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amenities will be community-centric so that public spaces can become more vibrant and inclusive. The plan details working with communities and protecting built heritage, in order to create distinct and unique local identities, creating place character and continuity. Continuing their shift towards sustainable mobility in the 2001 Concept plan, mobility will be encouraged with better connectivity across
Singapore by enhancing cycling and pedestrian networks, promoting public transport use, making business nodes closer to homes and more easily accessible, and increasing the efficacy of goods delivery. This includes four additional new rail lines, the Cross Island Line, Jurong Regional Line and Thomson East-Coast Line, which will be complemented by Integrated Transport Hubs which place rail and bus services in close proximity to MRT stations. A new Connectivity Special Detailed and Control Plan was also developed such that cycling and pedestrian paths can be designed to provide optimised connectivity and bike parking will also be integrated within the new developments. A Transit Priority Corridor is also in the works, where bus lanes and cyclists enjoy seamless journeys, encouraging residents to cycle or take public transport.
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centres. These parks are geared towards image-conscious, knowledge based companies, with heavy landscaping and high quality working environments to attract companies which are higher in the value chain. To complement these business parks, the Marina Bay area will also become a downtown core area, with new hotels, shopping facilities, entertainment, convention centres and a new waterfront promenade. However, Singapore did not give up on their industrial planning entirely. In order to ensure that they stay competitive in the global market, Singapore shifted towards the development of industrial clusters in the 1990s. These clusters were industrial areas in which multiple businesses in the same industry were consolidated, in order to foster mutual support between companies and increase economies of scale. Furthermore, to ensure optimal land use, minimum plot ratios were introduced and older industrial areas were redeveloped for more productive industries.
200:. In addition, significant road network upgrades were proposed to handle predicted large increases in road traffic volumes, and two-thirds of slum residents were to be rehoused in formal housing. The plan was conceived with the expectation that Singapore would grow gradually and was unsuited for the social and economic change, rapid population growth and the Central Area's expansion in the early 1960s. Expected to last for 20 years, the Master Plan was formulated to be an instrument of control which could be expanded or retracted. Several British planning assumptions were evident in the plan, such as the slow and steady rate of social change and minimal public sector intervention in planning, ideas transmitted through the involvement of British planners overseas. Despite its short timeline, the 1958 Master Plan laid the groundwork for detailed urban planning in Singapore and came to be regarded as essential for the development of the country.
232:, which aimed to guide urban development in Singapore to the 1990s. The concept plan is based on the structure form of a 'Ring City', embodied by the ring-like structure of the transportation system. It is a 'comprehensive' plan, aiming to include all feasible planning variables and options. Specific areas were marked out for residential, industrial and other uses. The central area, about 2 kilometres north and south of the Singapore River, was marked to be redeveloped. Unlike previous plans, the concept plan placed immense confidence in the ability of science and technology to alleviate planning problems, believing that the future could be sculpted and moulded through new innovations and efficient planning. Through the cooperation of multiple agencies such as the
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conservation proposals, and to encourage the public to learn more about
Singapore's built heritage. In addition, Identity Plans were introduced in the same year for fifteen districts across Singapore. For these plans, studies of the districts were made, and public feedback and forums were handled by Subject Groups formed for each district. This was part of a larger effort to enrich Singapore's heritage, culture and diversity and to enhance Singapore's natural environment. By retaining cultural and historic landmarks and integrating them with the new developments, this can create a sense of continuity and history in the new towns. New towns will also be smaller and carry a unique sense of identity, to create a sense of ownership for residents.
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303:(PWD). In particular, the HDB suburbanized the population, providing quality accommodation as good as private housing, to more than four-fifths of the population. URA also played a key role in rejuvenating the old core of the city, demolishing 1500 acres of the old city core to build a new one. Through 'active programs' which involved both public and private participation, URA revamped the road system and drastically changed the built environment of central Singapore. Led by its three guiding principles of conservation, rehabilitation, and rebuilding, URA planned and created a city that is physically, economically, and culturally regarded as a modern metropolis.
426:, empowering green practices, and making Singapore an endearing home, the Concept Plan was formed. Green infrastructure would consist of green buildings which conserve energy and have better life cycles, green mobility such as cycling, walking infrastructure and green habits, which consist of making recycling and reducing waste part of Singaporean's daily consciousness. Efforts to make Singapore an endearing home include preserving heritage buildings, introducing more live-in population to heritage districts, adding sculptures and public art to parks and housing estates and fostering partnership between community members such as business-owners and residents.
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integrated planning process used ever since. Planning in
Singapore began to incorporate additional priorities from the 1980s, such as quality of life and conservation, while the 1991 revision of the Concept Plan introduced the concept of regional centres to promote decentralisation. To improve the implementation of the Concept Plan's strategies, Singapore was divided into multiple planning areas in the 1990s, and comprehensive plans for each area's development were produced and compiled into a new plan. In the 2001 and 2011 concept plan, Singapore's urban planners began to incorporate public feedback and opinions into the planning process, shifting towards
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imported to prepare plans, specialist services were obtained in the fields of planning, and the State and City
Planning (SCP) Department was created. Local professional staff were sent overseas to be trained. Post-independence planning was characterized by egalitarian goals and ensuring optimal land use. Land was considered a scarce resource, and allocation of land was seen as a communal or national act as opposed to an individual one. The SCP was focused on 'optimisation of the republic's land resources and resolving conflicting development proposals in the overall interest of the state for the common good'.
529:' in order to own a car, which typically costs SGD$ 70,000 to SGD$ 100,000 (US$ 50,000 to US$ 75,000), which critics say makes cars unaffordable for lower-income families. Moreover, with an almost eagle-like focus on economic development in its early days, critics lament the loss of historical buildings for economic development, though conservation efforts have been increased in recent planning efforts. Much of the criticism stems from dissatisfaction against what critics regard as Singapore's semi-authoritarian political system and the impingement on personal freedoms as a result of planning policies.
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indigenous population, depending on the
European Quarter as an administrative and commercial centre. This perspective is part of the larger critique of British hegemonic rule, where only selected ethnic leaders (mostly wealthy, professional and business Chinese) were represented in the Municipal Committee, which regulates ethnic interests. Such policies gave the appearance of mass support for British planning policies, such as those involving ethnic segregation, without considering the interests of the working class or other under-represented ethnic groups.
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targets and handle expected population increases, it is revised every 10 years. The Master Plan, intended for the medium term, comprises land use plans across
Singapore, and is revised every five years, while the detailed plans, issued by agencies supervising certain aspects of urban development, plot out short-term development. Preparation of the long-term plan and Master Plan is done by the URA, while the URA carries out the planning process in cooperation with four other agencies, namely the LTA, the HDB,
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regional hub employment, shopping, business, entertainment and cultural activities. With the objective of economic decentralisation, companies were also encouraged to spread out to the regional centres. The plan also detailed that the transport system will be improved by focusing on areas of maximum accessibility and by expanding the transport network. New MRT stations, a new ferry system, light rail, cycleways and walkways were also planned to reduce automobiles on the road.
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Master Plan provided a guide for the control of development and land use, it became inadequate for the rapidly changing social and economic conditions in
Singapore as a result of self governance and time lapses between policy formulation and implementation. The main problems that the plan had to target was the high rate of population growth, rapid expansion of central area, traffic congestion and deterioration of the city core.
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high public-housing ownership, when in reality, due to the Land
Acquisition Act which allows the government to own most of Singapore's underlying land, 80% of HDB residents only have 99-year leases on their flats, which depreciates in value as the 99-year term approaches. In the same vein, other planning outcomes such as low-car ownership were also a result of controversial policies. Car-owners have to obtain a '
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414:(LTA) released the Land Transport Master Plan 2008, which called for bus route planning to be handled by the LTA, a significant expansion of the rail network, and for the integration of the bus and rail systems in a hub-and-spoke network. The subsequent Master Plan, released in 2013, called for more sheltered walkways and cycling path networks within new towns to improve pedestrian and cycling access.
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zone was also introduced, designated for multiple industries, and were referred to by the government as "mixed-use developments". These areas consisted of plots that could be used in multiple ways, with multiple open spaces between developments, and were intended to foster the development of knowledge-based and creative industries in
Singapore. Three regional centres were also added to the mix, with
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commercial outlet to a centre of manufacturing export for
Malaysia's industries and a centre for industrial expansion. The population basis for planning was raised to between 3.5 and 4 million, and plans to accommodate this expanded population took the form of a radial expansion. The ''Ring City' would have urban centres along the coast and at selected inland sites. A network of highways and a
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gardens and common facilities were incorporated into public housing estates to foster a sense of community between residents. Moreover, from 1980, industrial planning shifted towards infrastructure and areas suited for higher value industries, and industrial areas started to be constructed as "business parks". These "business parks" had cleaner environments than earlier industrial areas.
99:. As a result, commercial houses and wharves grew disorderly along the banks of the Singapore River, a location known for its accessibility to trading boats. A town committee was formed as a result, to ensure that Singapore developed and grew in an orderly manner, as part of Raffle's vision of Singapore as a commercial and administrative centre. The first official plan of the town, the
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development from the 1890s, taking responsibility for development work under the Municipal Bill of 1896, constructing back lanes and introducing building regulations. Nevertheless, these efforts were far from able to control urban development, and by the 20th century, Singapore faced congestion and squatter problems. This observation was made with regards to Singapore in the 1920s:
184:, the British government was focused on alleviating the housing shortage in Singapore, redeveloping the central area and to improve living conditions in the congested city centre. At this time, Singapore faced an urgent need for environmental management and to control land use. This was further motivated by the vision that Singapore will play a wider economic role in the
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Residents own their own home and at the 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale, it was calculated that with Singapore's land-use efficiency, the world's population could fit into 0.5% of the Earth's landmass. Common traits cited for Singapore's successful urban planning include clean streets, automobile restrictions, ubiquitous greenery and distinct lack of urban sprawl.
78:, while prioritising economic development as the powerhouse of each plan's success. The 2011 Concept Plan also featured a distinct focus on sustainability and conservation. The most recent plan is the 2019 masterplan, which details Singapore's increasing consideration towards sustainability, cultural preservation, building communities and closing resource loops.
434:, through the establishment of a Heritage Advisory Panel and the Our Heritage SG Plan for the heritage sector, while the Conservation Advisory Panel was replaced by a Heritage and Advisory Partnership in 2018. This partnership, besides providing feedback for conservation proposals, was intended to generate new proposals regarding building heritage in Singapore.
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experienced by the new administration in the early 1960s. Additionally, the rapid advance in information technology at the time made it essential for Singapore to become a global city. These goals, combined with the drive to attain excellence individually and organizationally as a new country, combine to produce the post-independence planning process.
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coastline with flood walls and revetments, raising minimum platform levels, widening and deepening drains in order to mitigate increasing flood risk as a result of climate change and rising sea-levels. Other efforts to close resource loops and reduce energy use include strengthening current national water supply, exploring the use solar panels at
508:, building super-low energy buildings such as ALICE@Mediapolis and aiming for zero waste, with a recycling rate of up to 70%. The Masterplan also explores the use of underground space and co-location for pedestrian linkages, car parking and the expansion of the public transport network, in order to preserve space in land-scarce Singapore.
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locating residential estates near waterfronts, parks and gardens. Development of more resorts, marinas, beaches, sports facilities, entertainment complexes and theme parks were also planned to provide the population a wider range of leisure options. Historic areas in the city were also strategically conserved to be developed into a '
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sustaining economic growth, increasing transport efficiency and providing comfortable accommodation for 4 million people and improving the quality of life for the population. Economic growth will be sustained through providing land to meet the needs of all industries, developing business parks, constructing four regional centres (
188:. A comprehensive plan for Singapore's development was drafted, but was not implemented after the return of civilian rule. Nevertheless, to provide more housing and raise living standards in the central area, the SIT started preparing a Master Plan in 1951. The plan was passed to the government in 1955 and was adopted in 1958.
212:(MRT) system will be used to provide transport. The First Review of the plan included an area encompassing southern Johore and Singapore Island, in line with the plan's regional focus. However, with Singapore's direction of development unclear, the 1965 Plan was held back innovatively and was not expected to last past 1972.
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residential and recreational developments, and balancing the goals of liveability and economic growth. This included plans to build housing in mature estates, in the new downtown at Marina South and at the western area of the island. Green spaces would be expanded from 2000 to 4500 ha, with the opening of areas such as
151:... a striking example of a planless modern city and regional growth undirected by any comprehensive general plan and complementary schemes of improvement and development. The outcome of their modern growth is much unnecessary disorder, congestion and difficulties for which remedial measures have long been overdue
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Singapore sees a distinct shift towards sustainability and addressing climate-change related fears in its recent planning policies. Beyond being an economic powerhouse, Singapore's planning priorities have expanded to sustainability, culture and resource preservation, bolstered by the use of advanced
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While Singapore pivots towards becoming an Asian economic powerhouse, the revised plan did not forget the importance of creating a beautiful city in facilitating this change. Urban development would be integrated with the natural environment, with an island-wide network of blue and green linkages and
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districts, were designated as areas for high-density development. More attention was also paid to conservation, with the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) setting aside certain parts of the city centre for conservation in 1986, and announcing the Conservation Master Plan in 1989, under which entire
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While Singapore's development focused mainly on economic success during the initial post-independence years, as Singaporeans became more affluent in the 1980s, planners started taking into account quality of life factors. Additional land within new towns was allocated for parks and open spaces, while
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Unlike the 1958 masterplan, the 1965 plan had a regional element, characteristic of the new government's priority that Singapore's future planning cannot be considered in isolation to its surrounding regions. Beyond basic standard of living and amenity, the 1965 Plan re-oriented Singapore from a mere
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In 1918, in response to a Housing Committee's findings regarding unsanitary living conditions posing a health hazard, the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) was established in 1927. Tasked with carrying out urban improvement and rehousing works, the SIT was not empowered to prepare comprehensive plans
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Like the plans before, the 2019 Master Plan also has a big focus on economic development in various distinct economic zones. The Northern area has been primed for growth industries and innovative sectors, with key developments such as Agri-Food Innovation Park at Sungei Kadut and the Punggol Digital
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In 2011, the Concept Plan was revised yet again, with a focus on sustainability. A focus group on 'Sustainability and Identity' was assembled to discuss three key issues: Quality of Life, Sustainability, Ageing and Identity. Based on the feedback from this focus group, which emphasized strengthening
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The ethnic segregation was considered by some as part of a "divide and rule" strategy, a concerted effort by the British government to make residents reliant on them for matters related to race and ethnicity. The demarcations also allowed the British political and economic control over the separated
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in 1822, which divided Singapore town into multiple ethnic areas and established Singapore as a commercial and administrative centre. For a century, the colonial authorities in Singapore were not very involved in its development until they began engaging in urban regulation in the 1890s, in response
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Singapore has been referred to by many as the "best-planned city" in the world, with planners lauding the rapid development from British colony to global city, world-class public infrastructure, efficient public transportation and wide-scale affordable housing. Over 90% of Singaporeans or Permanent
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Under Singapore's current planning policy, development outside the central area comprises independent new towns, with residential, commercial and industrial areas, linked by expressways and a rail network. These new towns are in turn served by four regional centres, one in each region of Singapore,
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At the foundation of the plan was the Compulsory Land Acquisition Act, introduced in 1966, which allowed the government to acquire, amalgamate, and redevelop land. The act allowed for unobstructed clearance of land for development. The simultaneous development of mass housing and urban renewal also
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Singapore officially separated from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 and attained independence. As a new nation, the government had a new set of goals and priorities: national survival, achievement, and making Singapore a global city. Survival was important to Singapore due to the communist confrontations
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In order to formulate the plan, the 1958 Master Plan undertook detailed surveys and forecasts of major variables: land use, population, traffic, employment and possible industrial development. A blueprint planning approach was adopted for the plan, with a strong emphasis on rational use of land for
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and morphologically, the grid street pattern provided the form for the central area. The rigidity of the street pattern also became one of the main reasons for traffic congestion post-war when private cars began to take to the streets. Long afterwards, the segregation of racial groups will continue
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were placed in separate ethnic enclaves. To make Singapore a commercial and administrative centre, haphazardly constructed buildings were discouraged and significant disruptions were caused by the massive movements of people to and from their designated areas. Furthermore, to add professionalism to
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In February 2021, a woodland reserve the size of 10 football fields just Northwest of Kranji was accidentally cleared for construction purposes, drawing intense criticism from Singapore's conservation groups. They argued that the forest was an important ecosystem, green corridor and one of the few
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However, Singapore's highly curated, meticulously planned city is also not without its critics. Some have criticised Singapore's lack of spontaneous organic city growth and that the emphasis on a highly controlled urban plan has resulted in a sterile city. Others have also criticised the façade of
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and the expansion of Changi Air Hub, will continue to be a gateway for Singapore to the rest of the world. An additional Changi East Urban District will join the current lifestyle-business clusters in the area, bringing more jobs to the East. Lastly, the Western Gateway will be anchored by the new
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Much like the 1991 Concept Plan, the 2001 concept plan prioritized the shift towards higher-value industries, such as electronics and pharmaceuticals. It included the proposal of a new zoning system to differentiate business and industrial uses based on their impact to the environment. A new white
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area into an international business hub. The plan for four regional centres is consistent with the policy of decentralisation that began in the 1970s. There will be a distinct identity and economic focus for each regional centre, which will be self-contained. Each regional centre would serve as a
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As the 1971 Concept Plan's plan period ended in 1992, a revised Concept Plan was released in 1991. In line with the shift towards making Singapore more liveable, the revised Concept Plan touched on all aspects of life, from business to leisure, powered by economic growth. Its main focuses include
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The 1971 Concept Plan marked a change in the nature of Singapore's urban planning from one based on the possible directions Singapore's development could take to one based on the path its development should take, and the introduction of an integrated planning process brought about by inter-agency
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For the next century, until 1958, there was little involvement by the colonial authorities in the planning of Singapore, and while the authorities occasionally modified Raffles' plan, they did not make any official plans on a comprehensive scale. The authorities only became more involved in urban
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The current Master Plan, released in 2019, focuses on the themes of liveable and inclusive communities, sustainability, sustainable mobility, conservation of historic areas and Singapore as an international gateway. In order to create closer knit communities, new towns will be well-connected and
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Singapore's planning framework comprises three tiers, a long-term plan, the Master Plan, and detailed plans. The long-term plan, formerly called the Concept Plan, plots out Singapore's developmental direction over at least five decades. Intended to ensure optimal land use to meet economic growth
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Public consultation and feedback started playing a greater role in Singapore's urban planning from the early 2000s, and for the preparation of the 2001 Concept Plan, focus groups were formed to discuss urban planning issues. The 2001 plan mainly focused on quality of life, proposing more diverse
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The revised Concept Plan also prioritised the need for Singapore to move away from manufacturing-oriented industries to professional and higher technology industries. Business parks were planned to be built along technology corridors, in close proximity to major transportation nodes and regional
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allowed large amounts of the population to be systematically transferred from the city core to the suburbs. Since housing and urban renewal were at the top of the government's priorities, URA was given access to resources, capital, and manpower on a national scale for its development activities.
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Unlike the 1958 plan, post-independence planning was firmly set within the boundaries of main and offshore plans. The need for economic success was also urgently conveyed in the plans leading up to 1980s. To this end, planning began to become an institutionalized, professional act. Expertise was
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Singapore gained self governance in 1959 and was part of the Federation of Malaya for four years. The uneasy political arrangement and disputes over Singapore's status within the federation played a big influence on the planning process and the formulation of the 1965 Master Plan. While the 1958
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The 2019 Masterplan also reflected Singapore's worries about climate change and recent commitment to cut greenhouse gas emissions to half by 2050, with a strong emphasis on protecting Singapore against climate conditions and creating sustainable communities. This includes efforts to protect the
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which carry out some of the functions of the central area. Moreover, the new towns are planned out with the intent to foster community interaction, improve connectivity, and to improve quality of life, with common areas, integrated cycling and pedestrian path networks, and widespread greenery.
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In response to recommendations by focus groups during the 2001 Concept Plan review to form a conservation trust to foster more public engagement, a Conservation Advisory Panel was formed in 2002. Consisting of members from many parts of society, it was intended to provide feedback on the URA's
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for waste incineration and disposal, citing that landfill space will run out by 2035, the use of petroleum and natural gas as a source of energy and the petrochemical industries located on Jurong Island. Many also criticise Singapore's heavy focus in flood and climate change protection in the
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After Singapore's independence in 1965, planning policies were revised, and the State and City Planning Project was initiated to produce a new plan for Singapore, which became the 1971 Concept Plan. This plan laid out the basic infrastructure for Singapore's development and brought about the
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District complementing the current Woodlands Regional Centre. The central area, home to Singapore's financial hub, will continue to grow, accommodating more nearby housing and a larger diversity of jobs in the future. The Eastern Gateway, bolstered by the recent opening of
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A review of planning of the Central Area culminated in the Structure Plan in 1984. Under this plan, several districts in the city centre were identified for conservation, open spaces and parks were clearly marked out, and other districts, such as the Golden Shoe and
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Industrial areas in the 2010s were planned to be further integrated, with districts comprising residential, recreational and industrial developments closely linked together. In addition, building conservation saw the greater involvement of the public and the
45:. It is done through a three-tiered planning framework, consisting of a long-term plan to plot out Singapore's development over at least 50 years, a Master Plan for the medium term, and short-term plans, the first two of which are prepared by the
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The plan was premised on the development of good infrastructure, which would facilitate economic growth, satisfy housing requirements and basic social needs of the population. Key infrastructure developments included the new international
123:, an architect and surveyor, and appointed Jackson, an assistant engineer), to build and oversee the development of the island. It was Jackson who would have the most significant impact on the appearance of the town, building the earliest
284:, forming one of the main engines for Singapore's growth. Singapore's highly efficient transportation system, the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), is also a product of the 1971 Concept Plan, speaking to its success in moulding Singapore today.
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for Singapore eventually started in the 1950s, with the goal to give Singapore a wider economic role in the Federation of Malaya. The 1958 plan was produced as a result, heavily influenced by British planning practices and assumptions.
248:, a mass rapid transit system, and a new expressway system. High density housing would be concentrated along high capacity transportation routes, while the central area would be cleared of its residential population, in an effort to
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or to control development, initially only handling minor development schemes. In the years preceding the Second World War, the SIT concentrated mostly on building and improving roads and open spaces, and constructing
95:, who founded Singapore in 1819, returned to the colony, he was dissatisfied with the haphazard development he encountered. At this time, Singapore was considered the trading factory and warehouse of the
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Sustainability advocates have also been urging for even more sustainable planning policies, arguing that Singapore's commitment to slash carbon emissions by half by 2050 does not fulfil the
470:, Singapore's transport planning has several key aims, namely increased connectivity, improved public transport provision, and increasing the proportion of commuters using public transport.
377:. Development Guide Plans, comprehensive plans for each planning area, were drawn up between 1993 and 1998, and the resulting plans were compiled into a plan for the whole island.
114:) and south-western tip was used for defence purposes. Crucially, the plan divided Singapore into several ethnic subdivisions, the Europeans, Malays, Chinese, Indians, Arabs and
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Transport planning in Singapore consists of the Land Transport Master Plan, which is revised every five years, and development plans for the rail and bus system. Built upon a
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remaining forests in Singapore, using this incident to highlight their view that planning in Singapore should do more to protect and preserve existing forests and wildlife.
394:. Sport facilities will also be built for recreational purposes, complementing the opening of reservoirs, where residents can exercise and enjoy closer access to nature.
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492:(JLD), planned as the largest commercial node outside of the Central Business District, which is bolstered by its close proximity to world-class universities, the
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supported by an expansive train network which provides links to places island-wide. Furthermore, in response to population changes in the 2000s, the
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From colonial segregation to postcolonial 'integration' - constructing ethnic difference through Singapore's Little India and the Singapore 'Indian'
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zoning and physical elements of the plan. The plan consisted of zoning throughout all urban land uses, open spaces such as greenbelts, and several
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536:(IPCC) requirements. Believing that Singapore should slash carbon emissions to zero by 2050, advocates argue against the unsustainable use of
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masterplan, declaring that more attention should be given to Singapore's unsustainable economic and energy sources.
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Singapore from the sea, June 1823 : notes on a recently discovered sketch attributed to Lt. Philip Jackson
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was set aside as a commercial and administrative centre, while the river's east bank, the 'Forbidden Hill' (
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Cheong, Koon Hean (December 2016). "Chapter 7: The Evolution of HDB Towns". In Heng, Chye Kiang (ed.).
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cooperation. Moreover, it laid out the basic infrastructure from which Singapore developed further.
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Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment
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1722:. ed. Kwok, Kenson and Giok Ling Ooi. 1997. Singapore: Institute of Policy Studies.
373:
To aid the implementation of the Concept Plan's aims, Singapore was divided into 55
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were transformed from rural wastelands to modern residential living areas, whereas
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61:(SIT) in 1927, which had limited powers and hence limited initial impact. Detailed
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2190:
1546:"The Deceptive Allure of Singapore's Urban Planning to Urban Planners in America"
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128:
107:
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795:"Centenary paper: Urban planning in Southeast Asia: perspective from Singapore"
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1077:
URA-REDAS Joint Seminar on Living the Next Lap - Blueprints for Business
864:
840:
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794:
774:
Home, R. "Colonial Town Planning in Malaysia, Singapore and Hong Kong".
632:
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was also carried out to increase the land available for industrial use.
215:
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2546:
755:. University of Canterbury. School of Culture, Literature and Society.
387:
650:
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1777:
1746:
1075:
How, P.H (30 October 1991). "Opportunities in the Leisure Industry".
750:
370:' in order to attract tourists and maintain Asian roots in the city.
273:
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The concept plan was developed in 1971, with the assistance of the
1808:
Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)
3111:
2473:
2410:
338:
1734:
Four Decades of Transformation: Land Use in Singapore, 1960–2000
390:
and the Central Catchment Reserve, which will be accessible by
156:
Reade, Town Planning Adviser to the Federated Malay States (FMS)
3214:
3097:
2561:
1043:
Urban planning in Singapore : the transformation of a city
446:
A view of a model of the land use in the Singapore city centre.
277:
269:
1594:"How Did Singapore Clear a Giant Forest Reserve 'By Mistake'?"
34:, more commonly known as the Jackson Plan or Raffles Town Plan
2856:
1720:
City & The State: Singapore's Built Environment Revisited
1679:
Cities for People: Reflections of a Southeast Asian Architect
926:"Planning principles in pre- and post-independence Singapore"
725:"Multiracial Singapore: Ensuring inclusivity and integration"
601:"Planning Principles in Pre- and Post-Independence Singapore"
115:
1223:
Road Pricing and Provision: Changed Traffic Conditions Ahead
143:
to remain intact and only begin to change in the mid-1960s.
2551:
172:
Post-World War II Town Planning (1958 and 1965 Master Plan)
1672:
Urban Planning in Singapore: The Transformation of a City
1155:
Meng, Meng; Zhang, Jie; Wong, Yiik Diew (February 2016).
138:
The Jackson Plan formed the foundations of Singapore's
86:
887:
Master plan first review, 1965 : report of survey
119:
the planning process, Raffles secured the services of
216:
Post-independence and the Concept Plan (1965 - 1980s)
1709:. 1998. Singapore: Singapore Institute of Planners.
1098:"Concept Plan 2001 is unveiled - Singapore History"
1000:"Planning, Urban Renewal, and Housing in Singapore"
841:"Planning, Urban Renewal, and Housing in Singapore"
1157:"Integrated foresight urban planning in Singapore"
41:is the direction of infrastructure development in
103:, was drawn up in December 1822 or January 1823.
3683:
1436:"A Sustainable and Resilient City of the Future"
966:Revised Master plan 1985 : report of survey
1707:Planning Singapore: From Plan to Implementation
1695:. 2003. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
1686:Beyond Description: Singapore Space Historicity
1517:"SINGAPORE: THE BEST-PLANNED CITY IN THE WORLD"
1039:
1219:"5 Singapore's land transport management plan"
2489:
1762:
1684:Bishop, R., J. Phillips, and W.-W. Yeo, eds.
1666:About Us, Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA)
1568:"Explainer: The Climate Crisis and Singapore"
1154:
329:areas in the city centre could be conserved.
196:away from the city centre for the purpose of
1221:. In de Percy, Michael; Wanna, John (eds.).
1823:British Military Administration (1945–1946)
1550:Journal of Comparative Urban Law and Policy
962:
748:
52:Planning in Singapore first began with the
2496:
2482:
1769:
1755:
1674:. 1999, New York: Oxford University Press.
437:
1305:"New Housing Concepts & More Choices"
1172:
963:Department., Singapore. Planning (1985).
534:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
49:(URA) and the last by multiple agencies.
2704:Regional Planning Association of America
1833:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)
1681:. 1990, Singapore: Select Books Pte Ltd.
441:
26:
1539:
1537:
1486:"Creating Spaces for Our Growing Needs"
1355:"Convenient & Sustainable Mobility"
1256:50 Years of Urban Planning in Singapore
698:
473:
14:
3684:
2072:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park
1776:
1736:. 2004. Cavendish Square Publishing.
1732:Wong, Tiah-Chee, Yap, Adriel Lian-Ho,
1543:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1405:
1403:
1377:
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1258:. World Scientific. pp. 101–125.
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512:technology to create smarter cities.
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1534:
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792:
236:(HDB), Planning Department, and the
230:United Nations Development Programme
87:Colonial Town Planning (1819 - 1958)
2775:Professional transportation planner
1556:: 155–190 – via Reading Room.
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24:
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1143:
890:. Singapore: Planning Department.
832:
786:
639:
577:
25:
3703:
1651:Tan, Sumiko. "Home, work, play."
1411:"Strengthening Economic Gateways"
1016:10.3828/tpr.38.2.eg304r3377568262
942:10.3828/tpr.63.2.vr76822vu248631x
857:10.3828/tpr.38.2.eg304r3377568262
617:10.3828/tpr.63.2.vr76822vu248631x
560:Urban planning areas in Singapore
3663:
3642:
3641:
3629:
1838:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)
773:
498:Nanyang Technological University
494:National University of Singapore
127:and the earliest bridges across
3172:Transferable development rights
2727:Environmental impact assessment
1818:Japanese occupation (1942–1945)
1813:Straits Settlements (1826–1942)
1586:
1560:
1478:
1453:
1428:
1347:
1322:
1297:
1272:
1195:. Urban Redevelopment Authority
1181:
1068:
991:
956:
878:
468:spoke-hub distribution paradigm
178:British Military Administration
2798:Community economic development
2577:Planning and zoning commission
1828:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)
1515:Wu, Daven (2 September 2020).
1330:"Rejuvenating Familiar Places"
767:
742:
717:
692:
667:
13:
1:
1653:Urban Redevelopment Authority
1383:"Better Connectivity for All"
1225:. ANU Press. pp. 73–86.
570:
293:Urban Redevelopment Authority
234:Housing and Development Board
47:Urban Redevelopment Authority
32:Plan of the Town of Singapore
3411:Planning Accreditation Board
2770:Transit-oriented development
2732:Recreation resource planning
1843:Republic of Singapore (1965–
1688:. 2004, Routledge: New York.
1642:Resources in other libraries
1461:"Closing Our Resource Loops"
924:Eng, Teo Siew (April 1992).
599:Teo, Siew Eng (April 1992).
515:
7:
3692:Urban planning in Singapore
2266:Water supply and sanitation
1628:Urban planning in Singapore
749:Subramaniam, Aiyer (2007).
548:
59:Singapore Improvement Trust
39:Urban planning in Singapore
10:
3708:
3423:Professional organizations
2780:Urban freight distribution
2755:Transportation forecasting
2211:National Courtesy Campaign
998:Jensen, Rolf (July 1967).
839:Jensen, Rolf (July 1967).
699:Hancock, T. H. H. (1986).
565:Urban renewal in Singapore
527:Certificate of Entitlement
97:British East India Company
81:
3659:List of planning journals
3623:
3545:
3510:
3484:
3438:
3431:
3398:
3358:
3234:
3227:
3040:
2948:
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2712:
2694:
2662:
2628:History of urban planning
2609:
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2428:
2376:
2274:
2146:
2137:
2047:
2038:
1940:
1931:
1864:
1855:
1788:
1637:Resources in your library
1161:Urban Design and Planning
289:Housing Development Board
140:Central Business District
3595:Marine spatial planning
3107:Healthy community design
2685:Village design statement
2675:Preservation development
2670:Conservation development
1945:Administrative divisions
1803:Early history (pre–1819)
1798:Archaeology in Singapore
1521:Discovery Cathay Pacific
1217:Looi, Teik Soon (2018).
1040:Dale, Ole Johan (1999).
845:The Town Planning Review
799:The Town Planning Review
605:The Town Planning Review
412:Land Transport Authority
270:Jurong Industrial Estate
3610:Real estate development
3341:List of urban theorists
2837:City Beautiful movement
2765:Rational planning model
2747:Transportation planning
2737:Sustainable development
2110:Singapore Standard (SS)
453:Jurong Town Corporation
438:Current planning policy
432:National Heritage Board
349:) and transforming the
301:Public Works Department
297:Jurong Town Corporation
238:Public Works Department
3654:List of planned cities
3590:Landscape architecture
3346:List of urban planners
3068:Conservation community
2905:Collaborative planning
2714:Environmental planning
2622:Comprehensive planning
2206:Long hair in Singapore
1544:Binder, Denis (2019).
1189:"Past Long-Term Plans"
793:Yuen, Belinda (2011).
555:Geography of Singapore
447:
159:
35:
18:Development Guide Plan
3565:Development economics
3416:Real estate education
3376:James Howard Kunstler
3301:Konstantinos Doxiadis
3182:Urban growth boundary
3122:Mixed-use development
3017:Intentional community
2095:Proposed developments
1174:10.1680/udap.14.00061
1102:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
445:
149:
30:
3117:Leapfrog development
3063:Complete Communities
2920:Intelligent urbanism
2847:Garden city movement
2790:Economic development
2722:Environmental design
1874:Environmental issues
1004:Town Planning Review
930:Town Planning Review
538:Pulau Semakau Island
490:Jurong Lake District
485:Jewel Changi Airport
474:The 2019 Master Plan
457:National Parks Board
424:green infrastructure
186:Federation of Malaya
3523:Communist countries
3147:Planning Permission
3084:Filtering (housing)
3058:Cluster development
2867:Settlement movement
2852:Indigenous planning
2231:Population planning
2216:National Day Parade
2052:Economic statistics
1691:Yeoh, Brenda S. A.
811:10.3828/tpr.2011.12
702:Coleman's Singapore
315:The 1980s and 1990s
125:Raffles Institution
3406:Planning education
3366:Elizabeth Farrelly
3210:High-rise urbanism
3048:Affordable housing
2587:World Urbanism Day
2221:No U-turn syndrome
2115:Telecommunications
2105:Singapore Exchange
2067:Monetary Authority
1600:. 22 February 2021
448:
210:Mass Rapid Transit
36:
3679:
3678:
3636:Cities portal
3560:Civil engineering
3541:
3540:
3394:
3393:
3223:
3222:
3191:Peri-urbanisation
3011:Planned community
2842:Dark-sky movement
2832:Car-free movement
2806:
2805:
2760:Trip distribution
2696:Regional planning
2649:Urban green space
2617:Land-use planning
2592:Labor market area
2582:Growth management
2557:Metropolitan area
2471:
2470:
2424:
2423:
2319:Singapore English
2133:
2132:
2034:
2033:
2021:Political parties
1967:Foreign relations
1927:
1926:
1623:Library resources
1265:978-981-4656-48-1
729:lkyspp.nus.edu.sg
266:Tampines New Town
112:Fort Canning Hill
16:(Redirected from
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3644:
3634:
3633:
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3585:Land development
3436:
3435:
3271:Donald Appleyard
3232:
3231:
2982:Mining community
2935:Radical planning
2882:Transition towns
2817:
2816:
2633:Spatial planning
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2151:Communitarianism
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776:Planning History
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679:www.roots.gov.sg
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506:Tengah Reservoir
381:2000s to present
360:Land reclamation
198:decentralization
157:
93:Stamford Raffles
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3575:Urban economics
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3321:Peter Calthorpe
3276:Ebenezer Howard
3237:
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3206:Verticalization
3036:
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2930:Market urbanism
2925:Livable streets
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2251:Sex trafficking
2246:Public holidays
2191:Eat Frozen Pork
2129:
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1844:
1784:
1775:
1705:Yuen, Belinda.
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1617:Further reading
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649:Pearson, H. F.
647:
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476:
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392:Park Connectors
383:
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174:
158:
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129:Singapore River
108:Singapore River
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3456:Czech Republic
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3386:Randal O'Toole
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3326:Patrick Geddes
3323:
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3308:
3306:Kevin A. Lynch
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Guy Benveniste
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Daniel Burnham
3263:
3261:Colin Buchanan
3258:
3256:Clarence Stein
3253:
3251:Clarence Perry
3248:
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3240:
3229:
3225:
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3203:
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3196:Urban vitality
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3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:Healthy cities
3100:
3095:
3093:Brusselization
3089:Gentrification
3086:
3081:
3078:Eminent domain
3075:
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2974:
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2954:
2952:
2950:Cities by type
2946:
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2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Context theory
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Athens Charter
2823:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:Urban planning
2501:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Public housing
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1982:Prime Minister
1979:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Urban planning
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1730:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1585:
1559:
1533:
1502:
1490:www.ura.gov.sg
1477:
1465:www.ura.gov.sg
1452:
1440:www.ura.gov.sg
1427:
1415:www.ura.gov.sg
1399:
1387:www.ura.gov.sg
1371:
1359:www.ura.gov.sg
1346:
1334:www.ura.gov.sg
1321:
1309:www.ura.gov.sg
1296:
1284:www.ura.gov.sg
1271:
1264:
1246:
1241:j.ctv5cg9mn.13
1231:
1206:
1180:
1142:
1130:www.ura.gov.sg
1114:
1082:
1067:
1052:
1029:
990:
975:
955:
901:
877:
851:(2): 115–131.
831:
805:(2): 145–167.
785:
766:
741:
716:
691:
675:"Jackson Plan"
666:
638:
611:(2): 163–185.
575:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
562:
557:
550:
547:
517:
514:
475:
472:
439:
436:
382:
379:
375:planning areas
368:Civic District
316:
313:
299:(JTC) and the
246:Changi Airport
217:
214:
173:
170:
166:public housing
153:
88:
85:
83:
80:
76:sustainability
63:urban planning
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3704:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3672:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:Public policy
3603:
3601:
3600:Public health
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:Urban ecology
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3534:
3533:Ancient Egypt
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Lewis Mumford
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Raymond Unwin
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3238:practitioners
3233:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Tract housing
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Temporary use
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Planning gain
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Creative city
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Urban village
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Model village
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Commuter town
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2940:Urban renewal
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Structuralism
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Rural housing
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Redevelopment
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:Town Councils
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Urban renewal
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1742:9789812102706
1739:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:9780195882636
1725:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1677:Lim, W.S.W.,
1676:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:981-04-1706-3
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1574:. 28 May 2020
1573:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1285:
1281:
1280:"Master Plan"
1275:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:9781760462314
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1170:
1167:(DP1): 1–13.
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:967-65-3064-6
1049:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
978:
976:9971-88-136-5
972:
968:
967:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
897:
893:
889:
888:
881:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
781:
777:
770:
762:
758:
754:
753:
745:
730:
726:
720:
712:
708:
704:
703:
695:
680:
676:
670:
662:
658:
654:
653:
645:
643:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
576:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
546:
542:
539:
535:
530:
528:
522:
513:
509:
507:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
480:
471:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
444:
435:
433:
427:
425:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
393:
389:
378:
376:
371:
369:
363:
361:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
330:
327:
321:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:(Singapore's
255:
251:
247:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
222:
213:
211:
205:
201:
199:
195:
189:
187:
183:
179:
169:
167:
161:
152:
148:
144:
141:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
79:
77:
73:
67:
64:
60:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
33:
29:
19:
3669:
3646:
3627:
3555:Architecture
3528:Nazi Germany
3470:
3336:Thomas Adams
3316:Loretta Lees
3311:Le Corbusier
3281:Edmund Bacon
3246:Andrés Duany
3201:Urbanization
3187:Urban sprawl
3152:Rural flight
3132:Permeability
3127:Model cities
2999:Logging camp
2958:Company town
2872:Smart growth
2862:New Urbanism
2644:Urban design
2449:Bibliography
2391:Coat of arms
2368:Singaporeans
2289:Architecture
2236:Prostitution
2186:Demographics
2004:Conscription
1989:Human rights
1957:Constitution
1903:
1733:
1719:
1706:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1670:Dale, O.J.,
1627:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:www.vice.com
1597:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1553:
1549:
1524:. Retrieved
1520:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1390:. Retrieved
1386:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1222:
1197:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1164:
1160:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1105:. Retrieved
1101:
1076:
1070:
1046:. New York.
1042:
1007:
1003:
993:
969:. The Dept.
965:
958:
933:
929:
886:
880:
868:. Retrieved
848:
844:
834:
822:. Retrieved
802:
798:
788:
779:
775:
769:
751:
744:
732:. Retrieved
728:
719:
701:
694:
682:. Retrieved
678:
669:
651:
608:
604:
543:
531:
523:
519:
510:
502:
481:
477:
465:
461:
449:
428:
420:
416:
396:
384:
372:
364:
356:
331:
326:Orchard Road
322:
318:
309:
305:
286:
262:Orchard Road
250:decentralise
242:
227:
223:
219:
206:
202:
190:
182:World War II
175:
162:
160:
150:
145:
137:
133:
105:
101:Jackson Plan
90:
68:
54:Jackson Plan
51:
38:
37:
31:
3548:disciplines
3371:Jane Jacobs
3296:James Rouse
3177:Urban decay
3162:Third place
3137:Placemaking
2987:Pit village
2977:Global city
2261:Social fund
2057:Agriculture
1572:New Naratif
734:30 November
684:29 November
404:Jurong East
347:Jurong East
282:Tanjong Rhu
258:Wall Street
254:Shenton Way
176:During the
121:G.P Coleman
72:liveability
3291:Ian McHarg
3236:Theorists/
3013:(New town)
2972:Ghost town
2811:Concepts/
2547:Urban area
2348:Mass media
2343:Literature
2171:Disability
2079:(currency)
2011:Parliament
1972:Government
1894:Reservoirs
1715:9810405731
1701:9971692686
1604:6 December
1578:6 December
1526:6 December
1495:6 December
1470:6 December
1445:6 December
1420:6 December
1392:6 December
1364:6 December
1339:6 December
1314:6 December
1289:6 December
1193:ura.gov.sg
1135:6 December
1107:6 December
1010:(2): 115.
936:(2): 163.
782:(1): 8–11.
661:1000472729
571:References
455:, and the
388:Pulau Ubin
351:Marina Bay
3580:Geography
3492:Barcelona
3471:Singapore
3446:Australia
3439:Countries
3053:Cityscape
2820:Movements
2406:Lion head
2314:Languages
2226:OB marker
2181:Education
2125:Transport
2026:President
1962:Elections
1914:Waterways
1857:Geography
1778:Singapore
1024:0041-0020
950:0041-0020
761:729683976
625:0041-0020
516:Criticism
408:Woodlands
343:Woodlands
274:Sembawang
194:new towns
43:Singapore
3686:Category
3648:Category
3497:Shanghai
3399:Training
3041:Concepts
3032:Boomtown
3022:Arcology
2994:Man camp
2962:Monotown
2915:Ekistics
2897:Theories
2813:theories
2654:Urbanism
2603:branches
2572:Planning
2567:Land use
2521:Theories
2458:Category
2358:Religion
2309:Gambling
2100:Reserves
2062:Aviation
1999:Military
1933:Politics
1919:Wildlife
1782:articles
1199:8 August
1062:47997114
985:20683286
896:63345870
870:1 August
865:40102546
824:1 August
819:27975989
711:15808897
633:40113142
549:See also
400:Tampines
335:Tampines
154:—
3670:Commons
3546:Related
3359:Critics
3112:LEED-ND
2610:General
2540:General
2531:Outline
2516:History
2435:Outline
2411:Merlion
2378:Symbols
2336:history
2331:culture
2299:Cuisine
2276:Culture
2256:Smoking
2196:Five Cs
2166:Driving
2139:Society
2120:Tourism
2077:Dollar
2040:Economy
1977:Cabinet
1884:Islands
1879:Geology
1869:Beaches
1845:present
1790:History
1655:, 1999
339:Seletar
295:(URA),
291:(HDB),
82:History
3518:Africa
3502:Sydney
3485:Cities
3466:Serbia
3461:Russia
3432:Places
3228:People
3215:Zoning
3098:Infill
2562:Suburb
2463:Portal
2416:Pledge
2401:Flower
2386:Anthem
2363:Sports
2294:Cinema
2201:Health
2156:Caning
2090:Labour
2085:Energy
2016:Police
1899:Rivers
1780:
1740:
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1713:
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1659:
1625:about
1262:
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278:Yishun
260:) and
180:after
3511:Other
3451:China
2887:YIMBY
2857:NIMBY
2663:Rural
2635:(Eur)
2601:Major
2526:Index
2442:Index
2353:Music
2304:Dance
2176:Women
2161:Crime
1889:Parks
1237:JSTOR
861:JSTOR
815:JSTOR
629:JSTOR
116:Bugis
91:When
3080:(US)
2687:(UK)
2624:(US)
2552:City
2396:Flag
2326:LGBT
1738:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1606:2021
1580:2021
1528:2021
1497:2021
1472:2021
1447:2021
1422:2021
1394:2021
1366:2021
1341:2021
1316:2021
1291:2021
1260:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1201:2021
1137:2021
1109:2021
1058:OCLC
1048:ISBN
1020:ISSN
981:OCLC
971:ISBN
946:ISSN
892:OCLC
872:2021
826:2021
757:OCLC
736:2021
707:OCLC
686:2021
657:OCLC
621:ISSN
496:and
406:and
280:and
74:and
2284:Art
1994:Law
1169:doi
1165:169
1012:doi
938:doi
853:doi
807:doi
613:doi
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