Master boot record

3361:, checks the signature in the last two bytes of the loaded sector, and then, if the correct signature is found, transfers control to the first byte of the sector with a jump (JMP) instruction. The only real distinction that the BIOS makes is that (by default, or if the boot order is not configurable) it attempts to boot from the first removable disk before trying to boot from the first fixed disk. From the perspective of the BIOS, the action of the MBR loading a volume boot record into RAM is exactly the same as the action of a floppy disk volume boot record loading the object code of an operating system loader into RAM. In either case, the program that the BIOS loaded is going about the work of chain loading an operating system. 6326: 3296:(BCD) store, and the boot process depends on it. If the disk signature changes, cannot be found or has a conflict, Windows is unable to boot. Unless Windows is forced to use the overlapping part of the LBA address of the Advanced Active Partition entry as pseudo-disk signature, Windows' usage is conflictive with the Advanced Active Partition feature of PTS-DOS 7 and DR-DOS 7.07, in particular if their boot code is located outside the first 8 GB of the disk, so that LBA addressing must be used. 3171: 3127:, which operate in a variety of ways. Some MBR code loads additional code for a boot manager from the first track of the disk, which it assumes to be "free" space that is not allocated to any disk partition, and executes it. A MBR program may interact with the user to determine which partition on which drive should boot, and may transfer control to the MBR of a different drive. Other MBR code contains a list of disk locations (often corresponding to the contents of 4680:

had no hard disk option—and the partitioning system using an MBR was later developed as an adaptation to put more than one volume, each beginning with its own VBR as-already-defined, onto a single fixed disk. By this design, essentially the MBR emulates the BIOS boot routine, doing the same things the BIOS would do to process this VBR and set up the initial operating environment for it just as if the BIOS had found that VBR on an unpartitioned medium.

91:. Approaches to slightly raise this limit utilizing 32-bit arithmetic or 4096-byte sectors are not officially supported, as they fatally break compatibility with existing boot loaders, most MBR-compliant operating systems and associated system tools, and may cause serious data corruption when used outside of narrowly controlled system environments. Therefore, the MBR-based partitioning scheme is in the process of being superseded by the 3013:, often use 32-bit calculations, unless they are specifically designed to support the full address range of LBA-48 or are intended to run on 64-bit platforms only. Any boot code or operating system using 32-bit sector addresses internally would cause addresses to wrap around accessing this partition and thereby result in serious data corruption over all partitions. 3471:. This derives from the fact that the volume boot record design originated on unpartitioned media, where a volume boot record would be directly loaded by the BIOS boot procedure; as mentioned above, the BIOS treats MBRs and volume boot records (VBRs) exactly alike. Since this is the same location where the MBR is loaded, one of the first tasks of an MBR is to 3135:) of the remainder of the boot manager code to load and to execute. (The first relies on behavior that is not universal across all disk partitioning utilities, most notably those that read and write GPTs. The last requires that the embedded list of disk locations be updated when changes are made that would relocate the remainder of the code.) 3023:, there are limitations as well. A sector size of 4096 results in an eight-fold increase in the size of a partition that can be defined using MBR, allowing partitions up to 16 TiB (2 × 4096 bytes) in size. Versions of Windows more recent than Windows XP support the larger sector sizes, as well as Mac OS X, and 3802:) with original IBM ROM BIOSes, but this is nothing to rely on, as other BIOSes may use other values. For this reason, MBR code by IBM, Microsoft, Digital Research, etc. never did take any advantage of it. Relying on these register values in boot sectors may also cause problems in chain-boot scenarios. 3927:

configuration block in order to support alternative boot methods in conjunction with LOADER and REAL/32 as well as to change the detail behaviour of the MBR, so that it can also work with drive values retrieved from the partition table (important in conjunction with LOADER and AAPs, see NEWLDR offset

3566:

on drives other than the first one (which have not been bootable before, anyway). However, even with systems enabled to boot off other drives, the extension may still not work universally, for example, after the BIOS assignment of physical drives has changed when drives are removed, added or swapped.

208:

MBR partition entries and the MBR boot code used in commercial operating systems, however, are limited to 32 bits. Therefore, the maximum disk size supported on disks using 512-byte sectors (whether real or emulated) by the MBR partitioning scheme (without 32-bit arithmetic) is limited to 2 TiB.

5149:

and the next entry was added just above it. So, the entries are inserted and listed backwards from that of a normal Table. Thus, looking at such a Table with a disk editor or partition listing utility, it would show the first entry in a NEC eight-entry table as being the last one (fourth entry) in a

4679:

This applies when the BIOS handles a VBR, which is when it is in the first physical sector of unpartitioned media. Otherwise, the BIOS has nothing to do with the VBR. The design of VBRs is such as it is because VBRs originated solely on unpartitioned floppy disk media—the type 5150 IBM PC originally

3701:

DL is supported by IBM BIOSes as well as most other BIOSes. The Toshiba T1000 BIOS is known not to support this properly, and some old Wyse 286 BIOSes use DL values greater or equal to 2 for fixed disks (thereby reflecting the logical drive numbers under DOS rather than the physical drive numbers of

3526:

field in a partition table record is used to indicate an active partition. Standard-conformant MBRs will allow only one partition marked active and use this as part of a sanity-check to determine the existence of a valid partition table. They will display an error message, if more than one partition

200:

Despite sometimes poor documentation of certain intrinsic details of the MBR format (which occasionally caused compatibility problems), it has been widely adopted as a de facto industry standard, due to the broad popularity of PC-compatible computers and its semi-static nature over decades. This was

4034:

instead. This will cause problems if this assumption is incorrect. The MBR code of OS/2, MS-DOS 2.0 to 8.0, PC DOS 2.0 to 7.10 and Windows NT/2000/XP provides this same interface as well, although these systems do not use it. The Windows Vista/7 MBRs no longer provide this DS:SI pointer. While

3905:

only. Storing the actual physical drive number in the partition table will also cause problems, when the BIOS assignment of physical drives changes, for example when drives are removed, added or swapped. Therefore, for a normal MBR accepting bit 7 as active flag and otherwise just using and passing

3833:

This information allows the boot loader in the MBR (or VBR, if passed on) to actively interact with the BIOS or a resident PnP / BBS BIOS overlay in memory in order to configure the boot order, etc., however, this information is ignored by most standard MBRs and VBRs. Ideally, ES:DI is passed on to

3458:

code that is located at the beginning of the "active" partition. The volume boot record will fit within a 512-byte sector, but it is safe for the MBR code to load additional sectors to accommodate boot loaders longer than one sector, provided they do not make any assumptions on what the sector size

3161:

There is some MBR replacement code that emulates EFI firmware's bootstrap, which makes non-EFI machines capable of booting from disks using the GPT partitioning scheme. It detects a GPT, places the processor in the correct operating mode, and loads the EFI compatible code from disk to complete this

2902:

In the CHS scheme, sector indices have (almost) always begun with sector 1 rather than sector 0 by convention, and due to an error in all versions of MS-DOS/PC DOS up to including 7.10, the number of heads is generally limited to 255 instead of 256. When a CHS address is too large to fit into these

4145:

Since older operating systems (including their VBRs) do not support this extension nor are they able to address sectors beyond the 2 TiB barrier, a GPT-enabled hybrid boot loader should still emulate the 16-byte dummy MBR partition table entry if the boot partition is located within the first

3004:

Since partitioning information is stored in the MBR partition table using a beginning block address and a length, it may in theory be possible to define partitions in such a way that the allocated space for a disk with 512-byte sectors gives a total size approaching 4 TiB, if all but one partition

3748:(BBS) allow other devices to become bootable as well since 1994. The later recommends that MBR and VBR code should use DL rather than internally hardwired defaults. This will also ensure compatibility with various non-standard assignments (see examples above), as far as the MBR code is concerned. 80:

The MBR holds the information on how the disc's sectors (aka "blocks") are divided into partitions, each partition notionally containing a file system. The MBR also contains executable code to function as a loader for the installed operating system—usually by passing control over to the loader's

3027:

has supported larger sector sizes since 2.6.31 or 2.6.32, but issues with boot loaders, partitioning tools and computer BIOS implementations present certain limitations, since they are often hard-wired to reserve only 512 bytes for sector buffers, causing memory to become overwritten for larger

3884:

in most MBR partition tables, it won't change things unless the BIOS attempted to boot off a physical device other than the first fixed disk / removable drive in the row. This is also the reason why these operating systems cannot boot off a second hard disk, etc. Some FDISK tools allow to mark

221:

have been designed and implemented by third parties in order to maintain partitions located in the first physical 2 TiB of a disk in both partitioning schemes "in parallel" and/or to allow older operating systems to boot off GPT partitions as well. The present non-standard nature of these

3977:

The contents of DH and ES:DI should be preserved by the MBR for full Plug-and-Play support (see above), however, many MBRs, including those of MS-DOS 2.0–8.0 / PC DOS 2.0–6.3 and Windows NT/2000/XP, do not. (This is unsurprising, since those versions of DOS predate the Plug-and-Play BIOS

3031:

Where a data storage device has been partitioned with the GPT scheme, the master boot record will still contain a partition table, but its only purpose is to indicate the existence of the GPT and to prevent utility programs that understand only the MBR partition table scheme from creating any

2907:(1023, 254, 63) is typically used today, although on older systems, and with older disk tools, the cylinder value often wrapped around modulo the CHS barrier near 8 GB, causing ambiguity and risks of data corruption. (If the situation involves a "protective" MBR on a disk with a GPT, Intel's 148:

inside an extended partition came with DOS 3.30. Since MS-DOS, PC DOS, OS/2 and Windows were never enabled to boot off them, the MBR format and boot code remained almost unchanged in functionality (except some third-party implementations) throughout the eras of DOS and OS/2 up to 1996.

4014:(AAP) feature. In addition to support for LOADER and AAPs, DR-DOS 7.07 can use this to determine the necessary INT 13h access method when using its dual CHS/LBA VBR code and it will update the boot drive / status flag field in the partition entry according to the effectively used DL value. 3009:-enabled operating systems, including Linux, FreeBSD and Windows 7 that use 64-bit sector addresses internally actually support this. Due to code space constraints and the nature of the MBR partition table to only support 32 bits, boot sectors, even if enabled to support LBA-48 rather than 3005:

are located below the 2 TiB limit and the last one is assigned as starting at or close to block 2−1 and specify the size as up to 2−1, thereby defining a partition that requires 33 rather than 32 bits for the sector address to be accessed. However, in practice, only certain

4046:

entry (in the relocated MBR) corresponding with the activated VBR. This is identical to the pointer provided by DS:SI (see above) and is provided by MS-DOS 2.0–8.0, PC DOS 2.0–7.10, Windows NT/2000/XP/Vista/7 MBRs. It is, however, not supported by most third-party

3914:

as invalid, but they still take the physical drive unit from the partition table rather than using the DL value provided by the BIOS. DR-DOS 7.07 extended MBRs treat bit 7 as active flag and use and pass on the BIOS DL value by default (including non-standard values

4274:) is able to save a backup of the primary and extended partition table. It creates a file that can be read in a text editor, or this file can be used by sfdisk to restore the primary/extended partition table. An example command to back up the partition table is 5952:

SYS /O Override IPL reported boot drive unit (n=0..126, 128..254). Preparing target disk... Choosing FAT12 CHS Boot Sector (requires IPL to report boot unit). Treating target as diskette or superfloppy medium (boot drive unit 0). Writing new Boot Sector...

4689:

IP is set as a result of the jump. CS may be set to 0 either by executing a far jump or by loading the register value explicitly before executing a near jump. (It is impossible for jumped-to x86 code to detect whether a near or far jump was used to reach it

3879:

MS-DOS 2.0–7.0 / PC DOS 2.0–6.3 MBRs do not pass on the DL value received on entry, but they rather use the boot status entry in the partition table entry of the selected primary partition as physical boot drive unit. Since this is, by convention,

297:

utility to set up and maintain MBR partitions. When a storage device has been partitioned according to this scheme, its MBR contains a partition table describing the locations, sizes, and other attributes of linear regions referred to as partitions.

2922:. Both the partition length and partition start address are sector values stored in the partition table entries as 32-bit quantities. The sector size used to be considered fixed at 512 (2) bytes, and a broad range of important components including 4612:

is the first byte of the 32nd KB of RAM. The loading of the boot program at this address historically was the reason why, while the minimum RAM size of an original IBM PC (type 5150) was 16 KB, 32 KB were required for the disk option in the IBM

160:

were also introduced. This also reflected the idea that the MBR is meant to be operating system and file system independent. However, this design rule was partially compromised in more recent Microsoft implementations of the MBR, which enforce

3247:). Under the assumption that the drive in question reports a sector size of 512 bytes, then dividing this byte offset by 512 results in 63, which is the physical sector number (or LBA) containing the first sector of the partition (unlike the 2965:

Since block addresses and sizes are stored in the partition table of an MBR using 32 bits, the maximum size, as well as the highest start address, of a partition using drives that have 512-byte sectors (actual or emulated) cannot exceed 2

316:

The MBR is not located in a partition; it is located at a first sector of the device (physical offset 0), preceding the first partition. (The boot sector present on a non-partitioned device or within an individual partition is called a

3546:(BBS) allowed other devices to become bootable as well since 1994. Consequently, with the introduction of MS-DOS 7.10 (Windows 95B) and higher, the MBR started to treat a set bit 7 as active flag and showed an error message for values 3088:

Since the BIOS bootstrap routine loads and runs exactly one sector from the physical disk, having the partition table in the MBR with the boot code simplifies the design of the MBR program. It contains a small program that loads the

3558:

as valid, however, MS-DOS did not make use of this extension by itself. Storing the actual physical drive number in the partition table does not normally cause backward compatibility problems, since the value will differ from

3081:, and then it directs the microprocessor to the start of the boot code. The BIOS will switch the processor to real mode, then begin to execute the MBR program, and so the beginning of the MBR is expected to contain real-mode 3834:

the VBR for later use by the loaded operating system, but PnP-enabled operating systems typically also have fallback methods to retrieve the PnP BIOS entry point later on so that most operating systems do not rely on this.

2958:) have been available, although the size of the sector for some of these drives was still reported as 512 bytes to the host system through conversion in the hard-drive firmware and referred to as 512 emulation drives ( 342:

By convention, there are exactly four primary partition table entries in the MBR partition table scheme, although some operating systems and system tools extended this to five (Advanced Active Partitions (AAP) with

4140:) followed by additional data. This is partially compatible with the older DS:SI extension discussed above, if only the 16-byte partition entry, not the whole partition table is required by these older extensions. 333:

often placed a copy of the original MBR contents in the second sector, then hid itself from any subsequently booted OS or application, so the MBR copy was treated as if it were still residing in the first sector.

4483:

representation. Since this has been mixed up numerous times in books and even in original Microsoft reference documents, this article uses the offset-based byte-wise on-disk representation to avoid any possible

3350:. The last instruction executed in the BIOS code will be a "jump" to that address in order to direct execution to the beginning of the MBR copy. The primary validation for most BIOSes is the signature at offset 3354:, although a BIOS implementer may choose to include other checks, such as verifying that the MBR contains a valid partition table without entries referring to sectors beyond the reported capacity of the disk. 209:

Consequently, a different partitioning scheme must be used for larger disks, as they have become widely available since 2010. The MBR partitioning scheme is therefore in the process of being superseded by the

3639:

instead. While this resolves to the same location in real mode memory, it is non-standard and should be avoided, since MBR code assuming certain register values or not written to be relocatable may not work

3230:

The first four bytes are said disk signature. (In other keys, these bytes may appear in reverse order from that found in the MBR sector.) These are followed by eight more bytes, forming a 64-bit integer, in

3885:

partitions on secondary disks as "active" as well. In this situation, knowing that these operating systems cannot boot off other drives anyway, some of them continue to use the traditionally fixed value of

3446:

The last 66 bytes of the 512-byte MBR are reserved for the partition table and other information, so the MBR boot sector program must be small enough to fit within 446 bytes of memory or less.

3897:), thereby allowing booting from other drives, at least in theory. In fact, this will work with many MBR codes, which take a set bit 7 of the boot status entry as active flag rather than insisting on 3779:(HPA). While designed to emulate floppies or superfloppies, MBR code accepting these non-standard DL values allows to use images of partitioned media at least in the boot stage of operating systems. 4002:

boot sectors use this to locate the boot sector of the active partition (or another bootstrap loader like IBMBIO.LDR at a fixed position on disk) if the boot file (LOADER.SYS) could not be found.

3196:

Windows NT (and later Microsoft operating systems) uses the disk signature as an index to all the partitions on any disk ever connected to the computer under that OS; these signatures are kept in

4505:

six bytes represent a value of 0 or the whole MBR bootstrap loader code (except for the (extended) partition table) is replaced at the same time as well. This includes resetting these values to

3150:(EFI) firmware, this design is unsuitable, and the MBR is not used as part of the system bootstrap. EFI firmware is instead capable of directly understanding the GPT partitioning scheme and the 5920: 4586:"Quote: versions of MS-DOS (including MS-DOS 7 ) have a bug which prevents booting on hard disks with 256 heads (FFh), so many modern BIOSes provide mappings with at most 255 (FEh) heads." 4214:

command. Some third-party utilities may also be used for directly editing the contents of partition tables (without requiring any knowledge of hexadecimal or disk/sector editors), such as

3204:

files (though most do not), to describe the location of bootable Windows NT (or later) partitions. One key (among many), where NT disk signatures appear in a Windows 2000/XP registry, is:

3450:

The MBR code examines the partition table, selects a suitable partition and loads the program that will perform the next stage of the boot process, usually by making use of INT 13h

4753: 3729:

were passed on as physical drive units during boot. By convention, only fixed disks / removable drives are partitioned, therefore, the only DL value a MBR could see traditionally was

3571:(BBS), it is best practice for a modern MBR accepting bit 7 as active flag to pass on the DL value originally provided by the BIOS instead of using the entry in the partition table. 5982: 3554:

only. It continued to treat the entry as physical drive unit to be used when loading the corresponding partition's VBR later on, thereby now also accepting other boot drives than

4282:. It is possible to copy the partition table from one disk to another this way, useful for setting up mirroring, but sfdisk executes the command without prompting/warnings using 2911:

specification requires that the tuple (1023, 255, 63) be used.) The 10-bit cylinder value is recorded within two bytes in order to facilitate making calls to the original/legacy

4577:

Zero is reserved and must not be used in normal partition entries. This entry is used by operating systems in certain circumstances; in such cases the CHS addresses are ignored.

3972:)—this also allows other boot loaders to use NEWLDR as a chain-loader, configure its in-memory image on the fly and "tunnel" the loading of VBRs, EBRs, or AAPs through NEWLDR. 5706: 3357:

To the BIOS, removable (e.g. floppy) and fixed disks are essentially the same. For either, the BIOS reads the first physical sector of the media into RAM at absolute address

3186:. This is a 32-bit value that is intended to identify uniquely the disk medium (as opposed to the disk unit—the two not necessarily being the same for removable hard disks). 5415: 3906:

on to the VBR the DL value originally provided by the BIOS allows for maximum flexibility. MS-DOS 7.1–8.0 MBRs have changed to treat bit 7 as active flag and any values

5960:

rather than master boot records, but their incoming register interface is similar (with extensions) since they could both be loaded initially by the underlying system.)

3463:

in every IBM XT- and AT-class machine, so a 1 KB sector could be used with no problem. Like the MBR, a volume boot record normally expects to be loaded at address

6018: 4623: 4035:

some extensions only depend on the 16-byte partition table entry itself, other extensions may require the whole 4 (or 5 entry) partition table to be present as well.

5868: 3093:(VBR) of the targeted partition. Control is then passed to this code, which is responsible for loading the actual operating system. This process is known as 4833:

Every operating system includes tools to manage MBR partitions. Unfortunately, every operating system handles MBR partitions in a slightly different manner.

3764: 363: 217:. Specifically, it does not provide backward compatibility with operating systems that do not support the GPT scheme as well. Meanwhile, multiple forms of 3158:. The MBR will be involved only insofar as it might contain a partition table for compatibility purposes if the GPT partition table scheme has been used. 5296: 4670:) are guaranteed to exist; this would be the case on an IBM XT-class machine equipped with only the required minimum amount of memory for a disk system. 3112:

partition table scheme to be in use and scans the list of partitions in the MBR's embedded partition table to find the only one that is marked with the

3443:

code or viruses to reduce the reported amount of available memory in order to keep other boot stage software like boot sectors from overwriting them).

5382: 3028:

sector sizes. This may cause unpredictable behaviour as well, and therefore should be avoided when compatibility and standard conformity is an issue.

3001:(2−1) sectors × 512 (2) bytes per sector). Alleviating this capacity limitation was one of the prime motivations for the development of the GPT. 5477: 201:

even to the extent of being supported by computer operating systems for other platforms. Sometimes this was in addition to other pre-existing or

5830: 95:(GPT) scheme in new computers. A GPT can coexist with an MBR in order to provide some limited form of backward compatibility for older systems. 6254: 2895:

addressing). These values no longer correspond to their namesakes in modern disk drives, as well as being irrelevant in other devices such as

156:(LBA) was introduced in Windows 95B and MS-DOS 7.10 (Not to be confused with IBM PC-DOS 7.1) in order to support disks larger than 8 GB. 5509: 3527:

has been marked active. Some non-standard MBRs will not treat this as an error condition and just use the first marked partition in the row.

5904: 5237: 5055: 5015: 3978:

standard, and previous standards and conventions indicated no requirements to preserve any register other than DL.) Some MBRs set DH to 0.

366: 5971: 4541:

The starting sector fields are limited to 1023+1 cylinders, 255+1 heads, and 63 sectors; ending sector fields have the same limitations.

4713: 130:

file system. The original version of the MBR was written by David Litton of IBM in June 1982. The partition table supported up to four

81:

second stage, or in conjunction with each partition's volume boot record (VBR). This MBR code is usually referred to as a boot loader.

30:

This article is about an IBM PC-specific type of boot sector on partitioned media. For the first sector on non-partitioned media, see

5940: 5792: 5129: 6209: 4788: 6197: 5535: 3491:(most DR-DOS MBRs). (Even though both of these segmented addresses resolve to the same physical memory address in real mode, for 3200:

keys, primarily for storing the persistent mappings between disk partitions and drive letters. It may also be used in Windows NT

84:

The organization of the partition table in the MBR limits the maximum addressable storage space of a partitioned disk to 2

5807: 5031:

a special fifth partition entry in front of the other four entries in the MBR and corresponding AAP-aware MBR bootstrap code. "

6903: 5905:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM - README.TXT and BOOT.TXT - A short description of how OpenDOS is booted" 4559:

The range for sector is 1 through 63; the range for cylinder is 0 through 1023; the range for head is 0 through 255 inclusive.

3755:

specification may contain disk images mounted by the BIOS to occur as floppy or superfloppies on this interface. DL values of

3511:, since the code depends on the DS:SI pointer to the partition entry provided by the MBR, but it erroneously refers to it via 5357: 3427:

may help in determining how much memory can be allocated safely (by default, it simply reads the base memory size in KB from

698: 3962: 3189:

The disk signature was introduced by Windows NT version 3.5, but it is now used by several operating systems, including the

1520: 1462: 1062: 106:

or other storage devices configured to behave as such, nor are they necessarily present on drives used in non-PC platforms.

6156: 5280: 1069:

in the loaded sector over the "hidden sectors" entry of a DOS 3.31 BPB (or emulation thereof) to also support EBR booting)

5327: 3952: 1453: 6827: 5879: 3771:(TCG) BIOS extensions in Trusted mode to access otherwise invisible PARTIES partitions, disk image files located via the 6131: 5587: 5403: 2950:

utilities and other software had this value hard-coded. Since the end of 2009, disk drives employing 4096-byte sectors (

6312: 6247: 5741: 4051:

Under DR-DOS 7.07 an extended interface may be optionally provided by the extended MBR and in conjunction with LOADER:

3994:

5.1 depends on this to boot if no partition in the partition table is flagged as bootable. In conjunction with LOADER,

17: 6896: 6289: 5209: 4987: 4952: 4923: 4892: 4867: 4820: 4324: 4095: 3772: 5669: 3538:(active) were invalid and the bootstrap program would display an error message upon encountering them. However, the 144:, a special primary partition type used as a container to hold other partitions, was added with DOS 3.2, and nested 5167: 3741: 3539: 6172: 5617: 4781:"The Mystery Bytes (or the Drive/Timestamp Bytes) of the MS-Windows 95B, 98, 98SE and Me Master Boot Record (MBR)" 3843:

By convention, a standard conformant MBR passes execution to a successfully loaded VBR, loaded at memory location

3193:

version 2.6 and later. Linux tools can use the NT disk signature to determine which disk the machine booted from.

2915:

BIOS disk access routines, where 16 bits were divided into sector and cylinder parts, and not on byte boundaries.

6047: 4529:

were invalid, but modern MBRs treat the bit 7 as active flag and use this entry to store the physical boot unit.

6102: 5304: 4568:

This entry is used by operating systems in certain circumstances; in such cases the CHS addresses are ignored.

6961: 6566: 6296: 6240: 5694: 3957: 3147: 3032:

partitions in what they would otherwise see as free space on the disk, thereby accidentally erasing the GPT.

2908: 6325: 3174:

Information contained in the partition table of an external hard drive as it appears in the utility program

6420: 4336: 3889:

as active marker, whereas others use values corresponding with the currently assigned physical drive unit (

5378: 6991: 6588: 5856: 5773: 4944: 3752: 3324:

first. The format of the MBR on media reflects this convention. Thus, the MBR signature will appear in a

3006: 2459:

of first absolute sector in partition. The format is described by three bytes, see the next three rows.

6282: 4699:

This is not part of the above mentioned proposal, but a natural consequence of pre-existing conditions.

3475:

itself somewhere else in memory. The relocation address is determined by the MBR, but it is most often

3069:. In order to remain compatible, all x86 BIOS architecture systems start with the microprocessor in an 301:

The partitions themselves may also contain data to describe more complex partitioning schemes, such as

5465: 6629: 6455: 6427: 5860: 5855: 5822: 5777: 5772: 4224:

is a POSIX command commonly used to read or write any location on a storage device, MBR included. In

4172:, there are tools to write fixed sets of functioning code to the MBR. Since MS-DOS 5.0, the program 4011: 251: 5557: 244:

describing the partitions of a storage device. In this context the boot sector may also be called a

7143: 6305: 4354: 3335:

The bootstrap sequence in the BIOS will load the first valid MBR that it finds into the computer's

3214:(in that order) and its first partition corresponded with logical drive C: under Windows, then the 3010: 2919: 2884: 2851: 1426: 1246: 1049: 153: 123: 5501: 5437: 5932: 4030:) depend on this pointer as well, but additionally they don't use DS, but assume it to be set to 3768: 3745: 3568: 3543: 3293: 114:

Support for partitioned media, and thereby the master boot record (MBR), was introduced with IBM

4915: 4909: 4493:

In order to ensure the integrity of the MBR boot loader code, it is important that the bytes at

5229: 5047: 5007: 4348: 3592: 3321: 2665:

of last absolute sector in partition. The format is described by 3 bytes, see the next 3 rows.

4859: 4849: 5272: 5262: 5225: 5043: 5003: 4810: 3440: 3151: 2880: 322: 4263:" of both the primary partition table and the logical partitions in the extended partition. 6836: 6802: 6752: 6622: 6517: 6434: 6358: 6351: 6097: 5197: 4319: 4308: 4296: 4207: 3256: 3182:

In addition to the bootstrap code and a partition table, master boot records may contain a

3155: 2892: 2662: 2456: 1353: 1057: 988: 980: 370: 330: 310: 302: 210: 162: 92: 4979: 4969: 3794:

Some of the other registers may typically also hold certain register values (DS, ES, SS =

213:(GPT). The official approach does little more than ensuring data integrity by employing a 8: 6843: 6816: 6647: 6487: 6441: 6153:

MBR and Windows Boot Sectors (includes code disassembly and explanations of boot process)

4385: 4342: 4330: 4314: 4125: 4069: 4043: 3987: 3776: 3733:. Many MBRs were coded to ignore the DL value and work with a hard-wired value (normally 3702:

the BIOS). USB sticks configured as removable drives typically get an assignment of DL =

3451: 3428: 3424: 58: 6072: 5785: 5153:(NB. Shows an 8-entry partition table and where its boot code differs from MS-DOS 3.30.) 5121: 329:, the partition table may be moved to some other physical location on the device; e.g., 254:: Instructions to identify the configured bootable partition, then load and execute its 7104: 6875: 5957: 5908: 5411: 5078: 5069: 4780: 4302: 4233: 3859:

in the CPU's real mode with the following registers maintained or specifically set up:

3516: 3455: 3454:. The MBR bootstrap code loads and runs (a boot loader- or operating system-dependent) 3317: 3117: 3090: 3066: 1053: 984: 318: 255: 192: 186: 180: 174: 140: 31: 6189: 5531: 7111: 6780: 6773: 6559: 5864: 5781: 5276: 5205: 4983: 4948: 4919: 4888: 4863: 4816: 4712:(PTEDIT32.EXE), which runs under Windows operating systems, is still available here: 3515::SI only.) It is important not to relocate to other addresses in memory because many 3309: 3041: 2939: 2896: 70: 54: 3235:

notation, which are used to locate the byte offset of this partition. In this case,

2425:

Status or physical drive (bit 7 set is for active or bootable, old MBRs only accept

7138: 7076: 7023: 7016: 6602: 6524: 5690: 4191: 3197: 3052: 2931: 5349: 6952: 6510: 6365: 5978: 5444: 5268: 4855: 4124:

DS:SI = points to a Hybrid MBR handover structure, consisting of a 16-byte dummy

3923:

used by some BIOSes also for partitioned media), but they also provide a special

3653: 3472: 3336: 3078: 2955: 2935: 241: 66: 6211: 6148: 5141:

When we added partitions to this NEC table, the first one was placed at offsets

5085:) had 8 instead of 4 partition entries in their MBR sectors. (Matthias R. Paul). 3123:

There are alternative boot code implementations, some of which are installed by

586:(optional; Windows 95B/98/98SE/ME (MS-DOS 7.1–8.0). Alternatively, can serve as 6480: 5319: 5201: 4975: 4271: 4133: 3982:

The MBR code passes additional information to the VBR in many implementations:

3901:, however, MS-DOS/PC DOS MBRs are hard-wired to accept the fixed value of 3439:, but it may be hooked by other resident pre-boot software like BIOS overlays, 3340: 3020: 2645: 1005: 202: 7133: 7127: 6675: 6668: 6406: 6335: 6139: 6093: 6068: 5579: 4454: 4375: 4360: 4199: 3995: 3807: 3289: 3232: 3143: 3128: 3094: 3045: 2392: 306: 73:

systems and beyond. The concept of MBRs was publicly introduced in 1983 with

4472:

processors (note the swapped order), whereas it would have to be written as

3721:

exclusively to fixed disk / removable drives, and traditionally only values

3170: 2918:

Due to the limits of CHS addressing, a transition was made to using LBA, or

6930: 6696: 6448: 5733: 5096: 4845: 4370: 4183: 4107: 4015: 3519:

will assume a certain standard memory layout when loading their boot file.

3492: 3190: 3124: 3108:, and similar boot code remains in wide use. These boot sectors expect the 3082: 352: 326: 259: 4745: 3810:

BIOS or BBS support will provide a pointer to PnP data in addition to DL:

7062: 6998: 6661: 6613: 6227: 5661: 5638: 5099:

MS-DOS partition tables with eight entries are preceded with a signature

4512:

unless the code stored in the MBR is known. Windows adheres to this rule.

4365: 4169: 4086: 4076: 4055: 4039: 3821: 3817: 3784: 3673: 3645: 3615: 3611: 3365: 3325: 3070: 2947: 2927: 2888: 1379: 230: 103: 50: 6006: 5163: 3791:; else: don't care (should be zero). DH is supported by some IBM BIOSes. 7097: 7083: 6923: 6595: 6397: 6232: 6180: 5609: 4480: 4380: 4187: 4100: 3710:, etc. However, some rare BIOSes erroneously presented them under DL = 3649: 3313: 3132: 3063: 1357: 702: 74: 62: 4244:. The GRUB Legacy interactive console can write to the MBR, using the 222:

solutions causes various compatibility problems in certain scenarios.

7069: 6717: 6552: 6545: 6501: 6014: 5933:"The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300" 5702: 5646: 4749: 4469: 4215: 4203: 3966:) in loaded VBRs before passing execution to them (see NEWLDR offset 3604: 3074: 119: 6039: 4058:= magic signature indicating the presence of this NEWLDR extension ( 3154:

filesystem format, and loads and runs programs held as files in the

7090: 7055: 6889: 6745: 6682: 6538: 6531: 6263: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 3990:

entry (in the relocated MBR) corresponding with the activated VBR.

3696:

are reserved for ROM / remote drives and must not be used on disk).

3201: 3175: 3048: 3016:

For disks that present a sector size other than 512 bytes, such as

2968: 2923: 2751:

sector in bits 5–0; bits 7–6 are high bits of cylinder

2545:

sector in bits 5–0; bits 7–6 are high bits of cylinder

85: 6222: 6984: 6724: 6703: 6654: 6494: 6473: 6267: 5122:"Notes on the Differences in one OEM version of the DOS 3.30 MBR" 5028: 4003: 3999: 3788: 2912: 2879:, the partition table subdivides a storage medium using units of 2391:

Layout of one 16-byte partition entry (all multi-byte fields are

1506: 344: 138:

was introduced as a new file system with DOS 3.0. Support for an

5844: 5755: 4194:

can be used to write new MBR code to a storage device using its

7037: 6766: 6731: 5683: 5092: 4458: 4260: 4236:

projects have tools for writing code to the MBR sector, namely

3991: 3717:

A standard conformant BIOS assigns numbers greater or equal to

3669: 3591:

registers set up when the prior bootstrap loader (normally the

3105: 3101: 2943: 359: 348: 288: 166: 115: 99: 3142:

processors, or on x86 machines with non-BIOS firmware such as

1026:

Reserved for CHS end address in AAP (optional; byte at offset

7030: 6882: 6738: 6710: 6689: 5875: 4225: 4174: 4007: 3305: 3059: 3024: 2904: 2876: 293: 170: 135: 127: 5963: 5256: 5254: 4128:

entry (with all bits set except for the boot flag at offset

6975: 6968: 6937: 6759: 6413: 6390: 6383: 5188: 5186: 5184: 4642:

or 655,360 bytes) of memory. In theory, only 32 KB (up to

4587: 4229: 4165: 3320:

stores numeric values spanning two or more bytes in memory

3251:

used in the sectors value of CHS tuples, which counts from

3055: 2967: 2959: 2011: 1744: 1230: 869: 550: 393: 226: 4746:"Windows support for hard disks that are larger than 2 TB" 3950:, and optionally fix up the drive value (stored at offset 3459:

is. In fact, at least 1 KB of RAM is available at address

1339:) (if not used, this and following 3 bytes must be all 0) 5639:"Windows may use Signature() syntax in the BOOT.INI file" 5473: 5251: 5089: 4079:= start of boot sector or NEWLDR sector image (typically 3588: 3269:

following the disk signature (under, e.g., the key value

3139: 3017: 2951: 356: 285: 5289: 5181: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4461:

compatible machines, this can be written as 16-bit word

4103:

proposal recommends another extension to the interface:

2875:

An artifact of hard disk technology from the era of the

6116:(NB. See file INTERRUP.B inside archive "INTER61A.ZIP.) 4774: 4772: 4770: 3483:(for MS-DOS/PC DOS, OS/2 and Windows MBR code) or 1060:

or relative sectors of AAP partition (copied to offset

5816: 5814: 5653: 5194:

System BIOS for IBM PC/XT/AT Computers and Compatibles

3077:. The BIOS reads the MBR from the storage device into 98:

MBRs are not present on non-partitioned media such as

5404:"Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives" 5036: 4731: 118:

2.0 in March 1983 in order to support the 10 MB

6098:"B-1302: INT 13 - DISK - READ SECTOR(S) INTO MEMORY" 5727: 5725: 5723: 5218: 5113: 4996: 4961: 4767: 3775:(BEER) in the last physical sector of a hard disk's 3765:

Protected Area Run Time Interface Extension Services

1030:

is also used for MBR checksum (PTS DE, BootWizard);

5811: 5571: 4901: 4228:, ms-sys may be used to install a Windows MBR. The 3714:, just as if they were configured as superfloppies. 3281:), which is also the first byte of physical sector 3265:If this disk had another partition with the values 3100:Popular MBR code programs were created for booting 2899:, which do not physically have cylinders or heads. 321:instead.) In cases where the computer is running a 6228:The MBR and how it fits into the BIOS boot process 5631: 5523: 4932: 4580: 3595:in the BIOS) passes execution to it by jumping to 1356:address of LOADER boot sector or image file (f.e. 6086: 5999: 5720: 5496: 5494: 5429: 4838: 4812:Absolute OpenBSD: Unix for the practical paranoid 4802: 4457:representation must be assumed in the context of 4159: 3058:) loads and executes the master boot record. The 7125: 6032: 5577: 5341: 4876: 4479:in programs for other CPU architectures using a 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 5601: 4592: 1429:of LOADER boot sector or image file (optional; 983:(start) address of AAP partition/image file or 6639: 5666:Multibooters: Dual and Multibooting with Vista 5549: 5491: 5371: 5264:Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Operations Guide 4885:A+ Guide To PC Hardware Maintenance and Repair 4629: 3368:code expects to be loaded at physical address 1730:Structure of AST/NEC MS-DOS and SpeedStor MBR 1595:AAP partition entry №0 with special semantics 205:standards for bootstrapping and partitioning. 6248: 5466:"Linux on 4KB-sector disks: Practical advice" 5311: 4693: 4635:Very old machines may have less than 640 KB ( 4400: 3299: 6007:"FDISK /MBR rewrites the Master Boot Record" 4487: 4210:can be used to write new MBR code using the 3210:If a disk's signature stored in the MBR was 5689: 4844: 4702: 4256:to be run from within an operating system. 3934:), translate Wyse non-standard drive units 3392:is the last one used by a Phoenix BIOS) to 3292:, the disk signature is also stored in the 673:Bootstrap code area (part 2, code entry at 27:First sector of a partitioned computer disk 6850: 6255: 6241: 5396: 4155:" installation check structure (see above) 3255:, the absolute or LBA sector value starts 3207:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\MountedDevices\ 2854:of first absolute sector in the partition 2385: 6061: 5924: 5896: 5578:de Boyne Pollard, Jonathan (2011-07-10). 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4182:, which will rewrite the MBR code. Under 4168:in the MBR sector directly using various 3417: 1718:Total size: 30 + 398 + 2 + 16 + 4×16 + 2 1382:minimum, else take from partition table ( 843:Total size: 218 + 6 + 216 + 6 + 4×16 + 2 6262: 5731: 5659: 5317: 5067:Some OEM systems, such as AST DOS (type 4683: 4164:Though it is possible to manipulate the 3574: 3420:‍—‌is available in real mode. The 3169: 6146: 6129: 6073:"Ralf Browns Interrupt List (v61 html)" 5969: 5869:"Plug and Play BIOS Specification 1.0A" 5820: 5435: 5297:"An Introduction to Hard Disk Geometry" 5230:"List of partition identifiers for PCs" 5224: 5042: 5002: 4938: 4907: 4673: 4616: 4259:Various programs are able to create a " 4252:commands, but GRUB2 currently requires 4010:1.0 use this in conjunction with their 3838: 3376:, all the memory from physical address 3035: 2376:Total size: 252 + 2 + 12×16 + 4×16 + 2 1518:, corresponds with OEM label at offset 1447:Patch offset of VBR boot unit (default 1083:Reserved for sectors in AAP (optional; 14: 7126: 6187: 6170: 5607: 5529: 5457: 5119: 4882: 4778: 4571: 4562: 4544: 4532: 3495:to boot, the MBR must be relocated to 1997:Structure of Ontrack Disk Manager MBR 1985:Total size: 380 + 2 + 4×16 + 4×16 + 2 6236: 6092: 6067: 5981:, T13 Technical Committee. e09127r3. 5823:"Why does the "standard" MBR set SI?" 5555: 5463: 5438:"WD AV‐GP Large Capacity Hard Drives" 5347: 5156: 4971:The Multi-Boot Configuration Handbook 4967: 4914:. Thomson Course Technology. p. 4808: 4626:, the available memory ends below it. 4521:Originally, status values other than 3579:The MBR is loaded at memory location 3239:corresponds to the hexadecimal value 1315:LOADER physical drive and boot flag ( 379:Structure of a classical generic MBR 5937:MoHPC - the Museum of HP Calculators 5930: 5902: 5260: 4911:Upgrade and Repair with Jean Andrews 4284:sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk /dev/sdb 3968: 3930: 3787:bit 5 = 0: device supported through 3227:A8 E1 B9 D2 00 7E 00 00 00 00 00 00 1511: 1204:Total size: 428 + 2 + 16 + 4×16 + 2 587: 280: 5318:Kozierok, Charles M. (2001-04-17). 4710:PowerQuest's Partition Table Editor 4065:DL = boot drive unit (see above) 4042:= optionally points to the 16-byte 3631:Some Compaq BIOSes erroneously use 3416:)‍—‌the end of the first 640 1540:Bootstrap code area (code entry at 536:Structure of a modern standard MBR 24: 6123: 5972:"EDD-4 Hybrid MBR boot code annex" 5695:"Fixing Disk Signature Collisions" 5350:"Working Around MBR's Limitations" 25: 7155: 6216: 6188:Sedory, Daniel B. (2015-06-25) . 5931:Paul, Matthias R. (2017-08-14) . 5903:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02) . 5732:Sakamoto, Masahiko (2010-05-13). 5532:"IBM DOS 2.00 Master Boot Record" 5464:Smith, Roderick W. (2010-04-27). 5120:Sedory, Daniel B. (2007-05-18) . 4501:are never changed, unless either 4325:Boot engineering extension record 4096:Enhanced Disk Drive Specification 3773:Boot Engineering Extension Record 3530:Traditionally, values other than 3273:), it would begin at byte offset 369:), or even sixteen entries (with 6324: 5821:Elliott, David F. (2009-10-12). 5610:"Re: RFC 2.6.0 EDD enhancements" 5530:Sedory, Daniel B. (2003-07-30). 5048:"Properties of partition tables" 5008:"Properties of partition tables" 4851:Peter Norton's New Inside the PC 4121:DL = boot drive unit (see above) 3874:DL = boot drive unit (see above) 3814:DL = boot drive unit (see above) 3742:Plug and Play BIOS Specification 3540:Plug and Play BIOS Specification 3178:, running under Linux (with KDE) 3165: 1814:AST/NEC expanded partition table 337: 225:The MBR consists of 512 or more 6200:from the original on 2017-08-24 6159:from the original on 2017-08-24 6130:Gilbert, Howard (1996-01-01) . 6050:from the original on 2017-08-24 6021:from the original on 2017-02-08 5988:from the original on 2017-08-24 5943:from the original on 2018-05-01 5833:from the original on 2017-08-24 5798:from the original on 2017-08-24 5744:from the original on 2017-08-24 5709:from the original on 2017-08-24 5672:from the original on 2017-08-24 5620:from the original on 2017-08-24 5590:from the original on 2017-08-24 5538:from the original on 2017-08-24 5512:from the original on 2017-08-24 5480:from the original on 2017-08-24 5418:from the original on 2017-08-24 5385:from the original on 2017-08-24 5379:"More than 2 TiB on a MBR disk" 5360:from the original on 2017-08-24 5330:from the original on 2017-06-17 5240:from the original on 2017-08-24 5170:from the original on 2017-08-24 5132:from the original on 2017-08-24 5058:from the original on 2017-08-24 5018:from the original on 2017-08-24 4887:. Thomson Delmar. p. 276. 4791:from the original on 2017-08-24 4756:from the original on 2017-04-27 4515: 4276:sfdisk -d /dev/hda > hda.out 3751:Bootable CD-ROMs following the 3120:(VBR) of the active partition. 2869:Number of sectors in partition 1817:(optional; also for SpeedStor) 236:It may contain one or more of: 5970:Elliott, Robert (2010-01-04). 5786:"BIOS Boot Specification 1.01" 5560:. Mac OS X Internals: The Book 5436:Calvert, Kelvin (2011-03-16). 4160:Editing and replacing contents 4068:DS:SI = points to the 16-byte 3986:DS:SI = points to the 16-byte 3828:" installation check structure 1780:(optional; not for SpeedStor) 1253:) / NEWLDR record size (often 89:(2 × 512 bytes) 13: 1: 6962:Preboot Execution Environment 6567:Run-Time Abstraction Services 6223:Article on master boot record 5381:. superuser.com. 2013-03-07. 5303:. 2012-12-06 . Archived from 4787:. thestarman.pcministry.com. 4724: 3958:Extended BIOS Parameter Block 3148:Extensible Firmware Interface 3116:. It then loads and runs the 2909:Extensible Firmware Interface 564:Bootstrap code area (part 1) 6421:MultiProcessor Specification 6190:"MBRs (Master Boot Records)" 6147:Knights, Ray (2004-12-22) . 6040:"sfdisk(8) – Linux man page" 5662:"Vista's MBR Disk Signature" 5608:Domsch, Matt (2005-03-22) . 5348:Smith, Robert (2011-06-26). 4337:Device configuration overlay 4280:sfdisk /dev/hda < hda.out 4093:In conjunction with GPT, an 3183: 3138:On machines that do not use 7: 6992:Remote Initial Program Load 6589:Common Firmware Environment 6171:Landis, Hale (2002-05-06). 6103:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 5857:Compaq Computer Corporation 5774:Compaq Computer Corporation 5556:Singh, Amit (2009-12-25) . 4968:Smith, Roderick W. (2000). 4945:Addison-Wesley Professional 4883:Graves, Michael W. (2004). 4289: 3960:(EBPB) or at sector offset 3924: 2806:bits 7–0 of cylinder 2600:bits 7–0 of cylinder 2080:DM expanded partition table 966:#0 with special semantics) 524:Total size: 446 + 4×16 + 2 134:. This did not change when 109: 10: 7160: 6581:Hybrid firmware bootloader 6322: 5660:McTavish (February 2014). 5166:. osdev.org. 2017-03-18 . 4941:Inside Windows Server 2003 4779:Sedory, Daniel B. (2004). 3304:The MBR originated in the 3300:Programming considerations 2078: 1394:: always use table entry) 1279: 185:, whereas LBA is used for 29: 7047: 7008: 6951: 6915: 6867: 6860: 6826: 6794: 6630:Comparison of bootloaders 6612: 6580: 6465: 6375: 6343: 6333: 6274: 5861:Phoenix Technologies Ltd. 5778:Phoenix Technologies Ltd. 5734:"Why BIOS loads MBR into 5614:Linux Kernel Mailing List 5508:. OSDev.org. 2012-03-05. 5027:Matthias Paul writes: " 4939:Boswell, William (2003). 4012:Advanced Active Partition 3218:data under the key value 2805: 2799: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2689: 2683: 2599: 2593: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2483: 2477: 2399: 2375: 2357: 2352: 2283:(for primary partitions) 2278: 2049: 2043: 2024: 2004: 1984: 1966: 1961: 1892:(for primary partitions) 1887: 1812: 1782: 1776: 1757: 1737: 1717: 1699: 1694: 1625:(for primary partitions) 1620: 1570: 1564: 1539: 1223: 1203: 1185: 1180: 1111:(for primary partitions) 1106: 958: 907: 901: 882: 862: 842: 824: 819: 750:(for primary partitions) 745: 693: 672: 582: 563: 543: 523: 505: 500: 431:(for primary partitions) 426: 406: 386: 6132:"Partitions and Volumes" 5584:Frequently Given Answers 5320:"BIOS and the Hard Disk" 4419:The signature at offset 4392: 4355:Volume Table of Contents 4178:has included the switch 2920:logical block addressing 2331: 2314: 2297: 2273: 2257: 2241: 2225: 2209: 2193: 2177: 2161: 2145: 2129: 2113: 2097: 2074: 1940: 1923: 1906: 1882: 1865: 1848: 1831: 1807: 1673: 1656: 1639: 1615: 1216:Structure of NEWLDR MBR 1159: 1142: 1125: 1101: 1012:if not used) (optional) 963: 798: 781: 764: 740: 479: 462: 445: 421: 154:logical block addressing 124:IBM Personal Computer XT 6518:Phoenix SecureCore UEFI 5740:. Glamenv-Septzen.net. 5699:Mark Russinovich's Blog 5534:. The Starman's Realm. 5150:normal Partition Table. 4848:; Clark, Scott (2002). 4809:Lucas, Michael (2003). 4752:. 2013-06-26. 2581408. 3769:Trusted Computing Group 3746:BIOS Boot Specification 3587:and with the following 3569:BIOS Boot Specification 3544:BIOS Boot Specification 3294:Boot Configuration Data 2386:Partition table entries 1501:OEM loader signature (" 705:family and other OSes) 605:Original physical drive 5580:"The EFI boot process" 5226:Brouwer, Andries Evert 5044:Brouwer, Andries Evert 5004:Brouwer, Andries Evert 4908:Andrews, Jean (2003). 4349:Amiga rigid disk block 4072:entry used (see above) 4026:, and David Elliott's 3322:least significant byte 3179: 3051:(contained within the 691:32-bit disk signature 69:intended for use with 53:in the first block of 6194:Boot Records Revealed 6017:. 2011-09-23. 69013. 5200:technical reference. 4018:bootloaders (Apple's 3575:BIOS to MBR interface 3408:(and sometimes up to 3173: 1052:of AAP image file or 855:Structure of AAP MBR 313:metadata partitions. 303:extended boot records 229:located in the first 152:In 1996, support for 6837:EFI system partition 6803:GUID Partition Table 6753:Windows Boot Manager 6623:Bootloader unlocking 6435:Legacy Plug and Play 6359:Open-source firmware 6352:Proprietary firmware 6173:"Master Boot Record" 5261:Wood, Sybil (2002). 5076:) and NEC DOS (type 4320:EFI System partition 4309:GUID Partition Table 4297:Extended boot record 4208:Recovery Environment 3839:MBR to VBR interface 3763:may also be used by 3156:EFI System partition 3036:System bootstrapping 2433:means inactive, and 2025:Bootstrap code area 1758:Bootstrap code area 932:AAP physical drive ( 883:Bootstrap code area 588:OEM loader signature 407:Bootstrap code area 371:Ontrack Disk Manager 331:Ontrack Disk Manager 311:Logical Disk Manager 211:GUID Partition Table 93:GUID Partition Table 59:mass storage devices 6844:BIOS boot partition 6817:Apple Partition Map 6648:Acronis OS Selector 6488:American Megatrends 5958:volume boot records 5126:Master Boot Records 4785:Master Boot Records 4714:Symantec's FTP site 4423:in boot sectors is 4386:Partition alignment 4343:Apple partition map 4331:Host protected area 4315:BIOS Boot partition 4151:ES:DI = points to " 4126:MBR partition table 4070:MBR partition table 4044:MBR partition table 3988:MBR partition table 3777:Host Protected Area 3648:= boot drive unit ( 3567:Therefore, per the 3425:BIOS interrupt call 3400:, later relaxed to 2441:stand for invalid) 2396: 1998: 1731: 1527:in VBRs (optional) 1408:Reserved (default: 1217: 856: 726:if copy-protected) 537: 380: 291:2.0 introduced the 7105:Power-on self-test 6810:Master boot record 6136:PC Lube & Tune 6075:. Delorie Software 5558:"Booting Mac OS X" 5412:Seagate Technology 5354:GPT fdisk Tutorial 4656:) or 64 KB (up to 4484:misinterpretation. 4303:Volume boot record 4278:and to restore is 3456:volume boot record 3316:, which means the 3180: 3118:volume boot record 3091:Volume Boot Record 2897:solid-state drives 2390: 1996: 1729: 1509:, see also offset 1451:if not used, else 1265:for code start at 1215: 854: 535: 378: 364:Storage Dimensions 319:volume boot record 256:volume boot record 141:extended partition 132:primary partitions 126:, still using the 43:master boot record 32:volume boot record 18:Master Boot Record 7121: 7120: 6947: 6946: 6795:Partition layouts 6790: 6789: 6774:Plop Boot Manager 6576: 6575: 5865:Intel Corporation 5782:Intel Corporation 5691:Russinovich, Mark 5164:"Partition Table" 4507:00 00 00 00 00 00 3534:(not active) and 3431::offset location 3310:IBM PC-compatible 3060:PC/XT (type 5160) 3042:IBM PC-compatible 2932:operating systems 2873: 2872: 2836: 2835: 2781: 2780: 2720: 2719: 2630: 2629: 2575: 2574: 2514: 2513: 2383: 2382: 1992: 1991: 1778:AST/NEC signature 1725: 1724: 1390:: always use DL; 1211: 1210: 1004:Reserved for AAP 850: 849: 531: 530: 281:Disk partitioning 71:IBM PC-compatible 16:(Redirected from 7151: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7079: 7077:Execute in place 7072: 7065: 7058: 7040: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6978: 6971: 6964: 6940: 6933: 6926: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6865: 6864: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6637: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6605: 6598: 6591: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6525:TianoCore EDK II 6520: 6513: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6341: 6340: 6328: 6315: 6308: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6184: 6179:. Archived from 6167: 6165: 6164: 6143: 6138:. Archived from 6117: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5976: 5967: 5961: 5956:(NB. SYS writes 5955: 5949: 5948: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5907:. Archived from 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5884: 5878:. Archived from 5873: 5853: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5818: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5797: 5791:. 1.01. ACPICA. 5790: 5770: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5737: 5729: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5442: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5282:978-0-73561796-4 5258: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5190: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5087: 5084: 5075: 5064: 5063: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4776: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4742: 4717: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4542: 4539: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4478: 4468:in programs for 4467: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4422: 4417: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4223: 4213: 4197: 4192:Recovery Console 4181: 4177: 4154: 4139: 4131: 4117: 4113: 4082: 4061: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 3971: 3965: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3851:, by jumping to 3850: 3846: 3827: 3801: 3797: 3762: 3758: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654:removable drives 3638: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3582: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3537: 3533: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3438: 3434: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3331: 3328:as the sequence 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3198:Windows Registry 3111: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2936:database engines 2861: 2843: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2736: 2735: 2729: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2654: 2637: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2417: 2397: 2389: 2371: 2365: 2350: 2344: 2327: 2310: 2293: 2269: 2253: 2237: 2221: 2205: 2189: 2173: 2157: 2141: 2125: 2109: 2093: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2041: 2035: 2021: 1999: 1995: 1980: 1974: 1959: 1953: 1936: 1919: 1902: 1878: 1861: 1844: 1827: 1803: 1796: 1790: 1774: 1768: 1754: 1732: 1728: 1713: 1707: 1692: 1686: 1669: 1652: 1635: 1611: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1562: 1556: 1543: 1526: 1517: 1504: 1497: 1486: 1479: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1443: 1432: 1422: 1411: 1404: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1374: 1363: 1349: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1311: 1300: 1293: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1240: 1218: 1214: 1199: 1193: 1178: 1172: 1155: 1138: 1121: 1097: 1086: 1079: 1068: 1044: 1033: 1029: 1022: 1011: 1000: 976: 962:(optional) (AAP 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 928: 921: 915: 899: 893: 879: 857: 853: 838: 832: 817: 811: 794: 777: 760: 736: 725: 721: 715: 687: 676: 669: 655: 641: 627: 617: 615: 611: 606: 600: 580: 574: 560: 538: 534: 519: 513: 498: 492: 475: 458: 441: 417: 403: 381: 377: 323:DDO BIOS overlay 296: 272:Optional 32-bit 265:Optional 32-bit 246:partition sector 195: 189: 183: 177: 173:partition types 122:of the then-new 90: 67:removable drives 21: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7144:Disk partitions 7124: 7123: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7015: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6911: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6856: 6849: 6842: 6835: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6640:Implementations 6635: 6628: 6621: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6466:Implementations 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6371: 6366:Custom firmware 6364: 6357: 6350: 6329: 6320: 6311: 6304: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6270: 6261: 6219: 6203: 6201: 6162: 6160: 6126: 6124:Further reading 6121: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6091: 6087: 6078: 6076: 6066: 6062: 6053: 6051: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5979:Hewlett Packard 5974: 5968: 5964: 5946: 5944: 5929: 5925: 5914: 5912: 5901: 5897: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5871: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5834: 5819: 5812: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5771: 5756: 5747: 5745: 5735: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5710: 5688: 5684: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5654: 5637: 5636: 5632: 5623: 5621: 5606: 5602: 5593: 5591: 5576: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5539: 5528: 5524: 5515: 5513: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5483: 5481: 5462: 5458: 5449: 5447: 5445:Western Digital 5440: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5419: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5388: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5346: 5342: 5333: 5331: 5316: 5312: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5269:Microsoft Press 5259: 5252: 5243: 5241: 5234:Partition types 5223: 5219: 5212: 5192: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5133: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5052:Partition types 5046:(2004-04-22) . 5041: 5037: 5021: 5019: 5012:Partition types 5006:(2004-04-22) . 5001: 4997: 4990: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4856:Sams Publishing 4843: 4839: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4807: 4803: 4794: 4792: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4757: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4622:If there is an 4621: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4462: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4418: 4401: 4395: 4390: 4292: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4221: 4212:BOOTREC /FIXMBR 4211: 4198:command. Under 4195: 4179: 4173: 4162: 4152: 4137: 4129: 4115: 4111: 4080: 4059: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 3967: 3961: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3825: 3799: 3795: 3760: 3756: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3684:= second, ..., 3681: 3677: 3665: 3664:= second, ..., 3661: 3657: 3636: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3600: 3596: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3436: 3432: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3337:physical memory 3329: 3302: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3168: 3109: 3079:physical memory 3073:referred to as 3044:computers, the 3038: 3021:external drives 2997: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2956:Advanced Format 2859: 2841: 2803: 2788: 2748: 2742: 2727: 2687: 2672: 2652: 2635: 2597: 2582: 2542: 2536: 2521: 2481: 2466: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2415: 2406: 2401: 2388: 2369: 2363: 2348: 2342: 2332:Partition entry 2325: 2315:Partition entry 2308: 2298:Partition entry 2291: 2282: 2280:Partition table 2274:Partition entry 2267: 2258:Partition entry 2251: 2242:Partition entry 2235: 2226:Partition entry 2219: 2210:Partition entry 2203: 2194:Partition entry 2187: 2178:Partition entry 2171: 2162:Partition entry 2155: 2146:Partition entry 2139: 2130:Partition entry 2123: 2114:Partition entry 2107: 2098:Partition entry 2091: 2082: 2075:Partition entry 2068: 2061: 2055: 2039: 2033: 2019: 2009: 1978: 1972: 1957: 1951: 1941:Partition entry 1934: 1924:Partition entry 1917: 1907:Partition entry 1900: 1891: 1889:Partition table 1883:Partition entry 1876: 1866:Partition entry 1859: 1849:Partition entry 1842: 1832:Partition entry 1825: 1816: 1808:Partition entry 1801: 1794: 1788: 1772: 1766: 1752: 1742: 1711: 1705: 1690: 1684: 1674:Partition entry 1667: 1657:Partition entry 1650: 1640:Partition entry 1633: 1624: 1622:Partition table 1616:Partition entry 1609: 1589: 1582: 1576: 1560: 1554: 1541: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1502: 1495: 1484: 1477: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1430: 1420: 1409: 1402: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1372: 1361: 1347: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1298: 1291: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1238: 1228: 1197: 1191: 1176: 1170: 1160:Partition entry 1153: 1143:Partition entry 1136: 1126:Partition entry 1119: 1110: 1108:Partition table 1102:Partition entry 1095: 1084: 1077: 1066: 1061: 1042: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1009: 998: 974: 964:partition entry 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 926: 919: 913: 897: 891: 877: 867: 836: 830: 815: 809: 799:Partition entry 792: 782:Partition entry 775: 765:Partition entry 758: 749: 747:Partition table 741:Partition entry 734: 723: 719: 713: 685: 674: 667: 653: 645:Minutes (0–59) 639: 631:Seconds (0–59) 625: 613: 609: 607: 604: 598: 578: 572: 558: 548: 517: 511: 496: 490: 480:Partition entry 473: 463:Partition entry 456: 446:Partition entry 439: 430: 428:Partition table 422:Partition entry 415: 401: 391: 362:3.x as well as 340: 292: 283: 242:partition table 193: 187: 181: 175: 158:Disk timestamps 112: 88: 49:) is a type of 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7157: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6972: 6957: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6893: 6886: 6879: 6871: 6869: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6641: 6634: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6498: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6387: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6347: 6345: 6338: 6331: 6330: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6293: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6217:External links 6215: 6214: 6213: 6185: 6183:on 2014-07-01. 6168: 6144: 6142:on 2016-03-03. 6125: 6122: 6119: 6118: 6096:(2000-07-16). 6094:Brown, Ralf D. 6085: 6071:(2000-07-16). 6069:Brown, Ralf D. 6060: 6031: 5998: 5962: 5923: 5895: 5867:(1994-05-05). 5843: 5810: 5784:(1996-01-11). 5754: 5719: 5693:(2011-11-08). 5682: 5652: 5630: 5600: 5570: 5548: 5522: 5490: 5470:DeveloperWorks 5456: 5428: 5395: 5370: 5340: 5310: 5307:on 2013-02-04. 5288: 5281: 5250: 5217: 5210: 5202:Addison-Wesley 5180: 5155: 5112: 5102: 5080: 5071: 5035: 4995: 4988: 4976:Que Publishing 4960: 4953: 4947:. p. 13. 4931: 4924: 4900: 4893: 4875: 4868: 4837: 4821: 4815:. p. 73. 4801: 4766: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4701: 4692: 4682: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4628: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4591: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4543: 4531: 4514: 4508: 4486: 4475: 4464: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4272:SystemRescueCD 4161: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4134:partition type 4122: 4119: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4049: 4048: 4036: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3815: 3804: 3803: 3792: 3781: 3780: 3767:(PARTIES) and 3749: 3738: 3715: 3698: 3697: 3642: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3576: 3573: 3364:While the MBR 3312:computers are 3301: 3298: 3288:Starting with 3279:10,495,457,280 3275:0x00027193F800 3271:\DosDevices\D: 3267:00 F8 93 71 02 3257:counting from 3226: 3221:\DosDevices\C: 3206: 3184:disk signature 3167: 3164: 3071:operating mode 3067:microprocessor 3037: 3034: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646:Partition type 2643: 2640: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2354:Boot signature 2351: 2346: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2016: 2015: 2006: 2003: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1963:Boot signature 1960: 1955: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1739: 1736: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1696:Boot signature 1693: 1688: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1522: 1513: 1499: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1481: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1455: 1445: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1424: 1417: 1416: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1376: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1351: 1344: 1343: 1340: 1313: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1278: 1248: 1242: 1235: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1182:Boot signature 1179: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1105: 1099: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1081: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1024: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1006:partition type 1002: 995: 994: 991: 978: 971: 970: 967: 957: 930: 923: 922: 917: 910: 909: 906: 900: 895: 888: 887: 884: 881: 874: 873: 864: 861: 848: 847: 844: 840: 839: 834: 827: 826: 823: 821:Boot signature 818: 813: 806: 805: 802: 796: 789: 788: 785: 779: 772: 771: 768: 762: 755: 754: 751: 744: 738: 731: 730: 727: 717: 710: 709: 706: 695:Disk signature 692: 689: 682: 681: 678: 671: 664: 663: 660: 657: 650: 649: 646: 643: 636: 635: 632: 629: 622: 621: 618: 602: 595: 594: 591: 584:Disk timestamp 581: 576: 569: 568: 565: 562: 555: 554: 545: 542: 529: 528: 525: 521: 520: 515: 508: 507: 504: 502:Boot signature 499: 494: 487: 486: 483: 477: 470: 469: 466: 460: 453: 452: 449: 443: 436: 435: 432: 425: 419: 412: 411: 408: 405: 398: 397: 388: 385: 351:7.07), eight ( 339: 336: 307:BSD disklabels 282: 279: 278: 277: 274:disk signature 270: 267:disk timestamp 263: 252:Bootstrap code 249: 233:of the drive. 215:protective MBR 203:cross-platform 146:logical drives 111: 108: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7156: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6950: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6676:BootX (Linux) 6673: 6670: 6669:BootX (Apple) 6666: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6407:Open Firmware 6404: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6210: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6149:"Ray's Place" 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6107:(61 ed.) 6106: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5911:on 2003-10-04 5910: 5906: 5899: 5885:on 2017-08-24 5881: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5815: 5808: 5794: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5643:KnowledgeBase 5640: 5634: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5559: 5552: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5257: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5211:0-201-51806-6 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5083: 5074: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5030: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4989:0-7897-2283-6 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4954:0-7357-1158-5 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4925:1-59200-112-2 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4896: 4894:1-4018-5230-0 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4869:0-672-32289-7 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4846:Norton, Peter 4841: 4834: 4824: 4822:9781886411999 4818: 4814: 4813: 4805: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4730: 4715: 4711: 4708:For example, 4705: 4696: 4686: 4676: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4518: 4504: 4490: 4482: 4471: 4460: 4456: 4455:little-endian 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4376:Recovery disc 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4361:BSD disklabel 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4287: 4273: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200:Windows Vista 4193: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4088: 4085: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3996:Multiuser DOS 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3932: 3926: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3832: 3831: 3824:= points to " 3823: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808:Plug-and-Play 3806:Systems with 3793: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3716: 3700: 3699: 3675: 3674:superfloppies 3671: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3630: 3629: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3603:in the CPU's 3594: 3590: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3545: 3541: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3494: 3474: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3430: 3426: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314:little-endian 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3290:Windows Vista 3286: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3234: 3233:little-endian 3225: 3223: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3166:Disk identity 3163: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3144:Open Firmware 3141: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3125:boot managers 3121: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3095:chain loading 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3046:bootstrapping 3043: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2970: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2394: 2393:little-endian 2378: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2355: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1566:AAP signature 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1508: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1487:if not used) 1482: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1458: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1433:if not used) 1428: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1364:if not used) 1359: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1341: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281:NEWLDR record 1251: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1213: 1206: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1087:if not used) 1082: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1034:if not used) 1025: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1003: 997: 996: 992: 990: 986: 982: 979: 973: 972: 968: 965: 961: 931: 925: 924: 918: 912: 911: 904: 903:AAP signature 896: 890: 889: 885: 876: 875: 871: 865: 859: 858: 852: 845: 841: 835: 829: 828: 822: 814: 808: 807: 803: 800: 797: 791: 790: 786: 783: 780: 774: 773: 769: 766: 763: 757: 756: 752: 748: 742: 739: 733: 732: 728: 718: 712: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 690: 684: 683: 680:216 (or 222) 679: 666: 665: 661: 659:Hours (0–23) 658: 652: 651: 647: 644: 638: 637: 633: 630: 624: 623: 619: 603: 597: 596: 592: 590:with NEWLDR) 589: 585: 577: 571: 570: 566: 557: 556: 552: 546: 540: 539: 533: 526: 522: 516: 510: 509: 503: 495: 489: 488: 484: 481: 478: 472: 471: 467: 464: 461: 455: 454: 450: 447: 444: 438: 437: 433: 429: 423: 420: 414: 413: 409: 400: 399: 395: 389: 383: 382: 376: 374: 372: 368: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 346: 338:Sector layout 335: 332: 328: 324: 320: 314: 312: 308: 304: 299: 295: 290: 287: 275: 271: 268: 264: 261: 257: 253: 250: 247: 243: 239: 238: 237: 234: 232: 228: 223: 220: 216: 212: 206: 204: 198: 196: 190: 184: 178: 172: 168: 164: 159: 155: 150: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 107: 105: 104:superfloppies 101: 96: 94: 87: 82: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 39: 37: 33: 19: 7009:ROM variants 6953:Network boot 6931:Raspberry Pi 6809: 6697:systemd-boot 6202:. Retrieved 6193: 6181:the original 6177:How It Works 6176: 6161:. Retrieved 6152: 6140:the original 6135: 6109:. Retrieved 6101: 6088: 6077:. Retrieved 6063: 6052:. Retrieved 6043: 6034: 6023:. Retrieved 6010: 6001: 5990:. Retrieved 5965: 5951: 5945:. Retrieved 5936: 5926: 5913:. Retrieved 5909:the original 5898: 5887:. Retrieved 5880:the original 5835:. Retrieved 5826: 5800:. Retrieved 5746:. Retrieved 5711:. Retrieved 5698: 5685: 5674:. Retrieved 5665: 5655: 5642: 5633: 5622:. Retrieved 5613: 5603: 5592:. Retrieved 5583: 5573: 5562:. Retrieved 5551: 5540:. Retrieved 5525: 5514:. Retrieved 5505: 5482:. Retrieved 5469: 5459: 5448:. Retrieved 5431: 5420:. Retrieved 5408:Tech Insight 5407: 5398: 5387:. Retrieved 5373: 5362:. Retrieved 5353: 5343: 5332:. Retrieved 5324:The PC Guide 5323: 5313: 5305:the original 5300: 5291: 5263: 5242:. Retrieved 5233: 5220: 5193: 5172:. Retrieved 5158: 5140: 5134:. Retrieved 5125: 5115: 5066: 5060:. Retrieved 5051: 5038: 5026: 5020:. Retrieved 5011: 4998: 4970: 4963: 4940: 4934: 4910: 4903: 4884: 4878: 4850: 4840: 4832: 4826:. Retrieved 4811: 4804: 4793:. Retrieved 4784: 4758:. Retrieved 4709: 4704: 4695: 4685: 4675: 4631: 4618: 4598:The address 4594: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4517: 4502: 4489: 4371:Disk cloning 4265: 4258: 4254:grub-install 4238:grub-install 4220: 4184:Windows 2000 4170:disk editors 4163: 4094: 4092: 4050: 3981: 3842: 3805: 3578: 3563: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3493:Apple Darwin 3449: 3445: 3363: 3356: 3334: 3303: 3287: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3249:sector count 3248: 3229: 3219: 3209: 3195: 3191:Linux kernel 3188: 3181: 3160: 3137: 3122: 3113: 3099: 3087: 3083:machine code 3039: 3030: 3015: 3003: 2972:−512 bytes ( 2964: 2940:partitioning 2928:boot sectors 2917: 2903:fields, the 2901: 2874: 2866:4 bytes 2848:4 bytes 2659:3 bytes 2453:3 bytes 2410:Description 2353: 2279: 2079: 2045:DM signature 2044: 2005:Description 1993: 1962: 1888: 1813: 1777: 1738:Description 1726: 1695: 1621: 1598: 1565: 1547: 1535: 1301:" signature 1280: 1224:Description 1212: 1181: 1107: 959: 956:: reserved) 944:: not used; 902: 863:Description 851: 820: 746: 694: 583: 544:Description 532: 501: 427: 387:Description 375: 341: 327:boot manager 315: 300: 284: 273: 266: 260:chain loader 245: 235: 224: 218: 214: 207: 199: 157: 151: 145: 139: 131: 113: 97: 83: 79: 46: 42: 40: 38: 36: 7063:ROM hacking 6999:Wake-on-LAN 6662:BootManager 6614:Bootloaders 5502:"MBR (x86)" 4978:. pp. 4858:. pp. 4366:Boot loader 4146:2 TiB. 3650:fixed disks 3503:instead of 3366:boot sector 3326:disk editor 3212:A8 E1 B9 D2 3114:active flag 2948:file system 2793:1 byte 2732:1 byte 2677:1 byte 2663:CHS address 2642:1 byte 2587:1 byte 2526:1 byte 2471:1 byte 2457:CHS address 2422:1 byte 2083:(optional) 2047:(optional) 1601:(optional) 1568:(optional) 1386:: default; 1283:(optional) 905:(optional) 697:(optional; 258:(VBR) as a 219:hybrid MBRs 165:access for 116:PC DOS 63:fixed disks 55:partitioned 51:boot sector 7128:Categories 7098:Instant-on 7084:Devicetree 6924:Bus Pirate 6828:Partitions 6596:Das U-Boot 6481:Award BIOS 6398:Video BIOS 6376:Interfaces 6204:2017-08-24 6163:2017-08-24 6111:2016-11-03 6079:2016-11-03 6054:2013-04-20 6025:2013-04-19 5992:2013-04-20 5947:2018-05-01 5915:2009-03-29 5889:2013-04-20 5837:2013-04-20 5802:2013-04-20 5748:2011-05-04 5713:2013-04-19 5676:2017-08-24 5624:2017-08-24 5594:2011-07-22 5564:2011-07-22 5542:2011-07-22 5516:2013-04-20 5506:OSDev Wiki 5484:2013-04-19 5450:2013-04-20 5422:2013-04-19 5389:2013-10-22 5364:2013-04-20 5334:2013-04-19 5301:Tech Juice 5271:. p. 5244:2017-08-24 5174:2017-08-24 5136:2017-08-24 5106:at offset 5062:2017-08-24 5022:2017-08-24 4828:2011-04-09 4795:2012-08-25 4760:2013-08-28 4725:References 4481:big-endian 4449:at offset 4438:at offset 4434:, that is 4381:GNU Parted 4188:Windows XP 4136:at offset 4112:0x54504721 4101:Hybrid MBR 4089:= reserved 4028:boot1fat32 3871:(constant) 3737:), anyway. 3640:otherwise. 3452:BIOS calls 3283:20,498,940 3224:would be: 3216:REG_BINARY 3133:filesystem 3064:Intel 8088 1599:AAP record 1483:Checksum ( 1431:0x00000000 1358:IBMBIO.LDR 1085:0x00000000 960:AAP record 703:Windows NT 75:PC DOS 2.0 7070:ROM image 6861:Utilities 6718:OpeniBoot 6560:Kickstart 6553:LinuxBoot 6546:Libreboot 6511:InsydeH2O 6502:AMI Aptio 6442:AlphaBIOS 6275:Processes 6046:. 2013 . 6015:Microsoft 5827:tgwbd.org 5703:Microsoft 5647:Microsoft 5228:(2013) . 5095:3.30 and 4750:Microsoft 4242:lilo -mbr 4216:MBRWizard 4204:Windows 7 3753:El Torito 3688:; values 3680:= first, 3660:= first, 3605:real mode 3384:(address 3318:processor 3075:real mode 2988:bytes or 2881:cylinders 2802:7–0 2747:5–0 2741:9–8 2686:7–0 2596:7–0 2541:5–0 2535:9–8 2480:7–0 701:, Linux, 367:SpeedStor 347:6.60 and 120:hard disk 57:computer 7112:EDL mode 7091:Fastboot 7056:Boot ROM 6916:Hardware 6904:Heimdall 6890:UEFITool 6876:flashrom 6868:Software 6746:SYSLINUX 6683:GNU GRUB 6539:Coreboot 6532:OpenBIOS 6336:firmware 6334:Booting 6264:Firmware 6198:Archived 6157:Archived 6048:Archived 6019:Archived 5983:Archived 5941:Archived 5874:. 1.0A. 5831:Archived 5793:Archived 5742:Archived 5738:in x86?" 5707:Archived 5670:Archived 5618:Archived 5588:Archived 5536:Archived 5510:Archived 5478:Archived 5416:Archived 5414:. 2012. 5383:Archived 5358:Archived 5328:Archived 5238:Archived 5204:. 1989. 5168:Archived 5145:through 5130:Archived 5056:Archived 5016:Archived 4789:Archived 4754:Archived 4453:. Since 4290:See also 4132:and the 4099:(EDD) 4 4006:6.6 and 3863:CS:IP = 3670:floppies 3473:relocate 3202:BOOT.INI 3176:QtParted 3062:used an 3049:firmware 2924:chipsets 2002:Address 1735:Address 1410:0x000000 1378:Allowed 1362:0x000000 1221:Address 1032:0x000000 860:Address 541:Address 384:Address 305:(EBRs), 110:Overview 100:floppies 7139:Booting 7048:Related 6985:NetBoot 6725:RedBoot 6704:loadlin 6655:Barebox 6495:AMIBIOS 6474:SeaBIOS 6313:Android 6283:Windows 6268:booting 6044:die.net 6011:Support 5198:Phoenix 5029:PTS-DOS 4980:260–261 4860:360–361 4004:PTS-DOS 4000:REAL/32 3956:in the 3798:; SP = 3789:INT 13h 3626:(fixed) 3429:segment 3422:INT 12h 3341:address 2942:tools, 2913:INT 13h 2889:sectors 2437:– 2402:(bytes) 1507:REAL/32 345:PTS-DOS 7038:EEPROM 6938:ft2232 6851:/boot/ 6767:Yaboot 6732:rEFInd 6105:(RBIL) 5736:0x7C00 5279: 5208: 5147:0x01FD 5143:0x01EE 5108:0x017C 5093:MS-DOS 4986: 4951: 4922: 4891: 4866: 4819: 4499:0x00DF 4495:0x00DA 4459:IBM PC 4451:0x01FF 4440:0x01FE 4421:0x01FE 4357:(VTOC) 4327:(BEER) 4270:(on a 4268:sfdisk 4266:Linux 4261:backup 4206:, the 4196:fixmbr 4190:, the 4081:0x7C00 4060:0x0EDC 4032:0x0000 4024:boot1u 4020:boot1h 4016:Darwin 3992:PC-MOS 3969:0x0014 3963:0x01FD 3931:0x000C 3925:NEWLDR 3869:0x7C00 3865:0x0000 3857:0x7C00 3853:0x0000 3849:0x7C00 3845:0x0000 3800:0x0400 3796:0x0000 3637:0x0000 3633:0x07C0 3624:0x7C00 3620:0x0000 3601:0x7C00 3597:0x0000 3585:0x7C00 3581:0x0000 3524:Status 3513:0x0000 3509:0x0000 3505:0x0060 3501:0x0600 3497:0x0000 3489:0x0000 3485:0x0060 3481:0x0600 3477:0x0000 3469:0x7C00 3465:0x0000 3461:0x7C00 3437:0x0013 3433:0x0040 3414:0xFFFF 3410:0x9000 3406:0xFFFF 3402:0x0000 3398:0x7FFF 3394:0x0000 3390:0x0500 3386:0x0000 3382:0x0501 3378:0x0000 3374:0x7C00 3370:0x0000 3359:0x7C00 3352:0x01FE 3348:0x7C00 3344:0x0000 3245:32,256 3241:0x7E00 3162:task. 3106:MS-DOS 3102:PC DOS 3011:LBA-28 3007:LBA-48 2944:backup 2887:, and 2407:length 2400:Offset 2366:(511) 2364:0x01FF 2345:(510) 2343:0x01FE 2328:(494) 2326:0x01EE 2311:(478) 2309:0x01DE 2294:(462) 2292:0x01CE 2270:(446) 2268:0x01BE 2254:(430) 2252:0x01AE 2238:(414) 2236:0x019E 2222:(398) 2220:0x018E 2206:(382) 2204:0x017E 2190:(366) 2188:0x016E 2174:(350) 2172:0x015E 2158:(334) 2156:0x014E 2142:(318) 2140:0x013E 2126:(302) 2124:0x012E 2110:(286) 2108:0x011E 2094:(270) 2092:0x010E 2071:(254) 2069:0x00FE 2058:(253) 2056:0x00FD 2036:(252) 2034:0x00FC 2020:0x0000 1975:(511) 1973:0x01FF 1954:(510) 1952:0x01FE 1937:(494) 1935:0x01EE 1920:(478) 1918:0x01DE 1903:(462) 1901:0x01CE 1879:(446) 1877:0x01BE 1862:(430) 1860:0x01AE 1845:(414) 1843:0x019E 1828:(398) 1826:0x018E 1804:(382) 1802:0x017E 1791:(381) 1789:0x017D 1769:(380) 1767:0x017C 1753:0x0000 1708:(511) 1706:0x01FF 1687:(510) 1685:0x01FE 1670:(494) 1668:0x01EE 1653:(478) 1651:0x01DE 1636:(462) 1634:0x01CE 1612:(446) 1610:0x01BE 1592:(430) 1590:0x01AE 1579:(429) 1577:0x01AD 1557:(428) 1555:0x01AC 1548:Varies 1542:0x0000 1536:Varies 1505:" for 1503:MSWIN4 1496:0x0018 1485:0x0000 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402:0x0000 360:MS-DOS 349:DR-DOS 289:PC DOS 231:sector 167:FAT16B 7031:EPROM 6883:fwupd 6739:rEFIt 6711:NTLDR 6690:iBoot 6344:Types 6306:Linux 6013:. 1. 5986:(PDF) 5975:(PDF) 5883:(PDF) 5876:Intel 5872:(PDF) 5796:(PDF) 5789:(PDF) 5441:(PDF) 5088:(NB. 4748:. 1. 4637:A0000 4393:Notes 4351:(RDB) 4345:(APM) 4339:(DCO) 4333:(HPA) 4311:(GPT) 4305:(VBR) 4299:(EBR) 4250:embed 4246:setup 4226:Linux 4175:FDISK 4166:bytes 4153:$ PnP 4047:MBRs. 4008:S/DOS 3953:0x019 3826:$ PnP 3330:55 AA 3306:PC XT 3237:00 7E 3131:in a 3129:files 3110:FDISK 3025:Linux 2905:tuple 2885:heads 2877:PC XT 2690:head 2484:head 2405:Field 2012:bytes 1745:bytes 1498:(24) 1480:(22) 1444:(20) 1423:(16) 1405:(13) 1375:(12) 1231:bytes 870:bytes 670:(224) 551:bytes 394:bytes 309:, or 294:FDISK 227:bytes 171:FAT32 136:FAT16 128:FAT12 61:like 7134:BIOS 7024:PROM 6976:iPXE 6969:gPXE 6897:Odin 6781:MILO 6760:xOSL 6603:ARCS 6414:ACPI 6391:BIOS 6384:UEFI 6266:and 5277:ISBN 5206:ISBN 5101:A55A 4984:ISBN 4949:ISBN 4920:ISBN 4889:ISBN 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