469:
173:
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29:
386:, but large-scale production was not feasible until low-cost fatty alcohols become available in the early 1930s. The synthetic detergent created was more effective and less likely to form scum than soap in hard water, and can also eliminate acid and alkaline reactions and decompose dirt. Commercial detergent products with fatty alcohol sulphates began to be sold, initially in 1932 in Germany by
502:. These detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions, and the formulations of these detergents are often complex mixtures of a variety of chemicals aside from surfactants, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. These detergents may contain the following components:
378:, there was a shortage of oils and fats needed to make soap. In order to find alternatives for soap, synthetic detergents were made in Germany by chemists using raw material derived from coal tar. These early products, however, did not provide sufficient detergency. In 1928, effective detergent was made through the
431:
and demand for changes to the formulation of the detergents. Concerns were also raised over the use of surfactants such as branched alkylbenzene sulfonate (tetrapropylenebenzene sulfonate) that lingers in the environment, which led to their replacement by surfactants that are more biodegradable, such
414:
Over the years, many types of detergents have been developed for a variety of purposes, for example, low-sudsing detergents for use in front-loading washing machines, heavy-duty detergents effective in removing grease and dirt, all-purpose detergents and specialty detergents. They become incorporated
184:, which makes them soluble in water. The hydrophobic group of the detergent is the main driving force of micelle formation, its aggregation forms the hydrophobic core of the micelles. The micelle can remove grease, protein or soiling particles. The concentration at which micelles start to form is the
406:
of calcium and magnesium ions, helping to maintain an alkaline pH, as well as dispersing and keeping the soiling particles in solution. The development of the petrochemical industry after the Second World War also yielded material for the production of a range of synthetic surfactants, and
151:
Detergents are a group of compounds with an amphiphilic structure, where each molecule has a hydrophilic (polar) head and a long hydrophobic (non-polar) tail. The hydrophobic portion of these molecules may be straight- or branched-chain
864:
Eduard
Smulders, Wolfgang Rybinski, Eric Sung, Wilfried Rähse, Josef Steber, Frederike Wiebel, Anette Nordskog, "Laundry Detergents" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
1312:
160:
structure. The hydrophilic portion is more varied, they may be ionic or non-ionic, and can range from a simple or a relatively elaborate structure. Detergents are surfactants since they can decrease the
1426:
Doyle, DA; Morais Cabral, J; Pfuetzner, RA; Kuo, A; Gulbis, JM; Cohen, SL; Chait, BT; MacKinnon, R (1998). "The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+conduction and selectivity".
188:(CMC), and the temperature at which the micelles further aggregate to separate the solution into two phases is the cloud point when the solution becomes cloudy and detergency is optimal.
419:, shampoo, toothpaste, industrial cleaners, and in lubricants and fuels to reduce or prevent the formation of sludge or deposits. The formulation of detergent products may include
195:. The ability to foam may be determined by the head group, for example anionic surfactants are high-foaming, while nonionic surfactants may be non-foaming or low-foaming.
230:
Anionic detergents is the most common form of detergents, and an estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are produced annually for the domestic markets.
165:
of water. Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water. Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also
594:. Advancements in the purity and sophistication of detergents have facilitated structural and biophysical characterization of important membrane proteins such as
363:) in Germany. Soda was then mixed with sodium silicate to produce Germany's first brand name detergent Bleichsoda. In 1907, Henkel also added a bleaching agent
1289:
Werner
Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze, Klaus Reders "Automotive Fuels" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
321:
within a particular pH range, and possess a net zero charge arising from the presence of equal numbers of +1 and −1 charged chemical groups. Examples include
264:
replaces the hydrophilic anionic sulfonate group. The ammonium sulfate center is positively charged. Cationic surfactants generally have poor detergency.
398:) primarily in areas with hard water. However, sales in the US grew slowly until the introduction of 'built' detergents with the addition of effective
680:
227:
and those with linear alkyl groups. The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies because they are poorly biodegradable.
1533:
1470:
1308:"Triton X-100 concentration effects on membrane permeability of a single HeLa cell by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)"
1053:
272:
Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups. Typical non-ionic detergents are based on
1550:
402:
developed in the early 1940s. The builder improves the performance of the surfactants by softening the water through the
351:
was used as a wash additive. In the 19th century, synthetic surfactants began to be created, for example from olive oil.
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Detergents work better in an alkaline pH. The properties of detergents are dependent on the molecular structure of the
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185:
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Detergents are classified into four broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of the surfactants.
140:, which are in fact complex mixtures of different compounds, not all of which are by themselves detergents.
548:
143:
Detergency is the ability to remove unwanted substances termed 'soils' from a substrate (e.g., clothing).
359:
sold a sodium silicate-based product that can be used with soap and marketed as a "universal detergent" (
288:, and the Brij series. These materials are also known as ethoxylates or PEGylates and their metabolites,
240:(DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.
223:
is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two varieties have been popularized, those with branched
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22:
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114:. However, conventionally, detergent is used to mean synthetic cleaning compounds as opposed to
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had become widespread, and largely replaced soap for cleaning clothes in developed countries.
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alkylbenzene sulfonates became the most important detergent surfactants used. By the 1950s,
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One of the largest applications of detergents is for household and shop cleaning including
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124:), even though soap is also a detergent in the true sense. In domestic contexts, the term
8:
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300:. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing a sugar alcohol as headgroup.
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as linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. Developments over the years have included the use of
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136:
355:(water glass) was used in soap-making in the United States in the 1860s, and in 1876,
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292:. Glycosides have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include
247:
Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, linear
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162:
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452:, sugar-based surfactants which are biodegradable and milder to skin, and other
1313:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1045:
Handbook of
American Business History: Extractives, manufacturing, and services
638:
611:
583:
456:
products, as well as changes to the form of delivery such as tablets, gels and
1471:"Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 A"
1394:
339:
Soap is known to have been used as a surfactant for washing clothes since the
1573:
689:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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383:
344:
166:
108:
53:
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Umena, Yasufumi; Kawakami, Keisuke; Shen, Jian-Ren; Kamiya, Nobuo (2011).
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49:
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100:
68:
41:
767:
Neugebauer, Judith M. (1990). "[18] Detergents: An overview".
716:(2nd Revised ed.). Niir Project Consultancy Services. p. 1.
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1041:
403:
379:
277:
233:
72:
59:. There are a large variety of detergents, a common family being the
243:
172:
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334:
814:(3rd Revised ed.). Asia Pacific Business Press. p. 270.
544:
499:
437:
192:
181:
157:
104:
79:(of soap) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.
45:
590:
bilayers requires a detergent that can enter the inner membrane
420:
387:
368:
356:
220:
99:, meaning to wipe or polish off. Detergent can be defined as a
1425:
578:
detergents are employed for the isolation and purification of
28:
1369:"The mechanism of detergent solubilization of lipid bilayers"
556:
552:
395:
340:
415:
in various products outside of laundry use, for example in
116:
64:
1042:
David O. Whitten; Bessie Emrick
Whitten (1 January 1997).
771:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 182. pp. 239–253.
198:
1366:
390:. In the United States, detergents were sold in 1933 by
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371:
to eliminate the laborious rubbing of laundry by hand.
1159:
1132:
911:
1250:. The American Oil Chemists Society. pp. 64–67.
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
260:
Cationic detergents are similar to anionic ones, but
367:
to launch the first 'self-acting' laundry detergent
1106:
How to
Formulate and Compound Industrial Detergents
463:
423:, fragrances, dyes and other additives. The use of
1028:
743:. The American Oil Chemists Society. p. 154.
539:Both carburetors and fuel injector components of
107:of surfactants with cleansing properties when in
1571:
1214:David O. Whitten; Bessie Emrick Whitten (1999).
1048:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 221–222.
942:A History of the International Chemical Industry
543:benefit from detergents in the fuels to prevent
1021:"Soaps & Detergent: History (1900s to Now)"
811:Handbook on Soaps, Detergents & Acid Slurry
1239:
1237:
128:refers to household cleaning products such as
75:(of detergents) is less likely than the polar
1244:Middelhauve, Birgit (2003). Arno Cahn (ed.).
835:Mehreteab, Ammanuel (1999). Guy Broze (ed.).
1367:Lichtenberg D, Ahyayauch H, Goñi FM (2013).
1360:
1299:
1190:Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications
1075:
881:
762:
760:
710:NIIR Board of Consultants Engineers (2013).
1243:
1234:
1128:
1126:
146:
1186:
992:
841:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 133–134.
807:
766:
713:The Complete Technology Book on Detergents
310:Surfactant § Applications and sources
1402:
1343:
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67:-like compounds that are more soluble in
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965:
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467:
303:
280:. Common examples of the former include
242:
171:
27:
993:Jakobi, Günter; Löhr, Albrecht (2012).
945:. Chemical Heritage Press. p. 82.
267:
1572:
902:
855:
255:
199:Chemical classifications of detergents
180:Detergent molecules aggregate to form
1193:. Taylor & Francis. p. 331.
1102:
1062:
875:
598:also the disrupt membrane by binding
570:
479:
436:, substitutes for phosphates such as
206:
16:Surfactants with cleansing properties
1160:Paul Sosis, Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
1133:Paul Sosis, Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
912:Paul Sosis, Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
676:
674:
551:. Typical detergents are long-chain
91:is derived from the Latin adjective
1220:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3.
13:
1531:About.com: How Do Detergents Clean
1247:5th World Conference on Detergents
740:5th World Conference on Detergents
686:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
14:
1606:
1524:
1082:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 3–5.
999:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 3–4.
888:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–2.
671:
534:
1270:
1109:. David G. Urban. pp. 4–5.
1079:Surfactants in Consumer Products
969:The Perfection of the Paper Clip
885:Surfactants in Consumer Products
464:Major applications of detergents
427:, however, led to concerns over
317:or zwitterionic detergents have
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1207:
1180:
1153:
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547:. Concentrations are about 300
211:Typical anionic detergents are
1217:Handbook of Detergents, Part A
1163:Handbook of Detergents, Part F
1136:Handbook of Detergents, Part F
1023:. American Cleaning Institute.
996:Detergents and Textile Washing
915:Handbook of Detergents, Part F
838:Handbook of Detergents, Part A
828:
801:
730:
703:
249:sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
186:critical micelle concentration
82:
1:
1295:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2
871:10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2
664:
1553:related to laundry washing,
972:. Atria Books. p. 190.
777:10.1016/0076-6879(90)82020-3
7:
1448:10.1126/science.280.5360.69
1273:"Laundry Detergent History"
1025:Retrieved on 6 January 2015
617:
541:internal combustion engines
10:
1611:
1545:for detergents chemistry,
1076:Jürgen Falbe, ed. (2012).
966:Ward, James; Löhr (2020).
882:Jürgen Falbe, ed. (2012).
580:integral membrane proteins
483:
332:
328:
307:
23:Detergent (disambiguation)
20:
1585:Membrane-active molecules
1395:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.007
1306:Koley D, Bard AJ (2010).
1230:– via Google Books.
1092:– via Google Books.
1058:– via Google Books.
898:– via Google Books.
851:– via Google Books.
824:– via Google Books.
753:– via Google Books.
726:– via Google Books.
654:List of cleaning products
1565:Formulation of Detergent
1187:Uri Zoller, ed. (2008).
1139:. CRC Press. p. 6.
1103:Urban, David G. (2003).
918:. CRC Press. p. 5.
147:Structure and properties
1335:10.1073/pnas.1011614107
939:Aftalion, Fred (2001).
769:Detergents: An overview
737:Arno Cahn, ed. (2003).
699:10.1351/goldbook.D01643
563:and polyisobuteneamide/
425:phosphates in detergent
213:alkylbenzene sulfonates
120:(a salt of the natural
61:alkylbenzene sulfonates
1536:6 January 2011 at the
476:
473:Laundry detergent pods
343:time in 2,500 B.C. In
252:
177:
176:Structure of a micelle
33:
471:
417:dishwasher detergents
308:Further information:
304:Amphoteric detergents
246:
175:
31:
644:Hard-surface cleaner
586:. Solubilization of
490:Dishwasher detergent
392:Procter & Gamble
361:Universalwaschmittel
268:Non-ionic detergents
169:to varying degrees.
71:, because the polar
48:of surfactants with
21:For other uses, see
1498:10.1038/nature09913
1490:2011Natur.473...55U
1440:1998Sci...280...69D
1387:2013BpJ...105..289L
1374:Biophysical Journal
1326:2010PNAS..10716783K
808:Niir Board (1999).
624:Cleavable detergent
608:signaling receptors
335:Soap § History
294:octyl thioglucoside
262:quaternary ammonium
256:Cationic detergents
156:, or it may have a
52:properties when in
1555:destaining methods
629:Dishwashing liquid
600:lipopolysaccharide
571:Biological reagent
561:polyisobuteneamine
480:Household cleaning
477:
429:nutrient pollution
409:laundry detergents
253:
207:Anionic detergents
178:
34:
1580:Cleaning products
1055:978-0-313-25199-3
649:Laundry detergent
518:bleach activators
486:Laundry detergent
400:phosphate builder
219:portion of these
131:laundry detergent
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238:deoxycholic acid
95:, from the verb
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482:
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353:Sodium silicate
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1590:Surfactants
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506:surfactants
374:During the
319:zwitterions
290:nonylphenol
83:Definitions
77:carboxylate
1595:Detergents
1574:Categories
665:References
634:Dispersant
527:fragrances
333:See also:
315:Amphoteric
298:maltosides
236:, such as
234:Bile acids
122:fatty acid
101:surfactant
69:hard water
42:surfactant
32:Detergents
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582:found in
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278:glycoside
126:detergent
112:solutions
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57:solutions
50:cleansing
38:detergent
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618:See also
559:such as
512:builders
341:Sumerian
182:micelles
1551:history
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795:2314239
545:fouling
521:enzymes
500:laundry
438:zeolite
434:enzymes
329:History
193:monomer
158:steroid
105:mixture
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388:Henkel
369:Persil
357:Henkel
286:Triton
221:anions
215:. The
109:dilute
54:dilute
1510:S2CID
1474:(PDF)
681:IUPAC
396:Dreft
323:CHAPS
282:Tween
276:or a
103:or a
44:or a
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1559:soil
1557:and
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488:and
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296:and
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