618:
780:
361:
712:
844:(in the case of abuse of dominance for example) and seems to be very cautious in term of concurrence (exclusive competence). The EU sanctions cartels’ behavior and examines mergers in order to preserve competition and protect small and medium enterprises (SMEs) entering the market. Within the digital market, mergers often create digital firm dominance, thus possibly preventing European equivalents. Moreover, regulation could in theory protect people working in the digital sector or for the digital sector (such as
512:(Directive 95/46/CE, art.2), defined data as "any information relating to a natural person who can be identified by reference to his identification number or to information which is specific to him". At that time, this regulation emerged in response to the need to integrate the European market. By adopting common European data protection standards, the EU was able to harmonize conflicting national laws that were emerging as a trade barrier, inhibiting commerce in Europe. For this reason,
664:
businesses. Only 30% of microenterprises in the
European Union claimed to have taken action to advance digitalization in 2022, compared to 63% of major businesses. In comparison to 71% in the United States, the proportion of EU enterprises employing advanced digital technology increased from 2021 to 2022, reaching 69%. One in two American businesses (surveyed) and 42% of European businesses increased their investments in digitalization in response to the pandemic in 2022.
432:
independent contractors, these companies are not responsible for giving its workers benefits packages like it would for regular full-time employees. This has resulted in the formation of unions between gig and platform workers and various reforms within the industry. Blockchain and
Tokenized equity-sharing gig economy platforms or applications are being developed to accelerate the gig economy as a full fledged digital economy contributor using new technologies.
733:(DSM) was included as part of the Single Market Act initiatives adopted by the European Commission (EC). The question had already come up earlier in 1990 and was brought up again later in 2010, emerging at a sensitive moment in the post-crisis of 2008, and used as a catalyst for action. The crisis created opportunities to place the Single Market upfront in the European agenda and was aimed to resolve two issues: financial supervision and economic coordination.
381:. It contained the promotion of five principles used to guide the U.S. government's actions towards electronic commerce so that the digital economy's growth potential remains high. These five principles include the leadership of the private sector, the government avoiding undue restrictions on e-commerce, limited government involvement, the government's recognition of the Internet's unique qualities, and the facilitation of e-commerce on a global basis.
899:, the vice-president of the Commission, in charge of the DSM. The decision to approach the DSM from a different point of view is also because the digital space is in constant evolution with the growing importance of online platform and the change of market share. The DSM was a priority because of its economic importance; the total of EU e-commerce reached 240 billion € in 2011, and out of that 44 billion were cross-border trade between member states.
145:(1995) used a metaphor of shifting from processing atoms to processing bits: "The problem is simple. When information is embodied in atoms, there is a need for all sorts of industrial-age means and huge corporations for delivery. But suddenly, when the focus shifts to bits, the traditional big guys are no longer needed. Do-it-yourself publishing on the Internet makes sense. It does not for a paper copy."
671:. This is also due to the fact that the European Union has many more small businesses than the United States. Smaller businesses are less digital, which has repercussions for the employees they hire. Non-digital enterprises tend to pay lower wages and are less likely to create new employment. They have also been less inclined to train their employees throughout the pandemic. Enterprises in the
819:
European governments, including the
European Commission. Attracting foreign investment is less and less seen as a relevant reason to implement tax cuts. Aside from the fiscal revenue shortfall, this issue has taken a political turn in recent years since some people and politicians feel that, in a time of financial crisis, these highly profitable firms do not contribute to the national effort.
975:
create concerns about market power, which could enable firms to charge higher prices and pay lower wages than if they experienced competition. Market power could also lead to outsized political influence by dominant technology firms, leading to deregulation. In some cases, digital platform companies can pit their users against governments, thus discouraging stringent regulations.
605:, for instance, aimed to provide a 1 GB/second download speed fiber-based broadband to 93% of the population over ten years. Digital infrastructure is essential for leveraging investment in digital transformation. According to a survey conducted in 2021, 16% of EU enterprises regard access to digital infrastructure to be a substantial barrier to investment.
765:
the end of 2012. Despite being a priority in the SMA I & II, legislative initiatives failed due to the high cost of implementation measures. Also, there were its potential ‘blockbuster for economic gains’ and the protest of citizens against sovereign debt countries' rescue and bank bail-outs. The slow adoption of the proposal is partly due to
637:. 46% of businesses report that they have grown more digital. 34% of enterprises that do not yet utilise advanced digital technology saw the COVID-19 crisis as a chance to focus on digitisation. Firms that have incorporated innovative digital technology are more positive about their industry's and the overall economic condition in the recovery from the
860:€2.42 billion for abusing its dominant position as a search engine by giving an illegal advantage to Google Shopping. The EC aimed to pave the way to relieve firms suffering from its abuse of dominant position. Moreover, it sought to prove that the EC's strategy does works and companies may be fined at high rates.
531:. Thus, the intangibility of content tends to give a collective natural aspect to this information accessible to everyone, to benefit public good by creating a digital public space. The McKinsey Global Institute Report (2014) notes five broad ways in which leveraging big data can create value for businesses:
587:
is based on the idea that platforms are ‘two-sided’. This can explain why some platforms can offer free content, with customers on one side and the software developers or advertisers on the other. On a market where multiple groups of persons interact through platforms as intermediaries, the decisions
314:
A narrow definition would typically just encompass core digital sectors that refers to the provisioning of digital technologies, products, services, infrastructure, and solutions, as well as all forms of economic activities that are completely dependent on digital technologies and data elements. This
920:
on average). It found that the digital economy had grown two and a half times faster than global GDP over the previous 15 years, almost doubling in size since 2000. Most of the value in the digital economy was produced in only a few economies: the United States (35%), China (13%) and Japan (8%). The
764:
The issue of the low salience was a causal factor explaining the limits of the commission's commitment to reform the single market. Even though the member states approved the DSM, and the definition for the DSM was accepted by
European institutions as a key priority, only one proposal was adopted at
431:
Most gig work supplements workers' traditional jobs. The full size of the gig economy and number of workers is not yet known. Katz and
Krueger estimated that only 0.5% of gig workers make most of their income off of platforms like Uber, Lyft, Grubhub, and DoorDash. Since these workers are considered
827:
The
Digital Market is characterized by its heterogeneity. The European Market is in a difficult position to compete with other advanced countries within the Digital World (such as US or China). There are currently no European digital champions. The European Digital Market is divided in regulations,
818:
Certain challenges may exist for regulators. One example is in identifying and defining platforms. Member states lack coordination, and may be independent of the regulator, who can not have a global vision of the market. Also, tax evasion of digital MNEs has become a growing concern for most of the
748:
in 1985 and focused on one of the weaknesses of the latter, namely the fragmentation of the national digital market. Building on the Monti report, the communication 'Towards a Single Market Act' detailed 50 proposals to reform the SM by the end of 2012. But the DSM was only adopted in 2015 and the
663:
After the COVID-19 outbreak, the number of non-digital enterprises that downsized was also greater than the share of non-digital firms that had positive job growth. Non-digital companies had a negative net employment balance. Small and medium-sized businesses are falling behind big and medium-sized
592:. When the users spend time on a page or click on links, this creates a positive externality for the advertiser displaying a banner there. The digital Multinational enterprises (MNEs) do not collect revenue from the user side but from the advertiser side, thanks to the sale of online advertisement.
353:
A digital platform operator is an entity or person offering an online communication service to the public based on computer algorithms used to classify content, goods, or services offered online, or the connection of several parties for the sale of goods, the provision of a service, or the exchange
242:
Top-down definitions identify broad trends at play in the digital transformation and define the
Digital Economy as the result of their combined impact on value creation. These include such spillovers as changes in labor market demand and regulations, platform economy, sustainability, and equality.
600:
Given its expected broad impact, traditional firms are actively assessing how to respond to the changes brought about by the digital economy. For corporations, the timing of their response is of the essence. Banks are trying to innovate and use digital tools to improve their traditional business.
523:
Due to its ability to bridge the information asymmetry between supply and demand, data now has an economic value. When platforms compile personal data, they gather preferences and interests, which allow companies to exert a targeted action on the consumer through advertising. Algorithms classify,
391:
regulations that require that companies store data (e.g. personal information, business records, financial data, government data) in a particular country or go through a process before transferring the data abroad. For example, the EU's GDPR law only permits transfers of data on EU individuals to
1013:
are generally classified as ‘independent workers’ (with temporary, off-site, autonomous contracts) which challenges the application of labor and occupational health and safety law. As a result, online platforms encourage the flexibilization of jobs and a higher volatility of the labor market, as
760:
is presented as a key priority in the economy of Union, even if there were several attempts to deepen the integration, there are still obstacles remaining. The creation of the DSM constitutes a catalyst to resolve several issues, and was supposed to have a widespread multiplier effect throughout
246:
Unlike the bottom-up definition, the top-down definition has units of analysis extending beyond firms, industries, and sectors to include individuals, communities, and societies. While the latter definition is more inclusive, the IMF notes that it is subjective, qualitative, and open-ended, thus
983:
By increasing automation of tasks previously performed by human workers, the digital economy has the potential to cause job displacement. Whether automation causes net job displacement depends on whether the gains from automation lead to greater consumer demand (by lowering prices for goods and
974:
The digital economy is characterized by network effects, rapid development of economies of scale, first-mover advantages and winner-takes-all dynamics, which make it possible for a small number of firms to gain a dominant market position and impede entry by potential competitors. These dynamics
310:
The Digital
Economy consists of all sectors making extensive use of digital technologies (i.e. their existence depends on digital technologies). However, digitalization spans many economic sectors, making it far from trivial precisely delimit the digital economy within the entire
800:
One of the key priorities of the EU is to guarantee fair competition. Yet, within the
Digital Market, the competition may be distorted. With more exertion of network effects comes higher barriers to entry (difficulty for a new entrant to enter the market and compete) in the market. Vertical or
608:
Some traditional companies have tried to respond to the regulatory challenge imposed by the
Digital economy, including through tax evasion. Due to the immaterial nature of digital activities, these digital multinational enterprises (MNEs) are extremely mobile, which allows them to optimize tax
499:
Advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) have significantly reduced the cost associated with the organization and coordination of complex activities over a long period. Some businesses are increasingly able to manage their global operations on an integrated basis from a
956:
of individual behaviors by digital firms has implications for privacy rights. Data collected on individuals can be analyzed and monetized by technology firms without compensation to users. The data is not only used to predict behaviors, but influence behavior. The data collected is at risk of
490:
Both development and exploitation of intangible assets are key features of the digital economy. This investment in and development of intangibles such as software is a core contributor to value creation and economic growth for companies in the digital economy. In early 2000, companies started
965:
The digital economy has implications for international tax rules. Digital technology companies produce goods that are not necessarily tied to specific geographical locations, which complicates taxation of those companies. Digital technology can therefore enable tax evasion and tax avoidance.
217:
Bottom-up definitions define the Digital Economy as the aggregate of a specific indicator for a set of industries identified as actors in the Digital Economy. Whether an industry is considered an actor depends on the nature of the products (narrow) or the proportion of digital inputs used in
318:
Broader definitions also include industrial digitalization, i.e. the production quantity and efficiency improvement brought about by the application of digital technology in traditional industries, as an important extension of the digital economy into the wider societal economy. Examples of
85:
of the economy alters conventional notions about how businesses are structured, how consumers obtain goods and services, and how states need to adapt to new regulatory challenges. The digital economy has the potential to shape economic interactions between states, businesses and individuals
644:
Businesses in poorer regions are more concerned about the pandemic's consequences. Companies in affected areas anticipate long-term effects on their supply chain from the outbreak. A bigger proportion of businesses anticipate permanent employment losses as a result of the digitalization
932:
The Digital Economy uses a tenth of the world's electricity. The move to the cloud has also caused the rise in electricity use and carbon emissions. A server room at a data center can use, on average, enough electricity to power 180,000 homes. The Digital Economy can be used for mining
327:
The information technology (IT) sector of the U.S. now makes up about 8.2% of the country's GDP and accounts for twice its share of the GDP as compared to the last decade. 45% of spending on business equipment are investments in IT products and services, which is why companies such as
801:
horizontal mergers and acquisitions take place in closed ecosystems. In order to limit this problem in the digital ecosystem, the EU aims to qualify certain firms as either as an "abuse of dominant position" or a "cartel" which are against the competition prosperity within the
791:
used the crisis as a window of opportunity, it did not allow it to go further in implementing a high transformation of the Single Market. The crisis context pushed the political actors to move forward to better manage the crisis, but did not permit it to fully implement the DSM.
832:), due to the fact that the digital environment is by nature global. As noted by the European parliament, taxation on Digital Market could bring about 415bn euros to the EU economy, and be considered as an incentive to further deepen the EU integration (EP opinion's 2014).
656:. 38% of firms reported in a survey that they focused on basic digital technologies, while 22% focused on advanced technologies (such as robotics, AI). Organizations that invested in both advanced and basic digital technologies were found most likely to outperform during the
876:
Commission. Yet, it is only under the Juncker Commission that the strategy of the DSM was adopted on 6 May 2015 as it was ranked as the second priority out of the 10 priorities for the new Commission's mandate. Throughout this document, the DSM emphasized 3 policy pillars:
340:
have grown from $ 12 million in 1987 to more than half a billion in 1997. The widespread adoption of ICT combined with the rapid decline in price and increase in the performance of these technologies, has contributed to the development of new activities in the private and
805:
Digital companies such as the GAFA prosper thanks to their various free services that they make available to consumers, which appear beneficial for consumers, but less so for firms in potential competition. It my be difficult for regulators to sanction firms such as
500:
central location separate geographically from the locations in which the operations are carried out, and where their suppliers or customers are. Consequently, it has allowed businesses to expand access to remote markets and provide goods and services across borders.
233:
In a bottom-up and broad perspective, the Digital Economy is "all industries using digital inputs as part of their production process". Examples of digital inputs include digital infrastructure, equipment, and software but can include data and digital skills.
1591:
707:
A cashless society describes an economic state in which transactions no longer use physical currency (such as banknotes and coins) as the medium. Transactions which would historically have been undertaken with cash are often now undertaken electronically.
609:
evasion. They can carry out high volumes of sales from a tax jurisdiction. Concretely, governments face MNE fiscal optimization from companies locating their activity in the countries where tax is the lowest. On the other hand, companies can undergo
613:
for the same activity or be confronted with legal and tax vagueness. The Conseil National du Numérique concluded that the shortfall in corporate tax gain for Apple, Google, Amazon, and Facebook was worth approximately 500 million euros in 2012.
168:. Since the digital economy is continuously replacing and expanding the traditional economy, there is no clear delineation between the two integrated economy types. The digital economy results from billions of daily online transactions (
345:. These new technologies provide market reach, lower costs, and new opportunities for products and services that were not needed before. This changes the way multinational enterprises (MNE) and startups design their business models.
79:, also contributed to the digital economy. More people are now working online, and with the increase of online activity that contributes to the global economy, companies that support the systems of the Internet are more profitable.
296:
comprising digitalized sectors such as e-Business, e-Commerce, advanced manufacturing, precision agriculture, algorithmic economy, sharing economy, and gig economy. These digitalized sectors phenomenologically give rise to the
2895:
2845:
2745:
229:
on digital equipment. While this definition is adept at measuring the impact of digitalization on economic growth, it only focuses on the nature of output and offers an incomplete view of the Digital Economy's development.
776:(AI), the Commission adopted various initiatives with no meaningful coordination. The more pervasive the digital ecosystem becomes, the more sector-specific regulatory framework may need to be merged into general regimes.
1587:
761:
sectors across the EU. The EU Commission faced several obstacles. The commission acts in a way to deeply transform the Single Market. However, the EC lacked political support to enhance the impact of its decision.
207:
Flexible or tiered approach: breaking the Digital Economy into core and non-core components, and thereby finding a compromise between adaptability and the need to arrive at some common ground on the meaning of the
2296:
196:
There are varied definitions of the digital economy. There are multiple similar concepts for broadly the same phenomenon. According to the OECD, the Digital Economy can be defined in three different approaches:
319:
industrial digitalization in traditional sectors include remote sensing, automated farming equipment, GPS-route optimization, etc. However, few studies include industrial digitalization in the digital economy.
1030:) ruling acknowledged that an Uber driver could not qualify as a ‘self-employed’ contractor because he could not build his clientele or set his prices, establishing a relation of a subordinate of the company.
315:
includes key sectors like information and communication technology (ICT), but also other economic activities such as internet finance and digital commerce that are not seen as a part of the ICT-sector.
924:
Some scholars have argued that the digital economy entails unequal economic exchanges where users and consumers provide value to digital firms in the form of data but are not compensated for doing so.
1026:
hire self-employed drivers who sign a contract with the digital platform while the way they work is similar to a regular employee statute. Yet, for the first time, in March 2020, France's top court (
86:
profoundly. The emergence of the digital economy has prompted new debates over privacy rights, competition, and taxation, with calls for national and transnational regulations of the digital economy.
2565:
221:
Hence, from a bottom-up and narrow perspective, the Digital Economy is "all industries or activities that directly participate in producing, or crucially reliant on digital inputs." For instance,
2540:
652:
that had previously implemented advanced digital technology invested more to become more digital. 34% of non-digital EU organizations viewed the crisis as a chance to begin investing in their
740:" in the political guidelines of the second Barroso Commission and pointed out the need to eliminate barriers in order to implement the European Digital Market as an attempt to relaunch the
3035:
3138:
941:, uses an average of 70.69 TWh of electricity per year. The number of households that can be powered using the amount of power that bitcoin mining uses is around 6.5 million in the US.
679:
than firms in the US. The variations in adoption rates between the European Union and the United States are driven by the lower use of technologies connected to the internet of things.
440:
The digital economy has had a substantial impact on retail sales of consumer product goods. One effect has been the fast proliferation of retailers with no physical presence, such as
2408:
407:: taxes on revenues from the sale of digital services or goods (e.g. online sales, digital advertising, e-commerce, data, streaming). By 2022, 29 countries had digital service taxes.
204:
Top-down or trend-based approach: first identifying the key trends driving the digital transformation and then analyzing the extent to which these are reflected in the real economy,
571:
provides a free communication platform with friends and contacts. The utility to use it relies on the fact that a substantial part of or friends and colleagues are already users.
1054:
848:
drivers, a case recently in France), which could present opportunity. However, the EU may need to be cautious with regulation in order to create barriers at the market entry.
2693:
3010:
2198:
428:, and Uber Eats. It can be desirable to those who want more flexibility in their schedule and can allow workers to make additional income outside of their traditional jobs.
2455:
567:
occurs when the value of a product or service to the user increases exponentially with the number of other users using the same product or service. For instance,
491:
substantially increasing the amount of capital allocated to intangibles such as branding, design and, technology rather than in hardware, machinery or property.
1437:
2971:
1936:
201:
Bottom-up approach: characterizing industries’ and firms‘ output or production processes to decide whether they should be included in the Digital Economy,
3534:
ALVAREZ León, LUIS F. (2018). "A Blueprint for Market Construction? Spatial Data Infrastructure(s), Interoperability, and the EU Digital Single Market".
94:
The digital economy, also referred to as the new economy, refers to an economy in which digital computing technologies are used in economic activities.
1993:
1897:
Horoshko, Olena-Ivanna (May 2021). "Theoretical and Methodological Bases of the Study of the Impact of Digital Economy on World Policy in 21 Century".
2119:
2770:
2621:
1627:
71:, 70% of the global economy will be made up of digital technology over the next 10 years (from 2020 onwards). This is a trend accelerated by the
1548:
938:
769:’ protectionist temptations after the economic crisis. Each state wanted to put forward its preferences and legislation concerning this field.
3456:
Blanckenburg, K. (2018). "Google search abuses dominant position to illegally favour Google Shopping: an economic review of the EU decision".
3208:
Camisão, Isabel; Guimarães, Maria H. (March 2017). "The Commission, the Single Market and the Crisis: The Limits of Purposeful Opportunism".
3145:
2173:
3429:
VIOLA, Roberto; BRINGER, Olivier (2017). "Vers un marché unique numérique: faire de la révolution numérique une opportunité pour l'Europe".
2347:
3162:
2405:
1722:
2373:
2152:
2094:
3651:
3060:
2067:
2018:
Johnston, Hannah; Land-Kazlauskas, Chris. "Organizing on-demand: Representation, voice, and collective bargaining in the gig economy".
1994:"Digital platforms: to regulate or not to regulate? Message to Regulators: Fix the Economics First, Then Focus on the Right Regulation"
57:
3934:"How platform businesses mobilize their users and allies: Corporate grassroots lobbying and the Airbnb 'movement' for deregulation"
2820:
2443:
1470:
617:
2795:
2482:
2467:
1379:
1320:
736:
This gave a new dimension to the Market. The proposal for the DSM had been made under the strategy of the Commission entitled "
464:
have worked with outside vendors to completely convert their business one that is exclusively digital. These vendors, such as
416:
Gig work is labor that consists of temporary and flexible jobs usually done over delivery apps and rideshare services such as
3758:
3723:
3122:
2993:
2926:
2729:
2605:
2541:"Digital infrastructure is more than just broadband: What the US can learn from Europe's open source technology policy study"
2523:
1705:
1606:
1282:
1246:
984:
services, and increasing household incomes) and whether the introduction of new labor-intensive tasks will create new jobs.
3484:
1642:
2945:
2321:
686:
were the most likely to have implemented various digital technologies (47%) during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, while
991:
and made it easier for capital in developed countries to access labor in the developing world, which can lead to greater
779:
2134:
3509:
912:
According to a 2016 estimate, the Digital Economy represented $ 11.5 trillion, or 15.5% of global GDP (18.4% of GDP in
766:
691:
513:
538:
Managing performance by enabling experimentation to analyze variability in performance and understand its root causes,
460:, have declared bankruptcy as a result of their failure to anticipate and adapt to a digital economy. Others, such as
3982:
1976:
1340:
360:
282:. Examples include hardware manufacturing, software and IT consulting, information services, and telecommunications,
4172:
4080:
Garben, Sacha (2019). "The regulatory challenge of occupational safety and health in the online platform economy".
3036:"Only four EU countries lead the US in digitalisation – EIB launches new report on digitalisation in the EU and US"
2870:
1272:
2916:
2034:
127:
E-business (how business is conducted, any process that an organization conducts over computer-mediated networks),
2427:
1055:
Gross domestic product § Research and development about the relation between GDP and use of GDP and reality
3086:
1171:. Contains the special issue New and Old Economy: The Role of ICT in Structural Change and Economic Dynamics.
641:. There is, however, a discrepancy between businesses in more developed locations and less developed regions.
535:
Creating transparency by making data more easily accessible to stakeholders with the capacity to use the data,
4167:
841:
3380:
Capitalisme, Institutions, Pouvoir. Presses de Sciences Po. Colin Hay éd., Dictionnaire d'Économie Politique
3190:
La justification des atteintes aux libertés de circulation: cadre méthodologique et spécificités matérielles
2719:
2227:
255:
To reconcile the bottom-up and top-down definitions of the Digital Economy, Bukht and Heeks stated that the
4157:
298:
225:
adds up the economic outputs of the ICT sector and e-commerce market in terms of online sales of goods and
1937:"Intellectual Property and the Digital Economy: Why the Anti-Circumvention Regulations Need to Be Revised"
134:
Bill Imlah states that new applications are blurring these boundaries and adding complexity, for example,
3087:"Adoption of digital technologies by firms in Europe and the US: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey"
2513:
516:
and its predecessor were viewed as internal market instruments, facilitating the creation of a digital,
602:
374:
2647:
1164:
64:(IoT) is increasingly prevalent, as consumer products are embedded with digital services and devices.
4152:
4147:
3112:
1757:
Bukht, Rumana; Heeks, Richard (2017). "Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy".
1003:
The rise of digital platform companies has implications for the nature of work (in particular in the
737:
528:
509:
3569:
2270:
1802:
1743:
1666:
1572:
1533:
1494:
1232:
1149:
527:
Via free access to platforms in exchange for the collection of personal data, they make the content
3877:"The Rise of the Platform Business Model and the Transformation of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism"
1778:
1509:
829:
828:
standards, usages, and languages. The member states cannot meet the demand, or support innovation (
667:
In Europe, 31% of people work for companies that are non-digital, compared to 22% of people in the
626:
544:
Improve decision making by replacing or supporting human decision making with automated algorithms,
267:
use of digital technologies (i.e. simply employing digital technologies to increase productivity).
1867:
773:
552:
357:
Most of the largest digital platform companies are located in either the United States or China.
1211:
802:
745:
741:
653:
634:
82:
4115:
1849:
1817:
1113:
588:
of each group affect the outcome of the other group of persons through a positive or negative
3011:"The future of remote work: An analysis of 2,000 tasks, 800 jobs, and 9 countries | McKinsey"
2595:
1963:. OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project. Paris: OECD Publishing. pp. 69–97.
1789:
1730:
1653:
1621:
1559:
1520:
1481:
1219:
1136:
730:
392:
countries that have implemented certain data privacy safeguards and been certified by the EU.
222:
173:
3318:
2566:""The development of digital infrastructure is critical for all of the region's industries""
2297:"Global flows in digital age: how trade, finance, people and data connect the world economy"
2199:"The rise of the intangible economy: how capitalism without capital is fostering inequality"
3876:
3819:
3591:
3570:"Digital economy report "value creation and capture: implications for developing countries"
917:
524:
reference, and prioritize the preferences of individuals to better predict their behavior.
472:, have enabled smaller retailers to compete with large, multi-national established brands.
68:
60:(ICT) across all business sectors to enhance productivity. A phenomenon referred to as the
1414:
101:
came into use during the early 1990s. For example, many academic papers were published by
8:
4162:
2456:
Being too late in digital more costly than being too early: Deloitte Telstra joint report
913:
788:
750:
579:
The Digital market can be labeled a ‘multi-sided’ market. The notion developed by French
142:
102:
4097:
3914:
3857:
3729:
3629:
3551:
3300:
3235:
2675:
2479:
1959:
OECD (16 September 2014). "The digital economy, new business models and key features".
1914:
1837:
1383:
1346:
1192:
1101:
1027:
988:
892:
873:
869:
699:
694:
to employ various technologies at the same time. Enterprises in these regions excel at
676:
456:
have restructured their businesses to adapt to a digital economy. Some retailers, like
172:) among people, organizations (businesses, educational institutions, non-profits), and
124:
E-business infrastructure (hardware, software, telecom, networks, human capital, etc.),
61:
4057:
4040:
4016:
3999:
3687:
2970:
Faivre, Clémence; Rückert, Désirée; Veugelers, Reinhilde; Weiss, Christoph T. (2023).
690:
were the least likely (14%). Large enterprises (49% versus 27%) were more likely than
4101:
4062:
4021:
3978:
3918:
3906:
3901:
3861:
3849:
3844:
3800:
3754:
3719:
3659:
3633:
3621:
3616:
3555:
3304:
3239:
3118:
2922:
2725:
2679:
2667:
2601:
2519:
2381:
2113:
2042:
1972:
1918:
1845:
1841:
1701:
1438:"The Great Data Exchange: What Businesses and Consumers Value in the Digital Economy"
1350:
1336:
1278:
1184:
1128:
1109:
1105:
1059:
657:
638:
630:
396:
226:
117:
76:
72:
30:
1196:
4089:
4052:
4011:
3970:
3945:
3896:
3888:
3839:
3831:
3790:
3733:
3713:
3611:
3603:
3547:
3543:
3465:
3438:
3409:
3360:
3330:
3290:
3282:
3225:
3217:
2659:
2095:"Apparel giant Forever 21 exploring restructuring as retail continues to take hits"
1964:
1910:
1906:
1879:
1829:
1693:
1685:
1328:
1176:
1093:
1039:
957:
breaches where personal information can be intentionally or inadvertently exposed.
445:
45:
economic activities (production, distribution, trade) are being transformed by the
42:
1883:
1180:
270:
Under this definition, the Digital Economy is stratified into three nested tiers:
261:
use of digital technologies (i.e. their existence depends on digital technologies)
3748:
3652:"The Surprisingly Large Energy Footprint of the Digital Economy [UPDATE]"
3260:
Crystalizing the EU digital policy: An exploration into the digital single market
2663:
2486:
2431:
2412:
1868:"Digital economy sectors are key CO2 transmission centers in the economic system"
1064:
1049:
949:
715:
A sign for an online payment service in the Groninger city of Winschoten, Oldambt
711:
610:
158:
621:
Firms that invested to become more digital as a response to COVID-19, by country
120:(2001), three main components of the digital economy concept can be identified:
2648:"Digital transformation: Five recommendations for the digitally conscious firm"
1968:
1406:
672:
649:
564:
181:
50:
3795:
3778:
3469:
3286:
2721:
Regional Cohesion in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey
1689:
921:
EU together with Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway accounted for another 25%.
555:
estimated that personal data collected in Europe was worth 315 billion euros.
4141:
4066:
4025:
3974:
3910:
3892:
3853:
3835:
3804:
3663:
3625:
3607:
2946:"Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey"
2671:
2385:
2046:
1188:
683:
668:
517:
342:
169:
38:
3334:
3442:
2918:
Digitalisation in Europe 2022-2023: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey
2515:
Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey
2406:
Internet matters: Essays in digital transformation | McKinsey & Company
1085:
953:
896:
687:
135:
111:
The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence
106:
3950:
3933:
3414:
3397:
3364:
2646:
Saarikko, Ted; Westergren, Ulrika H.; Blomquist, Tomas (1 November 2020).
1332:
724:
401:: regulations that require that data be stored on servers within a country
3061:"The European market potential for (Industrial) Internet of Things | CBI"
2871:"Digital transformation: importance, benefits and EU policy - EU monitor"
1833:
1097:
1015:
783:
Digital uptake in the European Union and in the United States (in %)
589:
584:
580:
461:
384:
Governments have primarily restricted digital trade through three means:
164:
26:
4116:"Top French court deals blow to Uber by giving driver 'employee' status"
3820:"Are We All Amazon Primed? Consumers and the Politics of Platform Power"
3295:
3085:
Revoltella, Debora; Rückert, Désirée; Weiss, Christoph (18 March 2020).
520:
by allowing an unhindered flow of data within the entire common market.
75:
and the tendency to go online. The future of work, especially since the
4093:
3321:(February 2018). "Quelle régulation face aux plateformes numériques?".
3230:
3221:
1697:
1549:"A roadmap toward a common framework for measuring the Digital Economy"
1471:"A roadmap toward a common framework for measuring the Digital Economy"
1044:
1010:
1004:
992:
547:
Improve the development of new business models, products, and services.
457:
185:
130:
E-commerce (transfer of goods, for example when a book is sold online).
3273:
Renda, Andrea (2017). "Will the DSM Strategy Spur Innovation ?".
2424:
3715:
Protectors of Privacy: Regulating Personal Data in the Global Economy
3378:
Courmont, Antoine; Galimberti, Deborah (2018). "Économie numérique".
2597:
EIB Investment Report 2021/2022: Recovery as a springboard for change
1643:"Digital Spillover, Measuring the true impact of the Digital Economy"
1019:
601:
Governments are investing in infrastructure. In 2013, the Australian
508:
The Digital economy relies on personal data collection. In 1995, the
469:
453:
333:
2896:"How Firms are Responding and Adapting During COVID-19 and Recovery"
2434:. Blog.digital.telefonica.com (2013-07-15). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
2174:"The Digital Transformation of Retail and How to Stay Alive Online"
1321:"Digital Globalization: Politics, Policy, and a Governance Paradox"
807:
695:
568:
177:
46:
105:’s Center for Digital Economy Research. The term was the title of
3592:"A Maussian bargain: Accumulation by gift in the digital economy"
3398:"L'Europe numérique. Entre singularités, faiblesses et promesses"
1720:
995:
and potentially harm low-skilled workers in developed countries.
934:
449:
417:
364:
Digital adoption and share of population with high digital skills
34:
2322:
Taxation and the Digital economy: a survey of theoretical models
2771:"Coronavirus' business impact: Evolving perspective | McKinsey"
2622:"Coronavirus' business impact: Evolving perspective | McKinsey"
2480:
What is the NBN? | NBN - National Broadband Network - Australia
2157:
2035:"The Evolution of the Internet and Its Impact on Retail Spaces"
884:
an environment where digital networks and services can prosper,
857:
2846:"COVID-19 digital transformation & technology | McKinsey"
2746:"COVID-19 digital transformation & technology | McKinsey"
1818:"Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy"
1086:"Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy"
329:
3485:"Vestager's Google strategy faces its first big court test"
2969:
2645:
2374:"How Jean Tirole's Work Helps Explain the Internet Economy"
2348:"Council Post: How To Harness The Power Of Network Effects"
1991:
1023:
845:
441:
425:
421:
337:
289:
comprising digital services and the platform-based economy,
541:
Segmenting populations to customize products and services,
2153:"Dollar Stores Vs. Apple Stores: A Retail Nation Divided"
465:
176:
devices (servers, laptops, smartphones, etc.) enabled by
1247:"What is digital economy? | Deloitte Malta | Technology"
822:
2972:"The Green and Digital Twin Transition: EU vs US Firms"
810:, due to the jobs and services they provide worldwide.
725:
Remaining barriers to fulfill the Digital Single Market
3084:
2458:. Computerworld (2012-11-30). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1750:
4000:"What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy"
2694:"Digital strategy in the postpandemic era | McKinsey"
2470:. CCR Magazine (2012-11-21). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
2415:. Mckinsey.com (2013-03-13). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
1634:
2135:"Bebe, The Iconic Mall Brand, Is Back From The Dead"
1961:
Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy
851:
2468:
Retail banks to tackle "digital disruption" in 2013
2446:. Smh.com.au (2012-07-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
2017:
1809:
1404:
1165:"The Digital Economy: what is new and what is not?"
3577:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
3377:
3163:"Sweden leads the race to become cashless society"
1585:
978:
744:This strategy was similar to the one used for the
305:
3688:"Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index - Digiconomist"
2994:"Digitalisation and changes in the world of work"
987:Digital technology has facilitated the spread of
494:
4139:
3207:
1682:World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends
1640:
1436:Services, Mastercard Data & (24 July 2020).
1271:Peitz, Martin; Waldfogel, Joel (6 August 2012).
891:As a key priority for the newly President-elect
4038:
3818:Culpepper, Pepper D.; Thelen, Kathleen (2020).
3817:
1673:
1084:Bukht, Rumana; Heeks, Richard (3 August 2017).
881:improving access to digital goods and services,
868:The Digital Economy has been a concern for the
813:
648:During the pandemic, 53% of enterprises in the
625:According to 55% of businesses surveyed in the
257:Digital Economy consists of all sectors making
56:The digital economy is backed by the spread of
16:Economy based on digital computing technologies
3776:
3589:
3510:"Factsheets on the Commission's 10 priorities"
3395:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1270:
1210:Bank, European Investment (28 February 2023).
148:The digital economy is variously known as the
3750:We, the Data: Human Rights in the Digital Age
3351:Colin, Nicolas (2015). "Économie numérique".
3111:Bank, European Investment (11 January 2023).
2594:Bank, European Investment (12 January 2022).
2444:Economy is better off with digital disruption
2327:(Report). France Stratégie. 26 February 2015
2093:Newburger, Lauren Hirsch,Emma (3 June 2019).
2068:"Department Stores Bring Down Retail Results"
1816:Bukht, Rumana; Heeks, Richard (August 2017).
1579:
1126:
191:
3875:Rahman, K. Sabeel; Thelen, Kathleen (2019).
3874:
3533:
3455:
3428:
3192:. Brussels: College of Europe. pp. 3–4.
2256:. Oxford Press University. pp. 131–169.
2118:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1822:International Organisations Research Journal
1759:International Organisations Research Journal
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
969:
753:and the Council was made in September 2016.
448:Additionally, traditional retailers such as
379:The Framework for Global Electronic Commerce
354:or sharing of content, goods, and services.
3997:
3590:Fourcade, Marion; Kluttz, Daniel N (2020).
3187:
3114:EIB Investment Survey 2022 - CESEE overview
1899:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
1861:
1859:
1765:
1626:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1607:"Toolkit for measuring the Digital Economy"
3777:Mansfield, Edward D.; Rudra, Nita (2021).
3396:GAGLIO, Cyrielle; GUILLIOU, Sarah (2018).
3323:Annales des Mines - Réalités industrielles
2718:Bank, European Investment (12 July 2022).
1815:
1756:
1721:International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2018).
1679:
1363:
1274:The Oxford Handbook of the Digital Economy
1083:
485:
247:limiting meaningful comparative analysis.
58:information and communication technologies
4056:
4039:Burrell, Jenna; Fourcade, Marion (2021).
4015:
3998:Vallas, Steven; Schor, Juliet B. (2020).
3949:
3900:
3843:
3794:
3615:
3514:European Commission - European Commission
3482:
3458:Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance
3413:
3294:
3229:
2915:Bank, European Investment (15 May 2023).
2172:Hazzard, Tracy Leigh (5 September 2019).
2092:
1455:
702:(42%), and platform implementation (38%).
322:
3958:
3779:"Embedded Liberalism in the Digital Era"
3317:
2512:Bank, European Investment (5 May 2022).
2251:
1896:
1856:
1714:
1604:
1598:
1435:
1318:
1162:
835:
778:
710:
616:
359:
141:In the last decade of the 20th century,
3139:"THE COST OF CASH IN THE UNITED STATES"
2940:
2938:
2910:
2908:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2372:Miller, Claire Cain (14 October 2014).
2171:
1169:Structural Change and Economic Dynamics
645:transformation brought on by COVID-19.
212:
4140:
4079:
3772:
3770:
3711:
3391:
3389:
3257:
2589:
2587:
2371:
2132:
1992:Strowel Alain; Vergote Wouter (2018).
1930:
1928:
1776:
1507:
1405:Nicholas Negroponte (1 January 1995).
1314:
1127:Brekke, Jaya; Alsindi, Wassim (2021).
250:
237:
3931:
3682:
3680:
3645:
3643:
3353:Notes du Conseil d'Analyse économique
3350:
3346:
3344:
3272:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3203:
3201:
3199:
2796:"COVID-19 and the future of business"
2538:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2265:
2263:
2222:
2220:
2032:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1934:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1090:Development Informatics Working Paper
863:
823:Strength within the EU digital policy
795:
574:
4082:International Social Security Review
3964:
3746:
3483:Van Dorpe, Simon (3 February 2020).
3262:. Springer International Publishing.
3110:
3104:
2935:
2914:
2905:
2717:
2593:
2511:
2492:
1958:
1865:
1594:from the original on 8 January 2019.
1546:
1468:
1380:"The Concept of a "Digital Economy""
1209:
348:
3767:
3386:
3131:
3078:
2686:
2639:
2614:
2584:
2558:
2532:
2133:Segran, Elizabeth (9 August 2017).
1925:
1203:
503:
435:
13:
3677:
3640:
3341:
3246:
3196:
2307:
2260:
2217:
2191:
1947:
1291:
1077:
1014:opposed to traditional companies.
719:
675:have lower adoption rates for the
629:'s Investment survey in 2021, the
14:
4184:
4058:10.1146/annurev-soc-090820-020800
4017:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857
3967:OECD Digital Economy Outlook 2017
3649:
2345:
2271:"Economie numérique et fiscalité"
2252:Bradford, Anu (2019). "Chap. 5".
1588:"The rise of Digital Challengers"
1163:Carlsson, Bo (1 September 2004).
944:
852:European Commission versus Google
558:
4108:
4073:
4032:
3210:Journal of Common Market Studies
2539:Nagle, Frank (9 November 2021).
2301:McKinsey Global Institute Report
2203:Imperial College Business School
749:proposal for a directive of the
368:
3991:
3925:
3868:
3811:
3740:
3705:
3583:
3562:
3527:
3502:
3476:
3449:
3422:
3371:
3311:
3266:
3181:
3155:
3053:
3028:
3003:
2986:
2963:
2888:
2863:
2838:
2813:
2788:
2763:
2738:
2711:
2489:. NBN. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
2473:
2461:
2449:
2437:
2418:
2399:
2365:
2339:
2289:
2245:
2165:
2145:
2126:
2086:
2060:
2033:Ellis, Michael (17 July 2014).
2026:
2011:
1985:
1941:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
1890:
1723:"Measuring the Digital Economy"
1540:
1501:
1429:
1398:
998:
979:Job displacement and offshoring
682:In Eastern and Central Europe,
475:
373:In the U.S. in the 1990's, the
306:Elements of the digital economy
263:, as opposed to sectors making
41:that describes how traditional
3548:10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.03.013
3188:Hatzopoulos, Vassilis (2013).
1911:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120640
1614:G20 Digital Economy Task Force
1442:Mastercard Data & Services
1372:
1357:
1264:
1239:
1156:
1120:
887:digital as a driver of growth.
495:Mobility of business functions
411:
218:production processes (broad).
1:
3824:Comparative Political Studies
2821:"COVID-19 and digitalisation"
2425:Welcome to Telefónica Digital
1884:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136873
1872:Journal of Cleaner Production
1510:"Digital Economy Report 2019"
1366:Measuring the Digital Economy
1181:10.1016/j.strueco.2004.02.001
1070:
633:has increased the demand for
89:
3718:. Cornell University Press.
3117:. European Investment Bank.
2921:. European Investment Bank.
2724:. European Investment Bank.
2664:10.1016/j.bushor.2020.07.005
2600:. European Investment Bank.
2518:. European Investment Bank.
1779:"The Digital Economy Report"
1368:. U.S. Bureau of the Census.
814:Challenges for the regulator
299:Fourth Industrial Revolution
7:
4041:"The Society of Algorithms"
3712:Newman, Abraham L. (2008).
3431:Revue d'économie financière
2020:International Labour Office
1866:Wang, Wenhuan (June 2023).
1277:. Oxford University Press.
1033:
960:
595:
480:
10:
4189:
4045:Annual Review of Sociology
4004:Annual Review of Sociology
3969:. Paris: OECD Publishing.
3783:International Organization
2228:"L_2006376FR.01003601.xml"
1969:10.1787/9789264218789-7-en
1325:Cambridge University Press
1319:Weymouth, Stephen (2023).
1212:"Innovation overview 2023"
907:
902:
603:National Broadband Network
192:Development of the concept
3902:21.11116/0000-0003-400C-8
3845:21.11116/0000-0003-D060-5
3796:10.1017/S0020818320000569
3617:21.11116/0000-0005-9F97-E
3470:10.1108/DPRG-05-2017-0020
3287:10.1007/s10272-017-0674-7
2007:– via ec.europa.eu.
1690:10.1596/978-1-4648-0671-1
1641:Oxford Economics (2016).
1364:Mesenbourg, T.L. (2001).
970:Competition and antitrust
927:
738:Digital Agenda for Europe
684:manufacturing enterprises
510:Data Protection directive
3975:10.1787/9789264276284-en
3893:10.1177/0032329219838932
3836:10.1177/0010414019852687
3608:10.1177/2053951719897092
3040:European Investment Bank
2950:European Investment Bank
2430:11 December 2012 at the
2411:14 February 2013 at the
1586:McKinsey & Company.
627:European Investment Bank
4173:Supply chain management
3747:Wong, Wendy H. (2023).
3335:10.3917/rindu1.181.0075
2072:The Business of Fashion
774:artificial intelligence
553:Boston Consulting Group
486:Mobility of intangibles
389:Data flow restrictions:
3881:Politics & Society
3602:(1): 205395171989709.
3596:Big Data & Society
3443:10.3917/ecofi.125.0239
1797:Cite journal requires
1738:Cite journal requires
1661:Cite journal requires
1567:Cite journal requires
1528:Cite journal requires
1489:Cite journal requires
1227:Cite journal requires
1144:Cite journal requires
872:concern since the 1st
856:In 2017, the EC fined
784:
716:
654:digital transformation
622:
405:Digital services taxes
375:Clinton Administration
365:
323:Information technology
83:Digital transformation
3938:Socio-Economic Review
3415:10.3917/reof.158.0011
3365:10.3917/ncae.026.0001
2275:www.strategie.gouv.fr
1333:10.1017/9781108974158
836:Mechanisms of control
782:
731:Digital Single Market
714:
620:
363:
274:Core: comprising the
174:distributed computing
138:and Internet search.
4168:Electronics industry
3932:Yates, Luke (2023).
1834:10.2139/ssrn.3431732
1098:10.2139/ssrn.3431732
1007:) and labor rights.
937:which, according to
918:developing economies
213:Bottom-up definition
4158:Information economy
3951:10.1093/ser/mwad028
3734:10.7591/j.ctv2n7f1b
3319:Benhamou, Françoise
3258:Mărcuţ, M. (2017).
3151:on 1 December 2016.
2570:MAPFRE Global Risks
2254:The Brussels effect
1935:Samuelson, Pamela.
1680:World Bank (2016).
989:global value chains
916:and 10 per cent in
914:developed economies
751:European Parliament
294:digitalized economy
251:Flexible definition
238:Top-down definition
143:Nicholas Negroponte
103:New York University
4094:10.1111/issr.12215
3222:10.1111/jcms.12464
2572:. 7 September 2021
2485:2013-01-16 at the
2378:The New York Times
1386:on 22 October 2013
1018:companies such as
870:Juncker Commission
864:Juncker Commission
796:Current challenges
785:
717:
700:Internet of Things
688:construction firms
677:internet of things
623:
575:Multi-sided market
366:
285:Narrow scope: the
62:Internet of Things
3760:978-0-262-37638-9
3725:978-0-8014-4549-1
3579:. New York. 2019.
3124:978-92-861-5435-5
2928:978-92-861-5541-3
2731:978-92-861-5367-9
2652:Business Horizons
2607:978-92-861-5155-2
2525:978-92-861-5233-7
2232:eur-lex.europa.eu
2205:. 5 December 2017
1707:978-1-4648-0671-1
1605:G20 DETF (2016).
1284:978-0-19-997863-2
1129:"Cryptoeconomics"
1092:. Rochester, NY.
1060:Knowledge economy
1028:Cour de Cassation
639:COVID-19 pandemic
631:COVID-19 pandemic
397:Data localization
349:Digital platforms
311:societal economy
292:Broad scope: the
280:core technologies
227:consumer spending
118:Thomas Mesenbourg
77:COVID-19 pandemic
73:COVID-19 pandemic
67:According to the
31:digital computing
4180:
4153:Economic systems
4148:Cashless society
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4019:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3944:(4): 1917–1943.
3929:
3923:
3922:
3904:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3847:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3619:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3393:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3205:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3144:. Archived from
3143:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3015:www.mckinsey.com
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2875:www.eumonitor.eu
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2850:www.mckinsey.com
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2775:www.mckinsey.com
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2750:www.mckinsey.com
2742:
2736:
2735:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2698:www.mckinsey.com
2690:
2684:
2683:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2626:www.mckinsey.com
2618:
2612:
2611:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2509:
2490:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2346:Reddy, Nirmala.
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:. 22 August 2019
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1407:"Bits and Atoms"
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1382:. Archived from
1376:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1316:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1081:
1040:Digital currency
840:The EU controls
504:Reliance on data
436:Impact on retail
278:and associated
150:Internet Economy
43:brick-and-mortar
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4078:
4074:
4037:
4033:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3963:
3959:
3930:
3926:
3873:
3869:
3816:
3812:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3745:
3741:
3726:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3648:
3641:
3588:
3584:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3481:
3477:
3454:
3450:
3427:
3423:
3402:Revue de l'OFCE
3394:
3387:
3376:
3372:
3349:
3342:
3316:
3312:
3271:
3267:
3256:
3247:
3206:
3197:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2510:
2493:
2487:Wayback Machine
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2432:Wayback Machine
2423:
2419:
2413:Wayback Machine
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2131:
2127:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1999:. pp. 1–30
1996:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1957:
1948:
1933:
1926:
1895:
1891:
1864:
1857:
1814:
1810:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1777:UNCTAD (2019).
1775:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1678:
1674:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1619:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1584:
1580:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:UNCTAD (2019).
1506:
1502:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1343:
1317:
1292:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1161:
1157:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1065:Cryptoeconomics
1050:Online shopping
1036:
1001:
981:
972:
963:
947:
930:
910:
905:
866:
854:
838:
825:
816:
798:
772:With regard to
746:Internal Market
727:
722:
720:EU digital area
611:double taxation
598:
577:
561:
506:
497:
488:
483:
478:
438:
414:
371:
351:
325:
308:
287:digital economy
253:
240:
215:
194:
99:digital economy
92:
23:digital economy
17:
12:
11:
5:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4134:
4133:
4122:. 5 March 2020
4107:
4072:
4051:(1): 213–237.
4031:
4010:(1): 273–294.
3990:
3983:
3957:
3924:
3887:(2): 177–204.
3867:
3830:(2): 288–318.
3810:
3789:(2): 558–585.
3766:
3759:
3739:
3724:
3704:
3676:
3650:Walsh, Bryan.
3639:
3582:
3561:
3526:
3501:
3475:
3464:(3): 211–224.
3448:
3421:
3385:
3370:
3340:
3310:
3281:(4): 197–201.
3275:Intereconomics
3265:
3245:
3216:(2): 223–239.
3195:
3180:
3154:
3130:
3123:
3103:
3077:
3052:
3027:
3002:
2985:
2976:Intereconomics
2962:
2934:
2927:
2904:
2887:
2862:
2837:
2812:
2787:
2762:
2737:
2730:
2710:
2685:
2658:(6): 825–839.
2638:
2613:
2606:
2583:
2557:
2531:
2524:
2491:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2417:
2398:
2364:
2338:
2306:
2288:
2259:
2244:
2216:
2190:
2164:
2144:
2125:
2085:
2059:
2025:
2010:
1984:
1977:
1946:
1924:
1889:
1855:
1808:
1799:|journal=
1764:
1761:(13): 143–172.
1749:
1740:|journal=
1713:
1706:
1672:
1663:|journal=
1633:
1597:
1578:
1569:|journal=
1539:
1530:|journal=
1500:
1491:|journal=
1454:
1428:
1411:Wired magazine
1397:
1371:
1356:
1341:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1251:Deloitte Malta
1238:
1229:|journal=
1202:
1175:(3): 245–264.
1155:
1146:|journal=
1119:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1000:
997:
980:
977:
971:
968:
962:
959:
950:Data gathering
946:
945:Privacy rights
943:
929:
926:
909:
906:
904:
901:
889:
888:
885:
882:
865:
862:
853:
850:
837:
834:
824:
821:
815:
812:
803:Single Market.
797:
794:
742:Single Market.
726:
723:
721:
718:
650:European Union
635:digitalization
597:
594:
576:
573:
565:Network effect
560:
559:Network effect
557:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
505:
502:
496:
493:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
437:
434:
413:
410:
409:
408:
402:
393:
370:
367:
350:
347:
343:public sectors
324:
321:
307:
304:
303:
302:
290:
283:
276:digital sector
252:
249:
239:
236:
214:
211:
210:
209:
205:
202:
193:
190:
188:technologies.
182:World Wide Web
170:data exchanges
132:
131:
128:
125:
109:'s 1995 book,
91:
88:
53:technologies.
51:World Wide Web
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4185:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4088:(3): 95–112.
4087:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3984:9789264276260
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3965:OECD (2017).
3961:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3756:
3753:. MIT Press.
3752:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3184:
3169:. 4 June 2016
3168:
3164:
3158:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2897:
2891:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2248:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2014:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1978:9789264218772
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1791:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1655:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1623:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1561:
1550:
1547:OECD (2020).
1543:
1535:
1522:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1483:
1472:
1469:OECD (2020).
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:9781108974158
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:
996:
994:
990:
985:
976:
967:
958:
955:
951:
942:
940:
936:
925:
922:
919:
915:
900:
898:
894:
886:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
871:
861:
859:
849:
847:
843:
833:
831:
820:
811:
809:
804:
793:
790:
781:
777:
775:
770:
768:
767:member states
762:
759:
754:
752:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
713:
709:
705:
704:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
669:United States
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
615:
612:
606:
604:
593:
591:
586:
582:
572:
570:
566:
556:
554:
551:In 2011, the
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
532:
530:
525:
521:
519:
518:single market
515:
511:
501:
492:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
406:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
376:
369:Digital trade
362:
358:
355:
346:
344:
339:
335:
331:
320:
316:
312:
300:
295:
291:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
272:
271:
268:
266:
262:
260:
248:
244:
235:
231:
228:
224:
219:
206:
203:
200:
199:
198:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:
161:
160:
159:Cryptoeconomy
155:
151:
146:
144:
139:
137:
129:
126:
123:
122:
121:
119:
116:According to
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
87:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:umbrella term
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
4124:. Retrieved
4119:
4110:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3966:
3960:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3786:
3782:
3749:
3742:
3714:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3692:Digiconomist
3691:
3667:. Retrieved
3655:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3576:
3564:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3488:
3478:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3408:(4): 11–36.
3405:
3401:
3379:
3373:
3356:
3352:
3329:(1): 75–78.
3326:
3322:
3313:
3296:10419/172813
3278:
3274:
3268:
3259:
3213:
3209:
3189:
3183:
3171:. Retrieved
3167:The Guardian
3166:
3157:
3146:the original
3133:
3113:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3090:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3055:
3043:. Retrieved
3039:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2949:
2917:
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:
2765:
2753:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2720:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2616:
2596:
2574:. Retrieved
2569:
2560:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:
2534:
2514:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2300:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2274:
2253:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2207:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2183:18 September
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2167:
2156:
2147:
2139:Fast Company
2138:
2128:
2104:18 September
2102:. Retrieved
2098:
2088:
2078:18 September
2076:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2052:18 September
2050:. Retrieved
2038:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2001:. Retrieved
1987:
1960:
1940:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1875:
1871:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1790:cite journal
1758:
1752:
1731:cite journal
1716:
1681:
1675:
1654:cite journal
1636:
1622:cite journal
1613:
1600:
1581:
1560:cite journal
1542:
1521:cite journal
1503:
1482:cite journal
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1410:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1374:
1365:
1359:
1324:
1273:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1241:
1220:cite journal
1205:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1137:cite journal
1122:
1089:
1079:
1009:
1002:
999:Labor rights
986:
982:
973:
964:
948:
939:Digiconomist
931:
923:
911:
897:Andrus Ansip
890:
867:
855:
839:
826:
817:
799:
786:
771:
763:
757:
755:
735:
728:
706:
703:
681:
666:
662:
647:
643:
624:
607:
599:
578:
562:
550:
526:
522:
507:
498:
489:
476:Key features
439:
430:
415:
404:
399:requirements
395:
388:
383:
378:
372:
356:
352:
326:
317:
313:
309:
293:
286:
279:
275:
269:
264:
258:
256:
254:
245:
241:
232:
220:
216:
195:
163:
157:
153:
149:
147:
140:
136:social media
133:
115:
110:
107:Don Tapscott
98:
96:
93:
81:
66:
55:
37:, and is an
22:
20:
18:
3437:: 239–254.
3359:(7): 1–12.
3231:10174/19408
2982:(1): 56–62.
2277:(in French)
1828:: 143–172.
1698:10986/23347
1421:20 February
1256:15 November
1016:Gig economy
1011:Gig workers
1005:gig economy
787:Though the
698:(49%), the
590:externality
585:Jean Tirole
581:Nobel prize
462:Bebe stores
412:Gig economy
165:New Economy
154:Web Economy
27:portmanteau
4163:E-commerce
4142:Categories
3382:: 187–192.
3173:31 October
3065:www.cbi.eu
2631:31 January
1943:: 519–566.
1905:: 120640.
1878:: 136873.
1071:References
1045:E-commerce
993:offshoring
895:, he made
789:Commission
458:Forever 21
186:blockchain
90:Definition
4102:203527467
4067:0360-0572
4026:0360-0572
3919:159239875
3911:0032-3292
3862:197782701
3854:0010-4140
3805:0020-8183
3664:0040-781X
3634:213247239
3626:2053-9517
3556:243883371
3542:: 45–57.
3305:158432408
3240:157693962
3091:VoxEU.org
2825:Eurofound
2680:218775187
2672:0007-6813
2545:Brookings
2386:0362-4331
2047:1059-1028
1919:233569363
1842:219357944
1351:258523148
1189:0954-349X
1106:219357944
1020:Deliveroo
583:laureate
529:non-rival
470:Microsoft
377:proposed
334:Microsoft
265:intensive
259:extensive
97:The term
4126:20 April
3536:Geoforum
3519:20 April
3494:20 April
3489:POLITICO
2805:8 August
2780:8 August
2755:8 August
2483:Archived
2428:Archived
2409:Archived
2391:20 April
2357:20 April
2331:20 April
2281:20 April
2237:20 April
2209:20 April
2114:cite web
2003:20 April
1592:Archived
1415:MIT link
1390:30 March
1197:16544951
1034:See also
961:Taxation
954:tracking
696:robotics
658:pandemic
596:Response
569:WhatsApp
481:Mobility
223:McKinsey
178:Internet
47:Internet
4120:Reuters
2303:. 2014.
2178:Inc.com
1850:3431732
1447:3 April
1114:3431732
935:Bitcoin
908:Economy
903:Impacts
893:Juncker
874:Barroso
842:ex-post
830:R&D
450:Walmart
446:Amazon.
418:Grubhub
35:economy
4100:
4065:
4024:
3981:
3917:
3909:
3860:
3852:
3803:
3757:
3732:
3722:
3697:8 June
3669:8 June
3662:
3632:
3624:
3554:
3303:
3238:
3121:
3096:31 May
3070:31 May
3045:31 May
3020:31 May
2955:31 May
2925:
2880:30 May
2855:31 May
2830:30 May
2728:
2703:31 May
2678:
2670:
2604:
2576:30 May
2550:30 May
2522:
2384:
2352:Forbes
2158:Forbes
2045:
1975:
1917:
1848:
1840:
1704:
1349:
1339:
1281:
1195:
1187:
1112:
1104:
928:Energy
858:Google
454:Macy's
336:, and
184:, and
162:, and
4098:S2CID
3915:S2CID
3858:S2CID
3730:JSTOR
3630:S2CID
3573:(PDF)
3552:S2CID
3301:S2CID
3236:S2CID
3149:(PDF)
3142:(PDF)
2997:(PDF)
2899:(PDF)
2676:S2CID
2325:(PDF)
2039:Wired
1997:(PDF)
1915:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1782:(PDF)
1646:(PDF)
1610:(PDF)
1552:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1347:S2CID
1193:S2CID
1102:S2CID
330:Intel
208:term.
25:is a
4128:2020
4063:ISSN
4022:ISSN
3979:ISBN
3907:ISSN
3850:ISSN
3801:ISSN
3755:ISBN
3720:ISBN
3699:2018
3671:2018
3660:ISSN
3656:Time
3622:ISSN
3521:2020
3496:2020
3327:2018
3175:2020
3119:ISBN
3098:2022
3072:2022
3047:2022
3022:2022
2980:2023
2957:2023
2923:ISBN
2882:2022
2857:2022
2832:2022
2807:2022
2782:2022
2757:2022
2726:ISBN
2705:2022
2668:ISSN
2633:2022
2602:ISBN
2578:2022
2552:2022
2520:ISBN
2393:2020
2382:ISSN
2359:2020
2333:2020
2283:2020
2239:2020
2211:2020
2185:2019
2120:link
2106:2019
2099:CNBC
2080:2019
2054:2019
2043:ISSN
2005:2020
1973:ISBN
1846:SSRN
1803:help
1744:help
1702:ISBN
1667:help
1628:link
1573:help
1534:help
1495:help
1449:2024
1423:2017
1392:2015
1337:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1258:2021
1233:help
1185:ISSN
1150:help
1110:SSRN
1024:Uber
1022:and
952:and
846:Uber
808:GAFA
756:The
729:The
692:SMEs
563:The
514:GDPR
468:and
452:and
442:eBay
426:Lyft
422:Uber
338:Dell
49:and
33:and
21:The
4090:doi
4053:doi
4012:doi
3971:doi
3946:doi
3897:hdl
3889:doi
3840:hdl
3832:doi
3791:doi
3612:hdl
3604:doi
3544:doi
3466:doi
3439:doi
3410:doi
3406:158
3361:doi
3331:doi
3291:hdl
3283:doi
3226:hdl
3218:doi
2800:IBM
2660:doi
1965:doi
1907:doi
1903:166
1880:doi
1876:407
1830:doi
1694:hdl
1686:doi
1413:. (
1329:doi
1177:doi
1094:doi
758:DSM
466:IBM
444:or
69:WEF
29:of
4144::
4118:.
4096:.
4086:72
4084:.
4061:.
4049:47
4047:.
4043:.
4020:.
4008:46
4006:.
4002:.
3977:.
3942:21
3940:.
3936:.
3913:.
3905:.
3895:.
3885:47
3883:.
3879:.
3856:.
3848:.
3838:.
3828:53
3826:.
3822:.
3799:.
3787:75
3785:.
3781:.
3769:^
3728:.
3690:.
3679:^
3658:.
3654:.
3642:^
3628:.
3620:.
3610:.
3598:.
3594:.
3575:.
3550:.
3540:92
3538:.
3512:.
3487:.
3462:20
3460:.
3433:.
3404:.
3400:.
3388:^
3357:26
3355:.
3343:^
3325:.
3299:.
3289:.
3279:52
3277:.
3248:^
3234:.
3224:.
3214:55
3212:.
3198:^
3165:.
3089:.
3063:.
3038:.
3013:.
2978:.
2974:.
2948:.
2937:^
2907:^
2873:.
2848:.
2823:.
2798:.
2773:.
2748:.
2696:.
2674:.
2666:.
2656:63
2654:.
2650:.
2624:.
2586:^
2568:.
2543:.
2494:^
2380:.
2376:.
2350:.
2309:^
2299:.
2273:.
2262:^
2230:.
2219:^
2201:.
2176:.
2155:.
2137:.
2116:}}
2112:{{
2097:.
2070:.
2041:.
2037:.
1971:.
1949:^
1939:.
1927:^
1913:.
1901:.
1874:.
1870:.
1858:^
1844:.
1836:.
1826:13
1824:.
1820:.
1794::
1792:}}
1788:{{
1767:^
1735::
1733:}}
1729:{{
1700:.
1692:.
1684:.
1658::
1656:}}
1652:{{
1624:}}
1620:{{
1612:.
1590:.
1564::
1562:}}
1558:{{
1525::
1523:}}
1519:{{
1486::
1484:}}
1480:{{
1457:^
1440:.
1409:.
1345:.
1335:.
1327:.
1323:.
1293:^
1249:.
1224::
1222:}}
1218:{{
1191:.
1183:.
1173:15
1167:.
1141::
1139:}}
1135:{{
1108:.
1100:.
1088:.
673:EU
660:.
424:,
420:,
332:,
180:,
156:,
152:,
113:.
4130:.
4104:.
4092::
4069:.
4055::
4028:.
4014::
3987:.
3973::
3954:.
3948::
3921:.
3899::
3891::
3864:.
3842::
3834::
3807:.
3793::
3763:.
3736:.
3701:.
3673:.
3636:.
3614::
3606::
3600:7
3558:.
3546::
3523:.
3498:.
3472:.
3468::
3445:.
3441::
3435:1
3418:.
3412::
3367:.
3363::
3337:.
3333::
3307:.
3293::
3285::
3242:.
3228::
3220::
3177:.
3127:.
3100:.
3074:.
3049:.
3024:.
2999:.
2959:.
2931:.
2901:.
2884:.
2859:.
2834:.
2809:.
2784:.
2759:.
2734:.
2707:.
2682:.
2662::
2635:.
2610:.
2580:.
2554:.
2528:.
2395:.
2361:.
2335:.
2285:.
2241:.
2213:.
2187:.
2161:.
2141:.
2122:)
2108:.
2082:.
2056:.
2022:.
1981:.
1967::
1921:.
1909::
1886:.
1882::
1852:.
1832::
1805:)
1801:(
1784:.
1746:)
1742:(
1725:.
1710:.
1696::
1688::
1669:)
1665:(
1648:.
1630:)
1616:.
1575:)
1571:(
1554:.
1536:)
1532:(
1515:.
1497:)
1493:(
1476:.
1451:.
1425:.
1417:)
1394:.
1353:.
1331::
1287:.
1260:.
1235:)
1231:(
1214:.
1199:.
1179::
1152:)
1148:(
1131:.
1116:.
1096::
301:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.