Blood - Knowledge

1280:, achieving an oxygen delivery between 950 and 1150 ml/min to the body. In a healthy adult at rest, oxygen consumption is approximately 200–250 ml/min, and deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still roughly 75% (70 to 78%) saturated. Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions. Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia). Sustained hypoxia (oxygenation less than 90%), is dangerous to health, and severe hypoxia (saturations less than 30%) may be rapidly fatal. 472: 1042: 496: 508: 2057:, wherein the body was thought to contain four distinct bodily fluids (associated with different temperaments), were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen. A dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"). Above the clot is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"). Above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"). The top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile"). 49: 1215: 484: 538: 2097: 1992: 308: 1486: 994: 2484:, postnatal bleeding and irregular vaginal bleeding. When an animal has been slaughtered, the animal's neck is cut in a way to ensure that the spine is not severed, hence the brain may send commands to the heart to pump blood to it for oxygen. In this way, blood is removed from the body, and the meat is generally now safe to cook and eat. In modern times, blood transfusions are generally not considered against the rules. 986: 1002: 978: 1880: 1860:

carboxyhemoglobin, so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen, and fewer oxygen molecules can be transported throughout the blood. This can cause suffocation insidiously. A fire burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard, since it can create a build-up of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when smoking tobacco.

970: 1153:, the production of white blood cells and platelets. During childhood, almost every human bone produces red blood cells; as adults, red blood cell production is limited to the larger bones: the bodies of the vertebrae, the breastbone (sternum), the ribcage, the pelvic bones, and the bones of the upper arms and legs. In addition, during childhood, the 1428:. Increasing blood flow to the surface (e.g., during warm weather or strenuous exercise) causes warmer skin, resulting in faster heat loss. In contrast, when the external temperature is low, blood flow to the extremities and surface of the skin is reduced and to prevent heat loss and is circulated to the important organs of the body, preferentially. 1497:). Each molecule has four heme groups, and their interaction with various molecules alters the exact color. Arterial blood and capillary blood are bright red, as oxygen imparts a strong red color to the heme group. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red; this is present in veins, and can be seen during 2149:

Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships through birth/parentage; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendence, rather than marriage. This bears closely to

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In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, red ochre is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers. In secret, sacred male ceremonies, blood extracted from the veins of the participant's arms is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies. Red ochre is used in similar ways in less-secret ceremonies.

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neither consume blood nor accept transfusions of whole blood or its major components: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and plasma. Members may personally decide whether they will accept medical procedures that involve their own blood or substances that are further

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of sins. Also, "... the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin." (1 John 1:7), "... Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood." (Revelation 1:5), and "And they overcame him (Satan) by the blood of the Lamb , and by the word of their testimony ..."

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Likewise, the mystical reason for salting temple sacrifices and slaughtered meat is to remove the blood of animal-like passions from the person. By removing the animal's blood, the animal energies and life-force contained in the blood are removed, making the meat fit for human consumption.

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Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases, this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide, for example, is extremely dangerous when carried to the blood via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoglobin to form

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and then rinsing with water again several times. Eggs must also be checked and any blood spots removed before consumption. Although blood from fish is biblically kosher, it is rabbinically forbidden to consume fish blood to avoid the appearance of breaking the Biblical prohibition.

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prohibited certain Christians from consuming blood – this is documented in Acts 15:20 and 29. This chapter specifies a reason (especially in verses 19–21): It was to avoid offending Jews who had become Christians, because the Mosaic Law Code prohibited the practice.

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Rate of blood flow varies greatly between different organs. Liver has the most abundant blood supply with an approximate flow of 1350 ml/min. Kidney and brain are the second and the third most supplied organs, with 1100 ml/min and ~700 ml/min, respectively.

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In invertebrates, a body fluid analogous to blood called hemolymph is found, the main difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. Hemolymph may function to carry oxygen, although hemoglobin is not necessarily used.

1945:, or fresh frozen plasma. In these emergency situations, a plasma expander is a more effective life-saving procedure than a blood transfusion, because the metabolism of transfused red blood cells does not restart immediately after a transfusion. 471: 1520:

poisoning, the body cannot use oxygen, so the venous blood remains oxygenated, increasing the redness. There are some conditions affecting the heme groups present in hemoglobin that can make the skin appear blue – a symptom called

2247:. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator, and, after the butchering, the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods, and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called 507: 1633:

reduces the flow of blood through arteries, because atheroma lines arteries and narrows them. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its progression can be compounded by many causes including smoking,

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17:11 says "the life of a creature is in the blood." This phrase is part of the Levitical law forbidding the drinking of blood or eating meat with the blood still intact instead of being poured off.

786:, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw-yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human. It is essentially an 1577:

Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding. A healthy adult can lose almost 20% of blood volume (1 L) before the first symptom, restlessness, begins, and 40% of volume (2 L) before

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Problems with blood composition, the pumping action of the heart, or narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues supplied. The term

1111:, to the lungs to be exhaled. However, one exception includes pulmonary arteries, which contain the most deoxygenated blood in the body, while the pulmonary veins contain oxygenated blood. 2323:

It is also found in the Bible that when the Angel of Death came around to the Hebrew house that the first-born child would not die if the angel saw lamb's blood wiped across the doorway.

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Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin binds most of the hydrogen ions as it has a much greater affinity for more hydrogen than does oxyhemoglobin.

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decreases the amount of oxygen that is bound for a given partial pressure of oxygen. The decreased binding to carbon dioxide in the blood due to increased oxygen levels is known as the

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Blood is considered unclean, hence there are specific methods to obtain physical and ritual status of cleanliness once bleeding has occurred. Specific rules and prohibitions apply to

1291:, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 21% of the level found in an adult's lungs), so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen ( 1307:

is carried in blood in three different ways. (The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood). Most of it (about 70%) is converted to bicarbonate ions

2544:, and an assortment of other natural creatures do consume the blood of other animals, but only bats are associated with vampires. This has no relation to vampire bats, which are 2520:

are mythical creatures that drink blood directly for sustenance, usually with a preference for human blood. Cultures all over the world have myths of this kind; for example the '

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Mythic references to blood can sometimes be connected to the life-giving nature of blood, seen in such events as childbirth, as contrasted with the blood of injury or death.

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Relative rates of blood flow per 100 g of tissue are different, with kidney, adrenal gland and thyroid being the first, second and third most supplied tissues, respectively.

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Basic hemoglobin saturation curve. It is moved to the right in higher acidity (more dissolved carbon dioxide) and to the left in lower acidity (less dissolved carbon dioxide)

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Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact with blood, semen or other body secretions of an infected person.

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Blood accounts for 7% of the human body weight, with an average density around 1060 kg/m, very close to pure water's density of 1000 kg/m. The average adult has a

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was performed that used the ABO system to predict compatibility. The first non-direct transfusion was performed on 27 March 1914. The Rhesus factor was discovered in 1937.

5826: 5186: 4316: 600:, and is normally about 45%. The combined surface area of all red blood cells of the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface. 4336: 477:

Human blood fractioned by centrifugation: Plasma (upper, yellow layer), buffy coat (middle, thin white layer) and erythrocyte layer (bottom, red layer) can be seen.

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After severe acute blood loss, liquid preparations, generically known as plasma expanders, can be given intravenously, either solutions of salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl

1408:, which is continuously formed in tissues from blood by capillary ultrafiltration. Lymph is collected by a system of small lymphatic vessels and directed to the 1230:. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in 5871: 2863: 1501:

and when venous blood samples are taken. This is because the spectrum of light absorbed by hemoglobin differs between the oxygenated and deoxygenated states.

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bound to hemoglobin does not bind to the same site as oxygen. Instead, it combines with the N-terminal groups on the four globin chains. However, because of

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were common unvalidated interventions used until the 19th century, as many diseases were incorrectly thought to be due to an excess of blood, according to

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that are involved in clotting. By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45% of whole blood, the plasma about 54.3%, and white cells about 0.7%.

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There is considerable variation in the types and proportions of white blood cells; for example, acidophils are generally more common than in humans.

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instead of hemoglobin. In most insects, their hemolymph does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules because their bodies are small enough for their

1099:. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to all of the cells of the body, and 2296:, an ordeal where the corpse of the victim was supposed to start bleeding in the presence of the murderer, was used until the early 17th century. 2924: 2477:(5:3): "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and that on which has been invoked the name of other than Allah." 2073:

is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, and O) in 1907, which remains in use today. In 1907 the first

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Blood is also used to fasten the feathers of birds onto people's bodies. Bird feathers contain a protein that is highly magnetically sensitive.

1471:, in which blood forced into the legs under pressure causes them to straighten for a powerful jump, without the need for bulky muscular legs. 246:

produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. Blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is

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Lawlor comments that blood employed in this fashion is held by these peoples to attune the dancers to the invisible energetic realm of the

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Veins close to the surface of the skin appear blue for a variety of reasons. However, the factors that contribute to this alteration of

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for worshippers to drink. Thus in the consecrated wine, Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in

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in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids, and amino acids. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the

483: 422: 3081: 215:, based largely on white blood cells. White blood cells help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets are important in the 5734: 3826: 3395: 1907:

being the most important. Transfusion of blood of an incompatible blood group may cause severe, often fatal, complications, so

4127: 2985: 2955: 2806: 5703: 5100: 4222: 3771: 3536: 3422: 3371: 3324: 3285: 3247: 3211: 3018: 2417:, animal blood may not be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish 2397:

lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is spiritually but not physically present.

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if the hemoglobin value is less than 13.5 gm/dl in men or less than 12.0 gm/dl in women. Several countries have

5319: 4333: 3473:"Equality of the in vivo and in vitro oxygen-binding capacity of haemoglobin in patients with severe respiratory disease" 1698: 1374:, and is important in the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. A rise in the partial pressure of CO 1358:

Hemoglobin, the main oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells, carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, the CO

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Mortensen SP, Dawson EA, Yoshiga CC, Dalsgaard MK, Damsgaard R, Secher NH, González-Alonso J, et al. (July 2005).

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in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at sea-level pressure is chemically combined with the

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refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the proteins remaining are albumin and

5355: 2855: 1013:, and so on, vary somewhat between species. In non-mammalian vertebrates, however, there are some key differences: 958: 384:, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semisolid gel to stop bleeding 4294: 3616:"Limitations to systemic and locomotor limb muscle oxygen delivery and uptake during maximal exercise in humans" 2118: 2050: 822: 3172: 5531: 5456: 5278: 3311: 2381: 2331: 1424:

Blood circulation transports heat throughout the body, and adjustments to this flow are an important part of

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and the formation of blood clots, which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the internal organs or bones can cause

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The restriction of blood flow can also be used in specialized tissues to cause engorgement, resulting in an

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Based on their interpretation of scriptures such as Acts 15:28, 29 ("Keep abstaining...from blood."), many

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Red blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates are flattened and ovoid in form, and retain their cell nuclei.

542: 614:; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents ( 5651: 5388: 5383: 5223: 3791: 3756: 2600: 2355: 2155: 1934:) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract. 6006: 4473: 2599:

investigators identify weapons, reconstruct a criminal action, and link suspects to the crime. Through

1799:) results from defects in regulation of platelet or clotting factor function, and can cause thrombosis. 1781:. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in 1276:

Under normal conditions in adult humans at rest, hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98–99%

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Human blood is typical of that of mammals, although the precise details concerning cell numbers, size,

2916: 1165:. The proteinaceous component of blood (including clotting proteins) is produced predominantly by the 5861: 5856: 5821: 5801: 5756: 5698: 5093: 4099: 3142: 2339: 1904: 1854: 1540:

are related to the light-scattering properties of the skin and the processing of visual input by the

1505: 946: 909:, whereas blood pH above 7.45 is too basic. A pH below 6.9 or above 7.8 is usually lethal. Blood pH, 893: 593: 1599:

can reduce the blood volume by reducing the water content of the blood. This would rarely result in

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has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.

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per liter blood per mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen (about 100 mm Hg in arteries).

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Ignatavicius, Donna D.; Workman, M. Linda; Rebar, Cherie R.; Heimgartner, Nicole M., eds. (2018).

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and has cognates with a similar range of meanings in all other Germanic languages (e.g. German

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of tissues, and can be caused by a variety of conditions including blood loss, infection, poor

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Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art. In particular, the performances of

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is: "Because the life of the animal is its blood" (ibid 17:14). In relation to human beings,

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to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a

295:, given its origin in the bones and the presence of potential molecular fibers in the form of 5936: 5891: 5796: 5448: 5309: 5286: 5262: 4112: 3763: 3442:. Nath, Judi Lindsley (8th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 657. 3008: 2256: 1816: 1363: 1239: 1023:

Platelets are unique to mammals; in other vertebrates, small nucleated, spindle cells called

207:, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to it, increasing its solubility. 3231: 3120: 2886: 2528:

and immortality by drinking the blood of others, originates from Eastern European folklore.

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are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate, and specific coagulation factor concentrates.

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and many other species. Hemoglobin has an oxygen binding capacity between 1.36 and 1.40 ml O

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seventyfold, compared to if oxygen solely were carried by its solubility of 0.03 ml O

806:(dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins), and removes waste products, such as 8: 6001: 5886: 5876: 5526: 5342: 5181: 4848: 4823: 3749: 2715: 1942: 1600: 1578: 459: 3915: 3895: 3875:

Kienle A, Lilge L, Vitkin IA, Patterson MS, Wilson BC, Hibst R, Steiner R (March 1996).

3411: 3391: 2603:, forensic information can also be gained from the spatial distribution of bloodstains. 5916: 5314: 5301: 4994: 4414: 4381: 4272: 4239: 4158: 4069: 4044: 3961: 3640: 3615: 3502: 2619: 2363: 2351: 2046: 2014: 1724: 1709:

in which the red blood cells do not function effectively. Anemia can be confirmed by a

1533:, arterial hemoglobin is partially oxygenated, and appears dark red with a bluish hue. 1530: 1529:, which is more brownish and cannot transport oxygen, is formed. In the rare condition 1320: 1050: 1041: 938: 794:, and trace amounts of other materials. Plasma circulates dissolved nutrients, such as 137: 4380:

Kato, Sanae; Matsui, Takashi; Gatsogiannis, Christos; Tanaka, Yoshikazu (April 2018).

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or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the

1084: 1010: 865: 754: 292: 4162: 3818: 3506: 3339: 1998:

is credited with the first classification of blood into four types (A, B, AB, and O)

1214: 5673: 5620: 5586: 5560: 5238: 5214: 4935: 4838: 4653: 4409: 4393: 4267: 4251: 4166: 4142: 4128:"Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies" 4064: 4056: 3965: 3945: 3899: 3635: 3627: 3484: 2977: 2947: 2650: 2418: 2268: 2238: 2066: 1774: 1706: 1425: 1399: 1292: 1250: 1088: 1072: 902: 554: 448: 399: 392: 372: 196: 2798: 1668:), which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked (or is very inadequate). 5960: 5774: 5541: 5536: 5230: 4884: 4673: 4605: 4489: 4444: 4340: 4320: 4301: 4093: 3995: 3748:

reported similar numbers: 60% carried as bicarbonate, 30% bound to hemoglobin as

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Dominguez de Villota ED, Ruiz Carmona MT, Rubio JJ, de Andrés S (December 1981).

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Medical-surgical nursing : concepts for interprofessional collaborative care

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etc.) at physiological concentrations, or colloidal solutions, such as dextrans,

1839: 1630: 1509: 1453: 1413: 1170: 1118:, which can compress veins and push blood through the valves in veins toward the 1115: 901:

is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45, making it slightly

462: 161: 69: 3933: 2425:). Blood is purged from meat by rinsing and soaking in water (to loosen clots), 910: 5996: 5846: 5741: 5656: 5616: 5581: 4950: 4930: 4879: 4723: 4668: 4648: 4643: 4565: 4529: 4060: 3387: 2771: 2739: 2654: 2622: 2426: 2280: 2222: 1888: 1639: 1624: 1498: 1468: 1371: 1351:; about 7% is dissolved in the plasma; and about 23% is bound to hemoglobin as 1146: 1126: 1108: 1096: 1076: 1064: 942: 807: 724: 546: 444: 358: 347: 192: 157: 4397: 4255: 3766:. p. 493 (ch. Respiratory physiology § Transport of carbon dioxide in blood). 3470: 3295: 2159: 905:(compensation). Extra-cellular fluid in blood that has a pH below 7.35 is too 5990: 5831: 5624: 5491: 5437: 5419: 5257: 5219: 5140: 5030: 4940: 4585: 4459: 4405: 4263: 4021: 3489: 3472: 3457: 2734: 2703: 2626: 2592: 2163: 1976: 1908: 1796: 1541: 1526: 1409: 1162: 1142: 829: 739: 641: 611: 208: 93: 4469: 4436: 3580: 2374:, as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his 2276: 2070: 1995: 596:. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the 48: 5880: 5521: 5252: 5160: 5155: 5055: 4989: 4958: 4818: 4683: 4575: 4538: 4521: 4423: 4281: 4154: 4078: 3957: 3911: 3649: 3271: 2760: 2686: 2642: 2481: 2474: 2394: 2218: 2178: 1972: 1968: 1954: 1931: 1789: 1782: 1635: 1552: 1193: 1185: 1174: 1150: 1119: 1100: 1056: 1024: 783: 777: 627: 589: 577: 519:

Left tube: after standing, the RBCs have settled at the bottom of the tube.

428: 223: 203:(thrombocytes). The most abundant cells are red blood cells. These contain 168: 3849: 3498: 5836: 5663: 5499: 5432: 5135: 5130: 4732: 4615: 3903: 3667: 2709: 2541: 2450: 2438: 2313: 2293: 2086: 2007: 1980: 1915: 1812: 1808: 1778: 1694: 1596: 1586: 1582: 1379: 1158: 1138: 934: 926: 861: 848: 835: 815: 695: 637: 585: 567: 381: 366: 351: 216: 1991: 537: 5764: 5576: 5109: 4843: 4833: 4813: 4805: 4767: 4750: 4740: 4678: 4570: 3206:(5th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. p. 529. 2755: 2750: 2658: 2634: 2607: 2572: 2564: 2378:

that the bread that they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood.

2204:(particularly red) and blood, both high in iron content and considered 2121: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1963:, bloodletting is used in management of a few rare diseases, including 1927: 1896: 1892: 1827: 1770: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1680: 1650: 1557: 1480: 1227: 1104: 803: 799: 667: 597: 573: 404: 343: 339: 328: 296: 243: 204: 145: 133: 3949: 898: 238:

blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and

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of a person is in the blood, and that physical desires stem from it.

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Another ritual involving blood involves the covering of the blood of

2390: 2380:"This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." ( 2359: 2226: 2182: 2151: 1620: 1352: 1262: 1258: 1188:

have a plasma life of about 120 days before they are degraded by the

605: 581: 435:(11 US pt) or 1.3 gallons, which is composed of plasma and 288: 2208:, are applied to the bodies of dancers for ritual. As Lawlor states: 2096: 319:

Blood performs many important functions within the body, including:

5596: 5504: 5174: 5125: 5023: 4917: 4796: 4784: 4760: 4755: 4543: 4217:. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International. pp. 102–103. 3277: 3269: 2691: 2678: 2630: 2596: 2548:

creatures discovered well after the origins of the European myths.

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transmitting their messages to various tissues. The list of normal

881: 869: 842: 633: 619: 615: 550: 452: 376: 307: 200: 149: 3238:(21 ed.). New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. p. 1485: 993: 118: 5955: 5921: 5393: 4925: 4772: 3392:"Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus" 2765: 2568: 2517: 2512: 2422: 2414: 2174: 1911:

is done to ensure that a compatible blood product is transfused.

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4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female)

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Edwards Lifesciences LLC – Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult

2695:. Other terms where blood is used in a family history sense are 2243: 1001: 27:

Organic fluid which transports nutrients throughout the organism

5866: 5196: 5117: 5013: 4889: 4553: 3613: 3366:. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 404–406. 1831: 1690: 1660:

refers to tissue that is inadequately perfused with blood, and

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Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of blood (

1266: 1231: 1223: 1189: 1178: 1154: 1068: 977: 708: 640:). Fibrin from the coagulation cascade creates a mesh over the 324: 235: 153: 141: 5478: 5078: 4215:

Voices of the first day: awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime

3319:(Tenth ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. p. 22. 2441:

after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the

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The ABO blood group system was discovered in the year 1900 by

5945: 5931: 5911: 4968: 2948:"Did You Know That Not All Blood is Red? • The Blood Project" 2533: 2529: 2442: 2285: 2205: 2201: 2170: 1547: 1457: 1405: 1284: 1197: 1166: 1060: 787: 618:) and foreign substances. The cancer of leukocytes is called 432: 277: 270: 227: 172: 4382:"Molluscan hemocyanin: structure, evolution, and physiology" 4379: 2221:. Lawlor then connects these invisible energetic realms and 1879: 973:

Vertebrate red blood cell types, measurements in micrometers

969: 5940: 5811: 5786: 3531:. Hagerstown, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3201: 2434: 2309: 1137:

In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the

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Additional return flow may be generated by the movement of

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are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to

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Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in

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involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines.

439:. The formed elements are the two types of blood cell or 184: 4184:"History of Blood Transfusion | American Red Cross" 1785:, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling. 489:

Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated, blue = deoxygenated

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Krause's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students

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Blood for transfusion is obtained from human donors by

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have green blood due to a buildup of the waste product

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Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism,

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Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by

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effects on the hemoglobin molecule, the binding of CO

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and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells lack a

1544:, rather than the actual color of the venous blood. 2606:Blood residue analysis is also a technique used in 2389:Most forms of Protestantism, especially those of a 1257:away from the heart and deliver it to the body via 4519: 4370:15 June 2004, p. 22, "Be Guided by the Living God" 4240:"Cruentation: In Legal Medicine and in Literature" 4092: 3790: 3755: 3753: 3524: 3410: 3359: 3310: 3013:(3rd ed.). Universal-Publishers. p. 67. 2275:was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see 1132: 949:and respiration, which is called compensation. An 371:Immunological functions, including circulation of 2289:, was a substance that was poisonous to mortals. 588:vessel cells and other cells) are also marked by 242:blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of 5988: 5714:Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease 2316:). This command continued to be observed by the 1125:The blood circulation was famously described by 387:Messenger functions, including the transport of 253:Medical terms related to blood often begin with 4091: 2768:, a visual test for blood left at crime scenes. 1467:Another example of a hydraulic function is the 1238:per gram hemoglobin, which increases the total 790:solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma 584:in mammals. The red blood cells (together with 501:Illustration depicting formed elements of blood 3793:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology 3202:Tallitsch RB, Frederic M, Michael J T (2006). 3075: 3073: 2587: 2241:, blood was used during their sacrifices; the 1777:that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's 1253:and their corresponding veins, arteries carry 167:Blood is composed of blood cells suspended in 5464: 5094: 4505: 3931: 2503:fractionated from the four major components. 2405:the bread and wine of the Eucharistic feast. 2053:) suggested that the Ancient Greek system of 1921: 1385: 1063:. In humans, blood is pumped from the strong 961:for various blood electrolytes is extensive. 53:Venous (darker) and arterial (brighter) blood 3408: 3357: 3317:Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness 3225: 3223: 3039: 2469:. This is derived from the statement in the 2401:theology teaches that the body and blood is 1883:Venous blood collected during blood donation 1848: 1265:, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, 1173:and the watery fraction is regulated by the 1055:Blood is circulated around the body through 1045:Circulation of blood through the human heart 997:Chicken red blood cells magnified 1000 times 451:(leukocytes), and the cell fragments called 291:, blood is considered a specialized form of 222:Blood is circulated around the body through 5709:Transfusion associated circulatory overload 3602:Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart 3417:(37th ed.). New York: C. Livingstone. 3070: 2041: 1744:Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells ( 1298: 1103:carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of 1095:and returns to the left atrium through the 1027:are responsible for blood clotting instead. 989:Turtle red blood cells magnified 1000 times 148:that delivers necessary substances such as 5719:Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction 5592:International Society of Blood Transfusion 5471: 5457: 5101: 5087: 4512: 4498: 4042: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3518: 3516: 3333: 3308: 3143:"Composition of the Blood | SEER Training" 2887:"Blood cells and its types with functions" 2494:Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions 2255:, and the terminology was borrowed by the 2169:Blood is given particular emphasis in the 1005:Human red blood cells magnified 1000 times 47: 4413: 4271: 4068: 3639: 3488: 3345:The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 3220: 3000: 2198:indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples' 2191: 2137:Learn how and when to remove this message 1404:In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with 1149:, the production of red blood cells; and 981:Frog red blood cells magnified 1000 times 933:) are carefully regulated by a number of 610:White blood cells are part of the body's 4237: 4049:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3994:. The Franklin Institute. Archived from 3522: 3440:Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology 3437: 3110: 1990: 1878: 1819:, bloodstained objects are treated as a 1484: 1213: 1040: 1000: 992: 984: 976: 968: 536: 458:Whole blood (plasma and cells) exhibits 306: 5341: 5019:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell 4018:"The Role of Red Blood Cells in Anemia" 3754:Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2003). 3714: 3664:"Blood gas and Saturation measurements" 3545: 3513: 3045: 2917:"Low Hemoglobin: Causes & Symptoms" 2080: 1741:of the blood-forming tissues and cells. 1323:in the red blood cells by the reaction 953:measures these. Plasma also circulates 919:partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 423:Reference ranges for common blood tests 375:, and detection of foreign material by 14: 5989: 4212: 3577:"Ventilatory Physiology and Endurance" 3398:from the original on 27 November 2010. 3386: 3229: 3006: 2945: 2487: 2403:present together "in, with, and under" 1489:Capillary blood from a bleeding finger 1443: 1295:) to function under these conditions. 834:Blood-clotting factors (to facilitate 5704:Transfusion related acute lung injury 5452: 5082: 4493: 3932:Austin CC, Perkins SL (August 2006). 3829:from the original on 12 November 2007 3785: 3783: 3302: 3276:(9th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3079: 2884: 2283:believed that the blood of the gods, 2049:(a Swedish physician who devised the 1842:are blood-borne parasitic infections. 1169:, while hormones are produced by the 1036: 4194:from the original on 4 February 2016 4125: 4113:participating institution membership 3183:from the original on 21 October 2007 3153:from the original on 16 October 2020 3135: 2978:"Is blood blue? 7 facts about blood" 2338:Christ's blood is the means for the 2312:and his sons from eating blood (see 2232: 2119:adding citations to reliable sources 2090: 1826:Bacterial infection of the blood is 1249:With the exception of pulmonary and 636:, they take part in blood clotting ( 572:Red blood cells contain the blood's 346:(dissolved in the blood or bound to 5320:Mucosal associated invariant T cell 4460:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. 3856:from the original on 5 January 2002 3721:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 643. 3666:. 25 September 2010. Archived from 1419: 1393: 1203: 24: 3972:from the original on 26 April 2023 3850:"Optical Absorption of Hemoglobin" 3780: 3351: 3340:Acid–Base Regulation and Disorders 3256: 3058:from the original on 27 March 2018 3027:from the original on 26 April 2023 2988:from the original on 29 March 2023 2946:Séguin, Chantal (8 January 2022). 2927:from the original on 28 April 2022 2897:from the original on 12 April 2022 2866:from the original on 25 April 2022 2809:from the original on 23 March 2017 2358:teach that, when consecrated, the 1914:Other blood products administered 1721:compatible with that of the donor. 1568: 561:One microliter of blood contains: 25: 6018: 5747:Transfusion transmitted infection 4453: 3847: 3173:"Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count" 2579:to suffice for supplying oxygen. 1452:of that tissue; examples are the 964: 315:red & blue = protein subunits 5356:Lymphokine-activated killer cell 4147:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x 3752:, and 10% physically dissolved. 3735:from the original on 1 May 2016. 2958:from the original on 2 July 2022 2653:, along with the photography of 2551: 2449:expounds on this verse that the 2292:As a relic of Germanic Law, the 2095: 1731:Disorders of cell proliferation 1674: 1593:, which can sometimes be severe. 506: 494: 482: 470: 331:, which is carried in red cells) 5108: 4430: 4373: 4361: 4346: 4326: 4307: 4288: 4231: 4206: 4176: 4119: 4085: 4036: 4010: 3984: 3925: 3868: 3841: 3811: 3797:. Saunders. 2015. p. 204. 3739: 3715:Martini F, et al. (2007). 3708: 3682: 3656: 3607: 3595: 3579:. 23 March 2010. Archived from 3569: 3464: 3431: 3402: 3380: 3195: 3165: 3104: 2885:Aryal, Sagar (3 January 2017). 2664: 2524:' legend, a human who achieves 2299: 2106:needs additional citations for 1926:Many forms of medication (from 1431: 1133:Cell production and degradation 732:4.8–5.8 kPa (35–45 mm Hg) 521:Right tube: Freshly drawn blood 411: 199:(leukocytes), and (in mammals) 4135:British Journal of Haematology 3823:Encyclopædia Britannica online 3477:British Journal of Anaesthesia 2970: 2939: 2909: 2878: 2856:"Definition of red blood cell" 2848: 2821: 2791: 2051:erythrocyte sedimentation rate 1868: 1834:. Viral Infection is viremia. 1804:Infectious disorders of blood 1705:. Anemia can also be due to a 1701:, and may require one or more 911:partial pressure of oxygen (pO 716:10–13 kPa (80–100 mm Hg) 311:Hemoglobin, a globular protein 175:(92% by volume), and contains 13: 1: 3819:"Spiders: circulatory system" 3409:Williams PW, Gray HD (1989). 3358:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977). 3052:Molecular Biology of the Cell 2784: 2582: 1863: 1653:, which can obstruct vessels. 1638:, excess circulating lipids ( 1412:, which drains into the left 1059:by the pumping action of the 1031: 416: 313:green = haem (or heme) groups 226:by the pumping action of the 191:. The blood cells are mainly 5636:Intraoperative blood salvage 5401:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells 5389:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells 5384:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells 5371:Uterine natural killer cells 5351:Cytokine-induced killer cell 4710:Extramedullary hematopoiesis 4238:Brittain, Robert P. (1965). 3692:. 2 May 1999. Archived from 3632:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086025 3234:Review of medical physiology 3082:"Volume of Blood in a Human" 2828:The Franklin Institute Inc. 2506: 1986: 1689:Insufficient red cell mass ( 1563: 1210:Oxygen saturation (medicine) 1161:, is an important source of 675:42 ± 5 (37–47%) for females 650:Constitution of normal blood 543:scanning electron microscope 334:Supply of nutrients such as 302: 278: 164:away from those same cells. 7: 5652:Blood compatibility testing 4045:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 3938:The Journal of Parasitology 3007:Krause, William J. (2005). 2778:Taboo food and drink: Blood 2722: 2613: 2601:bloodstain pattern analysis 2588:Forensic and archaeological 2356:Assyrian Church of the East 2156:blood is thicker than water 1895:. There are many different 1525:. If the heme is oxidized, 1287:, receiving oxygen via the 1083:. It then enters the right 283:) for "blood". In terms of 10: 6023: 4353:Schneerson, R. Menachem M. 4061:10.1177/014107680109400604 4043:Blumenthal I (June 2001). 3438:Frederic, Martini (2009). 3111:Shmukler, Michael (2004). 2555: 2510: 2491: 2408: 2084: 2036: 1952: 1948: 1922:Intravenous administration 1872: 1852: 1678: 1478: 1397: 1386:Transport of hydrogen ions 1207: 1087:and is pumped through the 1048: 891: 887: 775: 592:that define the different 530: 420: 271: 29: 5755: 5699:Transfusion hemosiderosis 5687: 5644: 5605: 5569: 5490: 5418: 5379: 5332: 5300: 5204: 5195: 5116: 5043: 5003: 4977: 4949: 4916: 4876:Antigen-presenting cells 4869: 4804: 4795: 4731: 4722: 4702: 4664: 4639: 4630: 4601: 4561: 4552: 4528: 4398:10.1007/s12551-017-0349-4 4256:10.1017/S0025727300030179 4126:Hart GD (December 2001). 4100:Oxford English Dictionary 3992:"Blood – The Human heart" 3758:Vander's Human Physiology 3746:Vander's Human Physiology 3620:The Journal of Physiology 3309:Waugh A, Grant A (2007). 2860:National Cancer Institute 2830:"Blood – The Human Heart" 1905:Rhesus blood group system 1855:Carbon monoxide poisoning 1849:Carbon monoxide poisoning 1767:Disorders of coagulation 1760:Myelodysplastic syndromes 1619:Shock is the ineffective 1616:Disorders of circulation 1506:carbon monoxide poisoning 1075:and returns to the right 771: 673:45 ± 7 (38–52%) for males 357:Removal of waste such as 111: 99: 87: 75: 63: 58: 46: 41: 5679:Monocyte monolayer assay 4964:Nucleated red blood cell 4520:Myeloid blood cells and 4339:16 December 2013 at the 4319:16 December 2013 at the 4300:16 December 2013 at the 3562:10 November 2010 at the 3147:training.seer.cancer.gov 3048:"Table 22-1 Blood Cells" 2982:www.medicalnewstoday.com 2460: 2060: 2042:Classical Greek medicine 2029:). There is no accepted 1750:essential thrombocytosis 1699:nutritional deficiencies 1664:refers to tissue death ( 1585:are important for blood 1512:causes the formation of 1474: 1299:Carbon dioxide transport 545:(SEM) image of a normal 526: 162:metabolic waste products 5554:Granulocyte transfusion 5428:Hematopoietic stem cell 5187:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell 5066:Hematopoietic stem cell 4985:Leukocyte extravasation 4854:Foreign-body giant cell 4105:Oxford University Press 2318:Eastern Orthodox Church 2154:, and sayings such as " 1961:evidence-based medicine 1795:Hypercoagulable state ( 1649:Coagulation can form a 1605:orthostatic hypotension 1508:is bright red, because 951:arterial blood gas test 4485:Blood Photomicrographs 4443:8 January 2009 at the 4334:All About Kosher Fish. 3718:Anatomy and Physiology 3490:10.1093/bja/53.12.1325 2215: 2192:Indigenous Australians 1999: 1901:ABO blood group system 1884: 1817:blood-borne infections 1490: 1219: 1177:and maintained by the 1046: 1006: 998: 990: 982: 974: 935:homeostatic mechanisms 782:About 55% of blood is 558: 517:-anticoagulated blood. 316: 213:adaptive immune system 113:Anatomical terminology 32:Blood (disambiguation) 5689:Transfusion reactions 5334:Innate lymphoid cells 5310:Natural killer T cell 4466:Bookshelf ID: NBK2261 3764:McGraw-Hill Education 2891:Microbiology Info.com 2799:"Definition of BLOOD" 2257:Roman Catholic Church 2210: 1994: 1882: 1873:Further information: 1792:(bleeding disorders). 1488: 1278:saturated with oxygen 1240:blood oxygen capacity 1217: 1208:Further information: 1067:of the heart through 1044: 1004: 996: 988: 980: 972: 894:Acid–base homeostasis 540: 531:Further information: 447:, (erythrocytes) and 391:and the signaling of 327:to tissues (bound to 310: 5669:Kleihauer–Betke test 5631:Exchange transfusion 5510:Platelet transfusion 5484:transfusion medicine 5061:Hematopoietic system 4849:Langhans giant cells 4462:Free online book at 3921:on 10 February 2012. 3904:10.1364/AO.35.001151 3670:on 25 September 2010 3523:Costanzo LS (2007). 3348:Professional Edition 3123:on 19 September 2006 3117:The Physics Factbook 3086:The Physics Factbook 2747:("artificial blood") 2675:genealogical circles 2467:Islamic dietary laws 2343:(Revelation 12:11). 2328:Council of Jerusalem 2308:9:4, God prohibited 2115:improve this article 2081:Culture and religion 1574:Disorders of volume 1157:gland, found in the 1141:in a process called 533:Complete blood count 269:from the Greek word 30:For other uses, see 5757:Blood group systems 5692:and adverse effects 5527:Fresh frozen plasma 5302:Innate-like T cells 5182:Transitional B cell 4824:Alveolar macrophage 4386:Biophysical Reviews 4358:, vol. vii, p. 270. 4314:Removing the Blood. 4103:(Online ed.). 3896:1996ApOpt..35.1151K 3750:carbaminohemoglobin 3362:The Vertebrate Body 2862:. 2 February 2011. 2500:Jehovah's Witnesses 2488:Jehovah's Witnesses 2181:religions, because 1943:human serum albumin 1779:clotting mechanisms 1636:high blood pressure 1444:Hydraulic functions 1273:back to the heart. 1222:About 98.5% of the 1077:atrium of the heart 652: 398:Regulation of core 4995:Intrinsic immunity 4859:Touton giant cells 4332:Citron, R. Aryeh. 3690:"Lecture Notes-20" 3230:Ganong WF (2003). 3113:"Density of Blood" 3092:on 3 November 2012 3054:. NCBI Bookshelf. 3046:Alberts B (2012). 2774:("Smell" of blood) 2677:to refer to one's 2620:Viennese Actionist 2382:Luke 22:20 2352:Oriental Orthodoxy 2225:, because iron is 2000: 1885: 1725:Sickle-cell anemia 1703:blood transfusions 1531:sulfhemoglobinemia 1491: 1321:carbonic anhydrase 1271:deoxygenated blood 1251:umbilical arteries 1220: 1051:Circulatory system 1047: 1037:Circulatory system 1007: 999: 991: 983: 975: 939:respiratory system 762:Deoxygenated: 75% 760:Oxygenated: 98–99% 648: 559: 317: 230:. In animals with 138:circulatory system 18:Deoxygenated blood 6007:Tissues (biology) 5984: 5983: 5561:Blood substitutes 5549:White blood cells 5480:Blood transfusion 5446: 5445: 5414: 5413: 5328: 5327: 5076: 5075: 5039: 5038: 4912: 4911: 4839:Epithelioid cells 4718: 4717: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4626: 4625: 4439:Artwork in blood 4224:978-0-89281-355-1 4213:Lawlor R (1991). 4188:redcrossblood.org 4111:(Subscription or 3950:10.1645/GE-693R.1 3773:978-0-07-288074-8 3538:978-0-7817-7311-9 3424:978-0-443-02588-4 3373:978-0-03-910284-5 3326:978-0-443-10102-1 3287:978-0-323-46158-0 3249:978-0-07-121765-1 3213:978-0-8053-7211-3 3020:978-1-58112-468-2 2984:. 10 April 2018. 2952:The Blood Project 2745:Blood substitutes 2687:ethnic background 2348:Eastern Orthodoxy 2233:European paganism 2147: 2146: 2139: 2075:blood transfusion 1875:Blood transfusion 1746:polycythemia vera 1591:internal bleeding 1514:carboxyhemoglobin 1145:, which includes 1011:protein structure 947:acid–base balance 841:Immunoglobulins ( 769: 768: 755:Oxygen saturation 449:white blood cells 373:white blood cells 293:connective tissue 209:Jawed vertebrates 197:white blood cells 160:, and transports 127: 126: 122: 16:(Redirected from 6014: 5674:Antibody elution 5621:plateletpheresis 5587:Blood management 5570:General concepts 5473: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5366:Adaptive NK cell 5339: 5338: 5202: 5201: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5080: 5079: 5010:Precursor cells 4936:Promegakaryocyte 4802: 4801: 4729: 4728: 4654:Promegakaryocyte 4637: 4636: 4559: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4535: 4534: 4514: 4507: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4447: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4417: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4350: 4344: 4330: 4324: 4311: 4305: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4165:. Archived from 4132: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4096: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4020:. Archived from 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3914:. Archived from 3881: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3762:(9th ed.). 3761: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3626:(Pt 1): 273–85. 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3583:on 23 March 2010 3573: 3567: 3554: 3543: 3542: 3530: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3492: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3416: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3314: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3267: 3254: 3253: 3237: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3119:. Archived from 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3088:. 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Archived from 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2795: 2364:actually becomes 2271:word for blood, 2142: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2099: 2091: 2067:Karl Landsteiner 1891:and stored in a 1748:) or platelets ( 1707:genetic disorder 1538:color perception 1426:thermoregulation 1420:Thermoregulation 1400:Lymphatic system 1394:Lymphatic system 1350: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1269:and veins carry 1255:oxygenated blood 1204:Oxygen transport 1171:endocrine glands 1116:skeletal muscles 1089:pulmonary artery 959:reference ranges 821:Other important 653: 647: 626:200,000–500,000 555:white blood cell 553:(middle), and a 510: 498: 486: 474: 400:body temperature 281: 274: 273: 195:(erythrocytes), 119:edit on Wikidata 116: 51: 39: 38: 21: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6011: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5775:Secretor status 5751: 5691: 5683: 5640: 5601: 5565: 5542:Cryosupernatant 5537:Cryoprecipitate 5517:Red blood cells 5486: 5477: 5447: 5442: 5410: 5375: 5324: 5296: 5290: 5282: 5274: 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3564:Wayback Machine 3555: 3546: 3539: 3521: 3514: 3469: 3465: 3450: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3407: 3403: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3356: 3352: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3307: 3303: 3288: 3280:. p. 190. 3268: 3257: 3250: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2836:on 5 March 2009 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2803:Merriam-Webster 2797: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2730:Autotransfusion 2725: 2689:as in the word 2667: 2616: 2590: 2585: 2577:tracheal system 2560: 2554: 2515: 2509: 2496: 2490: 2463: 2411: 2372:the Last Supper 2302: 2239:Germanic tribes 2235: 2223:magnetic fields 2194: 2162:", as well as " 2143: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2112: 2100: 2089: 2083: 2063: 2044: 2039: 2013:) derives from 1989: 1965:hemochromatosis 1957: 1951: 1940: 1924: 1899:in humans, the 1877: 1871: 1866: 1857: 1851: 1840:trypanosomiasis 1775:genetic illness 1683: 1677: 1631:Atherosclerosis 1571: 1569:General medical 1566: 1510:carbon monoxide 1483: 1477: 1454:erectile tissue 1446: 1434: 1422: 1414:subclavian vein 1402: 1396: 1388: 1377: 1369: 1361: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1245: 1237: 1212: 1206: 1135: 1097:pulmonary veins 1053: 1039: 1034: 967: 945:to control the 932: 922: 914: 896: 890: 882:immunoglobulins 780: 774: 761: 743: 728: 712: 674: 651: 535: 529: 522: 520: 518: 511: 502: 499: 490: 487: 478: 475: 445:red blood cells 437:formed elements 425: 419: 414: 348:plasma proteins 314: 312: 305: 193:red blood cells 123: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6020: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5767: 5761: 5759: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5742:Serum sickness 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5657:Cross-matching 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5617:plasmapheresis 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5582:Blood donation 5579: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5492:Blood products 5488: 5487: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5255: 5250: 5240: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5007: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4931:Megakaryoblast 4928: 4922: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4726: 4724:Myeloid tissue 4720: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4669:Erythropoiesis 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4649:Megakaryoblast 4644:Thrombopoiesis 4640: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4566:Granulopoiesis 4562: 4556: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4467: 4455: 4454:External links 4452: 4449: 4448: 4429: 4392:(2): 191–202. 4372: 4368:The Watchtower 4360: 4345: 4325: 4306: 4287: 4230: 4223: 4205: 4175: 4118: 4084: 4035: 4024:on 18 May 2017 4009: 3983: 3924: 3884:Applied Optics 3867: 3840: 3810: 3804:978-1455770052 3803: 3779: 3772: 3738: 3727: 3707: 3681: 3655: 3606: 3594: 3568: 3544: 3537: 3512: 3483:(12): 1325–8. 3463: 3449:978-0321539106 3448: 3430: 3423: 3413:Gray's anatomy 3401: 3379: 3372: 3350: 3332: 3325: 3301: 3286: 3255: 3248: 3219: 3212: 3194: 3164: 3134: 3103: 3069: 3038: 3019: 2999: 2969: 2938: 2908: 2877: 2847: 2820: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2772:Oct-1-en-3-one 2769: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2740:Blood pressure 2737: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2716:blood relative 2666: 2663: 2655:Andres Serrano 2623:Hermann Nitsch 2615: 2612: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2556:Main article: 2553: 2550: 2511:Main article: 2508: 2505: 2492:Main article: 2489: 2486: 2462: 2459: 2410: 2407: 2368:blood of Jesus 2301: 2298: 2281:Ancient Greeks 2234: 2231: 2193: 2190: 2145: 2144: 2103: 2101: 2094: 2082: 2079: 2062: 2059: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 1988: 1985: 1953:Main article: 1950: 1947: 1938: 1923: 1920: 1889:blood donation 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1824: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1786: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1742: 1737:is a group of 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1654: 1647: 1640:hyperlipidemia 1628: 1625:cardiac output 1614: 1613: 1612: 1594: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1499:blood donation 1479:Main article: 1476: 1473: 1469:jumping spider 1445: 1442: 1433: 1430: 1421: 1418: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1384: 1375: 1372:Haldane effect 1367: 1359: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319:by the enzyme 1304: 1300: 1297: 1243: 1235: 1205: 1202: 1147:erythropoiesis 1134: 1131: 1127:William Harvey 1071:to peripheral 1065:left ventricle 1049:Main article: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1018: 966: 965:In non-mammals 963: 943:urinary system 930: 920: 912: 889: 886: 874: 873: 858: 854:Various other 852: 846: 839: 832: 808:carbon dioxide 776:Main article: 773: 770: 767: 766: 764: 757: 751: 750: 748: 745: 741: 736: 735: 733: 730: 726: 720: 719: 717: 714: 710: 704: 703: 701: 698: 692: 691: 689: 686: 680: 679: 677: 670: 664: 663: 660: 657: 649: 646: 645: 623: 601: 547:red blood cell 528: 525: 524: 523: 512: 505: 503: 500: 493: 491: 488: 481: 479: 476: 469: 463:fluid dynamics 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 402: 396: 385: 379: 369: 359:carbon dioxide 355: 332: 304: 301: 125: 124: 115: 109: 108: 103: 97: 96: 91: 85: 84: 79: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6019: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792:Chido-Rodgers 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5625:leukapheresis 5622: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5462: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5439: 5438:Prolymphocyte 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5420:Lymphopoiesis 5417: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5258:Memory T cell 5256: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215:Cytotoxic CD8 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5151:Marginal zone 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5031:Myelomonocyte 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4941:Megakaryocyte 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819:Kupffer cells 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:Metamyelocyte 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4530:Hematopoiesis 4527: 4523: 4515: 4510: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4141:(4): 719–28. 4140: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3728:9789712348075 3724: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3696:on 2 May 1999 3695: 3691: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3426: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3375: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3204:Human anatomy 3198: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2735:Blood as food 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Kira O'Reilly 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2627:Istvan Kantor 2624: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:Blood residue 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2552:Invertebrates 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2164:Blood brother 2161: 2157: 2153: 2141: 2138: 2130: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2104:This section 2102: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047:Robin Fåhræus 2034: 2032: 2031:Indo-European 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1916:intravenously 1912: 1910: 1909:crossmatching 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1881: 1876: 1861: 1856: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1798: 1797:thrombophilia 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1675:Hematological 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1572: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1550:in the genus 1549: 1545: 1543: 1542:visual cortex 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1527:methemoglobin 1524: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1487: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1410:thoracic duct 1407: 1401: 1391: 1383: 1381: 1373: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1322: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1194:Kupffer cells 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:T lymphocytes 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:hematopoiesis 1140: 1130: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:blood vessels 1052: 1043: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1003: 995: 987: 979: 971: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 928: 924: 916: 908: 904: 900: 895: 885: 883: 879: 871: 867: 863: 859: 857: 853: 850: 847: 844: 840: 837: 833: 831: 830:Serum albumin 828: 827: 826: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 779: 765: 763: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 746: 744: 738: 737: 734: 731: 729: 722: 721: 718: 715: 713: 706: 705: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 678: 676: 671: 669: 666: 665: 661: 658: 655: 654: 643: 642:platelet plug 639: 635: 631: 629: 624: 621: 617: 613: 612:immune system 609: 607: 604:4,000–11,000 602: 599: 595: 591: 590:glycoproteins 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 569: 564: 563: 562: 556: 552: 548: 544: 539: 534: 516: 513:Two tubes of 509: 504: 497: 492: 485: 480: 473: 468: 467: 466: 464: 461: 460:non-Newtonian 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 431:of roughly 5 430: 424: 406: 403: 401: 397: 394: 390: 386: 383: 380: 378: 374: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 330: 326: 322: 321: 320: 309: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 280: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 224:blood vessels 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 120: 114: 110: 107: 104: 102: 98: 95: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 78: 74: 71: 68: 66: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4990:Phagocytosis 4959:Reticulocyte 4733:Granulocytes 4684:Reticulocyte 4576:Promyelocyte 4539:Myelopoiesis 4474: 4432: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4356:Igrot Kodesh 4355: 4348: 4328: 4309: 4290: 4250:(1): 82–88. 4247: 4243: 4233: 4214: 4208: 4196:. 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