519:
452:
744:
551:
735:
726:
717:
708:
819:
44:
104:
71:
791:
64:
834:
97:
771:
394:
587:
753:
803:
762:
425:
in 1913. The stupa had been looted several times prior to
Marshall's discovery, and was badly damaged. Marshall noted that a large trench, requiring tremendous effort, was built at some point in the past in order to loot the stupa's precious relics. By 1934, enough of the site had been uncovered that
646:
18 reliquary vessels were also recovered from smaller stupas surrounding the
Dharmarajika Stupa that yielded a wide array of relics, including one that encased a cylindrical piece of gold. Other reliquaries yielded gold jewelry and precious jewels, while others contained items from distant locations
572:
Monastery G, located immediately west of the stupa has at least 50 monastic cells, a stupa, and was likely multistoried. Monastery M in the extreme northwest section of the site, and contained its own stupa in a small courtyard. Monastery M is connected to a long residential monastery, oriented in a
505:
The stupa's southern gateway was initially considered the most important, though the construction of four smaller stupas (termed G7, G8, S7, Q1) to the west of the stupa indicate that this then likely became the preferred entrance for those performing circumambulation. Later constructions around the
534:
period. These stupas form a "Northern Avenue," that had several small shrines with devotional images, rendering the
Northern Avenue a processional corridor. Devotional images were likely relegated to the periphery of the complex due to religious conservatives, who were hesitant to fully embrace the
573:
roughly north-south direction. At the southern edge of this monastery are the remains of two stupas, now termed E1 and E2. E1 was built in a pre-existing cell, while E2 was a more elaborated stupa that contained a small passageway for circumambulation. Neither stupa was likely open to the public.
602:
The site is famous for its bone relics – thought to be those of the Buddha, Much of the stupa's precious relics had been looted by the time it was discovered by Sir John
Marshall. A silver casket containing a silver inscription was recovered from the stupa's chapel after discovery, The
667:
The name
Dharmarajika comes from Dharmaraja, a name given to Buddha who was the true Dharma Raja (Lord of Law), according to Marshall. It is also believed that ‘Dharmarajika’ is derived from the word ‘Dharmaraja’, a title used by Mauryan emperor Ashoka. The stupa is also popularly known as
442:
is in conformity with the Buddha's recommendation that monasteries should be neither "too far" nor "too close" to adjacent towns. Three distinctive types of masonry in the buildings around the main stupa suggest the contributions of different periods to the building activity.
509:
Before entering the main sacred areas, visitors to the shrine from Sirkap would pass through a large building, now termed building H, that would openly display relics. Visitors likely venerated the relics at building H before entering the main stupa area.
1363:
Marshall, "Excavations at Taxila", "The only minor antiquities of interest found in this building were twenty-five debased silver coins of the Greek king Zoilus II, which were brought to light beneath the foundations of the earliest chapel",
1641:
409:, persecuted the region's Buddhists. Under his reign, over a thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed. The White Huns destroyed not only Taxilan sites, but also devastated nearby
526:
The stupa was surrounded by a circle of smaller stupas which were built approximately 200 years after the main stupa's construction, and were likely constructed together as part of a project funded by a single patron.
369:
Small stupas that predate the main stupa are found throughout the
Dharmarajika site, and surrounded an earlier core stupa in an irregular layout. It is known that the earlier core stupa contained a pathway for
426:
the site's scale could be appreciated. Human skeletons were discovered in the open area immediately south of the stupa, and may be the remains of monks who were killed during the invasion of the
2099:
1734:
2092:
1975:
2790:
569:
The northern monastery consisted of two courtyards that were each built around a large stupa. The smaller eastern courtyard is believed to have housed 13 monks.
518:
1729:
2750:
2085:
2108:
2765:
770:
1631:
374:
that was made of plaster, and decorated with shell bangles in geometric patterns. The earlier stupa likely had four gates in axial directions.
1968:
1338:
1126:
1778:
1520:
366:
coins found at the site date from the 2nd century BCE, suggesting earliest possible establishment of a religious monument at the site.
2760:
802:
1080:
Early
Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
148:
1961:
1429:
63:
818:
2709:
928:
790:
1288:
1078:
1048:
2679:
2531:
1591:
1088:
1058:
1028:
1018:
566:
that were built immediately north, northeast, and east of the stupa approximately 300 years after the stupa's construction.
1724:
324:
in the 3rd century BCE. The stupa, along with the large monastic complex that later developed around it, forms part of the
2770:
1510:
96:
340:
It is believed that the
Dharmarajika Stupa was built over the remains of an even older stupa that had been built by the
1611:
1515:
1401:
655:, pearls, and shells − reflecting the large trade networks operating from Taxila. Several coins of the Indo-Greek king
1616:
1606:
1298:
1234:
1208:
998:
938:
465:
Dharmarajika Stupa is the largest of all stupas in the Taxila region, Surrounding the main mound is a passageway for
2719:
2597:
1885:
542:, stupas around the Dharmarajika Stupa were built by individual donors, rather than as part of a communal effort.
530:
Additional stupas were built further along the northern portion of the site by various patrons, and date from the
1932:
2572:
2516:
2501:
986:
2785:
2526:
1850:
1621:
1224:
422:
220:
362:
was used during religious services at
Dharmarajika, while the complex was paved with colourful glass tiles.
2430:
2394:
2389:
743:
451:
17:
381:
rule, and suffered a period of stagnation. Large-scale developments took place during the late Kushan and
350:
in the 3rd century BCE The stupa was believed to have been reestablished in the 2nd century CE during the
2755:
2577:
506:"Eastern Avenue" then shifted the preferred route for circumambulation to the eastern side of the stupa.
833:
2714:
2689:
2674:
2511:
2384:
329:
1586:
1322:
563:
734:
725:
716:
707:
550:
2440:
2363:
2272:
2134:
1434:
2303:
2170:
1937:
1773:
1342:
2775:
2551:
2348:
2338:
2175:
1880:
1444:
1394:
2077:
1134:
455:
The passageway between the main stupa and several smaller stupas was used for the practice of
2491:
2257:
1805:
2780:
2602:
2541:
2450:
2425:
2409:
2353:
2318:
2267:
2190:
2185:
355:
43:
8:
2536:
2486:
2466:
2116:
562:, The verandah style was later dropped in favour of monastic living quarters surrounding
232:
2399:
2165:
1905:
1870:
1860:
1785:
1763:
1636:
1500:
1449:
427:
402:
2729:
2556:
2546:
2521:
2435:
2358:
2343:
2333:
2313:
1900:
1387:
1294:
1230:
1204:
1084:
1054:
1024:
994:
934:
685:
132:
438:
The location of the stupa and its monastic community about one kilometre outside of
2704:
2404:
2328:
2323:
2308:
2288:
2241:
2180:
1484:
1424:
1339:"Sacred Buddha relics returns to Pakistan after month long exposition in Sri Lanka"
405:
in the 5th century CE, and then abandoned. Subsequent rulers, such as the Hun king
288:
136:
358:, which may have been sourced from earlier monuments. Buddhist texts mention that
2496:
2481:
2471:
1953:
1921:
1915:
930:
Appropriating the Past: Philosophical
Perspectives on the Practice of Archaeology
924:
920:
878:
824:
693:
325:
313:
49:
2643:
2155:
1942:
1895:
1865:
1855:
1739:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1505:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1284:
883:
2744:
2607:
2592:
2506:
2221:
1927:
1875:
1830:
1601:
1596:
1551:
1464:
681:
607:
script that was once common throughout Gandhara, The inscription states that
591:
531:
522:
Chambers containing religious imagery were built along the "Northern Avenue".
351:
292:
163:
150:
2699:
2648:
2633:
2587:
2582:
2476:
2293:
2211:
2050:
2035:
1815:
1810:
1719:
1709:
1694:
1656:
1546:
887:
873:
648:
635:
359:
393:
2724:
2694:
2623:
2379:
2298:
2262:
2236:
2231:
2216:
2206:
2129:
2124:
2009:
1910:
1890:
1825:
1820:
1768:
1755:
1671:
1581:
1479:
1474:
1469:
752:
652:
623:
615:
placed bone relics of the Buddha in his chapel at Dharmarajika in 78 CE.
586:
558:
Early monastic cells near the stupa were built as a row of rooms, with a
467:
457:
371:
2684:
2628:
2445:
2226:
2004:
1744:
1666:
1561:
1556:
853:
777:
406:
363:
2160:
1800:
1651:
1626:
1104:
781:
656:
619:
604:
1537:
1410:
559:
410:
382:
378:
317:
306:
27:
Ancient Buddhist stupa and archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan
2638:
2066:
2045:
2040:
2019:
1999:
1795:
1790:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1661:
1646:
868:
858:
659:
were found under the foundation of such a 1st-century BCE stupa.
627:
622:
for one month. The relics were displayed at important shrines in
618:
In 2016, 2 bone relics from the Dharmarajika Stupa were sent to
2658:
2653:
2139:
2107:
2014:
1985:
1689:
1681:
891:
863:
839:
809:
689:
554:
Ruins of several monasteries are located around the main stupa.
539:
491:
479:
439:
346:
341:
321:
631:
595:
385:
era which added numerous monasteries and stupas to the site.
309:
471: — the ancient practice of walking around a holy site.
1379:
680:
The Dharmarajika Stupa lies about 3 kilometers east of the
590:
Statuette from the Dharmarajika site, now displayed at the
761:
205:
808:
The Dharmarajika Stupa is located to the southeast of
981:
979:
977:
954:
535:
new practice of using imagery in religious practice.
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
1983:
894:sacrificed himself to feed seven hungry tiger cubs
478:, or hemispherical mound, is damaged − though the
688:. The stupa was located near the ancient city of
320:. It was built over the relics of the Buddha by
2742:
919:
886:-commemorates the spot, where according to the
581:
2791:2nd-century religious buildings and structures
2093:
1969:
1395:
1341:. Colombo Page. 27 June 2016. Archived from
1050:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism
2751:Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan
2109:Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan
1320:
991:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
2100:
2086:
1976:
1962:
1402:
1388:
1133:. UNESCO. 1 September 2016. Archived from
684:, along the PMO Colony Road, northeast of
297:
103:
70:
42:
35:
1279:
1277:
1127:"Dharmarajika: The Great Stupa of Taxila"
498:, or fence like structure built atop the
2766:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan
1198:
1053:. Oxford University Press. p. 115.
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
585:
549:
517:
450:
392:
1430:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
1327:. Saraswati Pustak Bhandar. p. 46.
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1119:
1046:
377:The site came under control of Persian
14:
2743:
2710:Presentation Convent Girls High School
1283:
1274:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1076:
985:
796:Sculptures from the Dharmarajika Stupa
638:, and attracted 9.3 million visitors.
603:inscription is written in the ancient
2081:
1957:
1383:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
904:
2532:St. Joseph's Cathedral of Rawalpindi
1072:
1070:
1042:
1040:
1012:
1010:
784:were found under a peripheral stupa.
641:
513:
1511:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
1149:
296:
24:
1516:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1265:
1250:
1077:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
1016:
25:
2802:
1229:. Oxford University Press. 2010.
1067:
1037:
1007:
2761:Buddhist monasteries in Pakistan
2720:Sialkot Junction railway station
2517:Sacred Heart Cathedral of Lahore
1886:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
832:
817:
801:
789:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
706:
692:, which also forms part of the
102:
95:
69:
62:
1933:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
1357:
1331:
1314:
486:, is still largely intact. The
401:The site was devastated by the
397:Plan of the Dharmarajika Stupa.
1324:History of Buddhism in Gujarāt
1290:Archaeology and World Religion
1226:The Silk Road in World History
1217:
1097:
933:. Cambridge University Press.
545:
388:
13:
1:
1851:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
1370:
446:
416:
116:Dharmarajika Stupa (Gandhara)
2395:Shrine of Jalaluddin Bukhari
2390:Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya
1409:
662:
582:Bone fragments of the Buddha
328:- which were inscribed as a
7:
2527:St. John's Church of Jhelum
2117:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
847:
482:of the mound, known as the
421:The stupa was excavated by
301:), also referred to as the
10:
2807:
2771:Buddhist sites in Pakistan
2715:Rawalpindi railway station
2690:Faisalabad railway station
2675:Bahawalpur Central Library
2436:Lahore High Court building
1376:"Taxila" Sir John Marshall
1201:Handbuch der Orientalistik
1199:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
699:
335:
330:UNESCO World Heritage Site
233:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2680:Bahawal Victoria Hospital
2667:
2616:
2565:
2459:
2418:
2372:
2281:
2250:
2199:
2148:
2115:
2059:
2028:
1992:
1843:
1753:
1680:
1536:
1529:
1521:Art of Gandhara by museum
1493:
1417:
675:
576:
433:
277:
273:
265:
257:
249:
239:
230:
226:
216:
211:
200:
195:
187:
179:
142:
128:
56:
41:
2441:National College of Arts
2364:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
1984:Archaeological sites of
1435:Greek conquests in India
1023:. Grafikol. p. 54.
898:
890:, an incarnation of the
538:Unlike constructions at
48:The Dharmarajika Stupa,
2598:National History Museum
2385:Shrine of Baha'al-Halim
2304:Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan
1938:Hephthalite silver bowl
993:. Infobase Publishing.
2349:Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal
2339:Shrine of Khalid Walid
2171:Faisalabad Clock Tower
1881:Saptarishi Tila statue
1445:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
1266:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
1083:. BRILL. p. 203.
1047:Fogelin, Lars (2015).
1017:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
599:
555:
523:
502:mound, has been lost.
462:
398:
354:era in order to house
2542:Multan Eid Gah Mosque
2502:Mariyam Zamani Mosque
2492:Gurdwara Janam Asthan
1268:Buddhist Architecture
1020:Buddhist Architecture
672:, or "Scarred hill".
589:
553:
521:
454:
396:
303:Great Stupa of Taxila
83:Shown within Pakistan
2786:2nd-century Buddhism
2603:Pakistan Army Museum
2578:House of Abdus Salam
2451:Quaid-e-Azam Library
2419:Government buildings
2410:Shrine of Shah Jamal
2354:Tomb of Nadira Begum
2319:Tomb of Bibi Jawindi
2186:Islamic Summit Minar
1321:M. S. Moray (1985).
356:relics of the Buddha
119:Show map of Gandhara
86:Show map of Pakistan
2537:Saleh Kamboh Mosque
2487:Data Durbar Complex
2467:Aqsa Mosque, Rabwah
2460:Religious buildings
2191:Sialkot Clock Tower
2176:Nicholson's Obelisk
494:stone. The stupa's
160: /
38:
33:Dharmarajika Stupa
2756:Stupas in Pakistan
2512:Prahladpuri Temple
2426:Ghanta Ghar Multan
2400:Shrine of Mian Mir
2166:Hakimon ka Maqbara
1906:Treasure of Begram
1871:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1861:Kanishka reliquary
1501:Greco-Buddhist art
1450:Indo-Greek kingdom
1345:on 26 January 2020
600:
556:
524:
490:mound was made of
474:The stupa's large
463:
399:
285:Dharmarajika Stupa
266:Reference no.
110:Dharmarajika Stupa
77:Dharmarajika Stupa
32:
2738:
2737:
2730:Well of Dina Nath
2557:Wazir Khan Mosque
2547:Sialkot Cathedral
2522:Sialkot Cathedral
2359:Tomb of Nur Jahan
2344:Tomb of Lala Rukh
2334:Tomb of Jani Khan
2314:Tomb of Asif Khan
2268:Kamran's Baradari
2075:
2074:
1951:
1950:
1901:Rukhuna reliquary
1839:
1838:
1774:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1725:Lalchak monastery
1090:978-90-04-18159-5
1060:978-0-19-994823-9
1030:978-0-9844043-0-8
686:Taxila Cantonment
642:Reliquary vessels
514:Peripheral stupas
423:Sir John Marshall
281:
280:
221:Sir John Marshall
133:Taxila Cantonment
16:(Redirected from
2798:
2705:Omar Hayat Mahal
2431:Governor's House
2405:Shrine of Nuriya
2329:Tomb of Jahangir
2324:Tomb of Dai Anga
2309:Tomb of Anarkali
2273:Shalimar Gardens
2242:Sheikhupura Fort
2181:Minar-e-Pakistan
2135:Shalimar Gardens
2102:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2078:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1534:
1533:
1485:Ghaznavid Empire
1425:Gandhara kingdom
1404:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1137:on 20 April 2019
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1014:
1005:
1004:
983:
952:
951:
949:
947:
925:Coningham, Robin
921:Scarre, Geoffrey
917:
836:
821:
805:
793:
773:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
372:circumambulation
300:
299:
298:دھرم راجک اسٹوپا
175:
174:
172:
171:
170:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
120:
106:
105:
99:
87:
73:
72:
66:
46:
39:
37:
36:دھرم راجک اسٹوپا
31:
21:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2668:Other buildings
2663:
2612:
2561:
2497:Katasraj temple
2482:Dai Anga Mosque
2472:Badshahi Mosque
2455:
2414:
2368:
2277:
2246:
2195:
2144:
2111:
2106:
2076:
2071:
2055:
2024:
1988:
1982:
1952:
1947:
1922:Brussels Buddha
1916:Standing Buddha
1835:
1779:Tapa-i Kafariha
1749:
1676:
1525:
1489:
1413:
1408:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1285:Insoll, Timothy
1282:
1275:
1264:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1015:
1008:
1001:
987:Higham, Charles
984:
955:
945:
943:
941:
918:
905:
901:
850:
843:
837:
828:
825:Indo-Corinthian
822:
813:
806:
797:
794:
785:
774:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
702:
694:Ruins of Taxila
678:
665:
644:
584:
579:
548:
516:
449:
436:
419:
391:
338:
326:Ruins of Taxila
235:
168:
166:
164:33.73°N 72.78°E
162:
159:
154:
151:
149:
147:
146:
124:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
111:
107:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
74:
52:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
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2646:
2644:Mankiala stupa
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
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2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Harappa Museum
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2552:Sunehri Mosque
2549:
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2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
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2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Bloody Bastion
2152:
2150:
2146:
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2137:
2132:
2127:
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2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1943:Gardez Ganesha
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Shinkot casket
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1866:Stone palettes
1863:
1858:
1856:Bimaran Casket
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
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1837:
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1834:
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1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Sikri Yusufzai
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Loriyan Tangai
1574:
1572:Kanishka stupa
1569:
1567:Shaji-ki-Dheri
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Greco-Buddhism
1503:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:Indo-Parthians
1457:
1455:Indo-Scythians
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Mauryan Empire
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1378:
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1066:
1059:
1036:
1029:
1006:
999:
953:
939:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
884:Mankiala stupa
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
849:
846:
845:
844:
838:
831:
829:
823:
816:
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795:
788:
786:
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766:
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748:
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732:
730:
723:
721:
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701:
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677:
674:
664:
661:
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583:
580:
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547:
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448:
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337:
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279:
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217:Archaeologists
214:
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177:
176:
144:
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68:
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61:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2803:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Maurya Empire
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
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2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2608:Taxila Museum
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Lahore Museum
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
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2568:
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2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Neevin Mosque
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
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2327:
2325:
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2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Buddhu's Tomb
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Bagh-e-Jinnah
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Pharwala Fort
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
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2179:
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2169:
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2159:
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2126:
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2110:
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2037:
2034:
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2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
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1956:
1944:
1941:
1939:
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1928:Bajaur casket
1926:
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1899:
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1876:Buner reliefs
1874:
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1864:
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1859:
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1831:Tepe Maranjan
1829:
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1623:
1620:
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1600:
1598:
1597:Butkara Stupa
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
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1552:Sahr-i-Bahlol
1550:
1548:
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1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
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1519:
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1496:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Kushan Empire
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
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1448:
1446:
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1360:
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1334:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1302:
1300:9781134597987
1296:
1293:. Routledge.
1292:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1236:9780195338102
1232:
1228:
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1212:
1210:9789004135956
1206:
1202:
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1022:
1021:
1013:
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1002:
1000:9781438109961
996:
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978:
976:
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968:
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940:9780521196062
936:
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841:
835:
830:
826:
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815:
811:
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799:
792:
787:
783:
779:
776:Coins of the
772:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
740:
736:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:Taxila Museum
673:
671:
660:
658:
654:
650:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
597:
593:
592:Guimet Museum
588:
574:
570:
567:
565:
561:
552:
543:
541:
536:
533:
532:Indo-Scythian
528:
520:
511:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:
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408:
404:
395:
386:
384:
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373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
344:emperor King
343:
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308:
304:
294:
290:
286:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
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248:
245:
242:
240:Official name
238:
234:
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210:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
98:
65:
55:
51:
45:
40:
30:
19:
2700:Shahi Hammam
2649:Mohra Muradu
2634:Dharmarajika
2588:Javed Manzil
2583:Iqbal Manzil
2477:Bhong Mosque
2294:Cypress Tomb
2212:Derawar Fort
2051:Mohra Muradu
2036:Dharmarajika
1920:
1816:Sphola Stupa
1811:Khair Khaneh
1720:Kunala Stupa
1710:Mohra Muradu
1695:Dharmarajika
1657:Pushkalavati
1637:Saidu Sharif
1547:Takht-i-Bahi
1480:Hindu Shahis
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1333:
1323:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1289:
1267:
1240:. Retrieved
1225:
1219:
1200:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:the original
1130:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1099:
1079:
1049:
1019:
990:
944:. Retrieved
929:
888:Jataka tales
874:Mohra Muradu
679:
669:
666:
649:lapis lazuli
645:
636:Anuradhapura
617:
612:
608:
601:
571:
568:
557:
537:
529:
525:
508:
504:
499:
495:
487:
483:
475:
473:
466:
464:
456:
437:
420:
400:
376:
368:
360:frankincense
345:
339:
302:
284:
282:
243:
204:3rd century
191:Taxila Ruins
188:Part of
169:33.73; 72.78
29:
18:Dharmarajika
2781:Mauryan art
2725:Wah Gardens
2695:Fareed Gate
2624:Amb Temples
2380:Data Darbar
2299:Data Darbar
2263:Hazuri Bagh
2237:Sangni Fort
2232:Rohtas Fort
2217:Lahore Fort
2207:Attock Fort
2130:Rohtas Fort
2125:Lahore Fort
2029:Monasteries
2010:Sarai Khola
1911:Wardak Vase
1891:Kabul hoard
1826:Tepe Narenj
1821:Tapa Sardar
1806:Fondukistan
1769:Tapa Shotor
1756:Afghanistan
1672:Sikri stupa
1612:Shingardara
1582:Jamal Garhi
1530:Archaeology
1475:Turk Shahis
1470:Alchon Huns
1270:. Grafikol.
653:Afghanistan
624:Polonnaruwa
564:quadrangles
546:Monasteries
468:pradakshina
458:pradakshina
389:Destruction
167: /
143:Coordinates
2745:Categories
2685:Bedi Mahal
2629:Bhir Mound
2446:Noor Mahal
2227:Rawat Fort
2005:Bhir Mound
1745:Bhir Mound
1667:Hashtnagar
1617:Ali Masjid
1607:Aziz Dheri
1562:Aziz Dheri
1557:Baho Dheri
1371:References
854:Bhir Mound
778:Indo-Greek
447:Core stupa
428:White Huns
417:Excavation
407:Mihirakula
403:White Huns
364:Indo-Greek
258:Designated
212:Site notes
2161:Chauburji
2149:Monuments
1844:Artifacts
1801:Mes Aynak
1652:Charsadda
1627:Ahin Posh
1587:Yusufzai
1203:. BRILL.
782:Zoilos II
670:Chir Tope
663:Etymology
657:Zoilos II
620:Sri Lanka
605:Kharosthi
332:in 1980.
289:W.Panjabi
183:Monastery
1786:Shotorak
1754:Eastern
1740:Mankiala
1730:Badalpur
1538:Peshawar
1411:Gandhara
1287:(2002).
1131:GoUNESCO
1107:. UNESCO
1105:"Taxila"
989:(2014).
927:(2013).
848:See also
827:pillars.
647:such as
560:verandah
411:Peshawar
383:Kidarite
379:Sassanid
318:Pakistan
307:Buddhist
305:, is a
250:Criteria
129:Location
2639:Harappa
2566:Museums
2373:Shrines
2251:Gardens
2067:Jandial
2060:Temples
2046:Kalawan
2041:Jaulian
2020:Sirsukh
2000:Hathial
1796:Bimaran
1791:Paitava
1735:Bhallar
1715:Jandial
1705:Kalawan
1700:Jaulian
1662:Ranigat
1647:Barikot
1642:Chakpat
1602:Bhamala
1494:Culture
1418:History
1349:23 June
1306:23 June
1242:23 June
1141:22 June
1111:23 June
946:22 June
869:Sirsukh
859:Jaulian
700:Gallery
628:Colombo
609:Urusaka
496:harmika
342:Mauryan
336:History
253:iii, iv
201:Founded
196:History
155:72°47′E
152:33°44′N
2659:Taxila
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