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alphanumeric part of the filename. For example, for some of their camera models, Panasonic's DCF file numbering has filenames starting with "P" (for "Panasonic"), followed by the number of the DCF subdirectory it is in, followed by the actual image number, only ranging until 999, i.e. possible filenames are P1000001, P1000002, ... , P9990999 (with the "0" remaining constant between files, serving no identifying purpose). Similarly, a GoPro Hero 8 camera's numbering is e.g. GH0100001, GH0100002, ... , GH9990999 (note however that the latter consists of nine characters instead of eight, so GoPro deviates from the DCF standard). On the other hand, other manufacturers, such as Canon, Nikon and Sony, do usually not use numbering in the alphanumeric part of the filename. Instead, Sony and Nikon tend to use "DSC_" for many camera models, while Canon opts to use "IMG_" for image based files, "MVI_" for video based files and "CSI_" for pictures taken in burst mode, thereby using the filename to indicate the type or the mode of photography used.
171:, which can contain multiple subdirectories with names such as "123ABCDE" that consist of a unique directory number (in the range 100…999) and five alphanumeric characters (or any valid filename characters), which may be freely chosen and often refer to a camera maker. These directories contain files with names such as "ABCD1234.JPG" that consist of four alphanumeric characters (often "100_", "DSC0", "DSCF", "IMG_", "MOV_", or "P000"), followed by a number in the range 0001...9999.
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One DCF directory may contain up to 9999 DCF objects, numbered from "0001" to "9999" (except for some manufacturers like
Panasonic which number from "0001" to "0999"). This number is also known as a "file number". Consequently, if the prefix used is "DSC0", it may cause users who are not aware of the
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DCF object is a standalone file with DCF filename (e.g. ABCD0001.JPG) or a file group that shares the same file number. DCF objects are used for the files related with each other, such as the image file and the related audio file. Related files are handled together for the convenience of users. A DCF
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files and "THM" for Exif files that represent thumbnails of other files than JPEG. Other file formats use different extensions. Multiple files sharing a number (even if the file extension or the four alphanumeric characters are different) are considered related and form a DCF object. Prior to the
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are arranged according to the above specification. Specifically, a card formatted by the camera will have a volume named "NIKOND40", with a subdirectory named "DCIM". This directory contains a subdirectory named by default "100NCD40", in which images are stored. Images in this folder are named
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As this is an industry standard, similar directory structures and naming procedures can be found in most digital cameras. The standard leaves room for varying types of file and directory organisations. Some manufacturers choose filenames that include the subdirectory number as part of the
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DCF standard to wonder why the picture counter wraps around after 9999, while there is seemingly still a significant number left. For example, the next file after DSC09999.JPG will create a new folder containing DSC00001.JPG, rather than continuing in the same folder to DSC10000.JPG.
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object need not include an image file. A standalone file for which no other file with the same file number exists is still a DCF object. Files in directories that are not located under a DCF directory are not DCF object components.
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The rules for DCF object structure and elements prohibit the use of DCF thumbnail files for files with ".JPG" extension. They also prohibit the extension "JPG" for other than DCF basic files and DCF optional files.
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DCF optional file – an image file with filename extension ".JPG" conforming to the Exif specification, used when an image is to undergo extensive processing notably in professional uses; uses DCF optional color
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147:" file and directory attribute of FAT file systems can be used to protect files or directories from accidental deletion. Other existing attributes don't have any specially defined usage in DCF.
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DCF media is defined as removable memory recorded in compliance with the DCF specification or, removable and non-removable memory that a file system can access from an external device through
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Standard of the Camera & Imaging
Products Association, CIPA DC- 009-Translation- 2010, Design rule for Camera File system: DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)
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specification, but the DCF specification also allows use of any other file formats. As of 2021, the latest version of the standard was 2.0, issued in 2010.
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Files not specified in DCF specification (with other extensions and data structures, e.g. "TXT", "WAV", "TIF" etc.) may also be included in a DCF object.
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DCF thumbnail file – a thumbnail image file with filename extension ".THM", used for extended image file; uses sRGB color space and JPEG compression
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protocol, which exposes the file layout, whether DCF compliant or otherwise. Alternatively, and independent of DCF, files may be accessed via the
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The file system layout is often opaque to users, as images are copied onto a computer or printer and the application deals with layout.
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DCF basic file – an image file with filename extension ".JPG" conforming to the Exif specification; uses sRGB color space
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Nikon
Corporation, "The Nikon Guide to Digital Photography with the D40 Digital Camera", Nikon, p 31. retrieved from
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306:(directories other than DCF directories are also allowed; they shall not have the same name as DCF file)
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120:, DCF specifies the file system for image and sound files to be used on formatted DCF media (like
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DCF extended image file – a file with a filename (and data structure) other than "JPG" or "THM".
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182:). Such files must be indicated by a leading "_" (e.g. "_DSC" instead of "DSC_" or "DSC0").
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DCF 2.0 adds support for DCF optional files recorded in an optional color space (that is,
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275:(a DCF object formed by naming non-image file with the same file number as an image file)
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260:(a DCF thumbnail file for extended image file; it is not allowed for ".JPG" files)
140:. Media with a capacity of more than 2 GB must be formatted using FAT32 or exFAT.
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A general example of a DCF directory and file structure can be given as follows:
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Camera file systems can usually be accessed by directly mounting them via the
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CIFF Specification on File/Directory organization and File
Handling Protocol
448:"JEITA Standards / AV&IT Technology Standardization / Digital Cameras"
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209:"DSC_xxxx", where xxxx represents the file's sequential number.
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https://downloadcenter.nikonimglib.com/en/products/6/D40.html
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The file extension of these files is for example "JPG" for
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DCF specification defines files included in DCF objects:
300:(other filenames and extensions may be assigned freely)
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which contains the raw image data of the DCF object)
204:As an example of the DCF structure, the files on a
193:introduction of DCF 2.0, some camera vendors (e.g.
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77:specification (number CP-3461) which defines a
16:Definition of a file system for digital cameras
266:(a DCF object need not include an image file)
93:, and metadata format. It is currently the
104:. The file format of DCF conforms to the
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49:of all important aspects of the article.
582:Exif Page with a little DCF information
323:(a DCF basic file or DCF optional file)
245:(a DCF basic file or DCF optional file)
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45:Please consider expanding the lead to
565:Version 1.0 Specification at exif.org
85:, including the directory structure,
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384:(regardless of wired or wireless).
143:The DCF standard defines that the "
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67:Design rule for Camera File system
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560:Official JEITA DCF Standard Page
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159:in a digital camera contains a
37:may be too short to adequately
549:DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)
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47:provide an accessible overview
1:
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428:USB mass storage device class
394:USB mass storage device class
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151:Directory and file structure
124:or non-removable memory) as
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522:"File Naming and Numbering"
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254:(a DCF extended image file)
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423:Picture Transfer Protocol
398:Picture Transfer Protocol
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89:method, character set,
554:Android storage system
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116:In order to guarantee
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165:digital camera images
102:digital still cameras
598:Digital photography
570:2012-02-04 at the
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220:DCF File Structure
317:(a DCF directory)
239:(a DCF directory)
98:industry standard
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510:at 6 August 2022
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118:interoperability
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572:Wayback Machine
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83:digital cameras
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32:This article's
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556:(Edition 2018)
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543:External links
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286:raw image file
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199:Konica Minolta
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41:the key points
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490:on 2013-09-30
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321:ABCD0001.JPG
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282:ABCD0006.RAW
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273:ABCD0005.WAV
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264:ABCD0004.WAV
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258:ABCD0003.THM
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529:. Retrieved
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295:ABCD9999.JPG
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249:ABCD0002.JPG
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178:rather than
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55:January 2024
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36:
34:lead section
338:DCF objects
298:README.TXT
112:File system
91:file format
87:file naming
79:file system
584:(archived)
531:2022-08-06
494:2011-04-13
457:28 January
434:References
157:filesystem
376:DCF media
315:999ABCDE
237:100ABCDE
206:Nikon D40
176:Adobe RGB
169:directory
145:Read Only
122:removable
39:summarize
592:Category
568:Archived
407:See also
327:... etc.
95:de facto
195:Minolta
73:) is a
388:Access
488:(PDF)
481:(PDF)
452:JEITA
354:space
231:DCIM
228:Root
138:exFAT
136:, or
134:FAT32
130:FAT16
126:FAT12
75:JEITA
459:2021
418:DPOF
304:ETC
197:and
190:JPEG
187:Exif
180:sRGB
161:DCIM
155:The
106:Exif
100:for
81:for
576:PDF
312:...
292:...
284:(a
71:DCF
594::
524:.
467:^
450:.
382:IF
167:)
132:,
128:,
578:)
574:(
534:.
461:.
163:(
69:(
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53:(
43:.
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