445:
195:
1764:
409:", which replaced the previous concept about the three Transylvanian regions (that is, the counties, and the Székely and Saxon seats). The noblemen (including the Székely, Saxon, Romanian nobles who held landed property in the counties) made up the Hungarian nation, but the Hungarian peasants were excluded from this group. The Székelys formed a separate nation, although they spoke Hungarian. The Saxons who lived in the privileged districts were the members of the Saxon nation, but the Saxon population of the counties was not included.
767:
the first day of the Diet, the delegates attended a morning worship in a church which was in most cases also the venue of the sessions of the Diets. The sessions could also be held in military camps, or even in a barn in case of emergency. After the morning worship, the delegates sent envoys to the monarch to inform him that they had assembled for the Diet. The princes rarely attended the sessions, but they were represented either by their appointed heirs or lieutenants.
586:
31:
287:
217:" from the 14th century. The seats were headed by elected officials. The Székelys initially held their lands in common. However, disparity between wealthy and poor Székelys grew, enforcing royal legislation to acknowledge the existence of Székely groups of diverse status in 1473. Thereafter, only the wealthiest Székelys fought in the royal army on horse; those who could only fight as foot-soldiers started to lose their political rights.
476:—the compendium of the customary law of Hungary, completed in 1514—explicitly acknowledged that Transylvania was a separate realm, with her own peculiar customs, but it also emphasized that Transylvania was an integral part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The laws of the Kingdom of Hungary were to be applied in Transylvania and the decisions of the royal courts of justice were also to be obeyed in the province. Unlike the autonomous
775:
each point of the memorandum. If the monarch's answer did not satisfy the delegates, the prince and the Diet started to exchange letters about the debated issues. The correspondence lasted until they reached a consensus, or the Diet acknowledged that the prince was unwilling to accept their proposal. The delegates started to discuss the royal propositions only after the debate about their memorandum was finished.
701:) held the third most important office in the principality. The speakers and their deputies were almost always appointed by the monarchs. Gábor Haller was the only speaker who was elected by the delegates in the Diets of 1660 and 1661. In most documented cases, the heads of the royal court of justice presided over the Diets. Most speakers were also royal counselors and heads of a county or a Székely seat.
265:) had already been present in Transylvania in the late 9th century. The earliest contemporaneous records evidence that Romanian communities existed in southern Transylvania in the first decade of the 13th century. In contrast with the Roman Catholic Hungarians, Székelys and Saxons, the Romanians adhered to the Orthodox Church. Their administrative units were known as lands or districts. The
1837:
338:. The administration of justice remained the principal task of such meetings, but the noblemen who attended the assemblies also regularly discussed other subjects, including the collection of the tithe or custom duties. Initially, all noblemen were entitled to be present, but from the 15th century, the counties sent delegates to the assemblies.
690:
the Diet in 1686. Most regalists were members of the wealthiest noble families. Székely leaders were also personally invited, although the Székely community opposed this practice. According to János
Bethlen's notes, the widows of former regalists were customarily also requested to send representatives to the Diets.
659:, with both appointed and elected members. Most Diets were attended by 130-150 persons. The noblemen (the "Hungarian nation") dominated the Diets, but the Székelys' military power and the Saxons' wealth secured the effective protection of their interests. The majority of the members of the Diets adhered to the
774:
In most documented cases, the "propositions" of the monarch about the topics to be discussed were read out soon after the opening of the Diet. Next, the delegates compiled a memorandum to air the grievances of each Nation, asking the prince to remedy their problems. The prince was required to respond
770:
The speaker of the Diet made sure that all who had been invited were present. For this purposes, two delegates were required to read out the names of all delegates at the opening of the Diet. The speaker was also responsible for keeping order during the debates. The sessions of the Diets were public,
321:
In comparison with
Hungary proper, the autonomy of the Transylvanian counties was limited, because the voivodes restricted the development of their self-governing bodies. The general assemblies of the Transylvanian counties disappeared in the middle of the 14th century. Instead, the voivodes or their
709:
The monarchs had the right to summon the Diets. If the prince was absent and during interregnums, the prince's representative (the voivode or governor) convened the assembly. The Diet could also pass a decree ordering the summon of the following Diet, but this happened only exceptionally. The prince
492:
and fines and in certain other legal procedures and in the observing of terms..., and have the right to use and enjoy these customs, and are allowed, even now, with the consent, to make statues and ordinances among themselves on similar matters; nevertheless, they cannot establish any law and they
787:
The princes were elected at the Diets, according to the fundamental laws of the principality. The negotiations preceding a prince's election enabled the Three
Nations to secure the issue of a specific charter in which the future monarch pledged to respect their liberties. However, few monarchs were
758:
instructions if they did not want to discuss certain subjects. For instance, when
Michael I Apafi tried to persuade the Diet to pass decrees concerning issues which had not been mentioned in his letter of invitation, the delegates resisted, saying that their instructions did not cover these topics.
778:
Hungarian was the language of the discussions. Each delegate could take the floor, but they were required to stay concise. After closing the debate, the speaker summarized its main points and ordered the delegates to take their votes on the issue under discussion. The decisions passed at the Diets
766:
If the Diet was held in a town other than the prince's seat, the prince came to the town days before the opening of the Diet. The delegates of each Nation or denomination could hold separate meetings before the opening to draft their own proposals on specific issues relating to their community. On
693:
The counties, Saxon and Székely seats and about twenty towns had the right to send delegates to the Diets. The number of delegates depended of the importance of the issues to be discussed. According to a decree of the Diet which assembled in April 1571, each county and Székely seat had to send ten
689:
The princes were entitled to invite individuals to attend the Diet. The number of these "regalists" was not regulated, but more than twenty noblemen received a personal invitation from the monarch before each Diet. The number of regalists increased: more than 80 noblemen were personally invited to
425:
had introduced, forcing the monarch to personally come to
Transylvania and preside over the next general assembly. The role of the separate general assemblies of the Székelys also strengthened. A general assembly which was held without the consent of the Count of the Székelys in 1505 established a
310:. The wealthiest Saxons also attempted to acquire landed property in the counties, outside the jurisdiction of the Saxon communities. Being obliged to render services (primarily of military nature) for the lands that they possessed, the Romanian leaders' position was similar to the status of the "
412:
The "brotherly union" was first confirmed on 2 February 1438, after the fall of the peasant revolt. The representatives of the Three
Nations again confirmed their alliance in 1459, expanding it against all who threatened their liberties. The regular meetings of the delegates of the Three Nations
341:
The general assembly of the Székelys could be convoked by the Count of the Székelys, or by the captain of
Udvarhelyszék. The internal issues of the Saxons communities were initially regulated by the assemblies of the Saxon seats and districts. From 1486, the Count of the Saxons presided over the
827:
The Diets sometimes entered into direct correspondence with foreign powers, but the letters evidence that the support of the monarchs' specific diplomatic acts was the delegates' principal purpose. Correspondence between the Diet and pretenders or other internal opponents of the monarch is also
470:, the royal charters initially referred to the Transylvanian noblemen who formed a closed community "bound together by certain reciprocal rights and duties". The Székely and Saxon communities were included in the concept only after the confirmation of the Union of the Three Nations in 1459. The
804:
Almost 5,000 decrees were passed in the 16th and 17th centuries. Their analysis evidence that the monarchs dominated the political life of the principality. The delegates almost always accepted the royal propositions concerning taxation and made only one attempt to regulate the spending of tax
302:
formed the highest level of the society in the
Transylvanian counties. The wealthiest nobles owned dozens of villages, but most noble families had only one or two villages, or only a part of a village. They had specific privileges, such as tax exemption (from 1324), and the right to administer
757:
The delegates received detailed instructions at their appointment. Most instructions concerned local issues (such as trade privileges and conflicts between burghers and noblemen), enabling the delegates to freely discuss general topics. However, they could occasionally refer to the lack of
1799:
493:
have no right to make statutes in contravention of general statutes and decrees of this kingdom of
Hungary or against sentences and judicial decisions in cases of goods and property rights which are usually made, passed and pronounced in the royal court by justices ordinary.
533:. During the ensuing civil war, the medieval Kingdom of Hungary was actually divided into two parts, with John Zápolya controlling the eastern regions, including Transylvania. Taking advantage of the turmoil which followed Zápolya's death in 1540, Suleiman conquered the
1784:
322:
deputies held general assemblies for all noblemen from all the counties of the province. The first recorded general meeting of the "nobles of the realm of
Transylvania" was held in Keresztes at Torda (now Cristiș in Romania) on 8 June 1288. The assembly authorized the
416:
The legislative function of the assemblies strengthened in the second half of the 15th century. In 1463, the representatives of the "Three Nations" ordered that the poorest noblemen and the Hungarian peasants should stay behind to defend the province although King
710:
or his deputy convened the Diet in a letter, which was in most cases also signed by the chancellor. The letter was posted 2–4 weeks before the opening of the Diet. The appearance at the Diet was obligatory: those who failed were fined 100-200 florins.
349:
was the first king to hold such an assembly for the representatives of the Transylvanian noblemen, Saxons, Székelys and Romanians in early 1291. According to Andrew's charter mentioning the meeting, the king ordered the return of two domains to
694:
representatives to the following Diet where the successor of John Sigismund was to be elected. However, this was an extremely high number; sporadic data show that each autonomous community dispatched two to eight delegates to most Diets.
318:. Consequently, they were not regarded real nobles, but the monarch could award them with nobility. The ennobled Romanians adopted their Hungarian peers' way of life, but dozens of Romanian noble families remained Orthodox for centuries.
813:, only after lengthy negotiations with the prince. On the other hand, the Diets passed hundreds of decrees about issues of local interest, including the regulation of the quest for runaway serfs or of the boundaries of noble estates.
713:
More than 320 Diets were held from 1571 to 1690, but their annual number fluctuated from year to year. The delegates assembled more frequently during the periods of turmoil. For instance, the Diet was convoked more than fifty times
393:, demanded the payment of the tithe that he had failed to collect in the previous years, thousands of Hungarian and Romanian commoners and lesser noblemen took up arms against him in early 1437. They routed the army of the voivode,
564:. The following similar Diet was held only in 1544, but thereafter the delegates from the Partium were always invited to attend the Diet. Consequently, the Diet of John Sigismund's realm became a legal successor of the medieval
382:, the general assembly of the Transylvanian noblemen ordered in 1419 that one third of the noblemen and one tenth of the peasants were to take up arms in case of an Ottoman invasion against the Székely and Saxon territories.
401:
in Romania). At the meeting, the representatives of the noblemen, Székelys and Saxons concluded a "brotherly union" on 16 September, pledging to provide assistance to each other against their internal and external enemies.
824:(who had been Gabriel Báthory's chancellor) to death for incest, fornication and witchcraft during the reign of Báthory's successor, Gabriel Bethlen in early 1614. The legal cases were heard at specific judicial sessions.
733:
Most Diets assembled in Gyulafehérvár, especially in the 1590s and between 1613 and 1658. Although the town had customarily been the Transylvanian rulers' seat, the delegates preferred Torda, Kolozsvár and Nagyenyed (now
48:
298:
General assemblies of the noblemen from one or more counties developed into important forums of the administration of justice in the entire Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century.
236:
abolished the office of the Count of Hermannstadt and appointed royal judges to head the Saxon districts in 1324. However, the wealth of the Saxon merchants, who controlled the trade routes towards
568:. Laws could only be enacted and taxes could only be collected with the consent of the Diet, but most Diets were dominated by the monarch's partisans, which secured the imposition of royal will.
2794:
Barta, Gábor (1994). "The Emergence of the Principality and its First Crises (1526–1606)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
718:, and more than fifty-five times between 1657 and 1667. According to customary law, the princes were required to hold two Diets in each year. The first Diet of the year was convoked around
794:
troops in 1608; the delegates elected Gabriel Bethlen "freely in their fear" of Ottoman intervention in 1613, according to the contemporaneous Ferenc Nagy Szabó's sarcastic remark.
924:, in October 1613. The Nations could also demand tax relief or similar concessions. For example, the Székelys requested the prince to exempt them from public labor in spring 1628.
374:
Transylvania was regularly raided by Ottoman armies from the 1420s, forcing the monarchs and the local authorities to strengthen the defense of the province. At the initiative of
213:
from the 1220s. The Székelys had moved from other regions of the kingdom to Transylvania and formed a community of free warriors. Their administrative units were known as "
2937:
Péter, Katalin (1994). "The Golden Age of the Principality (1606–1660)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
2918:
Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.).
397:, in July. Without seeking royal authorization, the vice-voivode convoked the noblemen and the leaders of the Székelys and Saxons to hold a joint assembly at Kápolna (now
797:
The Diets performed legislative, administrative and judicial functions. The Diet could authorize the monarch or the royal council to perform its functions. For instance,
674:
of the Diet. Available data show that the bishops of the Reformed and Evangelical Churches also had seats at the Diets, according to historian Zsolt Trócsányi. The
3045:
664:
2956:
Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Transylvania in the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century (1300–1456)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).
394:
345:
The monarchs or on their behalf the voivodes could also convoke the representatives of all privileged groups of Transylvania to meet at a joint assembly.
2773:(Edited and translated by János M. Bak, Péter Banyó and Martyn Rady with an introductory study by László Péter) (2005). Charles Schlacks Jr. Publishers.
820:
at the Diet in November 1612, but this decision was cancelled at the first Diet of his rule in October 1613. The Diet sentenced Kata Iffjú, the widow of
269:
were initially located in royal estates, but most of them were given away to noblemen or prelates by the end of the Middle Ages, or the local chiefs (or
342:
annual general assemblies of the entire community, which consisted of the highest-ranking officials of the seats and districts and elected delegates.
386:
678:
were certainly notified when the Diet was announced, but their regular presence is not documented. The presence of Catholic prelates is uncertain.
248:
united the Saxon communities under the leadership of the elected mayor of Hermannstadt, who was thereafter known as the Count of the Saxons.
421:
had ordered a general mobilisation against the Ottomans. In 1494, the general assembly forbade the collection of the extraordinary tax that
617:
560:(the region between the Tisza and Transylvania) were represented. The delegates swore fealty to the Zápolyas and acknowledged the sultan's
80:
76:
2877:
Fodor, Romulus Gelu (2013). "Constitutional Thought and Institutions in Medieval Transylvania". In Rady, Martyn; Simon, Alexandru (eds.).
675:
816:
The Diets also functioned as a high court of justice, especially in politically motivated cases. Gabriel Bethlen was found guilty of
311:
1857:
1819:
920:
who had occupied Hermannstadt was murdered, the Saxons demanded the restoration of the town to their community from the new prince,
3050:
169:. The development of royal administration is documented from the second half of the 11th century. The royal castle at Torda (now
916:
The Nations could, for instance, make complaints about arbitrary actions of the monarchs or their officials. For example, after
686:
of the Catholic Diocese of Transylvania was deliberately ignored in 1666, because the Catholic priests had denied to pay taxes.
228:
granted privileges to the Saxons who inhabited southern Transylvania, putting them under the authority of a royal official, the
214:
385:
New taxes were introduced and the old taxes were increased to cover the costs of defense, which outraged the peasantry. After
3006:
2886:
2867:
2839:
Dörner, Anton E. (2005). "Transylvania between stability and crisis (1457–1541)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).
2829:
2574:
521:
died and two candidates laid claim to the vacant throne. The majority of the noblemen elected the voivode of Transylvania,
17:
131:
178:
104:
444:
3025:
2987:
2965:
2946:
2927:
2908:
2848:
2803:
2778:
1851:
1813:
1778:
639:
153:
526:
199:
147:
413:
developed into "Transylvania's foremost representative" assemblies, providing basis for the Transylvanian Diet.
294:
who held the first general assembly for the Transylvanian noblemen, Saxons, Székelys and Romanians in early 1291
2978:(1992). "Voivode and Regnum: Transylvania's Place in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary". In Péter, László (ed.).
556:
on 18 October 1541. This was the first Diet where both the Three Nations of Transylvania and the counties of
477:
452:
88:
181:, which were important administrative units, each named for its center. A high-ranking royal official, the
788:
actually freely elected. For instance, Gabriel Báthory seized the throne with the support of the irregular
369:
323:
552:
Martinuzzi held an assembly for the representatives of the privileged groups of John Sigismund's realm in
488:...lthough the ... Transylvanians have various customs quite different from ours regarding the payment of
597:
2858:
Dörner, Anton E. (2009). "Power Structure". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; Magyari, András (eds.).
3001:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages 450–1450. Vol. 37. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
1843:
660:
742:
in Romania), which were located in the central region of the principality. Frequent invasions forced
484:, it was simply an administrative district, and an integral part of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.
439:
542:
1760:
670:
Royal counselors, judges of the royal court of justice and other high-ranking royal officials were
510:
422:
848:
809:. They enacted the state monopolies without significant resistance, although, during the reign of
206:
1805:
623:
466:(or realm) in royal charters already in the second half of the 13th century. When writing of the
375:
182:
157:
130:. The diet decided on juridical, military and economic matters. It ceased to exist following the
2999:
Transylvania in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century: The Rise of the Congregational System
1770:
627:
390:
331:
111:) also attained the Transylvanian Diet, transforming it into a legal successor of the medieval
864:
798:
810:
719:
481:
354:
after those who attended the general assembly testified that he had been their lawful owner.
346:
291:
229:
2771:
Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)
1871:
Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)
630:, but his successors' right to use the new title was acknowledged by the Habsburg rulers of
2881:. School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London. pp. 15–19.
233:
225:
224:
settled in the southern and north-eastern regions in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1224,
221:
96:
635:
8:
3018:
Az erdélyi fejedelemség korának országgyűlései (adalék az erdélyi rendiség történetéhez)
723:
683:
545:, who had already been elected king at the initiative of his father's staunch supporter,
530:
518:
406:
363:
779:
were sanctioned by the monarch. The execution of the laws was also a royal prerogative.
514:
174:
2818:
667:, but the Catholic and Unitarian denominations were in practice reduced to background.
538:
299:
166:
100:
84:
60:
917:
541:, to continue to rule the lands to the east of the Tisza on behalf of her infant son,
334:, in taking possession of three villages of a noble family to secure the payment of a
3021:
3002:
2983:
2961:
2942:
2923:
2904:
2882:
2863:
2844:
2825:
2799:
2774:
1847:
1809:
1774:
671:
546:
525:, king, but the wealthiest magnates offered the throne to Louis II's brother-in-law,
448:
418:
315:
266:
245:
232:, and authorizing them to freely elect their local leaders. After a Saxon rebellion,
126:) (2 March 1542) laid the basis for the political and administrative organization of
68:
1832:
327:
715:
253:
119:
880:
821:
679:
27:
Legislative, administrative, and judicial body of the Principality of Transylvania
1833:
921:
743:
727:
565:
534:
379:
306:
Székely chiefs could only seize private landed property in the counties, outside
135:
112:
52:
2896:
747:
722:(24 April). The second or "short Diet" was customarily held around the feast of
522:
427:
307:
244:, enabled them to gradually achieve the restoration of their autonomy. In 1486,
896:
860:
506:
335:
904:
3039:
884:
856:
852:
844:
806:
805:
revenues in 1593. They also regularly authorized the monarch to mobilize the
656:
631:
351:
2813:
868:
817:
405:
The agreement of the three privileged groups gave rise to the idea of the "
162:
127:
900:
892:
888:
2975:
735:
472:
398:
35:
2862:. Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 133–178.
585:
210:
99:—gave rise to its development. After the disintegration of the medieval
92:
75:) was an important legislative, administrative and judicial body of the
561:
30:
173:
in Romania) was first mentioned in 1075, the fortress at Küküllő (now
262:
237:
191:(or heads) of the Transylvanian counties from the late 12th century.
801:
was authorized to take actions against radical Protestants in 1578.
194:
177:
in Romania) in 1177. Most royal castles developed into the seats of
2879:
Government and Law in Medieval Moldavia, Transylvania and Wallachia
1839:
Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town
553:
489:
241:
83:
between 1570 and 1867. The general assemblies of the Transylvanian
38:, the building where the Diet of Transylvania functioned after 1790
746:
to convoke the Diets to the fortresses of Fogaras and Radnót (now
622:
John Sigismund only renounced the title of king of Hungary in the
273:) achieved the acknowledgement of their ownership from the kings.
187:
107:
of the eastern and northeastern territories of Hungary proper (or
1801:
Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569–1587
557:
456:
451:: he held the first joint assembly of the representatives of the
108:
828:
documented, especially in the second half of the 17th century.
790:
751:
286:
258:
2644:
2562:
2383:
2381:
2632:
1192:
926:(Péter (1994), pp. 313, 316; Trócsányi (1976), pp. 83–87, 90)
170:
165:("Land beyond the Forests") was a borderland in the medieval
123:
2598:
2596:
2508:
2417:
1645:
1643:
1641:
2537:
2535:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2434:
2432:
2378:
2366:
739:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2177:
2165:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2099:
1716:
1714:
1471:
1469:
1390:
1388:
1332:
1320:
1264:
1240:
1063:
537:
in late summer 1541. However, he allowed Zápolya's widow,
2860:
The History of Transylvania, Vol. II. (from 1541 to 1711)
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2620:
2608:
2593:
2552:
2550:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2018:
1922:
1638:
1344:
1126:
2532:
2520:
2496:
2479:
2467:
2429:
2405:
2393:
2356:
2354:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1946:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1766:
Hungary: From Ninth Century Origins to the 1956 Uprising
1759:
1701:
1699:
1611:
1609:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1550:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1486:
1484:
1432:
1430:
1405:
1403:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1182:
1180:
1155:
1153:
1104:
1102:
87:
and the joint assemblies of the representatives of the "
2324:
2300:
2283:
2256:
2216:
2189:
2125:
2096:
2042:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1741:
1711:
1466:
1385:
1204:
976:
480:, medieval Transylvania was not a separate Land of the
134:, when Transylvania was returned to the control of the
2692:
2581:
2547:
2444:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1276:
1075:
1012:
1000:
2351:
2231:
2146:
2073:
2054:
1970:
1893:
1731:
1729:
1696:
1655:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1606:
1562:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1481:
1454:
1442:
1427:
1415:
1400:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1356:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1216:
1177:
1150:
1138:
1114:
1099:
1087:
1053:
1051:
1036:
2030:
2006:
1987:
1958:
1934:
1910:
1876:
1836:; Margit Feischmidt; Jon Fox; Liana Grancea (2018).
1679:
1591:
988:
964:
952:
771:but the Diet could decide to hold a close meeting.
326:, Ladislaus Borsa, to assist the representative of
2817:
1726:
1667:
1621:
1528:
1496:
1368:
1288:
1252:
1228:
1165:
1048:
2960:. Romanian Cultural Institute. pp. 246–298.
2958:The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (until 1541)
2843:. Romanian Cultural Institute. pp. 299–348.
2841:The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (until 1541)
1024:
940:
3037:
2820:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250
663:in the 17th century. The Saxons represented the
638:. In that year, Báthory joined the anti-Ottoman
357:
1864:
1797:
730:persuaded the Estates to cancel it in 1622.
433:
257:—a book of debated reliability—stated that
2980:Historians and the History of Transylvania
407:Union of the Three Nations of Transylvania
3015:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2541:
2526:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2473:
2438:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2372:
2345:
2333:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2277:
2265:
2225:
2210:
2198:
2183:
2171:
2140:
2119:
2107:
2048:
571:
3046:Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
2996:
2573:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPéter2009 (
1720:
1475:
1394:
618:Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
443:
285:
193:
29:
14:
3038:
2917:
2895:
2857:
2838:
2701:
2587:
2556:
2461:
2360:
2250:
2159:
2090:
2067:
1981:
1928:
1904:
1705:
1661:
1649:
1615:
1573:
1556:
1522:
1490:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1421:
1409:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1270:
1246:
1222:
1210:
1186:
1159:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1093:
1069:
1042:
1018:
1006:
970:
303:justice in their estates (from 1342).
122:) (20 January 1542) and at Torda (now
2941:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 301–358.
2936:
2922:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 178–243.
2876:
2812:
2798:. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 247–300.
2793:
2568:
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1916:
1887:
1747:
1690:
1600:
1198:
994:
982:
958:
281:
2974:
2786:
1735:
1673:
1632:
946:
580:
513:, annihilated the royal army in the
118:The diet sessions at Vásárhely (now
2955:
1585:
1541:
1505:
1379:
1297:
1282:
1258:
1234:
1171:
1081:
1057:
1030:
136:Diet of the newly empowered Hungary
132:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
81:Grand Principality) of Transylvania
24:
2763:
634:only in 1595, during the reign of
626:in 1570. Thereafter he was styled
25:
3062:
3020:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó.
676:bishops of the Orthodox Romanians
910:
640:Holy League of Pope Clement VIII
584:
462:Transylvania was mentioned as a
3051:Defunct unicameral legislatures
1826:
1791:
1753:
874:
754:in Romania) in the late 1680s.
205:A separate royal official, the
200:Transylvania in the Middle Ages
148:Transylvania in the Middle Ages
2824:. Cambridge University Press.
838:
704:
650:
535:central regions of the kingdom
276:
209:, lead the Hungarian-speaking
13:
1:
2901:Early Transylvania (895-1324)
934:
453:Three Nations of Transylvania
154:History of the Székely people
141:
89:Three Nations of Transylvania
2982:. Boulder. pp. 87–101.
782:
761:
697:The speaker of the Diet (or
645:
370:Transylvanian peasant revolt
103:in 1541, delegates from the
7:
10:
3067:
2758:
1844:Princeton University Press
615:
576:
437:
367:
361:
358:Union of the Three Nations
151:
145:
3016:Trócsányi, Zsolt (1976).
440:Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
434:Disintegration of Hungary
2997:Sălăgean, Tudor (2016).
2571:, pp. 305–306, 313.
1761:Carlile Aylmer Macartney
1201:, pp. 350–351, 355.
831:
511:Suleiman the Magnificent
455:and the counties of the
423:Vladislaus II of Hungary
198:Administrative units in
185:was the superior of the
57:Siebenbürgischer Landtag
2939:History of Transylvania
2920:History of Transylvania
2796:History of Transylvania
1806:Oxford University Press
376:Sigismund of Luxembourg
158:Origin of the Romanians
1771:Transaction Publishers
628:prince of Transylvania
572:Age of elected princes
543:John Sigismund Zápolya
503:
459:
391:Bishop of Transylvania
332:Bishop of Transylvania
314:" and other groups of
295:
202:
72:
64:
56:
39:
1798:Felicia Rosu (2017).
716:between 1594 and 1606
527:Ferdinand of Habsburg
486:
482:Holy Crown of Hungary
447:
368:Further information:
347:Andrew III of Hungary
292:Andrew III of Hungary
289:
230:Count of Hermannstadt
220:The ancestors of the
207:Count of the Székelys
197:
152:Further information:
33:
2653:, pp. 146, 152.
2027:, pp. 260, 294.
1341:, pp. 218, 230.
1329:, pp. 215, 230.
1273:, pp. 220, 241.
1249:, pp. 198, 218.
1072:, pp. 128, 136.
726:(29 September), but
312:nobles of the Church
234:Charles I of Hungary
226:Andrew II of Hungary
222:Transylvanian Saxons
65:erdélyi országgyűlés
18:Diet of Transylvania
2641:, pp. 151–152.
1955:, pp. 252–253.
1931:, pp. 342–343.
1652:, pp. 221–222.
1588:, pp. 279–280.
1353:, pp. 230–231.
1285:, pp. 263–264.
1135:, pp. 236–237.
1084:, pp. 254–255.
985:, pp. 355–356.
799:Christopher Báthory
531:Archduke of Austria
519:Louis II of Hungary
517:on 29 August 1529.
468:regnum Transylvanum
364:Unio Trium Nationum
73:Dieta Transilvaniei
2517:, pp. 72, 83.
2426:, pp. 33, 39.
1750:, pp. 15, 18.
720:Saint George's Day
682:recorded that the
672:ex officio members
665:Evangelical Church
596:. You can help by
539:Isabella Jagiellon
478:Kingdom of Croatia
460:
426:supreme court for
316:conditional nobles
296:
282:General assemblies
267:Romanian districts
203:
167:Kingdom of Hungary
101:Kingdom of Hungary
44:Transylvanian Diet
40:
3008:978-90-04-24362-0
2903:. Lucidus Kiadó.
2888:978-0-903425-87-2
2869:978-973-7784-43-8
2831:978-0-521-89452-4
2787:Secondary sources
2390:, pp. 21–22.
2375:, pp. 17–18.
2348:, pp. 16–18.
2321:, pp. 16–17.
2280:, pp. 68–70.
2213:, pp. 28–30.
2186:, pp. 28–29.
2174:, pp. 25–27.
2122:, pp. 26–27.
1873:(3.2.2.), p. 377.
1213:, pp. 32–33.
1021:, pp. 97–98.
1009:, pp. 88–91.
636:Sigismund Báthory
614:
613:
547:George Martinuzzi
449:George Martinuzzi
419:Matthias Corvinus
246:Matthias Corvinus
34:Reduta Palace in
16:(Redirected from
3058:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2971:
2952:
2933:
2914:
2892:
2873:
2854:
2835:
2823:
2809:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2442:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2229:
2223:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2094:
2088:
2071:
2065:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1985:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1891:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:. Archived from
1830:
1824:
1823:
1818:. Archived from
1795:
1789:
1788:
1783:. Archived from
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
928:
914:
908:
878:
872:
842:
811:George I Rákóczi
624:Treaty of Speyer
609:
606:
588:
581:
515:Battle of Mohács
501:
254:Gesta Hungarorum
175:Cetatea de Baltă
113:Diets of Hungary
91:"—the noblemen,
51:
21:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3009:
2990:
2968:
2949:
2930:
2911:
2889:
2870:
2851:
2832:
2806:
2789:
2784:
2766:
2764:Primary sources
2761:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2445:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2232:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2147:
2139:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2089:
2074:
2066:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:, pp. 294.
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1988:
1980:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1886:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1854:
1834:Rogers Brubaker
1831:
1827:
1816:
1796:
1792:
1781:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1631:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1529:
1521:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
937:
932:
931:
922:Gabriel Bethlen
918:Gabriel Báthory
915:
911:
879:
875:
843:
839:
834:
785:
764:
744:Michael I Apafi
728:Gabriel Bethlen
707:
661:Reformed Church
653:
648:
620:
610:
604:
601:
594:needs expansion
579:
574:
566:Diet of Hungary
502:
497:
442:
436:
395:Ladislaus Csáki
380:King of Hungary
372:
366:
360:
284:
279:
160:
150:
144:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3007:
2994:
2988:
2972:
2966:
2953:
2947:
2934:
2928:
2915:
2909:
2893:
2887:
2874:
2868:
2855:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2810:
2804:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2752:, p. 174.
2750:Trócsányi 1976
2742:
2740:, p. 154.
2738:Trócsányi 1976
2730:
2728:, p. 170.
2726:Trócsányi 1976
2718:
2716:, p. 163.
2714:Trócsányi 1976
2706:
2704:, p. 157.
2691:
2689:, p. 162.
2687:Trócsányi 1976
2679:
2677:, p. 145.
2675:Trócsányi 1976
2667:
2665:, p. 149.
2663:Trócsányi 1976
2655:
2651:Trócsányi 1976
2643:
2639:Trócsányi 1976
2631:
2629:, p. 146.
2627:Trócsányi 1976
2619:
2617:, p. 142.
2615:Trócsányi 1976
2607:
2605:, p. 175.
2603:Trócsányi 1976
2592:
2590:, p. 153.
2580:
2561:
2559:, p. 138.
2546:
2542:Trócsányi 1976
2531:
2527:Trócsányi 1976
2519:
2515:Trócsányi 1976
2507:
2503:Trócsányi 1976
2495:
2491:Trócsányi 1976
2478:
2474:Trócsányi 1976
2466:
2464:, p. 144.
2443:
2439:Trócsányi 1976
2428:
2424:Trócsányi 1976
2416:
2412:Trócsányi 1976
2404:
2400:Trócsányi 1976
2392:
2388:Trócsányi 1976
2377:
2373:Trócsányi 1976
2365:
2363:, p. 143.
2350:
2346:Trócsányi 1976
2338:
2334:Trócsányi 1976
2323:
2319:Trócsányi 1976
2311:
2307:Trócsányi 1976
2299:
2295:Trócsányi 1976
2282:
2278:Trócsányi 1976
2270:
2266:Trócsányi 1976
2255:
2253:, p. 156.
2230:
2226:Trócsányi 1976
2215:
2211:Trócsányi 1976
2203:
2199:Trócsányi 1976
2188:
2184:Trócsányi 1976
2176:
2172:Trócsányi 1976
2164:
2162:, p. 142.
2145:
2141:Trócsányi 1976
2124:
2120:Trócsányi 1976
2112:
2108:Trócsányi 1976
2095:
2093:, p. 155.
2072:
2070:, p. 154.
2053:
2049:Trócsányi 1976
2041:
2029:
2017:
2015:, p. 260.
2005:
2003:, p. 265.
1986:
1984:, p. 344.
1969:
1967:, p. 254.
1957:
1945:
1943:, p. 252.
1933:
1921:
1919:, p. 249.
1909:
1907:, p. 342.
1892:
1890:, p. 247.
1875:
1863:
1860:on 2020-05-14.
1852:
1846:. p. 57.
1825:
1822:on 2020-05-14.
1814:
1808:. p. 24.
1790:
1787:on 2020-05-14.
1779:
1773:. p. 23.
1752:
1740:
1725:
1723:, p. 158.
1710:
1708:, p. 237.
1695:
1678:
1666:
1664:, p. 228.
1654:
1637:
1620:
1618:, p. 300.
1605:
1590:
1578:
1576:, p. 226.
1561:
1559:, p. 225.
1546:
1544:, p. 267.
1527:
1525:, p. 224.
1510:
1508:, p. 294.
1495:
1493:, p. 221.
1480:
1478:, p. 155.
1465:
1463:, p. 310.
1453:
1451:, p. 308.
1441:
1439:, p. 307.
1426:
1424:, p. 302.
1414:
1412:, p. 220.
1399:
1397:, p. 147.
1384:
1382:, p. 273.
1367:
1365:, p. 223.
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1317:, p. 207.
1302:
1300:, p. 264.
1287:
1275:
1263:
1261:, p. 259.
1251:
1239:
1237:, p. 258.
1227:
1225:, p. 140.
1215:
1203:
1191:
1189:, p. 235.
1176:
1174:, p. 256.
1164:
1162:, p. 180.
1149:
1147:, p. 115.
1137:
1125:
1123:, p. 236.
1113:
1111:, p. 208.
1098:
1096:, p. 130.
1086:
1074:
1062:
1060:, p. 255.
1047:
1045:, p. 133.
1035:
1033:, p. 270.
1023:
1011:
999:
997:, p. 356.
987:
975:
963:
961:, p. 350.
951:
938:
936:
933:
930:
929:
909:
873:
836:
835:
833:
830:
784:
781:
763:
760:
706:
703:
652:
649:
647:
644:
616:Main article:
612:
611:
591:
589:
578:
575:
573:
570:
507:Ottoman Sultan
495:
438:Main article:
435:
432:
362:Main article:
359:
356:
328:Peter Monoszló
290:Royal seal of
283:
280:
278:
275:
146:Main article:
143:
140:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3063:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3029:
3027:963-05-0843-5
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2989:0-88033-229-8
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2967:973-7784-04-9
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2948:963-05-6703-2
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2929:963-05-6703-2
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2910:963-9465-12-7
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:Kristó, Gyula
2894:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2850:973-7784-00-6
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2814:Curta, Florin
2811:
2807:
2805:963-05-6703-2
2801:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2780:
2779:1-884445-40-3
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2544:, p. 99.
2543:
2538:
2536:
2529:, p. 98.
2528:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2505:, p. 47.
2504:
2499:
2493:, p. 72.
2492:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2476:, p. 46.
2475:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2441:, p. 39.
2440:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2414:, p. 33.
2413:
2408:
2402:, p. 22.
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2336:, p. 17.
2335:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2309:, p. 40.
2308:
2303:
2297:, p. 23.
2296:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2268:, p. 70.
2267:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2228:, p. 71.
2227:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2201:, p. 28.
2200:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2143:, p. 27.
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2110:, p. 25.
2109:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2051:, p. 24.
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1853:9780880334792
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1815:9780192506436
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1780:9780202366654
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1738:, p. 87.
1737:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:Sălăgean 2016
1717:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1693:, p. 18.
1692:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1676:, p. 99.
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1635:, p. 98.
1634:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1603:, p. 17.
1602:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:Sălăgean 2016
1472:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1395:Sălăgean 2016
1391:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
973:, p. 91.
972:
967:
960:
955:
949:, p. 91.
948:
943:
939:
927:
923:
919:
913:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Udvarhelyszék
877:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
837:
829:
825:
823:
822:János Imreffy
819:
814:
812:
808:
802:
800:
795:
793:
792:
780:
776:
772:
768:
759:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
731:
729:
725:
724:Saint Michael
721:
717:
711:
702:
700:
695:
691:
687:
685:
681:
680:János Bethlen
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
655:The Diet was
643:
641:
637:
633:
632:Royal Hungary
629:
625:
619:
608:
599:
595:
592:This section
590:
587:
583:
582:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
494:
491:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
431:
429:
424:
420:
414:
410:
408:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
371:
365:
355:
353:
348:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
319:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
293:
288:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
201:
196:
192:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
37:
32:
19:
3017:
2998:
2979:
2976:Rady, Martyn
2957:
2938:
2919:
2900:
2878:
2859:
2840:
2819:
2795:
2770:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2583:
2564:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2469:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2368:
2341:
2314:
2302:
2273:
2206:
2179:
2167:
2115:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1870:
1866:
1858:the original
1838:
1828:
1820:the original
1800:
1793:
1785:the original
1765:
1755:
1743:
1669:
1657:
1581:
1456:
1444:
1417:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1167:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
925:
912:
876:
840:
826:
818:high treason
815:
807:general levy
803:
796:
789:
786:
777:
773:
769:
765:
756:
732:
712:
708:
698:
696:
692:
688:
669:
654:
621:
602:
598:adding to it
593:
551:
523:John Zápolya
504:
498:
487:
471:
467:
463:
461:
428:Székely Land
415:
411:
404:
387:George Lépes
384:
373:
344:
340:
324:vice-voivode
320:
308:Székely Land
305:
297:
270:
252:
250:
219:
204:
186:
163:Transylvania
161:
128:Transylvania
117:
77:Principality
43:
41:
2702:Dörner 2009
2588:Dörner 2009
2557:Dörner 2009
2462:Dörner 2009
2361:Dörner 2009
2251:Dörner 2009
2160:Dörner 2009
2091:Dörner 2009
2068:Dörner 2009
1982:Dörner 2005
1929:Dörner 2005
1905:Dörner 2005
1706:Makkai 1994
1662:Makkai 1994
1650:Makkai 1994
1616:Dörner 2009
1574:Makkai 1994
1557:Makkai 1994
1523:Makkai 1994
1491:Kristó 2003
1461:Dörner 2005
1449:Dörner 2005
1437:Dörner 2005
1422:Dörner 2005
1410:Kristó 2003
1363:Makkai 1994
1351:Makkai 1994
1339:Makkai 1994
1327:Makkai 1994
1315:Makkai 1994
1271:Kristó 2003
1247:Makkai 1994
1223:Kristó 2003
1211:Kristó 2003
1187:Makkai 1994
1160:Makkai 1994
1145:Kristó 2003
1133:Makkai 1994
1121:Makkai 1994
1109:Makkai 1994
1094:Kristó 2003
1070:Kristó 2003
1043:Kristó 2003
1019:Kristó 2003
1007:Kristó 2003
971:Kristó 2003
905:Aranyosszék
736:Cluj-Napoca
705:Convocation
651:Composition
499:Tripartitum
473:Tripartitum
277:Development
120:Târgu Mureș
79:(from 1765
36:Cluj-Napoca
3040:Categories
2569:Péter 2009
2037:Barta 1994
2025:Barta 1994
2013:Barta 1994
2001:Barta 1994
1965:Barta 1994
1953:Barta 1994
1941:Barta 1994
1917:Barta 1994
1888:Barta 1994
1748:Fodor 2013
1691:Fodor 2013
1601:Fodor 2013
1199:Curta 2006
995:Curta 2006
983:Curta 2006
959:Curta 2006
935:References
657:unicameral
562:suzerainty
352:Ugrin Csák
142:Background
1736:Rady 1992
1674:Rady 1992
1633:Rady 1992
947:Rady 1992
901:Marosszék
897:Kézdiszék
893:Orbaiszék
889:Sepsiszék
783:Functions
762:Procedure
646:The Diets
605:July 2017
490:man-price
263:Romanians
238:Wallachia
61:Hungarian
49:‹See Tfd›
2899:(2003).
2816:(2006).
1763:(2008).
1586:Pop 2005
1542:Pop 2005
1506:Pop 2005
1380:Pop 2005
1298:Pop 2005
1283:Pop 2005
1259:Pop 2005
1235:Pop 2005
1172:Pop 2005
1082:Pop 2005
1058:Pop 2005
1031:Pop 2005
885:Csíkszék
554:Debrecen
496:—
300:Noblemen
242:Moldavia
211:Székelys
179:counties
105:counties
93:Székelys
85:noblemen
69:Romanian
2759:Sources
865:Küküllő
861:Kraszna
748:Făgăraș
699:praeses
577:History
558:Partium
457:Partium
399:Căpâlna
183:voivode
109:Partium
3024:
3005:
2986:
2964:
2945:
2926:
2907:
2885:
2866:
2847:
2828:
2802:
2777:
1850:
1812:
1777:
857:Kolozs
853:Hunyad
845:Doboka
752:Iernut
464:regnum
271:knezes
259:Vlachs
188:ispáns
97:Saxons
53:German
869:Torda
849:Fehér
832:Notes
791:Hajdú
684:vicar
215:seats
171:Turda
124:Turda
3022:ISBN
3003:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2883:ISBN
2864:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2826:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2575:help
1848:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1775:ISBN
903:and
867:and
750:and
740:Aiud
738:and
505:The
336:fine
261:(or
251:The
240:and
156:and
95:and
42:The
600:.
3042::
2694:^
2595:^
2549:^
2534:^
2481:^
2446:^
2431:^
2380:^
2353:^
2326:^
2285:^
2258:^
2233:^
2218:^
2191:^
2148:^
2127:^
2098:^
2075:^
2056:^
1989:^
1972:^
1895:^
1878:^
1842:.
1804:.
1769:.
1728:^
1713:^
1698:^
1681:^
1640:^
1623:^
1608:^
1593:^
1564:^
1549:^
1530:^
1513:^
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1468:^
1429:^
1402:^
1387:^
1370:^
1305:^
1290:^
1179:^
1152:^
1101:^
1050:^
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
883:,
863:,
859:,
855:,
851:,
847:,
642:.
549:.
529:,
509:,
430:.
389:,
378:,
330:,
138:.
115:.
71::
67:;
63::
59:;
55::
3030:.
3011:.
2992:.
2970:.
2951:.
2932:.
2913:.
2891:.
2872:.
2853:.
2834:.
2808:.
2781:.
2577:)
907:.
871:.
607:)
603:(
46:(
20:)
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