean)
3218:(in Korean)
3191:(in Korean)
2941:Mural crown
2836:Roman walls
2556:Top of the
2497:Han dynasty
2464:Philippines
2441:Rohtas Fort
2425:Kumbhalgarh
2404:located in
2234:Puerto Rico
1753:Itchan Kala
1651:Carcassonne
1500:Carcassonne
1482:, Franken,
1460:Bran Castle
1452:white tower
1368:Composition
1322:Berlin Wall
1290:barbed wire
1263:peace lines
1218:west-Berlin
1211:West German
1203:Berlin Wall
1178:Dinkelsbühl
1162:Carcassonne
1135:Tongji Gate
1105:Sun Yuanhua
970:Peter Lorge
954:marketplace
856:Dinkelsbühl
828:Middle Ages
794:Porta Nigra
730:stone walls
565:Qin dynasty
533: 1600
446:Afghanistan
438: 2500
403:Caspian Sea
384:Ishtar Gate
339:Mesopotamia
333:in ancient
325:Mesopotamia
256:city-states
139:, walls of
32:Shield wall
6154:City walls
6143:Categories
6075:Stone wall
6002:Repointing
5975:Techniques
5831:Fieldstone
5816:Cast stone
5770:Monumental
5545:Gatekeeper
5365:Ordensburg
5337:Landesburg
5144:Sentry gun
5099:Flak tower
5029:Blast wall
4949:Gun turret
4846:Sally port
4751:Kotta mara
4691:Couvreface
4655:Breastwork
4650:Blockhouse
4628:Abwurfdach
4579:Watchtower
4569:Wall tower
4525:Shell keep
4475:Portcullis
4470:Peel tower
4455:Neck ditch
4414:Landesburg
4362:Half tower
4320:Gate tower
4265:Drawbridge
4107:Battlement
4023:Wagon fort
3866:Chengqiang
3600:References
3587:28 October
3562:28 October
3465:Nolan 2006
3412:Reger 2016
3290:0300093829
3248:2023-08-10
3222:2023-08-10
3195:2023-08-10
3155:Lorge 2008
2637:Bronze Age
2456:Intramuros
2406:Bahawalpur
2160:Taroudannt
1512:Reichstadt
1488:Oberbayern
1484:Burghausen
1480:Pappenheim
1476:Königsberg
1472:Hirschhorn
1448:Nördlingen
1419:Wall tower
1413:Gate tower
1403:City ditch
1389:embrasures
1338:peace line
1232:Green Line
1188:Modern era
1174:Nördlingen
1153:or parks.
1151:ring roads
1113:Xifashenji
1103:In China,
852:Nordlingen
848:Canterbury
750:Long Walls
575:(1368–1644
561:Great Wall
524:since the
409:South Asia
363:Solnitsata
343:proto-city
277:or banks.
245:topography
225:, and the
207:town walls
203:city walls
183:earthworks
6070:Sculpture
6059:Footstone
6055:Headstone
6022:Brickwork
6007:Scabbling
5987:Flushwork
5883:Sandstone
5861:Limestone
5836:Flagstone
5799:Materials
5780:Sculpture
5745:Dry stone
5648:Guerrilla
5391:By design
5139:Revetment
4954:Land mine
4885:Star fort
4712:Crownwork
4707:Covertway
4640:Barricade
4281:Embrasure
4194:Chartaque
4124:Bergfried
4082:Arrowslit
3908:Gatehouse
3878:City gate
3839:Castellum
3805:Acropolis
3424:Cook 2000
3137:154715462
3087:0037-9808
3051:. p. 100.
2911:Barricade
2681:Svätý Jur
2633:acropolis
2578:city wall
2423:Walls of
2372:Sassanian
2334:Jerusalem
2256:Cartagena
2093:Xiangyang
1851:Marrakech
1794:Khanbaliq
1774:Jerusalem
1693:Dubrovnik
1492:Nuremberg
1456:Nuremberg
1444:Vorstädte
1182:Franconia
1088:and full
1052:star fort
1042:Palmanova
996:twentieth
742:cyclopean
657:does not
616:Eupseongs
502:Surakarta
470:Ayutthaya
459:stockades
370:Assyrians
351:West Bank
318:Szprotawa
267:ringworks
263:hillforts
252:city gate
179:palisades
6038:Products
5992:Knapping
5785:Slipform
5673:Category
5663:See also
5550:Loophole
5438:Ringwork
5433:Ringfort
5358:Obstacle
5199:Hillfort
5119:Loophole
4917:Barbette
4892:Tenaille
4875:Sea fort
4805:Presidio
4765:Magazine
4746:Hornwork
4679:Cavalier
4674:Casemate
4667:Caponier
4510:Ringwork
4398:Detinets
4367:Hoarding
4272:Enceinte
4147:Bretèche
4092:Bartizan
4087:Barbican
4063:Alcazaba
3991:Stockade
3971:Ringfort
3951:Palisade
3923:Landwehr
3918:Hillfort
3030:. p. 17.
3012:. p. 20.
2884:See also
2685:Slovakia
2594:villages
2572:Barbican
2410:Pakistan
2260:Colombia
2230:San Juan
2204:Americas
1672:Chang'an
1508:Augsburg
1385:parapets
1261:by the "
1247:for the
1209:and the
1071:Brittany
1067:Fougères
1050:Venetian
1010:—
968:—
784:and the
728:, large
567:(221–207
555:(618–907
547:(481–221
490:Makassar
486:Surabaya
431:Mundigak
427:Kot Diji
397:and the
291:Assyrian
275:ramparts
269:, early
195:bastions
5982:Flaming
5846:Granite
5790:Snecked
5755:Masonry
5740:Carving
5580:Vedette
5570:Schloss
5535:Festung
5530:Dungeon
5525:Château
5469:Castles
5277:By role
5134:Pillbox
4964:Outpost
4880:Station
4868:Schanze
4851:Sandbag
4836:Redoubt
4820:Ravelin
4788:Palanka
4772:Orillon
4758:Lunette
4700:Coupure
4645:Bastion
4635:Arsenal
4603:Zwinger
4515:Roundel
4505:Ricetto
4480:Postern
4465:Outwork
4389:Kremlin
4260:Curtain
4235:Citadel
4219:Chemise
4179:Caltrop
4097:Bastion
4070:Alcázar
3966:Rampart
3944:Oppidum
3937:Nuraghe
3883:Crannog
3857:Castros
3793:Ancient
2926:Citadel
2840:Galicia
2779:Badajoz
2765:Georgia
2761:Tbilisi
2704:Estonia
2645:Mycenae
2625:Daorson
2590:Walled
2370:, late
2353:Hattusa
2164:Morocco
2132:Gallery
2112:Zhongdu
2052:Vatican
2014:(inner)
1912:Pingyao
1871:Nanjing
1831:Luoyang
1611:(inner)
1609:Beijing
1587:Baghdad
1437:Provins
1393:merlons
1342:Belfast
1324:in 1986
1282:Beijing
1255:Belfast
1214:exclave
1198:Berlin.
1139:Nanjing
1125:Decline
1111:in his
1086:bastion
1028:Bastion
1016:in 1937
1014:Nanjing
987:Koxinga
978:Sun Tzu
911:Nanjing
832:ditches
806:Lincoln
754:Piraeus
738:Mycenae
678:removed
663:sources
589:Beijing
581:Pingyao
498:citadel
463:rampart
376:Babylon
349:in the
347:Jericho
281:History
271:castles
241:masonry
145:Nanjing
141:Pingyao
6065:Mosaic
6045:Castle
6017:Veneer
5946:Trowel
5931:Chisel
5878:Mortar
5866:Marble
5841:Gabion
5775:Rubble
5730:Ashlar
5575:Trench
5565:Picket
4976:Sangar
4929:Bunker
4861:Sconce
4781:Ostrog
4729:Flèche
4612:Modern
4591:Yagura
4559:Turret
4495:Reduit
4433:Merlon
4377:Kasbah
4355:Gusuku
4332:Glacis
4325:Gabion
4294:church
4201:Chashi
4184:Castle
4028:Laager
4016:Vallum
3973:(Rath)
3848:Castra
3830:Burgus
3800:Abatis
3744:
3710:
3683:
3667:
3650:
3614:
3287:
3135:
3095:989177
3093:
3085:
3047:
3026:
3008:
2984:
2931:Glacis
2819:castle
2724:France
2629:Bosnia
2603:Europe
2576:Linhai
2460:Manila
2374:period
2338:Israel
2279:UNESCO
2238:UNESCO
2137:Africa
1992:Suzhou
1892:Nicaea
1464:Braşov
817:oppida
774:Romans
767:mortar
758:Sparta
746:Athens
638:Europe
577:
569:
557:
549:
537:
516:Large
494:Gelgel
478:Jepara
474:Banten
440:
419:
359:
355:a wall
232:letzis
191:towers
6027:Wythe
5909:Tools
5895:Slate
5871:Types
5851:Grout
5811:Brick
5723:Types
5616:Siege
5560:Palas
5504:Walls
5494:Forts
5457:Lists
5304:Fence
5246:Rocca
5114:Kabal
4829:Redan
4736:Gorge
4660:Canal
4537:Shiro
4500:Ribat
4490:Qalat
4302:Dzong
4298:house
3998:Sudis
3930:Limes
3888:Ditch
3821:Broch
3812:Agger
3133:S2CID
3091:JSTOR
2963:Notes
2844:Spain
2817:Gonio
2794:Roman
2783:Spain
2739:Ohrid
2665:Spain
2661:Ávila
2592:tulou
2495:Late
2474:China
2194:Ghana
2179:Buhen
2072:Xi'an
1886:25.1
1875:19.75
1812:Linzi
1734:Harar
1567:Ávila
1504:Conwy
1433:Ávila
1387:with
1340:" in
1146:forts
1046:Italy
945:Philo
900:Xi'an
864:Avila
813:Celts
798:Trier
718:Spain
620:Silla
603:Korea
541:siege
535:–1050
512:China
482:Tuban
423:Indus
335:Sumer
199:gates
189:with
173:is a
5888:List
5626:list
5044:Buoy
4598:Yett
4440:Moat
4407:Ksar
4382:Keep
4174:Caer
4164:Burh
4140:Boom
4133:Berm
4112:Bawn
4077:Amba
3913:Gord
3742:ISBN
3708:ISBN
3681:ISBN
3665:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3612:ISBN
3589:2021
3564:2021
3285:ISBN
3242:연합뉴스
3083:ISSN
3045:ISBN
3024:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2875:wall
2832:Lugo
2720:Metz
2698:The
2427:Fort
2308:Asia
2277:, a
2236:, a
2106:7.3
2101:10.8
2017:5.25
1986:3.5
1802:10.6
1747:3.5
1708:1.9
1581:2.5
1525:Wall
1496:Zons
1478:and
1407:moat
1223:The
1201:The
1176:and
1118:Qing
1030:and
980:and
872:Lugo
866:and
858:and
846:and
844:York
782:Rome
772:The
762:Rome
661:any
659:cite
506:Aceh
504:and
484:and
368:The
353:had
331:Uruk
197:and
143:and
3898:Dun
3125:doi
3075:doi
2834:'s
2741:in
2574:of
2228:in
2125:24
2087:14
2056:2.5
2043:8.5
1967:11
1958:3.6
1896:3.7
1865:20
1845:12
1778:2.5
1721:6.6
1718:8.6
1700:1.5
1687:26
1645:28
1636:4.5
1625:24
1561:19
1550:3.5
1486:in
1466:).
1454:in
1391:or
1336:A "
1280:in
1216:of
1069:in
804:in
800:or
796:in
788:of
780:of
724:In
672:by
587:in
345:of
205:or
181:or
6145::
5665::
4300:,
4296:,
3580:.
3537:.
3517:.
3431:^
3392:^
3365:^
3338:^
3311:^
3257:^
3240:.
3212:.
3185:.
3174:^
3145:^
3131:.
3121:54
3119:.
3115:.
3103:^
3089:.
3081:.
3071:37
3069:.
3065:.
2842:,
2838:,
2785:).
2763:,
2759:,
2722:,
2702:,
2683:,
2663:,
2627:,
2462:,
2408:,
2336:,
2332:,
2258:,
2232:,
2162:,
2120:12
2082:12
2079:12
2076:18
2066:3
2046:6
2027:6
2022:12
1996:11
1961:10
1928:6
1922:10
1916:12
1906:5
1881:26
1840:11
1835:25
1819:26
1816:42
1788:4
1783:12
1768:2
1763:10
1703:25
1682:12
1679:12
1676:16
1666:3
1633:15
1620:15
1617:12
1614:20
1603:7
1600:18
1597:30
1594:12
1591:45
1576:12
1555:16
1498:,
1494:,
1435:,
1344:,
1265:".
1257:,
1172:,
1137:,
1044:,
1005:we
854:,
838:,
808:.
769:.
530:c.
508:.
480:,
476:,
442:BC
435:c.
386:.
305:,
265:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
193:,
169:A
155:,
151:,
135:,
131:,
6061:)
6057:(
5708:e
5701:t
5694:v
4402:)
4394:(
4304:)
4031:)
4025:(
3778:e
3771:t
3764:v
3750:.
3671:.
3621:.
3591:.
3566:.
3541:.
3523:.
3293:.
3251:.
3225:.
3198:.
3139:.
3127::
3097:.
3077::
2990:.
2781:(
2061:8
2040:9
2035:2
2002:7
1999:5
1981:5
1964:6
1955:4
1925:8
1919:3
1901:9
1878:7
1860:9
1855:2
1760:5
1757:6
1742:5
1724:8
1697:6
1663:6
1660:8
1655:3
1642:6
1639:7
1571:3
1558:8
1409:.
1220:.
1160:(
921:.
716:(
699:)
693:(
688:)
684:(
680:.
666:.
528:(
433:(
337:(
163:.
34:.
23:.
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