79:
415:. In 1995 the Mohawk submitted its Culbertson Tract land claim to the Canadian government, which included much of the Deseronto townsite. This has provoked considerable controversy. Negotiations on this claim have been underway with the government since 2003. In June 2013 the Federal Court of Canada issued a ruling that was a declaration of federal policy, noting that expropriation of land by payment to existing property owners was among the legal alternatives for settling the land claim, together with compensation payments and acquisition of other lands for the Mohawk.
145:
544:, where a large residential development was planned. Their protest was intended to bring attention to all the First Nations land claims in Ontario, including that in Deseronto, where the Mohawk of Tyendinaga had filed a claim. The government purchased the property in Caledonia June 2006 and has held it in trust while negotiations continued. Protests and actions related to this site continued into December 2011, when the last of several criminal cases was prosecuted. But the land issue is still unresolved.
63:
596:
Minister’s public statements, declaratory relief is appropriate. I accept the applicant’s argument that the
Minister’s mischaracterization of the Policy affects the perception of other residents in the broader community, who may, in turn, see the applicant as intransigent and demanding. Misstating the tools available to the Minister may in fact impede settlement and reconciliation. Therefore, a declaration to clarify the governing Policy has some utility.
914:
163:
505:
timetables as early as 1923 as the
Deseronto Subdivision. Around 1931, the CNR abandoned the section of line between Deseronto and Trenton, which also cut off the direct connection to Brighton. The line beyond Brighton had already been closed in the 1920s as a result of consolidation of the former Canadian Northern and Grand Trunk systems under the CNR. The closure of the line to Trenton cut off the connection at Trenton to the former
1613:
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1605:
1588:
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86:
552:
November 2006, the Mohawk protested against a planned $ 30-million, 8.5-hectare waterfront development on the waterfront, which was within the area of their land claim. Work was postponed, and the government agreed to meet with the Mohawk leaders. Because it had the potential to affect many existing property holders, the claim was highly controversial, sparking protests on both sides.
1727:
1311:
458:, building dwellings to house employees of his shipyard and sawmill. This led to rapid growth, and the place became an industrial and transportation hub for the logging business in the Napanee, Salmon, Moira, and Trent River watersheds. Timber was transported to the town of Deseronto from upcountry via Rathbun's
587:
The
Minister has publicly stated that the Policy does not permit a land-based settlement, only financial compensation. This is incorrect. The Policy explicitly contemplates the acquisition and return of land. The Minister’s statements suggest that he either misunderstood or refused to acknowledge the
575:
The applicant submits that the
Minister is in breach of his fiduciary duty to negotiate in good faith. The applicant seeks a declaration that, as an aspect of his duty to negotiate in good faith, the Minister must consider all possible options including the acquisition of third party interests in the
571:
The
Culbertson Tract is a 923-acre parcel of land within the Mohawk Tract. The applicant alleges it was wrongfully alienated by the Crown in 1837. The Minister accepted this claim for negotiation in accordance with criteria of the Specific Claims Policy (the Policy) in 2003. A decade later, the claim
504:
By the 1930s, with the Great
Depression in full swing, the railway line through Deseronto was slowly abandoned. The former Canadian Northern line through the town had become a part of the Canadian National Railways system following railway nationalization by the federal government. It appeared in CNR
591:
While it is for the
Minister to decide what negotiation position he will take, the duty to negotiate in good faith precludes him from publicly mischaracterizing the Policy. The distinction in the end, is narrow, but real. It is the difference between saying I cannot do something as opposed to saying
551:
submitted by the
Tyendinaga Mohawks in 1995; the claim was accepted by Canada in 2003 for negotiation. The Culbertson Tract is an 827-acre parcel of land; it includes much of downtown Deseronto and part of Tyendinaga Township, which the government has acknowledged was never ceded by the Mohawk. In
583:
While this case engages questions of
Aboriginal law, it fits equally into orthodox principles of administrative law. The Minister has publicly committed to a policy and has a broad discretion under that policy as to how he will negotiate. In the exercise of that discretion, the Minister must have
555:
The Mohawk halted its
Deseronto negotiations in June 2008 when the government declared that it would not consider expropriation of non-natives to expand the reserve as this was not permitted under the applicable Policy. Some rapprochement was seen in October 2013 with a well-attended symposium on
473:
In 1871, a county by-law provided for the incorporation of Mill Point as a Village. Mill Point took the name Deseronto in 1881 in honour of the Mohawk chief Deserontyon (aka John Deseronto) who had led the first Mohawk and other loyalist settlers to the area following the American Revolution. In
532:
In the late 20th century, the Mohawk and other First Nations began to make land claims against the Canadian government alleging lands were taken illegally and they were underpaid for valuable lands. In recognition of past abuses, the government began negotiations to settle such claims, often by
496:
The Rathbun Company developed many diversified industries, including a sash and door factory, shipyard, railway car works, terra cotta factory, flour mill, gas works and chemical works, all located in Deseronto. But changing markets, devastating fires, depleting lumber stock, and a lack of good
453:
In 1848, portions of land were bought by Anglo-Canadians Amos S. Rathbun, Thomas Y. Howe, and L. E. Carpenter, who built the area’s first sawmill. By 1850, the village was known as Mill Point. After 1855 Amos Rathbun's brother, Hugo Burghardt Rathbun (1812–1886), continued the business by
579:
The Minister does not dispute the obligation to negotiate in good faith, which is derived from the honour of the Crown; rather the Minister characterizes this application as an attempt to force a particular negotiation position on the Crown and a breach of the confidentiality provisions of the
595:
The Court cannot interfere with the negotiations or mandate that the Minister take a specific negotiation position. Under the Policy, the Minister may negotiate on the basis of land, monetary compensation or a mix of each, in any proportion he considers appropriate. However, in light of the
1321:
962:
497:
forest management led to the company's decline; the core timber and minerals resource businesses were dead by 1916 due to exhaustion of natural resources. The company surrendered its charter in 1923. The town's population fell from 3500 in 1924 to 1300 during the
567:
The Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte (the applicant) occupy the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory (Indian Reserve No. 38) in southeastern Ontario. This territory is part of the original Mohawk Tract granted to the Six Nations by Treaty 3½, the Simcoe Deed of 1793.
395:
leader who was a captain in the British Military Forces during the American Revolutionary War. More extensive development began with sale of village tracts by Deseronto's grandson John Culbertson in 1837. The Mohawk of the nearby
443:, which originally included the town territory. The Crown personally granted Deseronto a lump sum payment of about £800 for his losses, 3,000 acres (12 km) of land, and an annual pension of £45.
584:
regard to the Policy’s parameters and terms. This requirement is not new law, nor is it unique to Aboriginal law; rather it is simply the application of settled principles of administrative law.
524:
to Napanee, limiting rail transport to and from the town. The line became known as the Deseronto Branch by 1935 and the Deseronto Spur by 1959, with full line closure taking place in 1986.
400:
originally controlled the townsite as well. This is the most easterly municipality of Hastings County. It was a center of industry related to timber and mineral resources until the 1930s.
446:
Deserontyon's grandson, John Culbertson, inherited the chief's property in what is now the townsite of Deseronto. In 1837, Culbertson was granted individual title to the land by the
243:
233:
450:
government. He built a wharf on the waterfront, and sold village lots in his tract to non-natives. A settlement began to grow at the wharf, called Culbertson's Wharf.
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1889, it was incorporated as a Town. At its 1895 peak, Deseronto had 3338 people and was a thriving town with bakeries, drugstores, hardware stores and hotels.
1186:
852:
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478:, head of the Rathbun family business at the time, was a millionaire until an 1896 fire on the timber docks did a quarter-million dollars damage.
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533:
compensation payments but also by land exchanges or acquisition of more land, or a combination, all of which were stipulated under the Policy.
47:
556:"The land that supports our feet". The Township has archived material into a "Catalogue of Culbertson Tract Land Claim documents collection".
1901:
576:
Culbertson Tract and returning the land to the applicant. The applicant seeks an order directing that the Minister negotiate on this basis.
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1343:"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario"
1206:
1833:
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731:. With a land area of 2.52 km (0.97 sq mi), it had a population density of 693.3/km (1,795.5/sq mi) in 2021.
937:
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and Mohawk who had supported the British during this war. In 1784, a group of twenty Mohawk families led by Captain
1183:
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439:(aka Deseronto) (c.1740–1811) became the first settlers. They founded what became the reserve now known as
563:, that expropriation is a viable option, one of several alternatives available to the government under the law:
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In June 2013, Mr Justice Rennie of the Federal Court of Canada ruled in a declaration of federal policy, in
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1251:""Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development), 2013 FC 669 (CanLII)""
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himself. He acquired many village properties and developed Mill Point as one of Ontario's earliest
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Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)
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related to land claims in February 2006, taking control of undeveloped land in
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for resettlement of loyalists from the colonies. The Crown granted the land to
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provides public transportation services in the town, with connections to
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total private dwellings, a change of -1.5% from its 2016 population of
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Separated municipality but remains a census subdivision of the county
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1234:"Catalogue of Culbertson Tract Land Claim documents collection"
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Mohawk of the Six Nation Reserve along the Grand River began
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The town's Post Office, designed by Chief Dominion Architect
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1167:"Deseronto hopeful after land claim meeting with government"
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tourist region, with the Skyway Bridge providing access to
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Much of the land area of the town of Deseronto is part of
1726:
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The area was acquired by the British Government from the
1207:"Mohawks halt talks with feds over Deseronto land claim"
466:
for delivery to points along the Great Lakes and up the
1524:
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In the 21st century, Deseronto, located 5 km from
349:
909:
520:
These developments placed Deseronto at the end of a
1027:
1025:
1019:Archeological and Historic Sites Board of Ontario
1888:
1561:
1067:. Vol. XIII (1901–1910) (online ed.).
1022:
1080:
1078:
1267:"Federal court rules on Culbertson land claim"
1033:"Ontario Heritage Trust Founding of Deseronto"
963:"Census Profile, 2016 Census: Deseronto, Town"
1678:
1547:
588:scope of the settlement options open to him.
1692:
1075:
957:
955:
953:
592:I can do something but choose not to do so.
527:
1184:"Land claim a big issue for Deseronto area"
1130:
842:
735:Canada census – Deseronto community profile
1685:
1671:
1554:
1540:
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1061:. In Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (eds.).
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987:
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1304:
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980:
619:
1666:
1535:
1458:. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
1377:. Statistics Canada. February 4, 2022
1156:
1137:Smith, Jeffrey P. (5 November 2017).
1136:
1110:
1084:
1056:
938:List of population centres in Ontario
876:One analogue television transmitter,
462:and was shipped out by the company's
1902:Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario
1569:
1404:. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021
1478:. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
1431:. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019
1320:. Statistics Canada. Archived from
1111:Smith, Jeffrey P. (11 April 2015).
1008:
783:2.52 km (0.97 sq mi)
780:2.51 km (0.97 sq mi)
777:2.52 km (0.97 sq mi)
258:2.51 km (0.97 sq mi)
24:
843:References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier
614:
25:
1918:
1907:Municipalities in Hastings County
1504:
892:
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580:protocol governing negotiations.
85:
1725:
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1509:
1085:Smith, Jeffrey P. (2014-10-11).
1064:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
912:
818:803 (total) 723 (occupied)
715:, Deseronto had a population of
485:, was completed in 1901. During
407:, is the eastern gateway to the
161:
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84:
77:
61:
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549:The Culbertson Tract Land Claim
387:The town was named for Captain
1866:Communities in Hastings County
1050:
372:, located at the mouth of the
13:
1:
1629:
1587:
943:
244:Hastings—Lennox and Addington
234:Hastings—Lennox and Addington
1834:Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte
1612:
1604:
1562:Places adjacent to Deseronto
933:List of townships in Ontario
489:, Deseronto was home to two
7:
1871:Census divisions of Ontario
1850:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory
1598:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory
1069:University of Toronto Press
905:
797:728.3/km (1,886/sq mi)
794:705.7/km (1,828/sq mi)
791:693.5/km (1,796/sq mi)
441:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory
398:Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory
279:705.7/km (1,828/sq mi)
230: • Federal riding
10:
1923:
1312:"Deseronto census profile"
509:, by then known as the CN
418:
380:, on the northern side of
1858:
1842:
1826:
1755:
1734:
1723:
1704:
1567:
1470:"2001 Community Profiles"
1450:"2006 Community Profiles"
1423:"2011 Community Profiles"
1396:"2016 Community Profiles"
1369:"2021 Community Profiles"
828:
814:
801:
787:
773:
759:
752:
747:
742:
709:2021 Census of Population
701:
632:—
528:First Nations land claims
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240: • Prov. riding
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103:
72:
67:Town Hall and Post Office
60:
55:
41:
34:
1173:. CBC. 10 November 2006.
1059:"Fathbun, Edward Wilkes"
995:"Archives & History"
928:List of towns in Ontario
870:
1220:"Land Symposium report"
1209:, CBC News, 18 Jun 2008
1087:"Deseronto Subdivision"
1057:Eadie, James A (1994).
884:to serve Deseronto. It
829:Median household income
808:41.1 (M: 40.0, F: 42.1)
805:44.0 (M: 43.6, F: 44.4)
766:1,774 (-3.3% from 2011)
763:1,747 (-1.5% from 2016)
507:Central Ontario Railway
29:Town in Ontario, Canada
1139:"Maynooth Subdivision"
888:an Ottawa CTV station.
769:1,835 (0.6% from 2006)
598:
427:people just after the
1518:at Wikimedia Commons
606:Historical population
565:
476:Edward Wilkes Rathbun
460:Bay of Quinte Railway
302: • Summer (
1648:Prince Edward County
1475:2001 Canadian census
1455:2006 Canadian census
1428:2011 Canadian census
1401:2016 Canadian census
1374:2021 Canadian census
572:remains unresolved.
538:large-scale protests
413:Prince Edward County
376:on the shore of the
276: • Density
1576:Tyendinaga Township
1289:Statistics Canada:
1113:"Orono Subdivision"
997:. Town of Deseronto
607:
429:American Revolution
119: /
1778:Hastings Highlands
1349:. February 9, 2022
1317:Canada 2011 Census
1272:2013-12-07 at the
1222:. 28 October 2013.
1189:2013-12-03 at the
1143:CNR-in-Ontario.com
1117:CNR-in-Ontario.com
1091:CNR-in-Ontario.com
824:764 (total)
821:740 (total)
788:Population density
605:
542:Caledonia, Ontario
491:Royal Flying Corps
468:St. Lawrence River
268: • Total
222: • Mayor
18:Deseronto, Ontario
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1494:Town of Deseronto
1347:Statistics Canada
967:Statistics Canada
853:Deseronto Transit
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815:Private dwellings
713:Statistics Canada
705:
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501:ten years later.
362:Canadian province
360:is a town in the
355:
354:
255: • Land
214: • Type
123:44.200°N 77.050°W
56:Town of Deseronto
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970:. Retrieved
901:, pop singer
899:Ryland James
886:rebroadcasts
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225:Dan Johnston
201:Incorporated
193:Incorporated
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1763:Carlow/Mayo
1717:Quinte West
1280:, June 2013
1278:Quinte News
1197:14 Apr 2011
522:branch line
487:World War I
425:Mississauga
405:Highway 401
391:, a native
323:Postal Code
204:1889 (town)
126: /
1891:Categories
1813:Tyendinaga
1712:Belleville
1435:2012-02-29
1408:2016-07-06
1381:2023-10-19
1328:2012-02-29
1043:2011-03-11
1001:2010-01-13
944:References
861:Belleville
802:Median age
760:Population
719:living in
464:steamships
263:Population
209:Government
48:lower-tier
1863:See also:
1818:Wollaston
1756:Townships
1747:Deseronto
1609:Deseronto
1516:Deseronto
1353:March 30,
878:CJOH-TV-6
774:Land area
433:Loyalists
358:Deseronto
335:Area code
285:Time zone
92:Deseronto
36:Deseronto
1783:Limerick
1742:Bancroft
1270:Archived
1187:Archived
1171:CBC News
1148:24 March
1122:24 March
1096:24 March
972:June 16,
906:See also
882:licensed
835:$ 50,458
832:$ 63,600
511:Maynooth
179:Hastings
157:Province
1773:Faraday
1698:Ontario
857:Napanee
723:of its
707:In the
419:History
366:Ontario
346:Website
185:Settled
169:Ontario
139:Country
114:77°03′W
111:44°12′N
1705:Cities
1490:"Home"
1301:census
865:Picton
863:, and
515:Picton
393:Mohawk
175:County
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151:Canada
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1808:Tweed
1788:Madoc
1735:Towns
1254:(PDF)
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871:Media
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697:−3.3%
694:1,774
684:+0.6%
681:1,835
671:+1.6%
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658:−0.8%
655:1,796
645:−2.7%
642:1,811
629:1,862
368:, in
311:UTC-4
290:UTC-5
271:1,774
1355:2022
1299:2006
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638:1996
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615:Pop.
611:Year
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217:Town
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