File Allocation Table

10441: 12999: 10338: 2479:

more flexible file system implementations in operating systems such as DR-DOS, simply by changing the partition ID to one of the recognized types. Also, if they no longer need to be recognized by their original operating systems, existing partitions can be "converted" into FAT12 and FAT16 volumes more compliant with versions of MS-DOS/PC DOS 4.0–6.3, which do not support sector sizes different from 512 bytes, by switching to a

10349: 4503:, this marked the first time that Microsoft tried to enforce its patents against the Linux platform. The lawsuit was settled out of court the following month with an agreement that Microsoft be given access to four of TomTom's patents, that TomTom will drop support for the VFAT long filenames from its products, and that in return Microsoft not seek legal action against TomTom for the five-year duration of the settlement agreement. 6832: 2401:

The drawback of this approach was increased memory used for sector buffering and deblocking. Since older DOS versions could not use large logical sectors, the OEMs introduced new partition IDs for their FAT variants in order to hide them from off-the-shelf issues of MS-DOS and PC DOS. Known partition

4480:

and IBM. The USPTO opened an investigation and concluded by rejecting all claims in the patent. The next year, the USPTO further announced that following the re-examination process, it affirmed the rejection of '517 and additionally found U.S. patent 5,758,352 invalid on the grounds that the patent

4189:

up to 256 GB minus 1 byte, or 274,877,906,943 (2 − 1) bytes, on slightly modified and otherwise backward-compatible FAT32 volumes, but imposes a risk that disk tools or FAT32 implementations not aware of this extension may truncate or delete files exceeding the normal FAT32 file

4103:", in every directory where they are used. From PC Exchange 2.1 onwards, they store the Mac OS long filenames as standard FAT long filenames and convert FAT filenames longer than 31 characters to unique 31-character filenames, which can then be made visible to Macintosh applications. 2478:

While non-standard and sub-optimal, these FAT variants are perfectly valid according to the specifications of the file system itself. Therefore, even if default issues of MS-DOS and PC DOS were not able to cope with them, most of these vendor-specific FAT12 and FAT16 variants can be mounted by

3180:

count of sectors per cluster, which originally had a maximum power-of-two value of 64. With the standard hard disk sector size of 512 bytes, this gives a maximum of 32 KB cluster size, thereby fixing the "definitive" limit for the FAT16 partition size at 2 GB for sector size 512. On

2494:

A parallel development in MS-DOS / PC DOS which allowed an increase in the maximum possible FAT size was the introduction of multiple FAT partitions on a hard disk. To allow the use of more FAT partitions in a compatible way, a new partition type was introduced in PC DOS 3.2 (1986),

891:

Each entry in the FAT linked list is a fixed number of bits: 12, 16 or 32. The maximum size of a file or a disk drive that can be accessed is the product of the largest number that can be stored in the entries (less a few values reserved to indicate unallocated space or the end of a list) and the

6741: 1765:

All the control structures fit inside the first track, to avoid head movement during read and write operations. Any bad sector in the control structures area would make the disk unusable. The DOS formatting tool rejected such disks completely. Bad sectors were allowed only in the file data area.

3220:

disk access, partitions could start being physically located outside the first c. 8 GB of this disk and thereby out of the reach of the traditional CHS addressing scheme. Partitions partially or fully located beyond the CHS barrier therefore had to be hidden from non-LBA-enabled operating

4807:

Article 135481, Revision: 1.1, retrieved 2011-12-22: "For each hard disk, specifies whether to record the date that files are last accessed. Last access dates are turned off for all drives when your computer is started in safe mode, and are not maintained for floppy disks by default. Syntax:

895:

Originally designed as an 8-bit file system, the maximum number of clusters must increase as disk drive capacity increases, and so the number of bits used to identify each cluster has grown. The successive major variants of the FAT format are named after the number of table element bits: 12

1753:

FAT12 used 12-bit entries for the cluster addresses; some values were reserved to mark the end of a chain of clusters, to mark unusable areas of the disk, or for other purposes, so the maximum number of clusters was limited to 4078. To conserve disk space, two 12-bit FAT entries used three

2334:

As MS-DOS 3.0 formatted all 16 MB-32 MB partitions in the FAT16 format, a 20 MB hard disk formatted under MS-DOS 3.0 was not accessible by MS-DOS 2.0. MS-DOS 3.0 to MS-DOS 3.30 could still access FAT12 partitions under 15 MB, but required all

2313:, which required PC DOS 3.0 to access its 20 MB hard disk. Microsoft introduced MS-DOS 3.0 in parallel. Cluster addresses were increased to 16-bit, allowing for up to 65,526 clusters per volume. However, the maximum possible number of sectors and the maximum 892:

size of the disk cluster. Even if only one byte of storage is needed to extend a file, an entire cluster must be allocated to it. As a result, large numbers of small files can result in clusters being allocated that may contain mostly "empty" data to meet the minimum cluster size.

6700: 4052:(VFS) architecture to store long filenames in the FAT file system in a backwards-compatible fashion. If enabled, the virtual filenames (VFN) are available under separate logical drive letters, whereas the real filenames (RFN) remain available under the original drive letters. 5603:... only 2^12 (that is, 4096) allocation units or clusters can be addressed. In fact, the number is less than this, since 000h and 001h are not used and FF0h to FFFh are reserved or used for other purposes, leaving 002h to FEFh (2 to 4079) as the range of possible clusters. 3122:

Since older versions of DOS were not designed to cope with more than 65,535 sectors, it was necessary to introduce a new partition type for this format in order to hide it from pre-3.31 issues of DOS. The original form of FAT16 (with less than 65,536 sectors) had a

2330:

indicates this form of FAT16 with less than 65,536 sectors (less than 32 MB for sector size 512). The benefit of FAT16 was the use of smaller clusters, making disk usage more efficient, particularly for large numbers of files only a few hundred bytes in size.

3076:

format, with the expansion of the 16-bit disk sector count to 32 bits in the BPB. Although the on-disk changes were minor, the entire DOS disk driver had to be converted to use 32-bit sector numbers, a task complicated by the fact that it was written in 16-bit

783:

and DOS environments. Microsoft Windows additionally comes with a pre-installed tool to convert a FAT file system into NTFS directly without the need to rewrite all files, though this cannot be reversed easily. The FAT file system is used in removable media such as

4374:, where FAT32 is otherwise used. Vendors usually pre-format SDXC cards with it. Its main benefit is its exceeding of the 4 GB file size limit, as file size references are stored with eight instead of four bytes, increasing the limit to 2 − 1 bytes. 3909:

as held on NTFS volumes. Trying to copy a file with any ADS other than EAs from an NTFS volume to a FAT or HPFS volume gives a warning message with the names of the ADSs that will be lost. It does not support the FAT32.IFS method to store EAs on FAT32 volumes.

4455:

In the EFI FAT32 specification, Microsoft specifically grants a number of rights, which many readers have interpreted as permitting operating system vendors to implement FAT. Non-Microsoft patents affecting FAT include: U.S. patent 5,367,671, specific to the

3231:. The only difference, compared to previous FAT16 partitions, is the fact that some CHS-related geometry entries in the BPB record, namely the number of sectors per track and the number of heads, may contain no or misleading values and should not be used. 6358:

calls for retrieving EAs (DosQueryPathInfo, DosQueryFileInfo and DosEnumAttribute) do not rely on this byte. Also the opposite could occur. In this situation only the performance of directory scans will be decreased. Both situations are corrected by

3986:

Non VFAT-enabled operating systems can still access the files under their short file name alias without restrictions; however, the associated long file names may be lost when files with long filenames are copied under non VFAT-aware operating systems.

3862:

in directory entries to store a special mark byte indicating the presence of extended attributes to help speed up things. (This extension is critically incompatible with the FAT32+ method to store files larger than 4 GB minus 1 on FAT32 volumes.)

3138:

was introduced to indicate 65,536 or more sectors. In addition to this, the disk driver was expanded to cope with more than 65,535 sectors as well. The only other difference between the original FAT16 and the newer FAT16B format is the usage of a

6722: 6681: 2397:

These changes were transparent to the file system implementation in the DOS kernel. The underlying DOS-BIOS translated these logical sectors into physical sectors according to partitioning information and the drive's physical geometry.

1703:, reduced the number of FATs to two, redefined the semantics of some of the reserved cluster values, and modified the disk layout, so that the root directory was now located between the FAT and the data area for his implementation of 4015:(EA) before the introduction of VFAT. Thus, VFAT long filenames are invisible to OS/2, and EA long filenames are invisible to Windows; therefore, experienced users of both operating systems would have to manually rename the files. 3685:

minus 1 byte, or 4,294,967,295 (2 − 1) bytes. This limit is a consequence of the 4-byte file length entry in the directory table and would also affect relatively huge FAT16 partitions enabled by a sufficient sector size.

3192:

increased the maximum cluster size to 64 KB, by considering the sectors-per-cluster count as unsigned. However, the resulting format was not compatible with any other FAT implementation of the time, and it generated greater

3677:

or third-party tools, or by formatting the volume on a non-Windows system or on a Windows 9x system with FAT32 support and then transferring it to the Windows NT system. After 30 years Microsoft increase FAT32 32 GB to 2 TB.

3146:

If partitions to be used by pre-DOS 3.31 issues of DOS need to be created by modern tools, the only criteria theoretically necessary to meet are a sector count of less than 65536, and the usage of the old partition ID

871:, a contiguous area of disk storage. Each entry contains either the number of the next cluster in the file, or else a marker indicating the end of the file, unused disk space, or special reserved areas of the disk. The 1731:, the size and layout of directory entries was changed from 16 bytes to 32 bytes in order to add a file date stamp and increase the theoretical file size limit beyond the previous limit of 16 MB. 7106: 4064:(ADS), but some operating systems that heavily depend on them have devised various methods for handling them on FAT volumes. Such methods either store the additional information in extra files and directories ( 4521:

In 2013, patent EP0618540 "common name space for long and short filenames" (expired since 2014) was invalidated in Germany. After the appeal was withdrawn, this judgment became final on the 28th October 2015.

2349:

MS-DOS and PC DOS implementations of FAT12 and FAT16 could not access disk partitions larger than 32 megabytes. Several manufacturers developed their own FAT variants within their OEM versions of MS-DOS.

1169:

version supported three FATs, whereas this was a parameter for MIDAS. Reportedly, MIDAS was also prepared to support 10-bit, 12-bit and 16-bit FAT variants. While the size of directory entries was 16 bytes in

875:

of the disk contains the number of the first cluster of each file in that directory. The operating system can then traverse the FAT, looking up the cluster number of each successive part of the disk file as a

6739:, Reynolds, Aaron R.; Adler, Dennis R. & Lipe, Ralph A. et al., "Method and system for providing a common name space for long and short file names in an operating system", issued 1996 5486:, but does not mention a specific version number. Version 0.3 is known to be called 86-DOS already, so the name change must have taken place either for version 0.2 or immediately afterwards in August 1980.) 4684:

was available for them at least since 1979. One source claims that a special NCR 7200 model variant with two 8-inch diskettes and Microsoft BASIC existed and was imported by NCR Sydney into Australia the

3916:

onward acts exactly as Windows NT, except that it ignores EAs when copying to FAT32 without any warning (but shows the warning for other ADSs, like "Macintosh Finder Info" and "Macintosh Resource Fork").

2335:

16 MB-32 MB partitions to be FAT16, and so could not access MS-DOS 2.0 partitions in this size range. MS-DOS 3.31 and higher could access 16 MB-32 MB FAT12 partitions again.

932:" is an optional extension for long file names, which can work on top of any FAT file system. Volumes using VFAT long-filenames can be read also by operating systems not supporting the VFAT extension. 8637: 3669:

disk format tool on Windows NT arbitrarily only supports volume sizes up to 32 GB, but Windows supports reading and writing to preexisting larger FAT32 volumes, and these can be created with the

2491:

down to 512 bytes, while at the same time increasing the counts of logical sectors per cluster, reserved logical sectors, total logical sectors, and logical sectors per FAT by the same factor.

13668: 12325: 7250: 7055: 4484:

However, in 2006, the USPTO ruled that features of Microsoft's implementation of the FAT system were "novel and non-obvious", reversing both earlier decisions and leaving the patents valid.

6952: 6830:, Feigenbaum, Barry A. & Miro, Felix, "System for accessing extended object attribute (EA) data through file name or EA handle linkages in path tables", issued 1994 6623: 4294:

on-disk structures are simplified, but fundamentally incompatible with normal FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, making it impossible for normal FAT file system drivers to mount such volumes.

1754:

consecutive 8-bit bytes on disk, requiring manipulation to unpack the 12-bit values. This was sufficient for the original floppy disk drives, and small hard disks up to 32 megabytes. The

7029: 4355:(or separate installation of Windows XP Update KB955704). It is loosely based on the File Allocation Table architecture, but incompatible, proprietary and protected by patents. 3165:

primary partitions should not be physically located outside the first 32 MB of the disk, due to other restrictions in MS-DOS 2.x, which could not cope with them otherwise.

4652:

models of small business systems featuring dual floppy disks. Other sources indicate that either the NCR 7200 series itself or the successor series were the actual target platform.

4437:

Microsoft applied for, and was granted, a series of patents for key parts of the FAT file system in the mid-1990s. All four pertain to long-filename extensions to FAT first seen in

1827:

included a hidden bit and system bit, with the remaining six bits undefined. At this time, DOS did not support sub-directories, but typically there were only a few dozen files on a

1845:). The fixed assumption of 8 sectors per clusters on hard disks practically limited the maximum partition size to 16 MB for 512 byte sectors and 4 KB clusters. 1210:

in New York on June 4–7, 1979, where Paterson learned about the more sophisticated FAT implementation in MDOS/MIDAS and McDonald talked to him about the design of the file system.

6588: 6048: 6274: 6070: 5018: 3143:

format with 32-bit sector entry. Therefore, newer operating systems supporting the FAT16B format can cope also with the original FAT16 format without any necessary changes.

7263: 5778: 5761: 6773: 4850: 4298: 3732:

driver could be used to enable FAT32 support in DR-DOS. The first version of DR-DOS to natively support FAT32 and LBA access was OEM DR-DOS 7.04 in 1999. That same year

2394:

size (still 512 bytes) on the disk. The DOS-BIOS or System BIOS would then combine multiple physical sectors into logical sectors for the file system to work with.

6698:, Miller, Thomas J. & Kimura, Gary D., "Method and system for accessing a file using file names having different file name formats", issued 1998 4958: 7178: 6893: 6854: 4469: 5511: 4444:

On December 3, 2003, Microsoft announced that it would be offering licenses for use of its FAT specification and "associated intellectual property", at the cost of a

1823:

86-DOS 1.00 and PC DOS 1.0 directory entries included only one date, the last modified date. PC DOS 1.1 added the last modified time. PC DOS 1.x

4925: 4632:

8-bit processor, but was cassette-based only. However, the NCR Century 8200 was a 16-bit minicomputer, onto which several data entry terminals could be hooked up.

3234:

The number of root directory entries available for FAT12 and FAT16 is determined when the volume is formatted, and is stored in a 16-bit field. For a given number

5047: 4829: 3258:. FAT12 and FAT16 media typically use 512 root directory entries on non-floppy media. Some third-party tools, like mkdosfs, allow the user to set this parameter. 4313:

and be up to 4 GB minus 1 byte in size. The on-disk timestamps hold creation, modification and access dates and times but differ from FAT: in FAT, the

4305:. Clusters are typically 16 KB in size and there is only one copy of the FAT on the Xbox. Directory entries are 64 bytes in size instead of the normal 2475:

2.1). OEM versions like Toshiba MS-DOS, Wyse MS-DOS 3.2 and 3.3, as well as Zenith MS-DOS are also known to have utilized logical sectoring.

6182: 5267:(xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. 10386: 8617: 3728:, a company later acquired by Microsoft. The acquisition of the driver from official sources is no longer possible. Since 1998, Caldera's dynamically loadable 6897: 7243: 6858: 5070:"Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association, CIPA DC-009-Translation-2010, Design rule for Camera File system: DCF Version 2.0 (Edition 2010)" 7133: 5385: 3693:

long filenames in addition to short filenames in exactly the same way as VFAT long filenames have been optionally implemented for FAT12 and FAT16 volumes.

4452:

maximum royalty per license agreement. To this end, Microsoft cited four patents on the FAT file system as the basis of its intellectual property claims.

13938: 13538: 11837: 7227: 5383: 5270: 6652: 4429:. On August 28, 2019, Microsoft published the technical specification for exFAT so that it can be used in the Linux kernel and other operating systems. 8827: 6757: 7152: 7051: 6720:, Reynolds, Aaron R.; Adler, Dennis R. & Lipe, Ralph A. et al., "Common name space for long and short filenames", issued 1998 6679:, Reynolds, Aaron R.; Adler, Dennis R. & Lipe, Ralph A. et al., "Common name space for long and short filenames", issued 1996 5475: 6562: 13533: 11832: 6948: 5359:

Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1

5193: 5136: 13035: 12054: 6324: 5795: 11842: 7025: 6619: 6536: 11337: 10715: 5860: 5069: 4954: 4921: 4892: 721: 7003: 5462: 1629:

execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS; individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;

10415: 9353: 4169:

from version 2.5.7 onwards. For some time, Linux also provided combined support for UMSDOS-style permissions and VFAT long filenames through

3973:

This transparent method to store long file names in the existing FAT file systems without altering their data structures is usually known as

3833:

format, these bytes hold the upper 16 bits of the starting cluster number of the file or directory, hence making it impossible to store

9503: 6926: 5436: 4515: 5735: 5710: 4640:, a mainframe of the Criterion series, which can be ruled out as well. Announced 1977-10 for shipment in 1978-02, NCR also introduced the 2317:

size of 32 MB did not change. Although cluster addresses were 16 bits, this format was not what today is commonly understood as

11559: 9368: 6463: 5411: 5208:(NB. For Microsoft (Standalone Disk / Disk / Extended / 8K) BASIC-80, (Standalone Disk / Extended) BASIC-86, BASIC Compiler, release 5.1) 5151:(NB. For Microsoft (Standalone Disk / Disk / Extended / 8K) BASIC-80, (Standalone Disk / Extended) BASIC-86, BASIC Compiler, release 5.0) 3905:, FAT12 and FAT16. It stores EAs on FAT12, FAT16 and HPFS using exactly the same scheme as OS/2, but does not support any other kind of 2513:

of a hard disk can either define up to four primary partitions, or an extended partition in addition to up to three primary partitions.

10379: 9533: 8610: 4707:

This was a decision taken by the developer in question, who assumed his decision would be revised later, something that never happened.

3091: 12529: 6598: 5939: 4767: 13892: 12634: 12554: 12345: 12340: 12186: 725: 6040: 12352: 6343: 6262: 5910: 5010: 10706: 9190: 7077: 6978: 13342: 12885: 11075: 7326: 7301: 6142: 3689:

Like FAT12 and FAT16, FAT32 does not include direct built-in support for long filenames, but FAT32 volumes can optionally hold

7112: 6781: 4858: 851:

The file system uses an index table stored on the device to identify chains of data storage areas associated with a file, the

11247: 10372: 10224: 8603: 7985: 4946: 928:). FAT16 refers to both the original group of FAT file systems with 16-bit wide cluster entries and also to later variants. " 773: 9883: 7174: 5616: 4157:, a FAT variant with Unix file attributes (such as long file name and access permissions) stored in a separate file called " 3072:(a modified OEM version of MS-DOS 3.3 released by Compaq with their machines) introduced what today is simply known as 13643: 12954: 12755: 12278: 11661: 11252: 11222: 10353: 8626: 5504: 3771:

in order to indicate usage of LBA disk access instead of CHS. On such partitions, CHS-related geometry entries, namely the

2366: 5323: 13028: 12599: 11929: 11726: 9603: 9243: 8662: 8558: 8033: 3857: 3824: 6414: 6301: 4913: 4608:

Sources differ in regard to the first NCR data entry terminal integrating support for the FAT file system. According to

13948: 11050: 9775: 9684: 9200: 8832: 8548: 7719: 7528: 6447: 6129: 5039: 4825: 4441:: U.S. patent 5,579,517, U.S. patent 5,745,902, U.S. patent 5,758,352, U.S. patent 6,286,013 (all expired since 2013). 824: 7926: 12126: 11150: 8170: 6172: 5596: 5566: 5543: 5375: 5299: 5244: 8084: 6207: 5824: 5773: 5756: 12690: 11862: 11706: 7836: 7558: 7518: 6886: 5011:"Microsoft Extensible Firmware Initiative FAT32 File System Specification, FAT: General Overview of On-Disk Format" 4551: 3641:, which supported an increased number of possible clusters, but could reuse most of the existing code, so that the 2558: 2382:

Other vendors worked around the volume size limits imposed by the 16-bit sector entries by increasing the apparent

1932: 1255: 6847: 3201:, SE and ME also supported reading and writing this variant, but its disk utilities did not work with it and some 9523: 9466: 9428: 9413: 3856:" appended to the regular filename of the file to which they belong. The driver also utilizes the byte at offset 3657:

The FAT32 boot sector uses a 32-bit field for the sector count, limiting the maximal FAT32 volume size to 2

853: 6236: 4301:

sector is 4 KB in size and holds an 18 byte large BPB-like structure completely different from normal

13918: 13788: 13021: 12785: 12780: 12539: 12487: 10587: 10420: 10269: 9851: 9378: 6004: 5968: 5885: 4810: 4800: 3513: 3185:

media, which can have 1 or 2 KB sectors instead of 0.5 KB, this size limit is proportionally larger.

2839: 2419: 2080: 1456: 368: 6378: 5678: 5268: 4982:; Adler, Dennis R.; Lipe, Ralph A.; Pedrizetti, Ray D.; Parsons, Jeffrey T.; Arun, Rasipuram V. (1998-05-26). 13548: 13078: 12579: 11909: 11422: 11070: 10592: 9393: 7615: 6644: 4536: 2505:. Since PC DOS 3.3 (April 1987), there is another, optional extended partition containing the next 846: 835:

and makes the use of either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer for compatibility.

769: 31: 4947:"Information processing – Volume and file structure of flexible disk cartridges for information interchange" 3997:

Linux provides a VFAT filesystem driver to work with FAT volumes with VFAT long filenames. For some time, a

1838:

was the first PC with an IBM-supplied hard drive, and PC DOS 2.0 supported that hard drive with FAT12 (

10430: 10234: 10103: 9790: 9780: 9654: 9558: 9418: 8775: 8730: 8553: 7969: 7543: 6754: 4593: 4411: 4348: 4207: 4012: 3966:, LFNs were implemented as an optional extension on top of the existing FAT file system structures using a 3898: 1207: 1157:, since no real 8086 systems were available at this time. The FAT file system was also used in Microsoft's 7148: 6489: 5473: 779:

FAT is still used in drives expected to be used by multiple operating systems, such as in shared Windows,

13943: 12924: 12402: 10699: 10611: 10342: 9710: 9669: 9568: 9423: 9220: 8935: 8885: 8474: 8322: 8254: 7548: 7355: 6566: 4657: 4037: 3488: 3052: 2814: 2293: 2055: 1707:. Paterson also increased the nine-character (6.3) filename length limit to eleven characters to support 1679: 1428: 575: 5182:

MICROSOFT BASIC-80 version 5.0 reference manual / BASIC-80 Interpreter and Compiler Addendum Release 5.1

4880: 728: 9293:1994 (superseding ISO 9293:1987). These standards cover FAT12 and FAT16 with only short 13923: 13463: 13458: 13160: 13088: 12584: 12492: 12442: 12201: 11534: 11529: 10928: 10550: 9932: 9812: 9518: 9017: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8359: 8349: 8339: 7731: 7321: 7294: 5180: 5119: 4531: 4518:. Developers of open source software have designed methods intended to circumvent Microsoft's patents. 4511: 4202:

and not available in mainstream operating systems. (This extension is critically incompatible with the

3733: 3037: 2602: 2278: 1664: 805: 554: 6827: 6736: 6717: 6695: 6676: 6322: 3205:

services are not available for such volumes. This contributes to a confusing compatibility situation.

1746:. The capability to read previously formatted volumes with 16-byte directory entries was dropped with 12850: 12795: 12574: 12559: 11817: 11237: 10733: 10455: 10264: 10229: 9659: 9649: 9588: 9498: 9388: 9358: 9007: 8705: 6540: 5852: 5791: 5432: 4476:(USPTO) in 2004 disputing the validity of U.S. patent 5,579,517, including prior art references from 4352: 1229: 1181: 959: 57: 6999: 6514: 5076: 13813: 12898: 12805: 12594: 12569: 11781: 11776: 10637: 9629: 9573: 9553: 9398: 9167: 9052: 8942: 8424: 8277: 8180: 8125: 8000: 7856: 7625: 7239: 6000: 5964: 5588: 4914:"Information technology – Volume and file structure of disk cartridges for information interchange" 4681: 4378: 4148: 3875: 3665:. The maximum FAT32 volume size is 16 TB with a sector size of 4,096 bytes. The built-in 3334: 3217: 2647: 1867: 1792:

in 1981, supported only an 8-sector floppy format with a formatted capacity of 160 KB (FAT ID

1695:

Between April and August 1980, while borrowing the FAT concept for SCP's own 8086 operating system

1190: 1158: 1133: 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 139: 6922: 5624: 1452:

modified time (not with PC DOS 1.0 and 86-DOS), creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),

13933: 13928: 13453: 12452: 11994: 11984: 11979: 11554: 11539: 11479: 10913: 10908: 10868: 10214: 10209: 10053: 10048: 10008: 9968: 9918: 9664: 9408: 9403: 9278: 9253: 9215: 9185: 9135: 8947: 8870: 8795: 8715: 8690: 8523: 8479: 8461: 8160: 8150: 7605: 6806: 4695: 4541: 4407: 4344: 3841: 3599: 2925: 2488: 2409: 2166: 1555: 1199: 444: 7276:

of an article with summary of limits in FAT32 which is no longer available on Microsoft website.

7236:

of an article with summary of limits in FAT32 which is no longer available on Microsoft website.

1145:

data-entry terminal, equipped with 8-inch (200 mm) floppy disks, in 1977 or 1978. In 1978,

13913: 13002: 12770: 12760: 11889: 11307: 10888: 10692: 10674: 10194: 10158: 9770: 9755: 9513: 9471: 9363: 9293: 9210: 9195: 8790: 8369: 8334: 8272: 7751: 7571: 7435: 7365: 6459: 6025: 5731: 5704: 5446: 5367: 5357: 5292:

Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America

4725: 3959: 3906: 3879: 3194: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2988: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2229: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1618: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 666:), many portable and embedded devices because of its compatibility and ease of implementation. 524: 507: 467: 463: 459: 455: 7149:"Federal Patent Court of Germany invalidates Microsoft FAT patent, appeals court may disagree" 5403: 4510:

alleging several patents (including two of the VFAT patents) were not licensed for use in the

3713:

introduced a utility to convert existing hard disks from FAT16 to FAT32 without loss of data.

1773:

While 86-DOS supported three disk formats (250.25 KB, 616 KB and 1232 KB, with

13593: 13044: 12191: 10923: 10893: 10786: 10776: 10737: 10729: 10540: 10535: 10323: 10143: 10088: 10028: 10013: 9822: 9493: 9448: 9305: 8505: 8414: 8364: 8307: 8053: 8023: 7974: 7799: 7676: 7566: 7370: 7287: 3963: 3819:

volume. This file is indexed by two previously reserved bytes in the file's (or directory's)

3776: 3078: 2724:

8 GB (with 128 KB clusters and 1 or 2 KB sectors) (NT 4 and EDR-DOS only)

1789: 1723:

8-bit file system precursor was not supported by QDOS. By August 1980, QDOS had been renamed

1202:

board prototype during a guest week at Microsoft in May 1979. The final product was shown at

867: 817: 17: 7081: 5931: 5580: 4759: 3645:

footprint was increased by less than 5 KB under DOS. Cluster values are represented by

701:

platform in 1993, but FAT remained the standard for the home user until the introduction of

13861: 13828: 13693: 13262: 12949: 12855: 12589: 12564: 12407: 12248: 11999: 11686: 11489: 11362: 11145: 10545: 10460: 10308: 10303: 10148: 10118: 10083: 9973: 9679: 9674: 9578: 9528: 9486: 9456: 9343: 8930: 8895: 8842: 8780: 8579: 8540: 8354: 8073: 8048: 7689: 7506: 7496: 7452: 7417: 4546: 3340: 3309: 3209: 2653: 2622: 2497: 2344: 1982: 1960: 1858:) was introduced with PC DOS 2.0 as well, and this version also added read-only, 1850: 1336: 1314: 765: 213: 155: 3227:

in the partition table instead. FAT16 partitions using this partition type are also named

8: 13793: 12790: 10470: 10465: 10249: 10108: 10063: 10038: 9993: 9939: 9738: 9593: 9476: 8925: 8910: 8850: 8770: 8740: 8584: 8530: 8469: 8058: 7726: 7667: 7583: 6351: 5581: 4488: 4422: 4322: 4318: 4306: 4230: 4072:), or give new semantics to previously unused fields of the FAT on-disk data structures ( 4049: 3820: 3780: 3772: 3642: 3633:

In order to overcome the volume size limit of FAT16, while at the same time allowing DOS

3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3530: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2856: 2441: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2097: 1547: 1539: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1473: 1280: 1203: 656: 437: 385: 13768: 13748: 12735: 12670: 11010: 10601: 10396: 10254: 10204: 9978: 9897: 9802: 9508: 9348: 9315: 9288: 9283: 9130: 8957: 8860: 8855: 8755: 8574: 8436: 8399: 8312: 8038: 8028: 8013: 7954: 7784: 7447: 7440: 7427: 7380: 5906: 5458: 4888: 4729: 4415: 4402: 4394: 4265: 4186: 4114: 4061: 3975: 3800: 3763: 3757: 3426: 3419: 3329: 3324: 3305: 3272: 3223: 3202: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3134: 3128: 3097: 3069: 2752: 2745: 2642: 2637: 2618: 2574: 2527: 2510: 2461: 2456: 2446: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2414: 2404: 2371: 2326: 1975: 1956: 1905: 1863: 1716: 1329: 1310: 1224: 946: 717: 424: 206: 201: 189: 184: 179: 167: 151: 44: 3844:(IFS) driver FAT32.IFS version 0.70 and higher by Henk Kelder & Netlabs for OS/2, 3176: 1.1, and MS-DOS 4.0. The limit on partition size was dictated by the 8-bit 1876:

introduced support for high-density 1.2 MB 5.25-inch diskettes (media descriptor

627:

and other devices. The increase in disk drives capacity required four major variants:

11564: 10318: 10244: 10199: 10098: 10093: 10068: 10023: 9988: 9858: 9162: 8972: 8805: 8389: 8329: 8165: 7851: 7821: 7813: 7682: 7657: 7578: 7553: 7375: 7210: 7127: 6974: 5935: 5856: 5592: 5562: 5539: 5450: 5371: 5295: 5258: 5250: 5240: 4979: 4763: 4661: 4625: 4314: 4310: 4122: 3538: 3534: 3467: 2864: 2860: 2793: 2314: 2105: 2101: 2036: 1801: 1481: 1477: 1407: 1142: 710: 393: 389: 77: 7662: 6150: 6071:"Windows 11 preview build sees FAT32 partition size increased to 2TB after 30 years" 13418: 12298: 12039: 11367: 10684: 10475: 10410: 10259: 10168: 10003: 9946: 9904: 9765: 9733: 9689: 9644: 9563: 9323: 9120: 8997: 8987: 8750: 8745: 8409: 8317: 8115: 7765: 7709: 7398: 7269: 7102: 4653: 4621: 3749: 2536: 2469: 1918: 1241: 1162: 801: 69: 10364: 3002:

individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;

2730:

16 GB (with 256 KB clusters and 2 or 4 KB sectors) (NT 4 only)

2243:

individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;

521:

individual file / directory passwords not with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;

13648: 12908: 12629: 12534: 12288: 12216: 12211: 12206: 11691: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 10425: 10295: 10178: 10153: 10138: 10128: 10078: 10073: 9827: 9461: 9177: 9042: 9032: 8977: 8962: 8820: 8710: 8518: 8431: 7939: 7333: 7273: 6761: 6328: 6305: 5620: 5479: 5441: 5274: 5236: 4804: 4668:

series was released in 1978, based on a similar 8080 hardware, but now including

4371: 3936: 3867: 3292: 3182: 2451: 955: 682: 663: 624: 53: 6354:

these EAs will no longer be found using DosFindFirst/Next calls only. The other

4983: 4117:

in a hidden file with a name constructed from the owner filename prefixed with "

3783:

in the EBPB record, may contain no or misleading values and should not be used.

3709:(the version that came with Windows 95 OSR2 and Windows 98) never supported it. 3637:

code to handle the format, Microsoft designed a new version of the file system,

12196: 11944: 11756: 11619: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 10943: 10933: 10642: 9785: 9328: 9140: 9115: 9047: 8915: 8890: 8865: 8815: 8785: 8695: 8595: 8419: 8404: 8344: 7522: 7393: 7113:"EP0618540B1 - Common name space for long and short filenames - Google Patents" 5363: 5331: 4733: 4426: 4397: 4262: 4065: 3991: 3808: 3745: 3721: 3670: 3300: 3124: 2980: 2613: 2322: 2221: 1951: 1880:), which notably had 15 sectors per track, hence more space for the FATs. 1824: 1735:

became available in early 1981. Later in 1981, 86-DOS evolved into Microsoft's

1610: 1305: 828: 809: 499: 146: 7260:. Explains inability to work with extremely large volumes under Windows 95/98. 6796: 13907: 13871: 13866: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13838: 13833: 13823: 13808: 13803: 13758: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13723: 13713: 13703: 13698: 13678: 13673: 13663: 13638: 13628: 13618: 13583: 13578: 13568: 13563: 13553: 13528: 13523: 12984: 12959: 12944: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12705: 12650: 12619: 12609: 12472: 12462: 12432: 12427: 12377: 12357: 12335: 12320: 12273: 12238: 12181: 12176: 12166: 12044: 11989: 11964: 11959: 11939: 11812: 11352: 10791: 10761: 10616: 10274: 10133: 10033: 9373: 9333: 9110: 9085: 9077: 9012: 8880: 8680: 8449: 8394: 8068: 8008: 7867: 7104:, "Common name space for long and short filenames", issued 1994-03-31 6801: 6422: 6299: 5454: 5353: 4677: 4633: 4609: 4110: 4096: 4022: 3944: 3666: 3477: 2984: 2803: 2225: 2044: 1887:, including 1.44 MB and later 2.88 MB disks (media descriptor byte 1766:

Clusters containing bad sectors were marked unusable with the reserved value

1614: 1417: 1185: 1112: 981: 861:). The FAT is statically allocated at the time of formatting. The table is a 733: 503: 346: 5262: 3852:

stores extended attributes in extra files with filenames having the string "

3748:

provided another dynamically loadable FAT32.EXE driver for DR-DOS 7.03 with

13818: 13798: 13518: 13493: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13103: 12845: 12815: 12675: 12019: 12014: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11786: 11731: 11681: 11614: 11569: 11544: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11412: 11377: 11287: 11282: 11110: 10918: 10658: 10566: 10043: 9998: 9925: 9890: 9598: 9548: 9338: 9090: 9037: 9002: 8920: 8900: 8720: 8700: 8513: 8221: 7809: 7776: 7714: 7694: 6620:"Reverse Engineering the Microsoft exFAT File System | SANS Institute" 5554: 5399: 4581: 4245:

operating system. For larger files it utilized a performance feature named

3955: 3913: 3717: 3706: 3463: 3140: 2789: 2480: 2354: 2032: 1884: 1712: 1403: 1177: 1044: 832: 797: 729: 652: 338: 10440: 7218: 7202: 6395:). Comment: This older version of the README file still discusses the old 5636:

The numbering starts with 2; the first two numbers, 0 and 1, are reserved.

4881:"Volume and File Structure of Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange" 3752:

in 2004. IBM introduced native FAT32 support with OEM PC DOS 7.1 in 1999.

3705:

OSR2(MS-DOS 7.1) in 1996, although reformatting was needed to use it, and

13393: 13185: 13155: 13148: 13143: 12820: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12091: 12008: 10980: 10530: 10113: 10058: 9963: 9817: 9705: 9583: 9438: 9230: 9205: 8800: 8211: 7310: 6211: 5828: 4495:

alleging that the device maker's products infringe on patents related to

4363: 4359: 4272: 4088: 4084: 4045: 3845: 3741: 3041: 2976: 2972: 2727:

8 GB (with 128 KB clusters and 512 byte sectors) (EDR-DOS only)

2588: 2581: 2282: 2217: 2213: 1859: 1828: 1747: 1732: 1728: 1668: 1606: 1602: 1543: 1531: 1294: 1276: 1101:

conversion, read after write, binary (random rather than sequential file)

862: 793: 789: 785: 659: 620: 608: 558: 495: 491: 243: 6210:. Win98 Private FAQ, Windows 98 Consumer Preview Program. Archived from 3168:

In 1988, the FAT16B improvement became more generally available through

2379:), and they adapted MS-DOS to use more than a single primary partition. 1812:

introduced support for 9-sector floppy formats with 180 KB (FAT ID

647:

as the default file system on Microsoft operating systems starting with

13763: 13688: 13603: 13543: 12810: 12715: 12422: 12397: 12161: 12116: 11852: 11509: 11322: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11165: 11140: 11015: 10771: 10621: 10605: 10597: 10018: 9842: 9383: 9273: 9147: 9067: 8992: 8810: 8489: 8287: 6332: 6270: 6146: 6026:"Explained: The thinking behind the 32GB Windows Format limit on FAT32" 4721: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4629: 4506:

In October 2010, Microsoft filed a patent infringement lawsuit against

4438: 4077: 3990:

In Windows NT, support for VFAT long filenames began with version

3967: 3940: 3894: 3725: 3710: 3702: 3674: 3281: 3213: 3198: 3189: 3177: 3045: 2960: 2286: 2201: 1873: 1809: 1797: 1785: 1672: 1590: 1535: 1287: 1184:(SCP) was first introduced to Microsoft's FAT structure when he helped 1150: 1138: 1116: 706: 702: 698: 690: 648: 616: 562: 479: 5757:"Q78407: Wyse DOS 3.3 Partitions Incompatible with MS-DOS 5.x and 6.x" 4616:

in late 1977, incorrectly classified as a floppy-based upgrade to the

3509:

Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),

364:

Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),

13876: 13653: 13588: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13347: 13337: 13332: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13272: 13267: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13180: 13175: 13165: 13138: 13133: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13098: 13093: 13083: 13068: 13063: 13058: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12939: 12929: 12890: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12710: 12700: 12685: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12604: 12549: 12544: 12524: 12502: 12482: 12437: 12417: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12330: 12293: 12283: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12243: 12228: 12223: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12121: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12086: 12081: 12029: 12024: 12004: 11974: 11949: 11934: 11904: 11857: 11847: 11827: 11822: 11807: 11802: 11716: 11437: 11432: 11327: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10582: 9639: 9634: 9268: 9157: 9105: 8875: 8444: 8185: 8063: 7794: 6593: 6240: 6177: 5189: 5128: 5014: 4268: 4258: 4246: 4224: 4127: 4026: 3951: 3634: 3277: 3086: 3033: 2544: 2274: 1910: 1696: 1660: 1269: 1233: 1195: 1128: 951: 813: 550: 49: 5996: 5960: 5881: 5774:"Q68176: Upgrading Pre-4.0 Systems with Logical Drive(s) > 32 MB" 4797: 4241:

implemented a heavily modified variant of a FAT file system for the

3321: 2634: 1972: 1326: 611:

developed for personal computers and was the default filesystem for

176: 164: 13728: 13302: 13282: 13242: 13197: 13128: 13073: 12614: 12392: 12096: 11924: 11761: 11751: 11736: 11711: 11696: 11671: 11666: 11549: 11524: 11519: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11484: 11449: 11444: 11427: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11372: 11357: 11347: 11342: 11332: 11317: 11312: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11242: 11227: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11160: 11155: 11135: 11130: 11120: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11055: 11045: 10938: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10502: 10219: 10123: 9983: 9743: 9608: 9238: 9095: 8982: 8967: 8905: 8765: 8725: 8262: 8206: 8175: 7964: 7789: 7645: 7538: 7491: 7385: 6382: 6339: 5674: 4694:

DR-DOS is able to boot off FAT12/FAT16 logical sectored media with

4673: 4669: 4665: 4637: 4617: 4613: 4596:. In UTF-16, a "character" (code point) may take up two code units. 4507: 4326: 4018: 3682: 3658: 3395: 3377: 3370: 3366: 2715: 2711: 2679: 2595: 2472: 318: 299: 280: 270: 6173:"FAT-32X may operate differently than FAT-32 on large hard drives" 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 4087:

stores its various dates, file attributes and long filenames in a

2721:

4 GB (with 64 KB clusters) (NT 4, PTS-DOS, EDR-DOS)

2483:

for the number of sectors, as introduced since DOS 3.31 (see

772:-compliant computers. Hidden FAT filesystems are also used in the 13753: 13718: 13708: 13277: 13190: 12903: 12695: 12680: 12477: 12467: 12457: 12233: 12049: 11894: 11882: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10948: 10903: 10898: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10239: 10173: 9911: 9797: 9760: 9748: 9433: 9152: 9125: 9100: 9062: 9057: 8760: 8685: 8216: 8190: 8017: 7650: 7620: 7511: 7467: 6041:"How to Format USB Drives Larger Than 32GB With FAT32 on Windows" 5675:"Microsoft Knowledge Base article: "MS-DOS Partitioning Summary"" 4302: 4242: 3834: 3737: 3729: 3681:

The maximal possible size for a file on a FAT32 volume is 4

3615: 3611: 2992: 2964: 2956: 2835:

Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),

2362: 2233: 2205: 2197: 2076:

Modified date/time, creation date/time (DOS 7.0 and higher only),

1622: 1594: 1586: 511: 483: 475: 13013: 9027: 5766: 5583:

Forensic Computing: A Practitioner's Guide (Practitioner Series)

5254: 4381:

and command-line format utilities offer it as an alternative to

4347:

in November 2006 and brought to the Windows NT family with

3432:

274,877,906,943 bytes (256 GiB − 1 byte) (only with FAT32+)

13783: 13778: 13773: 13683: 13623: 13613: 13608: 13598: 13558: 13508: 12765: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12412: 12387: 12315: 12171: 12156: 12136: 12131: 12076: 12069: 12064: 12059: 11954: 11919: 11766: 11417: 11232: 10796: 10523: 10497: 10313: 10163: 9832: 9613: 9538: 8952: 8226: 8135: 8130: 7934: 7635: 7279: 6485: 6360: 5932:"Windows 98 Resource Kit – Chapter 10 – Disks and File Systems" 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5211: 4585: 4492: 4238: 4199: 4154: 4041: 3948: 3920: 3849: 3649:

numbers, of which 28 bits are used to hold the cluster number.

3646: 3607: 3169: 3060: 2968: 2952: 2548: 2532: 2501:(EBR), which is a container for an additional partition called 2465: 2301: 2209: 2193: 1922: 1839: 1774: 1759: 1743: 1736: 1724: 1687: 1598: 1582: 1245: 1154: 1098: 612: 586: 487: 471: 73: 65: 6949:"Microsoft suit over FAT patents could open OSS Pandora's Box" 6887:"Patent Office's Office Action Rejecting Microsoft FAT Patent" 6848:"PUBPAT's Request for Reexamination of Microsoft's FAT Patent" 6415:"Implementation of extended attributes on the FAT file system" 5345: 4309:. Files can have filenames up to 42 characters long using the 4125:

stores some folder and file metadata in a hidden file called "

1111:, as it was called initially) was designed and implemented by 13633: 13513: 13503: 13498: 13488: 13398: 13327: 12800: 12775: 12497: 12382: 12253: 12034: 11899: 11771: 11746: 11741: 11721: 11095: 11065: 11060: 10781: 10766: 10756: 10751: 10518: 10513: 10279: 9715: 9543: 9248: 9022: 8735: 8484: 8282: 8267: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8145: 8140: 8078: 7959: 7912: 7907: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7841: 7831: 7736: 7704: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7484: 7412: 7360: 7251:

Fdisk does not recognize full size of hard disks larger than

7026:"Microsoft sues Motorola, citing Android patent infringement" 6882: 6510: 6098:

README.TXT – Caldera DR-DOS FAT32 Enabled Boot Disk (DRFAT32)

5536:

Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire

5132: 5040:"How to Convert a Drive from FAT32 to NTFS without Data Loss" 4851:"A brief introduction to FAT (File Allocation Table) formats" 4589: 4500: 4477: 4473: 4338: 4170: 4166: 4136: 4106: 4069: 4030: 3998: 3755:

Two partition types have been reserved for FAT32 partitions,

3473: 3107: 2799: 2310: 2040: 1835: 1413: 1120: 1065: 780: 640: 342: 112: 7175:"Bundespatentgericht erklärt VFAT-Patent erneut für nichtig" 6296:

Implementation of extended attributes on the FAT file system

5489: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 4728:

3.11, but this older version was only used for implementing

3716:

In the Windows NT line, native support for FAT32 arrived in

13658: 13573: 13170: 12447: 12310: 12303: 11969: 11914: 11514: 11125: 10663: 9807: 9481: 9300: 9263: 8155: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8043: 7979: 7949: 7944: 7880: 7875: 7846: 7755: 7746: 7699: 7640: 7610: 7501: 7472: 7462: 7457: 7422: 7404: 7257: 6735: 6716: 6675: 6589:"exFAT File System Intellectual Property licensing program" 6355: 5394: 5392: 4978: 4457: 4382: 4367: 4234: 4153:

Early Linux distributions also supported a format known as

4073: 4008: 3902: 3890: 3883: 3871: 3796: 3662: 3404:

16 TB (with 4 KB sectors and 64 KB clusters)

3173: 2999:

execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;

2686: 2240:

execute right only with FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;

1708: 1165:

for 8080/Z80 platforms written by McDonald since 1979. The

694: 644: 7245:

Microsoft TechNet: A Brief and Incomplete History of FAT32

7052:"New Linux patch could circumvent Microsoft's FAT patents" 6436: 6092: 6090: 5723: 5235:(Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: 4688: 4060:

The FAT file system itself is not designed for supporting

3401:

8 TB (with 2 KB sectors and 32 KB clusters)

454:

FAT12/FAT16: File, directory and volume access rights for

13352: 12934: 12624: 11676: 10481: 9725: 7761: 7741: 7630: 7532: 6766: 5823:

Kuhnt, Udo; Georgiev, Luchezar I.; Davis, Jeremy (2007).

5699: 5697: 5695: 5502: 5431: 5351: 5154: 5093: 4514:

operating system. They also submitted a complaint to the

4414:, and NTFS). Logical geometry information located in the 3980: 3376:

256 MB – 36 KB (with 65525 clusters and 4

2693: 2540: 2358: 1914: 1740: 1237: 686: 284: 61: 7256:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 263044, copy made by 6311: 6112:

DRFAT32.SYS R1.00 INT 13h Interface for FAT32 Redirector

5882:"Errors Creating Files or Folders in the Root Directory" 5783: 5389: 5356:; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) . 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 1762:

sector numbers, and so increased the volume size limit.

1115:, based on a series of discussions between McDonald and 916:

There are several variants of the FAT file system (e.g.

27:

Family of file systems originally developed by Microsoft

7233: 6580: 6535:

de Quincey, Andrew; Murray-Pitts, Lucien (2008-08-29).

6230: 6228: 6164: 6087: 5989: 5953: 5924: 5874: 5845: 5749: 5572: 7865: 6534: 6254: 5692: 5528: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5231:

Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith (1988).

5230: 4418:

is stored in a format not resembling any kind of BPB.

3016:

permission classes only with multiuser security loaded

2257:

permission classes only with multiuser security loaded

1643:

permission classes only with multiuser security loaded

527:

permission classes only with multiuser security loaded

5482:(NB. The SCP advertisement already calls the product 4781: 4499:

long filenames. As some TomTom products are based on

4099:(a common Mac OS ADS) in a subdirectory called " 4033:

characters in a proprietary FAT file system variant.

4001:

driver was available to provide combined support for

3208:

Prior to 1995, versions of DOS accessed the disk via

2369:, primary partition entries in their custom extended 1123:

table elements (and valid data cluster numbers up to

533:

FAT32: Partial, only with DR-DOS, REAL/32 and 4690 OS

518:

execute with only FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS;

438:

Read-only, hidden, system, volume, directory, archive

10714: 6748: 6225: 6104: 6068: 5997:"Limitations of the FAT32 File System in Windows XP" 1297:, 32-byte directory entries, 1 reserved sector) 1290:, 32-byte directory entries, 1 reserved sector) 276:

FAT16: 2 GB (4 GB for 64 KB clusters)

10394: 6797:"EFI and Linux: the future is here, and it's awful" 6134: 6118: 5308: 5285: 5283: 4142: 4055: 3418:2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GiB − 1 byte) (without 6992: 6452: 6366: 5822: 5664:. First Edition, P/N 6024181, dated February 1985. 5654: 2487:below), keeping the cluster size and reducing the 2386:of the sectors the file system operated on. These 1174:, MIDAS instead occupied 32 bytes per entry. 7069: 6201: 6199: 5706:FYI – Installing DR DOS on NEC DOS 3.3 Partitions 5233:The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2 4612:and Paul Andrews, "Gates", development was for a 4165:was released and it is not enabled by default in 1870:attribute bits for hierarchical sub-directories. 13905: 8625: 7132:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7043: 7017: 6940: 6712: 6710: 6671: 6669: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5641: 5425: 5280: 5067: 4984:"Common name space for long and short filenames" 4278:While resembling the same basic design ideas as 4113:and metadata (file attributes, other ADS) using 3897:supports the handling of extended attributes in 3425:4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GiB − 1 byte) (with 3254:is normally chosen to fill these sectors, i.e., 1796:) for single-sided 5.25-inch floppy drives, and 884:are implemented as special files containing the 7229:Volume and file size limits of FAT file systems 6914: 6406: 5667: 5578: 3803:(EAs) and stores them in a hidden file called " 1758:version available with DOS 3.31 supported 1047:(binary files), 9 characters (ASCII files) 804:. FAT is supported by portable devices such as 716:For floppy disks, FAT has been standardized as 7212:MS-DOS: Directory and Subdirectory Limitations 6826: 6563:"Differences between Xbox FATX and MS-DOS FAT" 6503: 6196: 4460:extended object attributes (expired in 2011). 4257:FATX is a family of file systems designed for 1699:, Tim Paterson extended the table elements to 831:since 1998 defines a logical file system with 13029: 10700: 10380: 8611: 7295: 6707: 6666: 6331:): "This byte is not modified while running 6294:Eager, Bob; Tavi Systems (October 28, 2000); 6288: 6143:"PowerQuest PartitionMagic 4.0 now available" 5809: 4972: 4604: 4602: 4005:-style permissions with VFAT long filenames. 2935:File, directory and volume access rights for 2744:2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB − 1) (without 2390:were larger (up to 8192 bytes) than the 2176:File, directory and volume access rights for 1784:) on 8-inch (200 mm) floppy drives, IBM 1565:File, directory and volume access rights for 7220:Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems 6694: 6554: 5289: 4939: 4906: 4710: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 3132:. To deal with disks larger than this, type 1449:Modified date (not with 86-DOS before 0.42), 651:. Nevertheless, FAT continues to be used on 7023: 6537:"Xbox partitioning and file system details" 5061: 3970:in the way directory entries are laid out. 3866:Extended attributes are accessible via the 3487:32 levels or 66 characters (with 2813:32 levels or 66 characters (with 2054:32 levels or 66 characters (with 1427:32 levels or 66 characters (with 13939:File systems supported by the Linux kernel 13036: 13022: 10707: 10693: 10387: 10373: 10348: 8618: 8604: 7302: 7288: 7115:. Archived from the original on 2020-03-28 6539:. 0.13. Xbox-Linux project. Archived from 6528: 6170: 5884:. Microsoft Help and Support. 2004-12-16. 5445:(Advertisement). Vol. 5, no. 8. 5382:(xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: 5121:Xerox BASIC-80 – basic-80 reference manual 4660:) became available for the cassette-based 4599: 4463: 3373:(with 65525 clusters and 512 byte sectors) 2751:4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GB − 1) (with 619:. Originally developed in 1977 for use on 327:FAT32: 268,173,300 for 32 KB clusters 13893:International Electrotechnical Commission 7223:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 100108 7207:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 154997 7078:"Can FAT patch avoid Microsoft lawsuits?" 6975:"Microsoft, TomTom settle patent dispute" 6966: 6462:. The Linux Kernel archives. 2002-03-12. 6446:, IBM document SC30-4137-01, 2007-12-06 ( 6260: 6140: 6128:, IBM document SC30-4134-01, 2008-01-10 ( 4563: 4011:added long filename support to FAT using 3979:(for "Virtual FAT") after the Windows 95 3519:deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2) 2845:deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2) 2758:limited by volume size only (with FAT16+) 2086:deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2) 1462:deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2) 756:are typically found on the larger media. 374:deletion date/time (only with DELWATCH 2) 7215:: Microsoft Knowledge Base Article 39927 7172: 6845: 6346:. If another program sets the value to 6234: 5614: 5579:Jenkinson, Brian; Sammes, A. J. (2000). 5398: 4206:option of the FAT32.IFS method to store 3221:systems by using the new partition type 7265:Microsoft Windows XP: FAT32 File System 6923:"Microsoft's file system patent upheld" 6920: 6794: 5899: 5732:"List of partition identifiers for PCs" 5559:Inside the IBM PC, Revised and Enlarged 5548: 5534:Wallace, James; Erickson, Jim; (1992); 5437:"86-DOS - 8086 OPERATING SYSTEM - $ 95" 4873: 4343:exFAT is a file system introduced with 2402:IDs for logical sectored FATs include: 2338: 713:to use FAT as its default file system. 14: 13906: 7146: 6319:FAT32.TXT for FAT32.IFS version 0.9.13 5980:Clusters cannot be 64 kilobytes ( 5362:(2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: 5321: 5290:Manes, Stephen; Andrews, Paul (1993). 5005: 5003: 4885:Standard ECMA-107 (2nd ed., June 1995) 4620:, which had been released in 1975-11 ( 3791: 3552:2 seconds for last modified time, 3081:. The result was initially called the 2878:2 seconds for last modified time, 2119:2 seconds for last modified time, 1495:2 seconds for last modified time, 880:until the end of the file is reached. 407:2 seconds for last modified time, 13017: 10688: 10368: 10225:Next-Generation Secure Computing Base 8599: 7283: 7075: 6972: 6881: 6586: 6560: 6483: 6444:4690 OS Programming Guide Version 5.2 6412: 6205: 6038: 5328:Softalk for the IBM Personal Computer 4826:"Comparing NTFS and FAT file systems" 4754: 4752: 3736:introduced native FAT32 support with 935: 324:FAT16: 65,460 for 32 KB clusters 273:(256 MB for 64 KB clusters) 7204:Description of the FAT32 File System 7049: 6946: 6565:. Xbox-Linux project. Archived from 6486:"DR-DOS/OpenDOS Enhancement Project" 6374:FAT32.TXT for FAT32.IFS version 0.74 4487:In February 2009, Microsoft filed a 3775:in the MBR as well as the number of 3744:added FAT32 support with version 2. 3493:60 levels or more (without CDS) 3345:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 2819:60 levels or more (without CDS) 2658:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 2060:60 levels or more (without CDS) 1987:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 1433:60 levels or more (without CDS) 1364:32 MB (with 8 KB clusters) 1361:16 MB (with 4 KB clusters) 1341:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 838: 218:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 9354:Distributed Transaction Coordinator 6141:Karpowitz, Christina (1998-09-23). 6069:Roshan Ashraf Shaikh (2024-08-16). 5789: 5729: 5608: 5000: 4676:models featuring 8-inch diskettes. 4472:(PUBPAT) submitted evidence to the 4421:In early 2010, the file system was 3455:268,173,300 for 32 KB clusters 2004:4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GB − 1) 1883:FAT12 remains in use on all common 1036:record-granularity (128 bytes) 1005:for SCP (16-byte directory entries) 24: 9685:User Interface Privilege Isolation 7080:. DesktopLinux.Com. Archived from 6846:Ravicher, Daniel B. (2004-04-15). 5961:"Limitations of FAT32 File System" 5853:"Dskprobe Overview: Data Recovery" 5709:, Novell, 1993-01-05, FYI.M.1101, 5649:IBM PC DOS 3.0 announcement letter 5503:Seattle Computer Products (1981). 4749: 4135:even on macOS' native filesystem, 3930: 3172: 3.31, PC DOS 4.0, 827:file system adopted by almost all 585:FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume only with 25: 13960: 13043: 7196: 6645:"exFAT in the Linux kernel? Yes!" 5324:"Tim Paterson – The roots of DOS" 4798:Windows 95 CD-ROM CONFIG.TXT File 4385:(and, for smaller partitions, to 4161:". UMSDOS fell into disuse after 3512:access date (only available with 3105:, whereas some older versions of 3070:Compaq Personal Computer DOS 3.31 2838:access date (only available with 2079:access date (only available with 1455:access date (only available with 1107:The original FAT file system (or 367:access date (only available with 12998: 12997: 10439: 10347: 10337: 10336: 7309: 7258:Internet Archive Wayback Machine 7234:Internet Archive Wayback Machine 7024:Protalinski, Emil (2010-10-01). 7000:"Microsoft Motorola Patent Suit" 6171:Livingston, Brian (1998-10-28). 6126:4690 OS User's Guide Version 5.2 5792:"Properties of partition tables" 4644:series including the 8080-based 4552:Transaction-Safe FAT File System 4143:UMSDOS permissions and filenames 4056:Forks and alternate data streams 3767:. The latter type is also named 3652: 3561:2 seconds for deletion time 2887:2 seconds for deletion time 2128:2 seconds for deletion time 1894: 1804:format with 320 KB (FAT ID 1504:2 seconds for deletion time 416:2 seconds for deletion time 9414:Remote Differential Compression 7181:from the original on 2019-08-02 7173:Labesius, Stefan (2017-05-28). 7166: 7155:from the original on 2014-01-04 7140: 7095: 7058:from the original on 2013-11-01 7032:from the original on 2010-10-02 7006:from the original on 2010-10-06 6981:from the original on 2009-08-05 6955:from the original on 2009-02-27 6929:from the original on 2016-05-03 6903:from the original on 2013-05-26 6875: 6864:from the original on 2013-06-07 6839: 6820: 6809:from the original on 2021-11-02 6795:Garrett, Matthew (2012-01-19). 6788: 6778:Intellectual Property Licensing 6729: 6688: 6655:from the original on 2019-09-01 6637: 6626:from the original on 2021-04-21 6612: 6517:from the original on 2018-07-26 6492:from the original on 2016-07-06 6477: 6466:from the original on 2006-04-15 6277:from the original on 2015-09-21 6261:Steinberg, David (1998-05-01). 6185:from the original on 2015-11-12 6062: 6051:from the original on 2021-01-26 6032: 6018: 6007:from the original on 2020-07-31 5971:from the original on 2020-07-31 5942:from the original on 2012-05-01 5913:from the original on 2006-10-07 5888:from the original on 2020-07-31 5863:from the original on 2011-07-03 5798:from the original on 2019-04-23 5738:from the original on 2019-04-23 5713:from the original on 2016-03-04 5681:from the original on 2018-06-12 5517:from the original on 2012-10-03 5414:from the original on 2013-01-20 5199:from the original on 2016-03-04 5142:from the original on 2016-03-04 5050:from the original on 2021-08-08 5032: 5021:from the original on 2021-07-23 4961:from the original on 2012-01-17 4928:from the original on 2012-01-17 4895:from the original on 2018-10-07 4832:from the original on 2016-06-20 4770:from the original on 2011-08-12 4701: 4680:, a precursor or adaptation of 4198:is limited to some versions of 3840:However, the third-party FAT32 3661:with a sector size of 512 1719:. The format used in Microsoft 1076:not allowed in first character) 764:FAT is used internally for the 10421:Common Language Infrastructure 10270:Windows System Assessment Tool 7147:Müller, Florian (2013-12-05). 6561:Steil, Michael (2008-02-26) . 6235:Costanzo, Lance (1998-05-14). 5662:IBM PC DOS Technical Reference 4843: 4818: 4474:US Patent and Trademark Office 4448:royalty per unit sold, with a 4213: 3954:long), in addition to classic 3696: 3449: 3115:. Technically, it is known as 2781:65,460 for 32 KB clusters 2775: 2516: 2489:logical sector size in the BPB 2024:65,536 for 32 KB clusters 2018: 1389: 776:boot partition on modern PCs. 308: 13: 1: 6263:"What is a FAT32X partition?" 6181:. Vol. 20, no. 43. 4742: 4537:Design of the FAT file system 4358:exFAT is intended for use on 4131:" (but note that Finder uses 4048:version 2 introduced its own 3786: 3555:10 ms for creation time, 3246:of root directory sectors is 3153:). In practice however, type 2881:10 ms for creation time, 2122:10 ms for creation time, 1788:, released with the original 1498:10 ms for creation time, 847:Design of the FAT file system 676: 410:10 ms for creation time, 32:Design of the FAT file system 9559:Open XML Paper Specification 9419:Remote Installation Services 8627:Microsoft Windows components 6921:Broache, Anne (2006-01-10). 6208:"Can anyone explain FAT32X?" 6039:Glenn, Walter (2017-07-20). 5827:(2 ed.). Archived from 5587:. Berlin: Springer. p. 5330:(March 1983). Archived from 4218: 4185:draft proposed how to store 3837:on FAT32 using this method. 3398:(with 512 byte sectors) 2682:(with 128 byte sectors) 2562:(with 32-bit sector entries) 2559:16-bit File Allocation Table 1936:(with 16-bit sector entries) 1933:16-bit File Allocation Table 1395:4,068 for 8 KB clusters 1272:, 16-byte directory entries) 1256:12-bit File Allocation Table 1208:National Computer Conference 741: 623:, it was adapted for use on 617:Windows 9x operating systems 298:4,294,967,295 bytes (4 7: 9711:Windows Subsystem for Linux 9670:Mandatory Integrity Control 9424:Windows Deployment Services 9221:Wireless Zero Configuration 8475:Filesystem-level encryption 6780:. Microsoft. Archived from 6114:, Caldera, Inc., 1998-09-11 6100:. Caldera, Inc. 1998-07-24. 4658:Microsoft Extended BASIC-80 4525: 4386: 4002: 3939:goals for the designers of 3558:1 day for access date, 3248:RDS = ceil((RDE × 32) / SS) 2884:1 day for access date, 2629: 2484: 2125:1 day for access date, 1755: 1546:and PC DOS 2.0), 1501:1 day for access date, 1283:, several reserved sectors) 1153:using an emulator on a DEC 1012:(32-byte directory entries) 991:(16-byte directory entries) 969:8-bit File Allocation Table 911: 888:of their respective files. 693:eras. Microsoft introduced 413:1 day for access date, 104: 10: 13965: 10551:Holographic Versatile Disc 9813:Universal Windows Platform 9519:Kernel Transaction Manager 9504:Hardware Abstraction Layer 9201:Multimedia Class Scheduler 7322:Comparison of file systems 7076:Brown, Eric (2009-07-02). 6649:Microsoft Open Source Blog 6460:"Release notes for v2.5.7" 6206:Duitz, Neal (2001-07-17). 5617:"An Inside Look at MS-DOS" 4628:) and was built around an 4532:Comparison of file systems 4432: 4390: 4336: 4283: 4279: 4222: 4146: 3830: 3816: 3812: 3720:. A free FAT32 driver for 3701:FAT32 was introduced with 3316: 3083:DOS 3.31 Large File System 2468:MS-DOS 3.3 – also used by 2365:, instead of the standard 2342: 2309:In 1984, IBM released the 1967: 1816:) and 360 KB (FAT ID 1321: 925: 921: 917: 905: 901: 897: 844: 753: 749: 745: 636: 632: 628: 302:− 1) with FAT16B and FAT32 108: 100: 96: 29: 13949:Windows disk file systems 13885: 13386: 13051: 12993: 12917: 12643: 11795: 10744: 10726: 10672: 10651: 10630: 10575: 10559: 10490: 10456:Advanced Intelligent Tape 10448: 10437: 10403: 10332: 10292: 10265:Windows Services for UNIX 10187: 9956: 9875: 9868: 9841: 9724: 9698: 9650:Data Execution Prevention 9622: 9499:Graphics Device Interface 9447: 9389:Network Access Protection 9314: 9229: 9176: 9076: 9008:Remote Desktop Connection 8841: 8671: 8633: 8567: 8539: 8504: 8460: 8385: 8378: 8300: 8253: 8199: 8101: 8094: 7999: 7925: 7808: 7775: 7351: 7342: 7317: 7050:Paul, Ryan (2009-07-02). 6973:Fried, Ina (2009-03-30). 6947:Paul, Ryan (2009-02-25). 6484:Kuhnt, Udo (2011-07-21). 6413:Eager, Bob (2000-10-28). 5538:, John Wiley & Sons, 5505:"SCP 86-DOS 1.0 Addendum" 5433:Seattle Computer Products 5068:JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA (2010). 4717: 4584:, Microsoft Windows uses 4496: 4481:had incorrect assignees. 4353:Windows XP Service Pack 3 4162: 3925:EA␠DATA.␠SF 3874:scripts, and many system 3805:EA␠DATA.␠SF 3690: 3621: 3598: 3568: 3545: 3526: 3502: 3497: 3483: 3459: 3447: 3439: 3411: 3387: 3358: 3353: 3299: 3287: 3271: 3051: 3026: 2924: 2894: 2871: 2852: 2828: 2823: 2809: 2785: 2773: 2765: 2737: 2703: 2671: 2666: 2612: 2566: 2554: 2526: 2292: 2267: 2165: 2135: 2112: 2093: 2069: 2064: 2050: 2028: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1950: 1940: 1928: 1904: 1678: 1653: 1554: 1511: 1488: 1469: 1442: 1437: 1423: 1399: 1387: 1379: 1371: 1354: 1349: 1304: 1261: 1251: 1223: 1194:emulator port onto SCP's 1182:Seattle Computer Products 1119:. It was introduced with 1093: 1085: 1080: 1059: 1051: 1040: 1032: 1024: 1019: 973: 965: 945: 929: 759: 748:is used on floppy disks, 737: 709:was the final version of 574: 549:FAT12/FAT16: Per-volume, 540: 443: 433: 423: 400: 381: 357: 352: 334: 306: 294: 262: 257: 249: 239: 231: 226: 171:e.a. (Extended Attribute) 145: 126: 120: 116: 91: 83: 43: 9630:Security and Maintenance 9574:Security Account Manager 9168:Windows XP visual styles 8425:Extended file attributes 8126:Compact Disc File System 6894:Public Patent Foundation 6855:Public Patent Foundation 6760:August 22, 2009, at the 6001:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5981: 5965:Microsoft Knowledge Base 5776:. Microsoft. 2000-12-17. 5759:. Microsoft. 2000-12-17. 4796:Microsoft (2006-11-15). 4682:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 4557: 4470:Public Patent Foundation 4332: 4321:; in FATX, the epoch is 4208:OS/2 extended attributes 4190:size limit. Support for 4149:FAT filesystem and Linux 3261: 3216:(MS-DOS 7.0) introduced 1213: 1191:Standalone Disk BASIC-86 1147:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 1141:-based successor of the 1134:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 1003:Standalone Disk BASIC-86 996:Standalone Disk BASIC-86 989:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 643:. FAT was replaced with 317:FAT12: 4,068 for 8 198: 140:Standalone Disk BASIC-80 10215:Media Control Interface 10049:Help and Support Center 9665:Kernel Patch Protection 9429:System Resource Manager 9409:Remote Desktop Services 9404:Print Services for UNIX 9186:Service Control Manager 8796:Windows Error Reporting 8716:DirectX Diagnostic Tool 8524:Installable File System 5825:"FAT+ draft revision 2" 4542:Drive letter assignment 4464:Challenges and lawsuits 4345:Windows Embedded CE 6.0 4252: 4176: 3943:was the ability to use 3842:installable file system 1944:1984-08-14 (PC DOS 3.0) 1721:Standalone Disk BASIC's 669: 662:and modules (including 10675:List of Ecma standards 10404:Application interfaces 10195:Desktop Cleanup Wizard 9771:COM Structured storage 9472:Desktop Window Manager 9364:Windows Media Services 7572:TiVo Media File System 7436:Encrypting File System 6317:Kelder, Henk; (2003); 6304:June 13, 2006, at the 5615:Paterson, Tim (1983). 5447:BYTE Publications Inc. 5322:Hunter, David (1983). 4726:Windows for Workgroups 4406:(the same as used for 4275:, introduced in 2001. 4062:alternate data streams 3476:characters when using 3212:addressing only. When 3195:internal fragmentation 2802:characters when using 2043:characters when using 1518:(since DOS 2.0), 1416:characters when using 1375:Limited by volume size 345:characters when using 13919:Computer file systems 10631:Radio link interfaces 10576:Programming languages 10541:Ultra Density Optical 9823:Windows Mixed Reality 9494:Enhanced Write Filter 9344:Roaming user profiles 7567:Macintosh File System 5082:on September 30, 2013 4861:on September 25, 2015 4329:, the epoch is 1980. 4147:Further information: 3981:virtual device driver 3964:forward compatibility 3854:␠EA.␠SF 3440:File size granularity 3059:Per-volume only with 2766:File size granularity 2481:BPB with 32-bit entry 2300:Per-volume only with 2039:characters, 255 2009:File size granularity 1790:IBM Personal Computer 1686:Per-volume only with 1380:File size granularity 1206:' booth stand at the 1172:Standalone Disk BASIC 1167:Standalone Disk BASIC 1033:File size granularity 854:File Allocation Table 820:, and mobile phones. 768:in the boot stage of 681:FAT was also used on 601:File Allocation Table 87:File Allocation Table 30:Further information: 10546:Universal Media Disc 10104:Mobile Device Center 10054:Health & Fitness 9852:Solitaire Collection 9680:User Account Control 9675:Protected Media Path 9579:Server Message Block 9529:Logical Disk Manager 8781:System Policy Editor 8766:System Configuration 8580:GUID Partition Table 7927:Distributed parallel 7675:Shared File System ( 6511:"FATX Specification" 6350:for a file that has 4732:and did not support 4696:logical sector sizes 4547:List of file systems 4349:Vista Service Pack 1 4036:In order to support 3773:CHS sector addresses 3095:tool refers to type 2345:Extended boot record 2339:Logical sectored FAT 1946:1984-08 (MS-DOS 3.0) 1851:BIOS Parameter Block 1800:added support for a 1550:(since DOS 2.0) 1127:) in a precursor to 865:of entries for each 766:EFI system partition 10491:File systems (disk) 10449:File systems (tape) 10250:Virtual DOS machine 9594:System Idle Process 9569:Resource Protection 9477:Portable Executable 9369:Active DRM Services 8771:System File Checker 8741:Performance Monitor 8585:Apple Partition Map 8531:Virtual file system 8470:Access-control list 7584:NetWare File System 7268:, copy made by the 7226:Microsoft Technet; 7054:. ArsTechnica.com. 7028:. arstechnica.com. 6951:. arstechnica.com. 6273:Technical Support. 5135:. 1979. 610P70641. 4489:patent infringement 4231:NetWare File System 4210:on FAT32 volumes.) 4050:virtual file system 4013:extended attributes 3889:To accommodate its 3882:utilities (such as 3801:extended attributes 3799:heavily depends on 3792:Extended attributes 3724:was available from 3643:conventional memory 3606:Partial, only with 3484:Max directory depth 3460:Max filename length 3268: 3256:RDE × 32 = RDS × SS 2810:Max directory depth 2786:Max filename length 2689: byte sectors) 2523: 2434:(NEC MS-DOS 3.30), 2051:Max directory depth 2029:Max filename length 1901: 1717:File Control Blocks 1424:Max directory depth 1400:Max filename length 1220: 1204:Lifeboat Associates 1052:Max directory depth 1041:Max filename length 942: 335:Max filename length 40: 13944:Windows components 10720:by standard number 10397:Ecma International 10255:Windows on Windows 9979:Backup and Restore 9791:Transaction Server 9509:I/O request packet 9349:Folder redirection 9018:Speech Recognition 8776:System Information 8731:Management Console 8575:Master Boot Record 8400:Data deduplication 8039:Google File System 7955:Google File System 7441:Extent File System 7403:Byte File System ( 6327:2013-05-11 at the 5907:"mkdosfs man page" 5790:Brouwer, Andries. 5730:Brouwer, Andries. 5478:2020-02-01 at the 5352:Schulman, Andrew; 5273:2018-10-14 at the 4980:Reynolds, Aaron R. 4803:2020-07-31 at the 4730:32-bit file access 4636:even remembered a 4594:internal "Unicode" 4423:reverse-engineered 4266:video game console 4115:AppleDouble format 4083:Mac OS using 4040:applications, the 3266: 3068:In November 1987, 2692:256 MB (with 2575:Compaq MS-DOS 3.31 2521: 2498:extended partition 2428:(AST MS-DOS 3.x), 2372:Master Boot Record 1899: 1218: 1149:was ported to the 1055:No sub-directories 940: 936:Original 8-bit FAT 232:Directory contents 38: 13924:Disk file systems 13901: 13900: 13011: 13010: 10734:ISO romanizations 10682: 10681: 10362: 10361: 10288: 10287: 10245:Video for Windows 10200:Games for Windows 10069:Internet Explorer 9163:Windows Spotlight 8806:Windows Installer 8593: 8592: 8500: 8499: 8390:Case preservation 8296: 8295: 7995: 7994: 7921: 7920: 7683:Smart File System 6774:"FAT File System" 6385:on March 30, 2012 5936:Microsoft TechNet 5857:Microsoft TechNet 4988:US Patent 5758352 4957:catalogue. 1987. 4924:catalogue. 1994. 4918:ISO/IEC 9293:1994 4764:Microsoft TechNet 4698:up to 1024 bytes. 4662:NCR 7200 model VI 4311:OEM character set 4297:The non-bootable 4181:In 2007 the open 3927:" files as well. 3870:desktop, through 3777:sectors per track 3631: 3630: 3079:assembly language 3066: 3065: 2685:32 MB (with 2509:, and so on. The 2307: 2306: 1693: 1692: 1281:directory entries 1143:NCR 7200 model VI 1105: 1104: 1097:Write protected, 886:directory entries 839:Technical details 598: 597: 525:world/group/owner 16:(Redirected from 13956: 13038: 13031: 13024: 13015: 13014: 13001: 13000: 10721: 10709: 10702: 10695: 10686: 10685: 10677:(1961 – present) 10476:Linear Tape-Open 10443: 10411:ANSI escape code 10389: 10382: 10375: 10366: 10365: 10351: 10350: 10340: 10339: 10260:Windows SideShow 10039:Food & Drink 9933:Spider Solitaire 9873: 9872: 9766:ActiveX Document 9734:Active Scripting 9690:Windows Firewall 9645:Credential Guard 9324:Active Directory 9121:Indexing Service 8751:Resource Monitor 8746:Recovery Console 8620: 8613: 8606: 8597: 8596: 8410:Execute in place 8383: 8382: 8116:Boot File System 8099: 8098: 7863: 7862: 7399:Boot File System 7349: 7348: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7281: 7280: 7270:Internet Archive 7254: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7151:. FOSS Patents. 7144: 7138: 7137: 7131: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6902: 6891: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6863: 6852: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6597:. Archived from 6584: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6456: 6450: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6421:. Archived from 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6381:. Archived from 6370: 6364: 6349: 6315: 6309: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6239:. Archived from 6232: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6203: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6149:. Archived from 6138: 6132: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6094: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5820: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5701: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5671: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5632: 5627:on July 20, 2011 5623:. Archived from 5612: 5606: 5605: 5586: 5576: 5570: 5552: 5546: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5500: 5487: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5396: 5387: 5381: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5319: 5306: 5305: 5287: 5278: 5266: 5228: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5198: 5187: 5177: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5147: 5141: 5126: 5116: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5075:. Archived from 5074: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4857:. Archived from 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4794: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4756: 4737: 4720:appeared before 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4664:in Q1/1977. The 4654:NCR Basic Plus 6 4606: 4597: 4578: 4491:lawsuit against 4451: 4447: 4405: 4205: 4160: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4102: 4094: 4021:supported up to 3947:(LFNs—up to 255 3926: 3860: 3855: 3827: 3806: 3766: 3760: 3750:Nero Burning ROM 3451: 3346: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3238:and sector size 3237: 3226: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3137: 3131: 3111:described it as 3110: 3100: 3094: 2777: 2659: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2537:Digital Research 2524: 2520: 2470:Digital Research 2459: 2449: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2417: 2407: 2329: 2020: 1988: 1978: 1974: 1919:Digital Research 1902: 1898: 1890: 1879: 1844: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1795: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1727:. Starting with 1391: 1342: 1332: 1328: 1242:Digital Research 1221: 1217: 1163:operating system 1126: 1075: 1071: 1060:Allowed filename 943: 939: 802:USB flash drives 664:USB flash drives 310: 283:(16 TB for 219: 209: 204: 200: 192: 187: 182: 178: 170: 166: 137: 135: 70:Digital Research 41: 37: 21: 13964: 13963: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13955: 13954: 13953: 13904: 13903: 13902: 13897: 13881: 13382: 13047: 13042: 13012: 13007: 12989: 12913: 12639: 11791: 10740: 10722: 10719: 10713: 10683: 10678: 10668: 10647: 10626: 10571: 10555: 10486: 10444: 10435: 10426:Office Open XML 10399: 10393: 10363: 10358: 10328: 10296:Microsoft Store 10294: 10284: 10230:POSIX subsystem 10210:File Protection 10183: 10154:Program Manager 10139:Phone Companion 10129:Outlook Express 10079:Make Compatible 10009:Desktop Gadgets 9969:Anytime Upgrade 9952: 9864: 9837: 9828:Windows Runtime 9720: 9694: 9660:Family features 9618: 9443: 9399:DFS Replication 9310: 9225: 9216:Error Reporting 9172: 9072: 8948:Mobility Center 8943:Movies & TV 8837: 8821:Windows Insider 8711:Driver Verifier 8706:Drive Optimizer 8673: 8667: 8658:Booting process 8629: 8624: 8594: 8589: 8563: 8535: 8519:File system API 8496: 8456: 8432:File change log 8374: 8350:Record-oriented 8323:Self-certifying 8292: 8249: 8195: 8090: 7991: 7917: 7861: 7804: 7771: 7344: 7338: 7334:Unix filesystem 7313: 7308: 7274:Wayback Machine 7252: 7232:, copy made by 7199: 7194: 7193: 7184: 7182: 7171: 7167: 7158: 7156: 7145: 7141: 7125: 7124: 7118: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7087: 7085: 7074: 7070: 7061: 7059: 7048: 7044: 7035: 7033: 7022: 7018: 7009: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6984: 6982: 6971: 6967: 6958: 6956: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6930: 6919: 6915: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6889: 6880: 6876: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6812: 6810: 6793: 6789: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6762:Wayback Machine 6753: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6667: 6658: 6656: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6629: 6627: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6604: 6602: 6585: 6581: 6572: 6570: 6559: 6555: 6546: 6544: 6533: 6529: 6520: 6518: 6513:. free60 wiki. 6509: 6508: 6504: 6495: 6493: 6482: 6478: 6469: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6426: 6419:Tavi OS/2 pages 6411: 6407: 6400: 6396: 6388: 6386: 6379:"@Macarlo, Inc" 6377: 6371: 6367: 6347: 6329:Wayback Machine 6316: 6312: 6306:Wayback Machine 6293: 6289: 6280: 6278: 6259: 6255: 6246: 6244: 6233: 6226: 6217: 6215: 6204: 6197: 6188: 6186: 6169: 6165: 6156: 6154: 6139: 6135: 6123: 6119: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6096: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6077: 6067: 6063: 6054: 6052: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6010: 6008: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5974: 5972: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5943: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5914: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5891: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5866: 5864: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5810: 5801: 5799: 5788: 5784: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5714: 5703: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5630: 5628: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5577: 5573: 5553: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5501: 5490: 5480:Wayback Machine 5467: 5465: 5435:(August 1980). 5430: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5404:"Design of DOS" 5397: 5390: 5378: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5335: 5320: 5309: 5302: 5288: 5281: 5275:Wayback Machine 5247: 5237:Microsoft Press 5229: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5155: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5053: 5051: 5038: 5037: 5033: 5024: 5022: 5009: 5008: 5001: 4992: 4990: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4896: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4855:www.wizcode.com 4849: 4848: 4844: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4805:Wayback Machine 4795: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734:long file names 4716:A driver named 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4607: 4600: 4579: 4564: 4560: 4528: 4466: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4401: 4372:Memory Stick XC 4341: 4335: 4255: 4227: 4221: 4216: 4203: 4179: 4158: 4151: 4145: 4132: 4126: 4118: 4100: 4092: 4058: 3937:user experience 3933: 3931:Long file names 3924: 3868:Workplace Shell 3858: 3853: 3825: 3821:directory entry 3804: 3794: 3789: 3781:number of heads 3762: 3756: 3699: 3655: 3623: 3601: 3564: 3546:Date resolution 3522: 3492: 3471: 3435: 3407: 3388:Max volume size 3383: 3359:Min volume size 3349: 3344: 3328: 3320: 3293:Windows 95 OSR2 3264: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3222: 3214:Windows 95 3190:Windows NT 3183:magneto-optical 3160: 3154: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3106: 3096: 3090: 3054: 3028: 3022: 3019: 2927: 2890: 2872:Date resolution 2848: 2818: 2797: 2761: 2733: 2704:Max volume size 2699: 2672:Min volume size 2662: 2657: 2641: 2633: 2608: 2561: 2519: 2455: 2445: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2413: 2403: 2392:physical sector 2388:logical sectors 2347: 2341: 2325: 2295: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2168: 2131: 2113:Date resolution 2089: 2059: 1991: 1986: 1971: 1945: 1935: 1897: 1888: 1877: 1842: 1825:file attributes 1817: 1813: 1805: 1798:PC DOS 1.1 1793: 1786:PC DOS 1.0 1781: 1777: 1767: 1681: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1557: 1507: 1489:Date resolution 1465: 1432: 1411: 1367: 1355:Max volume size 1345: 1340: 1325: 1300: 1286:c. 1981–08/10 ( 1216: 1124: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1015: 938: 914: 882:Sub-directories 849: 841: 829:digital cameras 810:digital cameras 762: 740:were partially 685:throughout the 679: 672: 594: 577: 570: 542: 536: 530: 446: 419: 401:Date resolution 377: 330: 290: 269:FAT12: 32 263:Max volume size 253:Cluster tagging 240:File allocation 222: 217: 205: 197: 188: 183: 175: 163: 133: 131: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13962: 13952: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13934:Ecma standards 13931: 13929:DOS technology 13926: 13921: 13916: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13889: 13887: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13188: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13055: 13053: 13049: 13048: 13041: 13040: 13033: 13026: 13018: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13005: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12912: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12647: 12645: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11793: 11792: 11790: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10748: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10712: 10711: 10704: 10697: 10689: 10680: 10679: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10579: 10577: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10554: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10506: 10503:CD File System 10500: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10445: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10392: 10391: 10384: 10377: 10369: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10345: 10333: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10300: 10298: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10159:Steps Recorder 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9960: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9943: 9936: 9929: 9922: 9915: 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9879: 9877: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9855: 9847: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9786:OLE Automation 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9730: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9554:Object Manager 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9514:Imaging Format 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9453: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9235: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9211:Task Scheduler 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9182: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9141:Special folder 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9053:Voice Recorder 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8816:Windows Update 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8786:System Restore 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8696:Device Manager 8693: 8688: 8686:Command Prompt 8683: 8677: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8640: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8623: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8600: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8559:Log-structured 8556: 8551: 8545: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8516: 8510: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8477: 8472: 8466: 8464: 8462:Access control 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8420:File attribute 8417: 8412: 8407: 8405:Data scrubbing 8402: 8397: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8360:Steganographic 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8340:Log-structured 8337: 8332: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8011: 8005: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7670: 7665: 7663:Reliance Nitro 7660: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7526: 7523:Classic Mac OS 7516: 7515: 7514: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7450: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7401: 7396: 7394:Be File System 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7261: 7248: 7237: 7224: 7216: 7208: 7198: 7197:External links 7195: 7192: 7191: 7165: 7139: 7094: 7068: 7042: 7016: 7002:. 2010-10-01. 6991: 6965: 6939: 6913: 6885:(2004-09-30). 6874: 6838: 6819: 6787: 6784:on 2016-09-21. 6765: 6747: 6728: 6706: 6687: 6665: 6651:. 2019-08-28. 6636: 6611: 6601:on May 7, 2013 6579: 6553: 6527: 6502: 6476: 6451: 6435: 6405: 6372:Kelder, Henk; 6365: 6310: 6287: 6267:Tech Tip / FAQ 6253: 6224: 6195: 6163: 6133: 6117: 6103: 6086: 6075:Tom's Hardware 6061: 6031: 6017: 6003:. 2007-12-01. 5988: 5967:. 2007-03-26. 5952: 5923: 5898: 5873: 5859:. 2003-03-28. 5844: 5808: 5782: 5765: 5748: 5722: 5691: 5666: 5653: 5640: 5607: 5597: 5571: 5547: 5527: 5488: 5424: 5402:(2007-09-30). 5388: 5376: 5364:Addison Wesley 5354:Brown, Ralf D. 5344: 5307: 5300: 5279: 5245: 5210: 5153: 5092: 5060: 5046:. 2021-07-11. 5031: 5017:. 2011-03-30. 4999: 4971: 4938: 4905: 4872: 4842: 4817: 4813:=drive1+|- ... 4780: 4760:"File Systems" 4747: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4709: 4700: 4687: 4598: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4465: 4462: 4434: 4431: 4427:SANS Institute 4398:partition type 4337:Main article: 4334: 4331: 4254: 4251: 4223:Main article: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4178: 4175: 4144: 4141: 4111:resource forks 4097:resource forks 4066:classic Mac OS 4057: 4054: 4023:18.3 filenames 3945:long filenames 3932: 3929: 3809:root directory 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3746:Ahead Software 3722:Windows NT 4.0 3698: 3695: 3671:command prompt 3654: 3651: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3503:Dates recorded 3500: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3347: 3338: 3313: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3275: 3263: 3260: 3125:partition type 3064: 3063: 3057: 3049: 3048: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2989:System Manager 2981:Concurrent DOS 2932: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2829:Dates recorded 2826: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2787: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2749: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2714:(with 32 2707: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2690: 2683: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2651: 2626: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2530: 2518: 2515: 2353:Some vendors ( 2340: 2337: 2323:partition type 2305: 2304: 2298: 2290: 2289: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2230:System Manager 2222:Concurrent DOS 2173: 2171: 2163: 2162: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2070:Dates recorded 2067: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1980: 1964: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1908: 1896: 1893: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1630: 1626: 1619:System Manager 1611:Concurrent DOS 1562: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1443:Dates recorded 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1334: 1318: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1273: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1227: 1215: 1212: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086:Dates recorded 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1006: 999: 998:internal only) 992: 985: 977: 975: 971: 970: 967: 963: 962: 949: 937: 934: 913: 910: 873:root directory 845:Main article: 840: 837: 790:super-floppies 761: 758: 734:long filenames 678: 675: 671: 668: 596: 595: 593: 592: 589: 582: 580: 572: 571: 569: 568: 565: 546: 544: 538: 537: 535: 534: 531: 529: 528: 522: 519: 515: 508:System Manager 500:Concurrent DOS 451: 449: 441: 440: 435: 431: 430: 427: 421: 420: 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 404: 402: 398: 397: 383: 379: 378: 376: 375: 372: 365: 361: 359: 358:Dates recorded 355: 354: 350: 349: 336: 332: 331: 329: 328: 325: 322: 314: 312: 304: 303: 296: 292: 291: 289: 288: 279:FAT32: 2 277: 274: 266: 264: 260: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 233: 229: 228: 224: 223: 221: 220: 211: 194: 172: 159: 149: 143: 142: 128: 124: 123: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13961: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13914:1977 software 13912: 13911: 13909: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13888: 13884: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13745: 13742: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13045:IEC standards 13039: 13034: 13032: 13027: 13025: 13020: 13019: 13016: 13004: 12996: 12995: 12992: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12916: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12347: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10738:IEC standards 10735: 10731: 10730:ISO standards 10725: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10703: 10698: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10687: 10676: 10671: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10617:Minimal BASIC 10615: 10613: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10558: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10480: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10395:Standards of 10390: 10385: 10383: 10378: 10376: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10355: 10346: 10344: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10291: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10275:Windows To Go 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10144:Photo Gallery 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10089:Meeting Space 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10059:HyperTerminal 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10029:Easy Transfer 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9895: 9893: 9892: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9856: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9699:Compatibility 9697: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9524:Library files 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9284:Reparse point 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9228: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9086:Action Center 9084: 9083: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:Snipping Tool 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8871:Character Map 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8691:Control Panel 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8681:App Installer 8679: 8678: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8642:Architecture 8641: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8616: 8614: 8609: 8607: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8549:Cryptographic 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8395:Copy-on-write 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7987: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7868:wear leveling 7864: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7293: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7240:Chen, Raymond 7238: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7180: 7176: 7169: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7129: 7114: 7103: 7098: 7084:on 2013-01-31 7083: 7079: 7072: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6954: 6950: 6943: 6928: 6925:. CNET News. 6924: 6917: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6829: 6823: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6802:linux.conf.au 6798: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6755:Microsoft.com 6751: 6738: 6732: 6719: 6713: 6711: 6697: 6691: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6569:on 2010-06-17 6568: 6564: 6557: 6543:on 2010-06-17 6542: 6538: 6531: 6516: 6512: 6506: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6425:on 2006-06-13 6424: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6403:magic values. 6384: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6335:and neighter 6334: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6314: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6291: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6243:on 1998-05-21 6242: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6214:on 2004-06-13 6213: 6209: 6202: 6200: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6153:on 1999-02-08 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6021: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5985: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5834:on 2015-02-19 5832:(FATPLUS.TXT) 5830: 5826: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5786: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5663: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5637: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5600: 5598:1-85233-299-9 5594: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5575: 5568: 5567:0-89303-583-1 5564: 5560: 5556: 5555:Norton, Peter 5551: 5545: 5544:0-471-56886-4 5541: 5537: 5531: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5449:p. 173. 5448: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5413: 5409: 5408:DosMan Drivel 5405: 5401: 5400:Paterson, Tim 5395: 5393: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5377:0-201-63287-X 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5334:on 2019-09-06 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5301:0-385-42075-7 5297: 5294:. Doubleday. 5293: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5246:1-55615-049-0 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4951:ISO 9293:1987 4948: 4942: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4865:September 24, 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4831: 4828:. Microsoft. 4827: 4821: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4634:Marc McDonald 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610:Stephen Manes 4605: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4442: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4307:32 bytes 4304: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956:8.3 filenames 3953: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667:Windows shell 3664: 3660: 3653:Maximal sizes 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412:Max file size 3410: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3301:Partition IDs 3298: 3294: 3291:August 1996 ( 3290: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3259: 3242:, the number 3232: 3230: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985:Multiuser DOS 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738:Max file size 2736: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2614:Partition IDs 2611: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2507:logical drive 2504: 2503:logical drive 2500: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2444:MS-DOS 3.x), 2443: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2422:MS-DOS 3.x), 2421: 2416: 2412:MS-DOS 3.x), 2411: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2226:Multiuser DOS 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2001:Max file size 1999: 1994: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1952:Partition IDs 1949: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1895:Initial FAT16 1892: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1811: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1787: 1776: 1771: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1713:8.3 filenames 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:Multiuser DOS 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1372:Max file size 1370: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1306:Partition IDs 1303: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188:adapting the 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:Marc McDonald 1110: 1109:FAT structure 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1025:Max file size 1023: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 986: 983: 979: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 961: 957: 953: 950: 948: 944: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 909: 907: 903: 899: 893: 889: 887: 883: 879: 878:cluster chain 874: 870: 869: 864: 860: 856: 855: 848: 843: 836: 834: 833:8.3 filenames 830: 826: 821: 819: 818:media players 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 782: 777: 775: 771: 767: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 674: 667: 665: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 590: 588: 584: 583: 581: 579: 573: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547: 545: 539: 532: 526: 523: 520: 517: 516: 513: 509: 505: 504:Multiuser DOS 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452: 450: 448: 442: 439: 436: 432: 428: 426: 422: 415: 412: 409: 406: 405: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384: 380: 373: 370: 366: 363: 362: 360: 356: 351: 348: 344: 340: 337: 333: 326: 323: 320: 316: 315: 313: 305: 301: 297: 295:Max file size 293: 286: 282: 278: 275: 272: 268: 267: 265: 261: 256: 252: 248: 245: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 215: 212: 208: 203: 195: 191: 186: 181: 173: 169: 161: 160: 157: 153: 150: 148: 147:Partition IDs 144: 141: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 48: 46: 42: 36: 33: 19: 13829:27000-series 13483: 12856:27000 series 11701: 10567:Universal 3D 10508: 10309:File Manager 10149:Photo Viewer 10084:Media Center 10044:Groove Music 9974:Address Book 9945: 9938: 9931: 9926:Purble Place 9924: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9896: 9891:Chess Titans 9889: 9882: 9869:Discontinued 9857: 9850: 9549:Ntoskrnl.exe 9457:Boot Manager 9449:Architecture 9339:Group Policy 9258: 9231:File systems 9131:Saved search 9038:Sticky Notes 9003:Quick Assist 8931:Media Player 8901:Feedback Hub 8896:Fax and Scan 8791:Task Manager 8721:Event Viewer 8701:Disk Cleanup 8514:File manager 8083: 7984: 7826: 7810:Flash memory 7777:Optical disc 7715:soft updates 7695:Soup (Apple) 7479: 7345:non-rotating 7311:File systems 7264: 7244: 7228: 7219: 7211: 7203: 7183:. Retrieved 7168: 7157:. Retrieved 7142: 7117:. Retrieved 7097: 7086:. Retrieved 7082:the original 7071: 7060:. Retrieved 7045: 7034:. Retrieved 7019: 7008:. Retrieved 6994: 6983:. Retrieved 6977:. cnet.com. 6968: 6957:. Retrieved 6942: 6931:. Retrieved 6916: 6905:. Retrieved 6877: 6866:. Retrieved 6841: 6822: 6811:. Retrieved 6800: 6790: 6782:the original 6777: 6768: 6750: 6731: 6690: 6657:. Retrieved 6648: 6639: 6628:. Retrieved 6614: 6603:. Retrieved 6599:the original 6592: 6582: 6571:. Retrieved 6567:the original 6556: 6545:. Retrieved 6541:the original 6530: 6519:. Retrieved 6505: 6494:. Retrieved 6479: 6468:. Retrieved 6454: 6443: 6438: 6427:. Retrieved 6423:the original 6418: 6408: 6387:. Retrieved 6383:the original 6373: 6368: 6336: 6318: 6313: 6295: 6290: 6279:. Retrieved 6266: 6256: 6245:. Retrieved 6241:the original 6216:. Retrieved 6212:the original 6187:. Retrieved 6176: 6166: 6155:. Retrieved 6151:the original 6136: 6125: 6120: 6111: 6106: 6097: 6078:. Retrieved 6074: 6064: 6053:. Retrieved 6044: 6034: 6020: 6009:. Retrieved 5991: 5979: 5973:. Retrieved 5955: 5944:. Retrieved 5926: 5915:. Retrieved 5901: 5890:. Retrieved 5876: 5865:. Retrieved 5847: 5836:. Retrieved 5829:the original 5800:. Retrieved 5785: 5768: 5751: 5740:. Retrieved 5725: 5715:, retrieved 5705: 5683:. Retrieved 5669: 5661: 5660:IBM (1985). 5656: 5648: 5647:IBM (1984). 5643: 5635: 5629:. Retrieved 5625:the original 5610: 5602: 5582: 5574: 5558: 5550: 5535: 5530: 5519:. Retrieved 5483: 5466:. Retrieved 5440: 5427: 5416:. Retrieved 5407: 5358: 5347: 5336:. Retrieved 5332:the original 5327: 5291: 5232: 5201:. Retrieved 5181: 5144:. Retrieved 5120: 5084:. Retrieved 5077:the original 5063: 5052:. Retrieved 5043: 5034: 5023:. Retrieved 4991:. Retrieved 4987: 4974: 4963:. Retrieved 4950: 4941: 4930:. Retrieved 4917: 4908: 4897:. Retrieved 4884: 4875: 4863:. Retrieved 4859:the original 4854: 4845: 4834:. Retrieved 4820: 4772:. Retrieved 4712: 4703: 4690: 4678:NCR Basic +6 4582:Windows 2000 4520: 4505: 4486: 4483: 4467: 4454: 4443: 4436: 4420: 4377:Microsoft's 4376: 4364:memory cards 4360:flash drives 4357: 4342: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4273:memory cards 4256: 4228: 4195: 4191: 4187:larger files 4182: 4180: 4159:--linux-.--- 4152: 4105: 4101:RESOURCE.FRK 4082: 4059: 4035: 4017: 4007: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3974: 3972: 3958:(SFNs). For 3934: 3919: 3914:Windows 2000 3912: 3888: 3880:command-line 3865: 3839: 3795: 3768: 3754: 3718:Windows 2000 3715: 3707:DriveSpace 3 3700: 3688: 3680: 3656: 3638: 3632: 3470:characters, 3464:8.3 filename 3273:Developer(s) 3233: 3228: 3207: 3188:Much later, 3187: 3167: 3145: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3032:Per-volume, 2977:4690 OS 2973:4680 OS 2796:characters, 2790:8.3 filename 2580:1988-06-28 ( 2528:Developer(s) 2506: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2477: 2464:MS-DOS 3.x, 2420:Leading Edge 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2361:) supported 2352: 2348: 2333: 2318: 2308: 2273:Per-volume, 2218:4690 OS 2214:4680 OS 2033:8.3 filename 1906:Developer(s) 1885:floppy disks 1882: 1872: 1864:volume label 1855: 1849: 1847: 1833: 1822: 1802:double-sided 1772: 1770:in the FAT. 1764: 1752: 1720: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1659:Per-volume, 1607:4690 OS 1603:4680 OS 1410:characters, 1404:8.3 filename 1293:1982-03-03 ( 1275:1981-02-25 ( 1225:Developer(s) 1189: 1178:Tim Paterson 1176: 1171: 1166: 1146: 1132: 1108: 1106: 1045:6.3 filename 1001:1979-06-04: 982:NCR Basic +6 947:Developer(s) 915: 894: 890: 885: 881: 877: 872: 866: 858: 852: 850: 842: 822: 798:flash memory 786:floppy disks 778: 763: 730:8.3 filename 715: 680: 673: 660:memory cards 621:floppy disks 604: 600: 599: 496:4690 OS 492:4680 OS 429:Not natively 339:8.3 filename 285:4 KB sectors 196:FAT32: 174:FAT16: 162:FAT12: 45:Developer(s) 35: 12644:20000–29999 11796:10000–19999 10478:(Ultrium-1) 10324:Minesweeper 10293:Spun off to 10114:MSN Dial-up 10109:Movie Maker 10014:Diagnostics 9964:ActiveMovie 9706:COMMAND.COM 9584:Shadow Copy 9439:Server Core 9279:Mount Point 9206:Shadow Copy 8801:Windows Ink 8480:Permissions 8095:Specialized 7327:distributed 6805:. YouTube. 6587:Microsoft. 6389:January 14, 6045:How-To Geek 5984:) or larger 5044:WindowsLoop 4588:instead of 4450:US$ 250,000 4271:drives and 4214:Derivatives 4089:hidden file 4085:PC Exchange 4046:IBM 4690 OS 3935:One of the 3893:subsystem, 3846:eComStation 3742:IBM 4690 OS 3697:Development 3624:compression 3622:Transparent 3602:permissions 3600:File system 3443:1 byte 3369:– 4.5 3170:DR DOS 3053:Transparent 3042:DoubleSpace 3029:compression 3027:Transparent 2928:permissions 2926:File system 2769:1 byte 2589:IBM DOS 4.0 2582:DR DOS 3.31 2517:Final FAT16 2294:Transparent 2283:DoubleSpace 2270:compression 2268:Transparent 2169:permissions 2167:File system 2012:1 byte 1748:MS-DOS 1.20 1733:86-DOS 1.00 1729:86-DOS 0.42 1680:Transparent 1669:DoubleSpace 1656:compression 1654:Transparent 1558:permissions 1556:File system 1544:MS-DOS 1.40 1532:MS-DOS 1.28 1383:1 byte 1295:MS-DOS 1.25 1277:86-DOS 0.42 980:1977/1978: 904:), and 32 ( 863:linked list 657:solid-state 609:file system 576:Transparent 559:DoubleSpace 543:compression 541:Transparent 447:permissions 445:File system 244:Linked list 95:8-bit FAT, 13908:Categories 12423:16949 (TS) 12020:11941 (TR) 10718:standards 10622:Full BASIC 10606:ECMAScript 10598:JavaScript 10304:DVD Player 10119:NetMeeting 10019:DriveSpace 9884:3D Pinball 9384:SharePoint 9148:Start menu 8993:Phone Link 8856:Calculator 8811:PowerShell 8672:Management 8506:Interfaces 8490:Sticky bit 8370:Versioning 8335:Journaling 8278:Rubberhose 8074:SMB (CIFS) 7866:host-side 7185:2019-08-02 7177:. ifrOSS. 7159:2014-01-12 7119:2021-05-07 7088:2009-08-23 7062:2013-10-30 7036:2010-10-02 7010:2010-10-02 6985:2009-08-22 6959:2009-02-28 6933:2016-04-07 6907:2014-01-12 6868:2014-01-12 6828:US 5367671 6813:2014-01-12 6737:US 6286013 6718:US 5758352 6696:US 5745902 6677:US 5579517 6659:2019-10-06 6630:2021-03-20 6605:2013-04-23 6573:2014-05-25 6547:2014-05-25 6521:2011-08-16 6496:2015-04-20 6470:2006-10-14 6429:2006-10-14 6333:Windows 95 6281:2015-04-17 6271:PowerQuest 6247:2015-04-17 6218:2015-04-17 6189:2015-04-17 6157:2015-04-17 6147:PowerQuest 6080:2024-08-23 6055:2021-01-26 6011:2011-08-21 5975:2011-08-21 5946:2012-07-16 5917:2006-11-21 5892:2006-10-14 5867:2011-08-03 5838:2015-08-05 5802:2012-01-11 5742:2012-01-11 5717:2014-08-12 5685:2018-06-02 5631:2011-07-18 5557:; (1986); 5521:2013-03-10 5468:2013-08-18 5418:2011-07-04 5366:. p. 5338:2014-06-02 5203:2014-06-02 5146:2014-06-02 5086:2011-04-13 5054:2021-08-08 5025:2018-12-21 4993:2012-01-19 4965:2012-01-06 4932:2012-01-06 4899:2011-07-30 4836:2014-01-27 4774:2011-07-31 4743:References 4722:Windows 95 4656:(based on 4650:NCR I-8150 4646:NCR I-8130 4642:NCR I-8100 4630:Intel 8080 4439:Windows 95 4299:superblock 4093:FINDER.DAT 4078:Windows NT 3968:workaround 3952:code units 3941:Windows 95 3895:Windows NT 3823:at offset 3787:Extensions 3740:7.90, and 3726:Winternals 3711:Windows 98 3703:Windows 95 3675:PowerShell 3569:Attributes 3539:2107-12-31 3535:2099-12-31 3531:1980-01-01 3527:Date range 3288:Introduced 3199:Windows 98 3055:encryption 3046:DriveSpace 2961:Novell DOS 2951:only with 2895:Attributes 2865:2107-12-31 2861:2099-12-31 2857:1980-01-01 2853:Date range 2603:MS-DOS 4.0 2567:Introduced 2343:See also: 2296:encryption 2287:DriveSpace 2202:Novell DOS 2192:only with 2136:Attributes 2106:2107-12-31 2102:2099-12-31 2098:1980-01-01 2094:Date range 1941:Introduced 1874:MS-DOS 3.0 1810:PC DOS 2.0 1682:encryption 1673:DriveSpace 1591:Novell DOS 1581:only with 1536:PC DOS 2.0 1512:Attributes 1482:2107-12-31 1478:2099-12-31 1474:1980-01-01 1470:Date range 1288:PC DOS 1.0 1279:, 32-byte 1262:Introduced 1186:Bob O'Rear 1159:MDOS/MIDAS 1117:Bill Gates 1094:Attributes 1062:characters 974:Introduced 814:camcorders 707:Windows Me 703:Windows XP 699:Windows NT 691:Windows 9x 683:hard disks 677:Historical 655:and other 649:Windows XP 625:hard disks 578:encryption 563:DriveSpace 480:Novell DOS 470:only with 434:Attributes 394:2107-12-31 390:2099-12-31 386:1980-01-01 382:Date range 250:Bad blocks 227:Structures 127:Introduced 12378:15926 WIP 11742:9592/9593 11667:9000/9001 11555:8805/8806 10471:Super DLT 10099:Messenger 10094:Messaging 10024:DVD Maker 9994:CD Player 9989:CardSpace 9940:Solitaire 9640:BitLocker 9635:AppLocker 9269:Hard link 9158:Task View 9136:Namespace 9106:ClearType 8926:Messaging 8911:Magnifier 8876:Clipchamp 8851:3D Viewer 8365:Synthetic 8308:Clustered 8255:Encrypted 8186:OverlayFS 7795:ISO 13490 7371:Amiga OFS 7366:Amiga FFS 6594:Microsoft 6178:InfoWorld 5561:, Brady, 5455:0360-5280 5190:Microsoft 5129:Microsoft 5015:Microsoft 4325:. On the 4269:hard disk 4259:Microsoft 4247:Turbo FAT 4225:Turbo FAT 4219:Turbo FAT 4133:.DS_Store 4128:.DS_Store 4027:Shift JIS 3829:. In the 3807:" in the 3659:terabytes 3635:real-mode 3589:directory 3573:Read-only 3516:enabled), 3278:Microsoft 3141:newer BPB 3087:Microsoft 3074:the FAT16 3034:SuperStor 2915:directory 2899:Read-only 2842:enabled), 2718:clusters) 2694:4 KB 2573:1987-11 ( 2555:Full name 2545:Microsoft 2462:Sperry IT 2454:MS-DOS), 2410:Commodore 2315:partition 2275:SuperStor 2156:directory 2140:Read-only 2083:enabled), 1929:Full name 1911:Microsoft 1868:directory 1697:QDOS 0.10 1661:SuperStor 1540:directory 1516:Read-only 1459:enabled), 1270:QDOS 0.10 1268:1980-07 ( 1252:Full name 1234:Microsoft 1196:S-100 bus 1129:Microsoft 966:Full name 952:Microsoft 941:8-bit FAT 800:cards or 732:support; 720:-107 and 705:in 2001. 697:with the 591:FAT32: No 567:FAT32: No 551:SuperStor 371:enabled), 341:, or 255 84:Full name 50:Microsoft 13003:Category 10728:List of 10560:Graphics 10343:Category 10220:MS-DOS 7 10205:ScanDisk 10124:NTBackup 10004:Contacts 9984:Cardfile 9919:Hold 'Em 9898:FreeCell 9744:VBScript 9655:Defender 9623:Security 9609:Winlogon 9564:Registry 9178:Services 9111:Explorer 9096:AutoPlay 8983:Paint 3D 8968:OneDrive 8958:Narrator 8906:Get Help 8861:Calendar 8756:Settings 8726:IExpress 8450:Symbolic 8379:Features 8355:Semantic 8263:eCryptfs 8207:configfs 8176:SquashFS 8064:POHMELFS 7965:OrangeFS 7790:ISO 9660 7710:UFS/UFS2 7658:Reliance 7646:ReiserFS 7492:Files-11 7386:bcachefs 7343:Disk and 7179:Archived 7153:Archived 7128:cite web 7056:Archived 7030:Archived 7004:Archived 6979:Archived 6953:Archived 6927:Archived 6898:Archived 6859:Archived 6807:Archived 6758:Archived 6653:Archived 6624:Archived 6515:Archived 6490:Archived 6464:Archived 6340:SCANDISK 6325:Archived 6302:Archived 6275:Archived 6237:"FAT32X" 6183:Archived 6049:Archived 6005:Archived 5969:Archived 5940:Archived 5938:. 1998. 5911:Archived 5886:Archived 5861:Archived 5796:Archived 5736:Archived 5711:archived 5679:Archived 5569:, p. 157 5512:Archived 5476:Archived 5412:Archived 5271:Archived 5263:16581341 5255:87-21452 5194:Archived 5192:. 1979. 5137:Archived 5048:Archived 5019:Archived 4959:Archived 4926:Archived 4893:Archived 4891:. 1995. 4830:Archived 4801:Archived 4768:Archived 4766:. 2001. 4670:NCR 7520 4666:NCR 7500 4638:NCR 8500 4618:NCR 7200 4614:NCR 8200 4592:for the 4526:See also 4508:Motorola 4446:US$ 0.25 4366:such as 4327:Xbox 360 4091:called " 4019:Human68K 3960:backward 3835:OS/2 EAs 3779:and the 3498:Features 3452:of files 3380:sectors) 3365:32 3092:DSKPROBE 2824:Features 2778:of files 2696:sectors) 2596:OS/2 1.1 2473:DOS Plus 2442:AT&T 2065:Features 2021:of files 1829:diskette 1438:Features 1392:of files 1081:Features 912:Variants 744:. While 742:patented 353:Features 321:clusters 311:of files 92:Variants 13886:Related 13599:13522-5 13387:ISO/IEC 13278:62014-4 13191:61131-9 13186:61131-3 13156:60906-1 13149:60870-6 13144:60870-5 12904:29199-2 12776:23094-2 12771:23094-1 12761:23090-3 12630:19794-5 12625:19775-1 12413:16612-2 12403:16355-1 12092:13406-2 12050:12234-2 11818:10118-3 10659:ECMA-35 10583:C++/CLI 10431:OpenXPS 10319:Mahjong 10240:Interix 10174:WinHelp 10074:Journal 10064:Imaging 9912:InkBall 9798:DirectX 9761:ActiveX 9749:JScript 9462:Console 9434:Hyper-V 9329:Domains 9153:Taskbar 9126:IFilter 9101:AutoRun 9063:WordPad 9058:Weather 8973:OneNote 8963:Notepad 8886:Cortana 8761:Sysprep 8568:Layouts 8554:Default 8217:debugfs 8191:UnionFS 8085:more... 8018:OpenAFS 7986:more... 7651:Reiser4 7621:OpenZFS 7512:HAMMER2 7468:ext3cow 7448:Episode 5779:Alt URL 5762:Alt URL 5188:. 5.1. 5127:. 5.0. 4811:ACCDATE 4622:model I 4512:Android 4433:Patents 4425:by the 4393:). The 4243:NetWare 4229:In its 4121:", and 4109:stores 4095:", and 4044:-based 3811:of the 3738:REAL/32 3730:DRFAT32 3616:4690 OS 3612:REAL/32 3593:archive 3514:ACCDATE 3394:2 3337:), e.a. 3282:Caldera 3038:Stacker 2993:REAL/32 2965:OpenDOS 2957:PalmDOS 2945:execute 2919:archive 2840:ACCDATE 2710:2 2678:8 2650:), e.a. 2632:: 2279:Stacker 2234:REAL/32 2206:OpenDOS 2198:PalmDOS 2186:execute 2160:archive 2081:ACCDATE 1970:: 1860:archive 1775:FAT IDs 1711:-style 1701:12 bits 1665:Stacker 1623:REAL/32 1595:OpenDOS 1587:PalmDOS 1575:execute 1548:archive 1542:(since 1530:(since 1457:ACCDATE 1137:for an 994:(1978: 984:for NCR 900:), 16 ( 868:cluster 711:Windows 607:) is a 555:Stacker 512:REAL/32 484:OpenDOS 476:PalmDOS 464:execute 369:ACCDATE 132: ( 78:Caldera 12918:30000+ 11757:9797-1 11565:8820-5 11510:8501-1 11066:1073-2 11061:1073-1 10745:1–9999 10593:Eiffel 10524:FAT16B 10505:(CDFS) 10498:CD-ROM 10352: 10341: 10314:Hover! 10188:Others 10169:Travel 10164:Syskey 9947:Tinker 9905:Hearts 9833:WinUSB 9818:WinAPI 9803:Native 9614:WinUSB 9539:MinWin 9316:Server 9116:Search 9028:Sports 8998:Photos 8988:People 8866:Camera 8441:Links 8415:Extent 8345:Object 8313:Global 8231:specfs 8227:procfs 8222:kernfs 8200:Pseudo 8181:UMSDOS 8136:Davfs2 8131:cramfs 8069:Hadoop 8049:Lustre 7935:BeeGFS 7901:NILFS2 7636:QNX4FS 7599:NILFS2 7507:HAMMER 7497:Fossil 7108: 6834: 6743: 6724: 6702: 6683: 6361:CHKDSK 6344:DEFRAG 5595: 5565: 5542: 5484:86-DOS 5463:BYTEDJ 5461: 5453: 5374: 5298: 5261: 5253: 5243: 4685:least. 4586:UTF-16 4580:Since 4493:TomTom 4387:FAT16B 4292:FATX32 4288:FATX16 4286:, the 4239:Novell 4200:DR-DOS 4196:FAT16+ 4192:FAT32+ 4155:UMSDOS 4123:Finder 4042:FlexOS 4003:UMSDOS 3949:UTF-16 3923:uses " 3921:Cygwin 3850:ArcaOS 3769:FAT32X 3647:32-bit 3608:DR-DOS 3585:volume 3581:system 3577:hidden 3354:Limits 3250:, and 3229:FAT16X 3178:signed 3117:FAT16B 3113:BIGDOS 3103:BigFAT 3061:DR-DOS 2969:FlexOS 2953:DR-DOS 2949:delete 2911:volume 2907:system 2903:hidden 2667:Limits 2630:FAT16B 2601:1988 ( 2594:1988 ( 2587:1988 ( 2549:Novell 2533:Compaq 2522:FAT16B 2485:FAT16B 2466:Unisys 2302:DR-DOS 2210:FlexOS 2194:DR-DOS 2190:delete 2152:volume 2148:system 2144:hidden 1996:Limits 1923:Novell 1866:, and 1840:FAT ID 1760:32-bit 1756:FAT16B 1744:PC DOS 1737:MS-DOS 1725:86-DOS 1688:DR-DOS 1599:FlexOS 1583:DR-DOS 1579:delete 1528:volume 1524:system 1520:hidden 1350:Limits 1246:Novell 1155:PDP-10 1099:EBCDIC 1020:Limits 1008:1979: 987:1978: 794:memory 760:Modern 639:, and 613:MS-DOS 587:DR-DOS 488:FlexOS 472:DR-DOS 468:delete 258:Limits 105:FAT16B 74:Novell 66:Compaq 13877:81346 13872:80000 13867:42010 13862:39075 13857:38500 13852:33001 13847:29119 13843:29110 13839:27040 13834:27002 13824:27000 13819:26300 13814:24752 13809:24744 13804:24727 13799:24707 13794:23360 13789:23270 13784:23008 13779:23003 13774:23000 13769:22537 13764:22275 13759:21827 13754:21000 13749:20802 13744:20000 13739:19788 13734:19770 13729:19757 13724:19752 13719:18181 13714:18014 13709:18004 13704:17025 13699:17024 13694:16485 13689:16262 13684:15938 13679:15897 13674:15693 13669:15511 13664:15504 13659:15445 13654:15444 13649:15408 13644:15291 13639:15288 13634:14882 13629:14651 13624:14496 13619:14443 13614:13818 13609:13816 13604:13568 13594:13346 13589:13250 13584:12207 13579:11801 13574:11544 13569:11404 13564:11179 13559:11172 13554:10967 13549:10646 13544:10279 13539:10179 13534:10165 13529:10116 13524:10021 13378:63382 13373:63119 13368:63110 13363:62700 13358:62682 13353:62680 13348:62455 13343:62386 13338:62379 13333:62366 13328:62365 13323:62351 13318:62325 13313:62304 13308:62264 13303:62262 13298:62196 13293:62061 13288:62056 13283:62026 13273:61970 13268:61968 13263:61960 13258:61883 13253:61851 13248:61850 13243:61784 13238:61511 13233:61508 13228:61499 13223:61400 13218:61360 13213:61355 13208:61334 13203:61162 13198:61158 13181:61131 13176:61030 13171:60958 13166:60929 13161:60908 13139:60870 13134:60601 13129:60559 13124:60446 13119:60364 13114:60320 13109:60309 13104:60297 13099:60269 13094:60228 13089:60112 13084:60068 13079:60063 13074:60062 13069:60038 13064:60034 13059:60027 12985:80000 12980:56000 12975:55000 12970:50001 12965:45001 12960:42010 12955:40500 12950:39075 12945:38500 12940:37001 12935:32000 12930:31000 12925:30170 12909:29500 12899:29148 12895:29110 12891:28000 12886:27729 12881:27006 12876:27005 12871:27002 12866:27001 12861:27000 12851:26324 12846:26300 12841:26262 12836:26000 12831:25964 12826:25178 12821:24728 12816:24707 12811:24617 12806:24613 12801:24517 12796:23941 12791:23360 12786:23271 12781:23270 12766:23092 12756:23009 12751:23008 12746:23003 12741:23000 12736:22537 12731:22395 12726:22301 12721:22300 12716:22275 12711:22000 12706:21827 12701:21500 12696:21122 12691:21047 12686:21001 12681:21000 12676:20830 12671:20802 12666:20400 12661:20121 12656:20022 12651:20000 12635:19831 12620:19770 12615:19757 12610:19752 12605:19600 12600:19510 12595:19509 12590:19508 12585:19507 12580:19506 12575:19505 12570:19503 12565:19502 12560:19501 12555:19500 12550:19439 12545:19407 12540:19136 12535:19125 12530:19115 12525:19114 12508:19092 12503:19011 12498:19005 12493:18916 12488:18629 12483:18245 12478:18181 12473:18014 12468:18004 12463:17799 12458:17506 12453:17442 12448:17369 12443:17203 12438:17100 12433:17025 12428:17024 12418:16750 12408:16485 12398:16262 12393:16023 12388:15938 12383:15930 12373:15926 12368:15924 12363:15919 12358:15897 12353:15707 12341:15706 12336:15693 12331:15686 12326:15511 12321:15504 12316:15438 12311:15445 12294:15444 12289:15408 12284:15398 12279:15291 12274:15288 12269:15189 12264:15022 12259:14971 12254:14882 12249:14764 12244:14698 12239:14651 12234:14649 12229:14644 12224:14617 12172:14496 12167:14443 12162:14396 12157:14289 12152:14224 12147:14031 12142:14000 12137:13818 12132:13816 12127:13616 12122:13584 12117:13568 12112:13567 12107:13490 12102:13485 12097:13450 12087:13399 12082:13250 12077:13216 12060:13211 12055:12620 12045:12207 12040:12182 12035:12052 12030:12006 12025:11992 12015:11941 12005:11940 12000:11898 11995:11889 11990:11801 11985:11785 11980:11784 11975:11783 11970:11544 11965:11404 11960:11179 11955:11172 11950:11170 11945:11073 11940:10967 11935:10962 11930:10957 11925:10861 11920:10746 11915:10664 11910:10646 11905:10628 11900:10589 11895:10585 11890:10383 11858:10303 11853:10279 11848:10218 11843:10206 11838:10179 11833:10165 11828:10161 11823:10160 11813:10116 11808:10007 11803:10006 10652:Other 10519:FAT16 10514:FAT12 10280:WinFS 10179:Write 9876:Games 9843:Games 9716:WoW64 9544:NTLDR 9534:LSASS 9467:CSRSS 9274:links 9249:exFAT 9078:Shell 9043:Store 9033:Start 9023:Skype 8978:Paint 8953:Money 8881:Clock 8828:WinRE 8736:Netsh 8674:tools 8663:Games 8541:Lists 8485:Modes 8330:Flash 8301:Types 8283:SSHFS 8268:EncFS 8245:WinFS 8240:tmpfs 8235:sysfs 8212:devfs 8146:FTPFS 8141:EROFS 8079:SSHFS 7960:OCFS2 7913:UBIFS 7908:YAFFS 7896:NILFS 7891:LogFS 7886:JFFS2 7842:EROFS 7832:exFAT 7737:Xiafs 7720:WAPBL 7705:UBIFS 7616:OneFS 7594:NILFS 7589:Next3 7579:MINIX 7485:exFAT 7413:Btrfs 7381:AthFS 7361:AdvFS 7253:64 GB 6901:(PDF) 6890:(PDF) 6883:USPTO 6862:(PDF) 6851:(PDF) 6442:IBM; 6124:IBM; 5515:(PDF) 5508:(PDF) 5459:CODEN 5197:(PDF) 5186:(PDF) 5140:(PDF) 5133:Xerox 5125:(PDF) 5080:(PDF) 5073:(PDF) 4724:, in 4590:UCS-2 4558:Notes 4501:Linux 4478:Xerox 4391:FAT32 4339:exFAT 4333:exFAT 4315:epoch 4284:FAT32 4280:FAT16 4171:UVFAT 4167:Linux 4107:macOS 4070:macOS 4031:Kanji 4025:and ( 3999:UVFAT 3831:FAT32 3817:FAT16 3813:FAT12 3663:bytes 3639:FAT32 3474:UCS-2 3466:with 3317:FAT32 3267:FAT32 3262:FAT32 3108:FDISK 3014:owner 3010:group 3006:world 2941:write 2800:UCS-2 2792:with 2452:Tandy 2363:eight 2319:FAT16 2311:PC AT 2255:owner 2251:group 2247:world 2182:write 2041:UCS-2 2035:with 1968:FAT16 1900:FAT16 1836:PC XT 1768:0xFF7 1705:FAT12 1641:owner 1637:group 1633:world 1571:write 1414:UCS-2 1406:with 1322:FAT12 1219:FAT12 1214:FAT12 1198:8086 1161:, an 1121:8-bit 1066:ASCII 1010:MIDAS 926:FAT32 922:FAT16 918:FAT12 906:FAT32 902:FAT16 898:FAT12 781:Linux 754:FAT32 750:FAT16 746:FAT12 736:with 653:flash 641:ExFAT 637:FAT32 633:FAT16 629:FAT12 460:write 425:Forks 343:UCS-2 235:Table 138:with 113:ExFAT 109:FAT32 101:FAT16 97:FAT12 18:FAT32 13519:9995 13514:9945 13509:9899 13504:9593 13499:9592 13494:9529 13489:9496 13484:9293 13479:9126 13474:8859 13469:8652 13464:8632 13459:8613 13454:7942 13449:7816 13444:7813 13439:7812 13434:7811 13429:7810 13424:6523 13419:6429 13414:5218 13409:4909 13404:2022 13399:1989 11883:-238 11787:9995 11782:9985 11777:9984 11772:9945 11767:9899 11762:9897 11752:9660 11747:9594 11737:9564 11732:9529 11727:9506 11722:9496 11717:9407 11712:9362 11707:9314 11702:9293 11697:9241 11692:9227 11687:9141 11682:9126 11677:9075 11672:9036 11662:8879 11615:-8-I 11570:8859 11560:8807 11550:8691 11545:8652 11540:8651 11535:8632 11530:8613 11525:8601 11520:8583 11515:8571 11505:8373 11500:8217 11495:8178 11490:8093 11485:8000 11480:7942 11475:7816 11470:7813 11465:7812 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