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describing then-current methodology as "crude and inadequate", he used an experimental approach that changed one factor against a constant background. Most of his experiments were simple and eschewed technology to use only basic equipment; for example, he preferred jam jars and glass tumblers to specialist soil containers because they were less expensive, and even once purchased rejected plastic lavatory cisterns for his laboratory to use. His colleagues at
Cambridge described him as "one of the last 'string and sealing wax' scientists." He also studied the
22:
562:, known for his paintings set in New Zealand. Jane Garrett became a psychiatric social worker, rising to lead that department in Cambridge, and in retirement wrote non-fiction. The couple had three daughters. He had a life-long interest in natural history, especially birds, and after his appointment in Cambridge became an avid and organised plant observer, keeping track of the species that he had observed locally and in Europe using a card index.
341:
522:(1944), draws together existing research on root-infecting pathogens, mainly by others, focusing on well-researched species that cause economically significant disease. A contemporary review by G. Metcalfe describes it as "authoritative and very readable", praising its emphasis on practical information as well as its organisation of earlier work. Deacon later describes it as "a
297:), where he remained for the rest of his career, rising to reader in botany (1961â71) and then professor of mycology (1971â73). He was the head of the small but widely respected mycology sub-department (1952â73), and also served as acting head of the botany school. He became a fellow of Magdalene College in 1962. In 1963â64 he held a visiting professorship at
493:, one of his students, said that he "gave a real feel to the cold, dark, wet world below." He published "influential" classifications of soil fungi in the 1950s, based on their ecological niche, defining root-inhabiting, root-infecting and soil-inhabiting groups. In 1973, he published an essay on how pathogenic fungi infect and reproduce in the face of
546:
experiments. Cooke, writing in 1971, calls the earlier book highly influential, with "new and exciting ideas" that stimulated research by many other scientists in the field, and praises the follow-up for maintaining the focus on fungal activity and interactions in the natural environment, rather than in the laboratory.
356:
disease caused by soil-borne pathogens, particularly fungi, and aimed to elucidate the pathogen's natural activity with a view to preventing or controlling plant disease. He is acknowledged as "the founding father of root pathology." Recognising that root pathology is complex and multifactorial, and
545:
praises its "holistic approach", and writes that it introduces "useful generalizations and new concepts" that elucidate "previously puzzling data", and that its "crystallization of ideas ... put the subject on a more sound theoretical basis", predicting that they will provide a basis for future
517:
Garrett is described by J. W. Deacon as a "naturally gifted writer" whose "flair" and "flowing but precise style" render "even the most difficult concept easy to understand", while R. C. Cooke criticises his "quaint and old-fashioned" writing. The first of
Garrett's four books,
457:
From 1960, he researched the utilisation of cellulose substrates under different conditions by a range of fungi that infect roots, finding wide variation, and used these differences to classify soil fungi into functional groups. These depended on whether the host plant was
501:
as using terms such as "energy" so loosely as to make the work "almost meaningless". He was an early supporter of exploiting antagonism for the biological control of plant diseases, for example in a 1963 presentation, but warned that many applications were not practical.
394:
contact with a root; this was later shown by
Garrett's laboratory and others to be the result of limited oxygen. He examined how the fungus could nevertheless persist in soil, finding that in the presence of sufficient nitrogen it was able to grow using
526:
in assembling and synthesizing all the then known information on effects of environmental factors on soilborne plant pathogens". Subramanian describes it as "timely", stating that it sparked international research on the fungi causing root diseases.
247:, whom Garrett took as a model, stating that Brown had taught him "the art of scientific investigation". Garrett received a diploma from Imperial College (1935), but the fellowship did not permit the granting of a PhD degree.
497:, focusing on nutritional requirements, and later extended his ideas to include competition or antagonism. Although some researchers found these ideas valuable, this work was criticised by
481:, a field in which Garrett was an early investigator, and his work has been acknowledged as the foundation of the field of soil-borne plant pathogen ecology. He was the first to apply the
597:(1964), an honorary fellow of the British Mycological Society (1975), and one of the first two honorary fellows of the British Society for Plant Pathology (1984). An issue of the journal
390:, an early demonstration of Howard S. Fawcett's concept of biological antagonism or competition in the soil. He showed that the fungus was unable to spread through soil, requiring direct
537:(1970) review more-recent work by Garrett and others and expound his ideas; Garrett writes in the first person and employs "parables" to make his points. A contemporary review of
558:
On the boat returning from
Australia in 1933 or 1934 Garrett met Jane Perkins, who was returning from New Zealand, and they married in 1934. She was the daughter of the artist
603:
was dedicated to him in commemoration of his eightieth birthday, and after his death, the
British Society for Plant Pathology instituted an annual lecture in his memory.
301:. He retired in 1973, remaining an emeritus professor, and despite failing health, continued to publish until 1984, carrying out experiments in a laboratory at his home.
282:
in 1947 for the work he did at
Rothamsted. In 1948, he spent around six months as a plant pathologist at the West Indian Banana Research Scheme in Jamaica studying
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as "very original in approach, content and technique, and are classic." Garrett showed that the level of bacteria in the soil influences infection with
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509:, E. Anne Stow and S. Max Walters as having "an ability to extract from complex systems simple concepts that could be approached experimentally."
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in 1981. He was the chair of the organising committee of the inaugural
International Congress of Plant Pathology, held in London in 1968.
274:. He continued to work there during the Second World War, serving as a member of the Home Guard and a fire attendant. He was awarded an
489:, to the underground interplay between plant roots, soil fungi and other soil microorganisms, an approach described as "innovative".
1142:
325:
378:, the principal root disease of wheat, which Garrett employed as a model disease system. His early papers on soil conditions and
250:
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tool-making family, and
Stephen Garrett (1878â1915), a director in the family's agricultural machinery business in Leiston,
1439:
195:
in 1926â29, gaining a second-class degree in botany and also studying chemistry and geology. He was taught by the botanist
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S. D. Garrett (1938). "Soil conditions and the take-all disease of wheat: III. Decomposition of the resting mycelium of
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diseases, and published his first research paper with Samuel in 1932. On his return to the UK, Garrett received a
1054:
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286:, a fungal disease of bananas, but found the climate unbearable and was forced by illness to return prematurely.
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78:
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the soil. He also researched other plant pathogens during his career, including other cereal foot-rot fungi;
173:
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227:, South Australia (1929â33), under Geoffrey Samuel. He started to research two fungal diseases of cereals,
188:
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89:(1949â73), where he was professor of mycology and acting head of department, and also held a fellowship at
180:, where he became interested in plant biology, despite a lack of biology classes, as well as mathematics.
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from cereal stubble as a carbon source. He studied how likely individual fungal spores are to infect.
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382:, based on work at Rothamsted before the Second World War, are described by the Indian mycologist
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On the recommendation of Brooks, Garrett took up a post as an assistant plant pathologist at the
192:
82:
59:
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fungi that require other microorganisms to break down cellulose, which were later discovered by
697:
S. D. Garrett (1951). "Ecological groups of soil fungi: a survey of substrate relationships",
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and survival stages of the pathogen's life cycle, in addition to the parasitic stage.
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His friends and family called him Denis, but he was known as
Stephen at his college.
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to interactions in the soil. Much of his research used as a model system the fungus
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during the First World War when he was eight, and his mother moved the family to
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S. D. Garrett. "Toward biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens", in
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156:. He was the eldest of four children. His father was killed in action at the
1018:(1990). "Greatness like an invisible cloak: An obituary of S. D. Garrett",
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208:
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50:
1143:
Happy New Year 2021 â 40 Years of the
British Society for Plant Pathology
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in 1964, and in later life began to lose his sight and was disabled by
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165:
42:
882:
687:
S. D. Garrett (1952). "The soil fungi as a microcosm for ecologists",
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396:
149:
1052:
S. D. Garrett (1972). "On learning to become a plant pathologist",
868:(1991). "Stephen Denis Garrett. 1 November 1906â26 December 1989",
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Problems and progress in the biological control of wheat take-all
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466:(very low cellulose-lysing activity). He proposed that there are
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at the University of Cambridge's school of botany (now the
46:
446:, an organism now classified as protist-like which causes
958:
Stephen Denis Garrett: Pioneer leader in plant pathology
109:(1956) were the most influential, and was the editor of
97:
and was instrumental in founding the forerunner of the
374:), a soil-borne fungus that is the causative agent of
871:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
680:(K. F. Baker, W. C. Snyder, eds), pp. 4â17 (
678:
Ecology and Management of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens
1096:
100 Years of Plant Sciences in Cambridge: 1904â2004
207:, and was particularly influenced by the ecologist
37:(1 November 1906 â 26 December 1989) was a British
550:(1963) is an undergraduate introductory textbook.
136:, where Garrett studied and was a fellow from 1962
45:who did pioneering work on soil-borne pathogens,
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723:in infected wheat stubble buried in the soil",
313:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
118:Transactions of the British Mycological Society
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663:(Chronica Botanica/Wm. Dawson and Sons; 1944)
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577:. He died on 26 December 1989 at Cambridge.
63:, which causes the important cereal disease
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1099:, pp. 14â15, Department of Plant Sciences,
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485:developed for surface communities, such as
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1093:, E. Anne Stow, S. Max Walters (c. 2004).
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477:His research contributed to understanding
348:, a disease Garrett researched extensively
289:In 1949, Garrett took up a lectureship in
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316:(1956â62). He served as president of the
1415:Academics of the University of Cambridge
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1190:(2004). "Building botany in Cambridge",
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326:Federation of British Plant Pathologists
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16:British plant pathologist and mycologist
1420:Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge
1286:
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203:, the mycologist and plant pathologist
164:, where her sister lived, and later to
1410:Rothamsted Experimental Station people
1405:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
1372:
1333:50 Years of Plant Pathology: 1982â2001
1115:"Honorary Membership of the Society",
1071:
887:
74:of trees, among other plant diseases.
1400:People educated at Eastbourne College
1209:
1181:
780:
715:His highest-cited research paper is:
684:; 1965); originally presented in 1963
580:
415:In 1950â60, Garrett worked mainly on
243:, London under the plant pathologist
239:in 1934, with which he researched at
1395:People educated at The Dragon School
593:(1973); he was also a fellow of the
462:(high cellulose-lysing activity) or
411:, which Garrett worked on in 1950â60
370:(previously classified in the genus
352:Garrett's research focused on plant
101:. He published four books, of which
77:Garrett spent most of his career at
1337:British Society for Plant Pathology
1147:British Society for Plant Pathology
1067:10.1146/annurev.py.10.090172.000245
330:British Society for Plant Pathology
324:, was instrumental in founding the
99:British Society for Plant Pathology
13:
1321:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1956.tb05300.x
1282:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1945.tb05036.x
1244:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1971.tb02545.x
1131:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb02632.x
739:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1938.tb02351.x
656:(Cambridge University Press; 1956)
438:, which causes violet root rot in
304:He was the editor of the journals
140:Denis Garrett was born in 1906 at
14:
1456:
258:, where Garrett worked in 1949â73
553:
428:in trees, and its prevention by
148:, to Mary (nÊe Marples), from a
1352:Biology of Root-Infecting Fungi
1302:Biology of Root-infecting Fungi
1226:Pathogenic Root-Infecting Fungi
1055:Annual Review of Phytopathology
963:Annual Review of Phytopathology
771:in a search on 10 February 2021
761:
654:Biology of Root-infecting Fungi
619:Pathogenic Root-infecting Fungi
539:Biology of Root-infecting Fungi
535:Pathogenic Root-infecting Fungi
531:Biology of Root-infecting Fungi
268:Rothamsted Experimental Station
107:Biology of Root-infecting Fungi
79:Rothamsted Experimental Station
752:
176:, from which he ran away, and
1:
745:
631:Soil Fungi and Soil Fertility
548:Soil Fungi and Soil Fertility
1435:Fellows of the Royal Society
1339:(retrieved 10 February 2021)
364:Much of his work focused on
256:department of plant sciences
53:. He was the first to apply
7:
1440:British Mycological Society
1149:(retrieved 9 February 2021)
1103:(retrieved 9 February 2021)
587:fellow of the Royal Society
565:Garrett was diagnosed with
318:British Mycological Society
95:British Mycological Society
10:
1461:
668:Reviews, conference papers
623:Cambridge University Press
591:Indian Academy of Sciences
344:Wheat showing symptoms of
328:in 1966, which became the
154:Richard Garrett & Sons
93:. He was president of the
1430:British phytopathologists
726:Annals of Applied Biology
307:Annals of Applied Biology
295:plant sciences department
262:In 1936, he moved to the
214:
199:, the plant physiologist
112:Annals of Applied Biology
1445:20th-century agronomists
512:
495:plant disease resistance
444:Plasmodiophora brassicae
435:Helicobasidium purpureum
421:, a fungus which causes
221:Waite Research Institute
158:Battle of Neuve Chapelle
125:Early life and education
1101:University of Cambridge
367:Gaeumannomyces graminis
280:University of Cambridge
193:University of Cambridge
172:in Oxford, and briefly
168:. Garrett attended the
83:University of Cambridge
60:Gaeumannomyces graminis
956:J. W. Deacon (1992). "
585:Garrett was elected a
412:
349:
259:
137:
26:
1348:The Editors (1956). "
1259:G. Metcalfe (1945). "
607:Selected publications
405:
343:
336:Research and writings
253:
237:Leverhulme Fellowship
132:
30:Stephen Denis Garrett
25:Stephen Denis Garrett
24:
1228:. By S. D. Garrett."
1222:R. C. Cooke (1971).
1165:R. J. Cook (1994). "
1145:" (1 January 2021),
595:Institute of Biology
505:He was described by
320:(1953â54) and, with
1425:English mycologists
1390:People from Leiston
1354:. By S. D. Garrett.
1304:. By S. D. Garrett.
1265:. By S. D. Garrett.
721:Ophiobolus graminis
575:diabetic neuropathy
560:Christopher Perkins
483:ecological concepts
55:ecological concepts
1263:Root Disease Fungi
661:Root Disease Fungi
589:(1967) and of the
581:Awards and honours
541:by the mycologist
520:Root Disease Fungi
413:
350:
260:
178:Eastbourne College
174:Wellington College
138:
103:Root Disease Fungi
81:(1936â48) and the
67:. He also studied
27:
1331:N. V. Hardwick. "
1016:C. V. Subramanian
741:
649:
418:Armillaria mellea
408:Armillaria mellea
384:C. V. Subramanian
322:Philip H. Gregory
197:Sir Albert Seward
189:Magdalene College
134:Magdalene College
91:Magdalene College
39:plant pathologist
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299:Cairo University
272:Frederick Bawden
241:Imperial College
185:natural sciences
87:school of botany
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659:S. D. Garrett.
652:S. D. Garrett.
628:S. D. Garrett.
617:S. D. Garrett.
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600:Plant Pathology
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278:degree by the
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51:soil ecology
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1385:1989 deaths
1380:1906 births
682:John Murray
533:(1956) and
472:H. T. Tribe
440:sugar beets
388:G. graminis
380:G. graminis
359:saprophytic
105:(1944) and
1374:Categories
746:References
487:succession
464:herbaceous
430:fumigating
424:Armillaria
372:Ophiobolus
166:Eastbourne
70:Armillaria
43:mycologist
1298:(1956). "
1224:"Review:
672:Sources:
468:commensal
452:brassicas
397:cellulose
233:no-growth
150:Sheffield
1315:392â393
1300:Review:
1276:236â237
1261:Review:
1125:141â143
1033:24094854
1027:755â757
877:176â195
732:742â766
571:diabetes
448:clubroot
426:root rot
376:take-all
346:take-all
291:mycology
229:take-all
225:Adelaide
183:He read
72:root rot
65:take-all
1205:1514472
1178:429â437
1121:(1984)
706:149â166
694:436â450
625:; 1970)
146:Suffolk
142:Leiston
1203:
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883:770025
881:
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442:; and
392:hyphal
215:Career
162:Oxford
1201:JSTOR
1029:JSTOR
969:27â36
879:JSTOR
612:Books
513:Books
460:woody
276:Sc.D.
1238:443
1199:7â8
1197:162:
1061:1â9
642:ISBN
569:and
354:root
310:and
231:and
115:and
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41:and
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450:in
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34:FRS
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