Dinosaur - Knowledge

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and ornithischians, the number of named genera began to increase exponentially in the 1990s. As of 2008, over 30 new species of dinosaurs were named each year. At least sauropodomorphs experienced a further increase in the number of named species in the 2010s, with an average of 9.3 new species having been named each year between 2009 and 2020. As a consequence, more sauropodomorphs were named between 1990 and 2020 than in all previous years combined. These new localities also led to improvements in overall specimen quality, with new species being increasingly named not on scrappy fossils but on more complete skeletons, sometimes from multiple individuals. Better specimens also led to new species being invalidated less frequently. Asian localities have produced the most complete theropod specimens, while North American localities have produced the most complete sauropodomorph specimens.

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the crater's discovery, the impact was still thought to only have had a regional, not global, effect on the extinction event. In response, Luis Alvarez rejected volcanic activity as an explanation for the iridium layer and the extinction as a whole. Since then, however, most researchers have adopted a more moderate position, which identifies the Chicxulub impact as the primary progenitor of the extinction while also recognizing that the Deccan Traps may also have played a role. Walter Alvarez himself has acknowledged that the Deccan Traps and other ecological factors may have contributed to the extinctions in addition to the Chicxulub impact. Some estimates have placed the start of the second phase in the Deccan Traps eruptions within 50,000 years after the Chicxulub impact. Combined with mathematical modelling of the

6249: 4950:(the largest land mammal ever) were dwarfed by the giant sauropods, and only modern whales approach or surpass them in size. There are several proposed advantages for the large size of sauropods, including protection from predation, reduction of energy use, and longevity, but it may be that the most important advantage was dietary. Large animals are more efficient at digestion than small animals, because food spends more time in their digestive systems. This also permits them to subsist on food with lower nutritive value than smaller animals. Sauropod remains are mostly found in rock formations interpreted as dry or seasonally dry, and the ability to eat large quantities of low-nutrient browse would have been advantageous in such environments. 5295: 165: 260: 1094:, for example, rarely exceeded the size of a domestic cat and were generally rodent-sized carnivores of small prey. Dinosaurs have always been recognized as an extremely varied group: over 900 non-avian dinosaur genera have been confidently identified (2018) with 1124 species (2016). Estimates put the total number of dinosaur genera preserved in the fossil record at 1850, nearly 75% still undiscovered, and the number that ever existed (in or out of the fossil record) at 3,400. A 2016 estimate put the number of dinosaur species living in the Mesozoic at 1,543–2,468, compared to the number of modern-day birds (avian dinosaurs) at 10,806 species. 1934: 6608:. They consider the Chicxulub impact to have worsened the ongoing climate change caused by the eruptions. Meanwhile, detractors point out the sudden nature of the extinction and that other pulses in Deccan Traps activity of comparable magnitude did not appear to have caused extinctions. They also contend that the causes of different mass extinctions should be assessed separately. In 2020, Alfio Chiarenza and colleagues suggested that the Deccan Traps may even have had the opposite effect: they suggested that the long-term warming caused by its carbon dioxide emissions may have dampened the impact winter from the Chicxulub impact. 6088:. In the 1970s, Ostrom revived the dinosaur–bird theory, which gained momentum in the coming decades with the advent of cladistic analysis, and a great increase in the discovery of small theropods and early birds. Of particular note have been the fossils of the Jehol Biota, where a variety of theropods and early birds have been found, often with feathers of some type. Birds share over a hundred distinct anatomical features with theropod dinosaurs, which are now generally accepted to have been their closest ancient relatives. They are most closely allied with maniraptoran coelurosaurs. A minority of scientists, most notably 5679: 1284: 147: 5639:

visual displays and possibly non-vocal sounds, such as hissing, jaw-grinding or -clapping, splashing, and wing-beating (possible in winged maniraptoran dinosaurs). Other researchers have countered that vocalizations also exist in turtles, the closest relatives of archosaurs, suggesting that the trait is ancestral to their lineage. In addition, vocal communication in dinosaurs is indicated by the development of advanced hearing in nearly all major groups. Hence the syrinx may have supplemented and then replaced the larynx as a vocal organ, without a "silent period" in bird evolution.

235: 1740: 2118: 1521: 1609:, shared distinctive features, and so decided to present them as a distinct taxonomic group. As clarified by British geologist and historian Hugh Torrens, Owen had given a presentation about fossil reptiles to the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1841, but reports of the time show that Owen did not mention the word "dinosaur", nor recognize dinosaurs as a distinct group of reptiles in his address. He introduced the Dinosauria only in the revised text version of his talk published in April 1842. With the backing of 5087: 25781: 6115: 27651: 5625: 5076: 5918:, an early proponent of dinosaur endothermy, published an influential paper on the topic in 1968. Bakker specifically used anatomical and ecological evidence to argue that sauropods, which had hitherto been depicted as sprawling aquatic animals with their tails dragging on the ground, were endotherms that lived vigorous, terrestrial lives. In 1972, Bakker expanded on his arguments based on energy requirements and predator-prey ratios. This was one of the seminal results that led to the dinosaur renaissance. 4832: 5660:, implying that laryngeal ossification is a feature of some non-avian dinosaurs. A 2016 study concludes that some dinosaurs may have produced closed-mouth vocalizations, such as cooing, hooting, and booming. These occur in both reptiles and birds and involve inflating the esophagus or tracheal pouches. Such vocalizations evolved independently in extant archosaurs numerous times, following increases in body size. The crests of some hadrosaurids and the nasal chambers of ankylosaurids may have been 5864:, demonstrating lateral swellings similar to crocodylian musk glands used in social displays by both sexes and pigmented regions which could also reflect a signalling function. However, this specimen on its own does not offer enough information to determine whether this dinosaur had sexual signalling functions; it only supports the possibility. Cloacal visual signalling can occur in either males or females in living birds, making it unlikely to be useful to determine sex for extinct dinosaurs. 294: 2805: 2771: 6443: 25791: 6656: 1792: 1143: 3698: 189: 6379:), and various groups of marine plankton. In all, approximately 47% of genera and 76% of species on Earth became extinct during the K-Pg extinction event. The relatively large size of most dinosaurs and the low diversity of small-bodied dinosaur species at the end of the Cretaceous may have contributed to their extinction; the extinction of the bird lineages that did not survive may also have been caused by a dependence on forest habitats or a lack of adaptations to 1019: 1915: 1856: 5448: 27410: 25825: 6676: 2790: 1649: 4967: 3208: 2911: 27434: 27747: 25775: 5896: 2756: 25797: 27730: 27563: 27713: 1108:, could walk as easily on two or four legs. Cranial modifications like horns and crests are common dinosaurian traits, and some extinct species had bony armor. Although the best-known genera are remarkable for their large size, many Mesozoic dinosaurs were human-sized or smaller, and modern birds are generally small in size. Dinosaurs today inhabit every continent, and fossils show that they had achieved global distribution by the 27764: 27696: 6174:

have proposed that some purported feather-like fossils are the result of the decomposition of collagenous fiber that underlaid the dinosaurs' skin, and that maniraptoran dinosaurs with vaned feathers were not actually dinosaurs, but convergent with dinosaurs. However, their views have for the most part not been accepted by other researchers, to the point that the scientific nature of Feduccia's proposals has been questioned.

25786: 655: 5346: 6339:, which has been dated to 66.038 ± 0.025 million years ago, fossils of non-avian dinosaurs disappear abruptly; the absence of dinosaur fossils was historically used to assign rocks to the ensuing Cenozoic. The nature of the event that caused this mass extinction has been extensively studied since the 1970s, leading to the development of two mechanisms that are thought to have played major roles: an extraterrestrial 27446: 6424: 5765: 2443: 27639: 27679: 27422: 4361: 5952: 211: 1352:, but distinct from most other reptiles, whose limbs sprawl out to either side. This posture is due to the development of a laterally facing recess in the pelvis (usually an open socket) and a corresponding inwardly facing distinct head on the femur. Their erect posture enabled early dinosaurs to breathe easily while moving, which likely permitted stamina and activity levels that 1635: 1825:, a more objective method of classification based on ancestry and shared traits, which has proved tremendously useful in the study of dinosaur systematics and evolution. Cladistic analysis, among other techniques, helps to compensate for an often incomplete and fragmentary fossil record. Reference books summarizing the state of dinosaur research, such as 2100:. In 2015, Sergio Bertazzo and colleagues reported the preservation of collagen fibres and red blood cells in eight Cretaceous dinosaur specimens that did not show any signs of exceptional preservation, indicating that soft tissue may be preserved more commonly than previously thought. Suggestions that these structures represent bacterial 1135:

modifications. Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits, they are considered typical for Dinosauria; the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants. Such modifications, originating in the most recent common ancestor of a certain taxonomic group, are called the

1450: 2889:(ἰσχίον) meaning "hip joint"—had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird's pelvis: the pubic bone was oriented caudally (rear-pointing). Unlike birds, the ornithischian pubis also usually had an additional forward-pointing process. Ornithischia includes a variety of species that were primarily herbivores. 6682: 6680: 6677: 6409:

based on statistics and mathematical models have variously supported either a sudden extinction or a gradual decline. End-Cretaceous trends in diversity may have varied between dinosaur lineages: it has been suggested that sauropods were not in decline, while ornithischians and theropods were in decline.

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D.A.; MacLeod, K.G.; Matsui, T.; Melosh, J.; Montanari, A.; Morgan, J.V.; Neal, C.R.; Nichols, D.J.; Norris, R.D.; Pierazzo, E.; Ravizza, G.; Rebolledo-Vieyra, M.; Uwe Reimold, W.; Robin, E.; Salge, T.; Speijer, R.P.; Sweet, A.R.; Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J.; Vajda, V.; Whalen, M.T.; Willumsen, P.S. (2010).

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London. Michaelmas Term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. As much mud in the streets, as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus, forty feet long or so, waddling

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in the Late Triassic. Early sauropodomorphs did not have sophisticated mechanisms for processing food in the mouth, and so must have employed other means of breaking down food farther along the digestive tract. The general homogeneity of dinosaurian faunas continued into the Middle and Late Jurassic,

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Yans, Johan; Dejax, Jean; Pons, Denise; et al. (January–February 2005). "Implications paléontologiques et géodynamiques de la datation palynologique des sédiments à faciès wealdien de Bernissart (bassin de Mons, Belgique)" [Palaeontological and geodynamical implications of the palynological

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do possess feather-keratins during embryonic development, but these keratins are not expressed by the animals before hatching. The description of feathered dinosaurs has not been without controversy in general; perhaps the most vocal critics have been Alan Feduccia and Theagarten Lingham-Soliar, who

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suggested that the presence of fibrolamellar bone—bony tissue with an irregular, fibrous texture and filled with blood vessels—was indicative of consistently fast growth and therefore endothermy. Fibrolamellar bone was common in both dinosaurs and pterosaurs, though not universally present. This has

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Schweitzer, M.H.; Zheng, W.; Organ, C.L.; Avci, R.; Suo, Z.; Freimark, L.M.; LeBleu, V.S.; Duncan, M.B.; van der Heiden, M.G.; Neveu, J.M.; Lane, W.S.; Cottrell, J.S.; Horner, J.R.; Cantley, L.C.; Kalluri, R.; Asara, J.M. (2009). "Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian

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Before 2000, arguments that the Deccan Traps eruptions—as opposed to the Chicxulub impact—caused the extinction were usually linked to the view that the extinction was gradual. Prior to the discovery of the Chicxulub crater, the Deccan Traps were used to explain the global iridium layer; even after

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of the Jehol Biota. If feather-like structures were indeed widely present among non-avian dinosaurs, the lack of abundant fossil evidence for them may be due to the fact that delicate features like skin and feathers are seldom preserved by fossilization and thus often absent from the fossil record.

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and requiring a lower breathing frequency, which would have allowed them to sustain higher activity levels. The rapid airflow would also have been an effective cooling mechanism, which in conjunction with a lower metabolic rate would have prevented large sauropods from overheating. These traits may

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of Tanzania. However, its known fossils are too fragmentary to identify it as a dinosaur or only a close relative. The referral of the Manda Formation to the Anisian is also uncertain. Regardless, dinosaurs existed alongside non-dinosaurian ornithodirans for a period of time, with estimates ranging

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by Jakob Vinther and colleagues, and similar techniques have also been extended to dinosaur fossils from other localities. (However, some researchers have also suggested that fossilized melanosomes represent bacterial remains.) Stomach contents in some Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs closely related to

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The study of these "great fossil lizards" soon became of great interest to European and American scientists, and in 1842 the English paleontologist Sir Richard Owen coined the term "dinosaur", using it to refer to the "distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" that were then being recognized

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Schulte, P.; Alegret, L.; Arenillas, I.; Arz, J.A.; Barton, P.J.; Bown, P.R.; Bralower, T.J.; Christeson, G.L.; Claeys, P.; Cockell, C.S.; Collins, G.S.; Deutsch, A.; Goldin, T.J.; Goto, K.; Grajales-Nishimura, J.M.; Grieve, R.A.F.; Gulick, S.P.S.; Johnson, K.R.; Kiessling, W.; Koeberl, C.; Kring,

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Large meat-eating dinosaurs had a complex system of air sacs similar to those found in modern birds, according to a 2005 investigation led by Patrick M. O'Connor. The lungs of theropod dinosaurs (carnivores that walked on two legs and had bird-like feet) likely pumped air into hollow sacs in their

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Because feathers are often associated with birds, feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the missing link between birds and dinosaurs. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent another important line of evidence for paleontologists. Areas of the skeleton with

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After non-avian dinosaurs were discovered, paleontologists first posited that they were ectothermic. This was used to imply that the ancient dinosaurs were relatively slow, sluggish organisms, even though many modern reptiles are fast and light-footed despite relying on external sources of heat to

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On the basis that non-avian dinosaurs did not have syrinxes and that their next close living relatives, crocodilians, use the larynx, Phil Senter, a paleontologist, has suggested that the non-avians could not vocalize, because the common ancestor would have been mute. He states that they mostly on

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There were three general dinosaur faunas in the Late Cretaceous. In the northern continents of North America and Asia, the major theropods were tyrannosaurids and various types of smaller maniraptoran theropods, with a predominantly ornithischian herbivore assemblage of hadrosaurids, ceratopsians,

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New revelations were supported by an increase in dinosaur discoveries. Major new dinosaur discoveries have been made by paleontologists working in previously unexplored regions, including India, South America, Madagascar, Antarctica, and most significantly China. Across theropods, sauropodomorphs,

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caused a pause in palaeontological research; after the war, research attention was also diverted increasingly to fossil mammals rather than dinosaurs, which were seen as sluggish and cold-blooded. At the end of the 1960s, however, the field of dinosaur research experienced a surge in activity that

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around the world, ensuring that successive generations would be introduced to the animals in an immersive and exciting way. The enduring popularity of dinosaurs, in its turn, has resulted in significant public funding for dinosaur science, and has frequently spurred new discoveries. In the United

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carried out an analysis to account for these biases, and found no evidence of a decline; another analysis by David Fastovsky and colleagues in 2004 even showed that dinosaur diversity continually increased until the extinction, but this analysis has been rebutted. Since then, different approaches

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Feathers are one of the most recognizable characteristics of modern birds, and a trait that was also shared by several non-avian dinosaurs. Based on the current distribution of fossil evidence, it appears that feathers were an ancestral dinosaurian trait, though one that may have been selectively

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was smaller than in any living land vertebrate. This contributed to the widespread public notion of dinosaurs as being sluggish and extraordinarily stupid. Harry Jerison, in 1973, showed that proportionally smaller brains are expected at larger body sizes, and that brain size in dinosaurs was not

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and drowned. Other mass-death sites have been discovered subsequently. Those, along with multiple trackways, suggest that gregarious behavior was common in many early dinosaur species. Trackways of hundreds or even thousands of herbivores indicate that duck-billed (hadrosaurids) may have moved in

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The sauropods were the largest and heaviest dinosaurs. For much of the dinosaur era, the smallest sauropods were larger than anything else in their habitat, and the largest was an order of magnitude more massive than anything else that has since walked the Earth. Giant prehistoric mammals such as

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The following is a simplified classification of dinosaur groups based on their evolutionary relationships, and those of the main dinosaur groups Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia, compiled by Justin Tweet. Further details and other hypotheses of classification may be found on individual

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Dinosaurs belong to a group known as archosaurs, which also includes modern crocodilians. Within the archosaur group, dinosaurs are differentiated most noticeably by their gait. Dinosaur legs extend directly beneath the body, whereas the legs of lizards and crocodilians sprawl out to either side.

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to unearth bones. Modern paleontologists would find such methods crude and unacceptable, since blasting easily destroys fossil and stratigraphic evidence. Despite their unrefined methods, the contributions of Cope and Marsh to paleontology were vast: Marsh unearthed 86 new species of dinosaur and

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Whether the Deccan Traps were a major cause of the extinction, on par with the Chicxulub impact, remains uncertain. Proponents consider the climatic impact of the sulfur dioxide released to have been on par with the Chicxulub impact, and also note the role of flood basalt volcanism in other mass

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The size and shape of the brain can be partly reconstructed based on the surrounding bones. In 1896, Marsh calculated ratios between brain weight and body weight of seven species of dinosaurs, showing that the brain of dinosaurs was proportionally smaller than in today's crocodiles, and that the

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Current evidence suggests that dinosaur average size varied through the Triassic, Early Jurassic, Late Jurassic and Cretaceous. Predatory theropod dinosaurs, which occupied most terrestrial carnivore niches during the Mesozoic, most often fall into the 100-to-1,000 kg (220-to-2,200 lb)

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through temperature perturbations of roughly 3 °C (5.4 °F) but possibly as high as 7 °C (13 °F). Like the Chicxulub impact, the eruptions may also have released sulfate aerosols, which would have caused acid rain and global cooling. However, due to large error margins in the

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and oviraptorosaur specimens have also been found preserved on top of their nests, likely brooding in a bird-like manner. The ratio between egg volume and body mass of adults among these dinosaurs suggest that the eggs were primarily brooded by the male and that the young were highly precocial,

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ankylosaurians, and titanosaurian sauropods were prevalent. Flowering plants were greatly radiating, with the first grasses appearing by the end of the Cretaceous. Grinding hadrosaurids and shearing ceratopsians became very diverse across North America and Asia. Theropods were also radiating as

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While recent discoveries have made it more difficult to present a universally agreed-upon list of their distinguishing features, nearly all dinosaurs discovered so far share certain modifications to the ancestral archosaurian skeleton, or are clearly descendants of older dinosaurs showing these

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Archibald, J.D.; Clemens, W.A.; Padian, K.; Rowe, T.; Macleod, N.; Barrett, P.M.; Gale, A.; Holroyd, P.; Sues, H.-D.; Arens, N.C.; Horner, J.R.; Wilson, G.P.; Goodwin, M.B.; Brochu, C.A.; Lofgren, D.L.; Hurlbert, S.H.; Hartman, J.H.; Eberth, D.A.; Wignall, P.B.; Currie, P.J.; Weil, A.; Prasad,

6355:. However, the specific mechanisms of the extinction event and the extent of its effects on dinosaurs are still areas of ongoing research. Alongside dinosaurs, many other groups of animals became extinct: pterosaurs, marine reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, several groups of mammals, 6636:

by weathering action, it would provide evidence that some dinosaur populations survived at least half a million years into the Cenozoic. Other evidence includes the presence of dinosaur remains in the Hell Creek Formation up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) above the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary,

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Just before the K-Pg extinction event, the number of non-avian dinosaur species that existed globally has been estimated at between 628 and 1078. It remains uncertain whether the diversity of dinosaurs was in gradual decline before the K-Pg extinction event, or whether dinosaurs were actually

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to have ever existed. This is because only a tiny percentage of animals were ever fossilized and most of these remain buried in the earth. Few non-avian dinosaur specimens that are recovered are complete skeletons, and impressions of skin and other soft tissues are rare. Rebuilding a complete

1280:, which Nesbitt recovered as a sister group to Dinosauria, including a large anterior trochanter, metatarsals II and IV of subequal length, reduced contact between ischium and pubis, the presence of a cnemial crest on the tibia and of an ascending process on the astragalus, and many others. 989:

recovered the Ornithischia as being closer to the Theropoda than the Sauropodomorpha, as opposed to the traditional union of theropods with sauropodomorphs. This would cause sauropods and kin to fall outside traditional dinosaurs, so they re-defined Dinosauria as the last common ancestor of

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flood basalts of India were actively erupting. The eruptions can be separated into three phases around the K-Pg boundary, two prior to the boundary and one after. The second phase, which occurred very close to the boundary, would have extruded 70 to 80% of the volume of these eruptions in

6154:, and theropods, and primitive ceratopsians. Evidence for true, vaned feathers similar to the flight feathers of modern birds has been found only in the theropod subgroup Maniraptora, which includes oviraptorosaurs, troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and birds. Feather-like structures known as 5934:

and modeling the evolution of growth rates across various dinosaur lineages, which has suggested overall that dinosaurs grew faster than living reptiles. Other lines of evidence suggesting endothermy include the presence of feathers and other types of body coverings in many lineages (see

1693:), and it was clearly a bipedal creature. This was a revolutionary discovery as, until that point, most scientists had believed dinosaurs walked on four feet, like other lizards. Foulke's discoveries sparked a wave of interests in dinosaurs in the United States, known as dinosaur mania. 17069:

Amiot, R.; Wang, X.; Lécuyer, C.; Buffetaut, E.; Boudad, L.; Cavin, L.; Ding, Z.; Fluteau, F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Tong, H.; Zhang, F. (2010). "Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of middle Cretaceous vertebrates from North Africa and Brazil: ecological and environmental significance".

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Within hours, the Chicxulub impact would have created immediate effects such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and a global firestorm that likely killed unsheltered animals and started wildfires. However, it would also have had longer-term consequences for the environment. Within days, sulfate

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by visual and auditory signals, and the wide diversity of visual display structures among fossil dinosaur groups, such as horns, frills, crests, sails, and feathers, suggests that visual communication has always been important in dinosaur biology. Reconstruction of the plumage color of

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Extinct dinosaurs, as well as modern birds, include genera that are herbivorous and others carnivorous, including seed-eaters, fish-eaters, insectivores, and omnivores. While dinosaurs were ancestrally bipedal (as are all modern birds), some evolved into quadrupeds, and others, such as

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that extended the lungs and invaded many of the bones in the skeleton, making them hollow. Such respiratory systems, which may have appeared in the earliest saurischians, would have provided them with more oxygen compared to a mammal of similar size, while also having a larger resting

5887:("cold-blooded"), or somewhere in between. An emerging consensus among researchers is that, while different lineages of dinosaurs would have had different metabolisms, most of them had higher metabolic rates than other reptiles but lower than living birds and mammals, which is termed 2068:, and connective tissue (bone fibers) that had retained their microscopic structure. This discovery suggested that original soft tissues could be preserved over geological time, with multiple mechanisms having been proposed. Later, in 2009, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a 1708:. This fight between the two scientists lasted for over 30 years, ending in 1897 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune on the dinosaur hunt. Many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair's rough methods: for example, their diggers often used 6679: 6165:), or if they were the result of widespread experimentation with skin coverings among ornithodirans. If the former is the case, filaments may have been common in the ornithodiran lineage and evolved before the appearance of dinosaurs themselves. Research into the genetics of 1595: 'lizard or reptile'. Though the taxonomic name has often been interpreted as a reference to dinosaurs' teeth, claws, and other fearsome characteristics, Owen intended it also to evoke their size and majesty. Owen recognized that the remains that had been found so far, 6146:

lost in some species. Direct fossil evidence of feathers or feather-like structures has been discovered in a diverse array of species in many non-avian dinosaur groups, both among saurischians and ornithischians. Simple, branched, feather-like structures are known from

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of dinosaurs and modern birds and reptiles have been used to infer daily activity patterns of dinosaurs. Although it has been suggested that most dinosaurs were active during the day, these comparisons have shown that small predatory dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids,

22205:; Neal, C.R.; Nichols, D.J.; Norris, R.D.; Pierazzo, E.; Ravizza, G.; Rebolledo-Vieyra, M.; Uwe Reimold, W.; Robin, E.; Salge, T.; Speijer, R.P.; Sweet, A.R.; Urrutia-Fucugauchi, J.; Vajda, V.; Whalen, M.T.; Willumsen, P.S. (2010). "Response—Cretaceous extinctions". 5415:

purposes, or to provide protection for young. There is evidence that many types of slow-growing dinosaurs, including various theropods, sauropods, ankylosaurians, ornithopods, and ceratopsians, formed aggregations of immature individuals. One example is a site in

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Ohno, S.; Kadono, T.; Kurosawa, K.; Hamura, T.; Sakaiya, T.; Shigemori, K.; Hironaka, Y.; Sano, T.; Watari, T.; Otani, K.; Matsui, T.; Sugita, S. (2014). "Production of sulphate-rich vapour during the Chicxulub impact and implications for ocean acidification".

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smaller than expected when compared to living reptiles. Later research showed that relative brain size progressively increased during the evolution of theropods, with the highest intelligence – comparable to that of modern birds – calculated for the troodontid

2592:. At the same time, several groups of dinosaurian herbivores evolved more sophisticated ways to orally process food. Ceratopsians developed a method of slicing with teeth stacked on each other in batteries, and iguanodontians refined a method of grinding with 1316:

and lower jaw. Additionally, several characteristics once thought to be synapomorphies are now known to have appeared before dinosaurs, or were absent in the earliest dinosaurs and independently evolved by different dinosaur groups. These include an elongated

5656:, similar to those of non-avian reptiles; but the mobile cricoid–arytenoid joint and long arytenoid cartilages would have allowed air-flow control similar to that of birds, and thus could have made bird-like vocalizations. In addition, the cartilages were 5324:

is currently the smallest non-avialan dinosaur described from an adult specimen, with an estimated weight of 110 g (3.9 oz) and a total skeletal length of 34 centimeters (1.12 ft). The smallest herbivorous non-avialan dinosaurs included

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A variety of other skeletal features are shared by dinosaurs. However, because they either are common to other groups of archosaurs or were not present in all early dinosaurs, these features are not considered to be synapomorphies. For example, as

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dinosaurs are estimated to have reached lengths of 39.7 meters (130 feet) and heights of 18 m (59 ft) and were the largest land animals of all time. The misconception that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is based in part on

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The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous, caused the extinction of all dinosaur groups except for the neornithine birds. Some other diapsid groups, including

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Because both modern crocodilians and birds have four-chambered hearts (albeit modified in crocodilians), it is likely that this is a trait shared by all archosaurs, including all dinosaurs. While all modern birds have high metabolisms and are

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By human standards, dinosaurs were creatures of fantastic appearance and often enormous size. As such, they have captured the popular imagination and become an enduring part of human culture. The entry of the word "dinosaur" into the common

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Matthew G. Baron; Megan E. Williams (2018). "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63.

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Collectively, dinosaurs as a clade are divided into two primary branches, Saurischia and Ornithischia. Saurischia includes those taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with birds than with Ornithischia, while Ornithischia includes all

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have enabled sauropods to grow quickly to gigantic sizes. Sauropods may also have benefitted from their size—their small surface area to volume ratio meant that they would have been able to thermoregulate more easily, a phenomenon termed

11609: 1489:(1677). He correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the femur of a large animal, and recognized that it was too large to belong to any known species. He, therefore, concluded it to be the femur of a huge human, perhaps a 2892:

Despite the terms "bird hip" (Ornithischia) and "lizard hip" (Saurischia), birds are not part of Ornithischia. Birds instead belong to Saurischia, the "lizard-hipped" dinosaurs—birds evolved from earlier dinosaurs with "lizard hips".

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skeleton by comparing the size and morphology of bones to those of similar, better-known species is an inexact art, and reconstructing the muscles and other organs of the living animal is, at best, a process of educated guesswork.

2878:, therizinosauroids, dromaeosaurids, and birds). Saurischia includes the theropods (exclusively bipedal and with a wide variety of diets) and sauropodomorphs (long-necked herbivores which include advanced, quadrupedal groups). 5738:

skeleton provided evidence of medullary bone in extinct dinosaurs and, for the first time, allowed paleontologists to establish the sex of a fossil dinosaur specimen. Further research has found medullary bone in the carnosaur

5099:

There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive

6312:

stones like modern birds. These stones are swallowed by animals to aid digestion and break down food and hard fibers once they enter the stomach. When found in association with fossils, gizzard stones are called gastroliths.

20828:

Hildebrand, A.R.; Penfield, G.T.; Kring, D.A.; Pilkington, M.; Camargo, Z.A.; Jacobsen, S.B.; Boynton, W.V. (1991). "Chicxulub crater: a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico".

5943:

in bony tissue compared to ectotherms, particularly as latitude and thus air temperature varied, which suggests stable internal temperatures (although these ratios can be altered during fossilization); and the discovery of

21501:"Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: 2. Constraints from analysis of eight new sections and synthesis for a 3500-m-thick composite section" 7078:

Cabreira, S.F.; Kellner, A.W.A.; Dias-da-Silva, S.; da Silva, L.R.; Bronzati, M.; de Almeida Marsola, J.C.; Müller, R.T.; de Souza Bittencourt, J.; Batista, B.J.; Raugust, T.; Carrilho, R.; Brodt, A.; Langer, M.C. (2016).

17647: 6210:. Since the 1990s, a number of additional feathered dinosaurs have been found, providing even stronger evidence of the close relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. Many of these specimens were unearthed in the 5700:. Dinosaur eggs were usually laid in a nest. Most species create somewhat elaborate nests which can be cups, domes, plates, beds scrapes, mounds, or burrows. Some species of modern bird have no nests; the cliff-nesting 1983:

and characteristically shaped melanosomes have been reported from feathers and scales of Jehol and Yanliao dinosaurs, including both theropods and ornithischians. This has enabled multiple full-body reconstructions of

1881:

molecular structure. Fossils of keratin-based skin coverings or bony skin coverings are known from most major groups of dinosaurs. Dinosaur fossils with scaly skin impressions have been found since the 19th century.

6728:

States, for example, the competition between museums for public attention led directly to the Bone Wars of the 1880s and 1890s, during which a pair of feuding paleontologists made enormous scientific contributions.

6911:

without fur or feathers. As Linnean taxonomy was formulated for modern animals prior to the study of evolution and paleontology, it fails to account for extinct animals with intermediate traits between traditional

5574:) most non-avialan dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion. A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior; the science of biomechanics, pioneered by 6004:

via the ureters into the intestine. This would have helped them to conserve water. In most living species, uric acid is excreted along with feces as a semisolid waste. However, at least some modern birds (such as

11285:

Griffin, C.T.; Wynd, B.M.; Munyikwa, D.; Broderick, T.J.; Zondo, M.; Tolan, S.; Langer, M.C.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Taruvinga, H.R. (2022). "Africa's oldest dinosaurs reveal early suppression of dinosaur distribution".

5891:

by some. Evidence from crocodiles and their extinct relatives suggests that such elevated metabolisms could have developed in the earliest archosaurs, which were the common ancestors of dinosaurs and crocodiles.

2395:, became extinct. This was followed by the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (about 201 million years ago), that saw the end of most of the other groups of early archosaurs, like aetosaurs, ornithosuchids, 6637:

representing 40,000 years of elapsed time. This has been used to support the view that the K-Pg extinction was gradual. However, these supposed Paleocene dinosaurs are considered by many other researchers to be

7740: 17406:

Eagle, R.A.; Tütken, T.; Martin, T.S.; Tripati, A.K.; Fricke, H.C.; Connely, M.; Cifelli, R.L.; Eiler, J.M. (2011). "Dinosaur body temperatures determined from isotopic (C-O) ordering in fossil biominerals".

5426:, from one to seven years old. This assemblage is interpreted as a social group that was trapped in mud. The interpretation of dinosaurs as gregarious has also extended to depicting carnivorous theropods as 6096:, have proposed other evolutionary paths, including revised versions of Heilmann's basal archosaur proposal, or that maniraptoran theropods are the ancestors of birds but themselves are not dinosaurs, only 5708:

keep eggs between their body and feet. Primitive birds and many non-avialan dinosaurs often lay eggs in communal nests, with males primarily incubating the eggs. While modern birds have only one functional

5570:(tree climbing), and this was also true of many Mesozoic birds, especially the enantiornithines. While some early bird-like species may have already been arboreal as well (including dromaeosaurids) such as 5883:("warm-blooded"), a vigorous debate has been ongoing since the 1960s regarding how far back in the dinosaur lineage this trait extended. Various researchers have supported dinosaurs as being endothermic, 5578:, has provided significant insight in this area. For example, studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run, whether 2386:

and rauisuchians, which were more successful than the dinosaurs. Most of these other animals became extinct in the Triassic, in one of two events. First, at about 215 million years ago, a variety of

2150:

wiped out an estimated 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species approximately 252 million years ago. The oldest dinosaur fossils known from substantial remains date to the

20612:

Upchurch, P.; Mannion, P.D.; Benson, R.B.; Butler, R.J.; Carrano, M.T. (2011). "Geological and anthropogenic controls on the sampling of the terrestrial fossil record: a case study from the Dinosauria".

2340:, making it another important site for understanding dinosaur evolution. These ornithodirans support the model of early dinosaurs as small, bipedal predators. Dinosaurs may have appeared as early as the 2521:-like organs to keep food in the mouth, and jaw motions to grind food. Another notable evolutionary event of the Jurassic was the appearance of true birds, descended from maniraptoran coelurosaurians. 784:

species (birds) and fossil remains. Through the first half of the 20th century, before birds were recognized as dinosaurs, most of the scientific community believed dinosaurs to have been sluggish and

19763:

Renne, P.R.; Deino, A.L.; Hilgen, F.J.; Kuiper, K.F.; Mark, D.F.; Mitchell, W.S.; Morgan, L.E.; Mundil, R.; Smit, J. (2013). "Time scales of critical events around the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary".

5856:

Genital structures are unlikely to fossilize as they lack scales that may allow preservation via pigmentation or residual calcium phosphate salts. In 2021, the best preserved specimen of a dinosaur's

839:. While the dinosaurs' modern-day surviving avian lineage (birds) are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs (non-avian and avian) were large-bodied—the largest 8918:: "The combination of such characters ... will, it is presumed, be deemed sufficient ground for establishing a distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles, for which I would propose the name of 2517:

were the most common plants. Sauropods, like earlier sauropodomorphs, were not oral processors, but ornithischians were evolving various means of dealing with food in the mouth, including potential

16014: 11480:

Novas, F.E.; Agnolin, F.L.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Müller, R.T.; Martinelli, A.; Langer, M. (2021). "Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications".

6678: 22361:

Lucas, S.G.; Sullivan, R.M.; Cather, S.M.; Jasinski, S.E.; Fowler, D.W.; Heckert, A.B.; Spielmann, J.A.; Hunt, A.P. (2009). "No definitive evidence of Paleocene dinosaurs in the San Juan Basin".

12802:, "On the rareness of big, fierce animals: speculations about the body sizes, population densities, and geographic ranges of predatory mammals and large carnivorous dinosaurs" by James O. Farlow. 2458:

Dinosaur evolution after the Triassic followed changes in vegetation and the location of continents. In the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, the continents were connected as the single landmass

2728:

Era. Terror birds and bathornithids occupied carnivorous guilds alongside predatory mammals, and ratites are still fairly successful as midsized herbivores; eogruiids similarly lasted from the

18886:

Alibardi, Lorenzo; Knapp, Loren W.; Sawyer, Roger H. (2006). "Beta-keratin localization in developing alligator scales and feathers in relation to the development and evolution of feathers".

11345:

Desojo, J.B.; Fiorelli, L.E.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Martinelli, A.G.; Ramezani, J.; Da Rosa, A.A.S.; Belén von Baczko, M.; Jimena Trotteyn, M.; Montefeltro, F.C.; Ezpeleta, M.; Langer, M.C. (2020).

6826:

have referenced dinosaurs in printed or televised advertisements, either in order to sell their own products or in order to characterize their rivals as slow-moving, dim-witted, or obsolete.

2430:

through the Carnian and Norian stages of the Triassic, possibly by occupying the niches of the groups that became extinct. Also notably, there was a heightened rate of extinction during the

6300:

demonstrate that some dinosaurs slept with their heads tucked under their arms. This behavior, which may have helped to keep the head warm, is also characteristic of modern birds. Several

1906:

in 1885 and 1917. Since then, scale impressions have been most frequently found among hadrosaurids, where the impressions are known from nearly the entire body across multiple specimens.

22277:"New geochronologic and stratigraphic evidence confirms the Paleocene age of the dinosaur-bearing Ojo Alamo Sandstone and Animas Formation in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado" 18993:

Feduccia, Alan; Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten; Hinchliffe, J. Richard (November 2005). "Do feathered dinosaurs exist? Testing the hypothesis on neontological and paleontological evidence".

5363:(closest living relatives of birds), were also common among extinct dinosaur groups. Interpretations of behavior in fossil species are generally based on the pose of skeletons and their 2724:"). It is often stated that mammals out-competed the neornithines for dominance of most terrestrial niches but many of these groups co-existed with rich mammalian faunas for most of the 6266:

skeletons, as is the case in birds. "What was once formally considered unique to birds was present in some form in the ancestors of birds", O'Connor said. In 2008, scientists described

1774:

and described it in 1969. Its anatomy indicated that it was an active predator that was likely warm-blooded, in marked contrast to the then-prevailing image of dinosaurs. Concurrently,

6818:

works about dinosaurs, including some prominent paleontologists, have often sought to use the animals as a way to educate readers about science in general. Dinosaurs are ubiquitous in

1886:

discovered a sauropod forelimb with preserved skin in 1852 that was incorrectly attributed to a crocodile; it was correctly attributed by Marsh in 1888 and subject to further study by

827:

species, and some were able to shift between these stances. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed

4992:). Its remains were discovered in Tanzania between 1907 and 1912. Bones from several similar-sized individuals were incorporated into the skeleton now mounted and on display at the 15298: 1364:, also had erect limbs but achieved this by a "pillar-erect" configuration of the hip joint, where instead of having a projection from the femur insert on a socket on the hip, the 21687:

Tobin, T.S.; Bitz, C.M.; Archer, D. (2017). "Modeling climatic effects of carbon dioxide emissions from Deccan Traps volcanic eruptions around the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary".

8235:(1999). "Un dinosaure sauropodomorphe dans le Trias supérieur (Carnien) du Sud du Brésil" [A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carman) of southern Brazil]. 1459:

Scholarly descriptions of what would now be recognized as dinosaur bones first appeared in the late 17th century in England. Part of a bone, now known to have been the femur of a

863:. The large sizes of some dinosaurs, as well as their seemingly monstrous and fantastic nature, have ensured their regular appearance in best-selling books and films, such as the 21652:

Self, S.; Widdowson, M.; Thordarson, T.; Jay, A.E. (2006). "Volatile fluxes during flood basalt eruptions and potential effects on the global environment: A Deccan perspective".

5818:

was found without teeth, indicating that some parental care was required to feed the young dinosaurs. Trackways have also confirmed parental behavior among ornithopods from the

22051:

Khazins, V.; Shuvalov, V. (2019). "Chicxulub Impact as a Trigger of One of Deccan Volcanism Phases: Threshold of Seismic Energy Density". In Kocharyan, G.; Lyakhov, A. (eds.).

6596:

that would have been generated by the impact, this has led to the suggestion that the Chicxulub impact may have triggered these eruptions by increasing the permeability of the

4936:

of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between 1 and 10 metric tons (1.1 and 11.0 short tons). This contrasts sharply with the average size of Cenozoic mammals, estimated by the

7946: 11741:

Novas, F.E.; Ezcurra, M.D.; Chatterjee, S.; Kutty, T.S. (2011). "New dinosaur species from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri and Lower Dharmaram formations of central India".

5472:, may have been too fragile to be used for active defense, and so they were likely used for sexual or aggressive displays, though little is known about dinosaur mating and 1869:

Dinosaur fossils are not limited to bones, but also include imprints or mineralized remains of skin coverings, organs, and other tissues. Of these, skin coverings based on

1064:, while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs, are not taxonomically classified as dinosaurs. Pterosaurs are distantly related to dinosaurs, being members of the clade 859:

in 1842 to refer to these "great fossil lizards". Since then, mounted fossil dinosaur skeletons have been major attractions at museums worldwide, and dinosaurs have become

19252:

Schweitzer, Mary H.; Watt, J.A.; Avci, R.; et al. (1999). "Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarezsaurid,

16537:

De Ricqlès, A. (1980). "Tissue structures of dinosaur bone, functional significance and possible relation to dinosaur physiology". In Thomas, R.D.K.; Olson, E.C. (eds.).

2042:, and colleagues reported various occurrences of preserved soft tissues and proteins within dinosaur bone fossils. Various mineralized structures that likely represented 1256:

are separated by a large concave surface (on the upper side of the ischium a part of the open hip joint is located between the contacts with the pubic bone and the ilium)

869:

franchise. Persistent public enthusiasm for the animals has resulted in significant funding for dinosaur science, and new discoveries are regularly covered by the media.

21722:

Schmidt, A.; Skeffington, R.A.; Thordarson, T.; Self, S.; Forster, P.M.; Rap, A.; Ridgwell, A.; Fowler, D.; Wilson, M.; Mann, G.W.; Wignall, P.B.; Carslaw, K.S. (2016).

20206:

Le Loeuff, J. (2012). "Paleobiogeography and biodiversity of Late Maastrichtian dinosaurs: how many dinosaur species went extinct at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary?".

6704:

reflects the animals' cultural importance: in English, "dinosaur" is commonly used to describe anything that is impractically large, obsolete, or bound for extinction.

21853:

Glasby, G.P.; Kunzendorf, H. (1996). "Multiple factors in the origin of the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: the role of environmental stress and Deccan Trap volcanism".

19823:

Brusatte, S.L.; Butler, R.J.; Barrett, P.M.; Carrano, M.T.; Evans, D.C.; Lloyd, G.T.; Mannion, P.D.; Norell, M.A.; Peppe, D.J.; Upchurch, P.; Williamson, T.E. (2015).

12040: 6723:. The Crystal Palace dinosaurs proved so popular that a strong market in smaller replicas soon developed. In subsequent decades, dinosaur exhibits opened at parks and 6204:. This early bird is so dinosaur-like that, without a clear impression of feathers in the surrounding rock, at least one specimen was mistaken for the small theropod 5257:, reaching a length of 12.6 to 18 meters (41 to 59 ft) and weighing 7 to 20.9 metric tons (7.7 to 23.0 short tons). Other large carnivorous theropods included 15867: 11347:"The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations" 2094:, which grouped them with birds as would be expected. The extraction of fragmentary DNA has also been reported for both of these fossils, along with a specimen of 1269:

Distinct proximodistally oriented (vertical) ridge present on the posterior face of the distal end of the tibia (the rear surface of the lower end of the shinbone)

12406: 2528:

and the ongoing breakup of Pangaea, dinosaurs were becoming strongly differentiated by landmass. The earliest part of this time saw the spread of ankylosaurians,

1967:

of northeastern China, from which hundreds of dinosaur specimens bearing impressions of feather-like structures (both closely related to birds and otherwise, see

6950:

Andrea Cau (2018). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 57 (1): 1–25.

907:, because these were two of the three genera cited by Richard Owen when he recognized the Dinosauria. Both definitions cover the same known genera: Dinosauria = 5853:

had juveniles with clear superprecociality and likely occupying different ecological niches than the adults. Superprecociality has been inferred for sauropods.

4761: 24620: 17500:

Perry, S.F.; Christian, A.; Breuer, T.; Pajor, N.; Codd, J.R. (2009). "Implications of an avian-style respiratory system for gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs".

14255: 10278:

Schweitzer, M.H.; Lindgren, J.; Moyer, A.E. (2015). "Melanosomes and ancient coloration re-examined: a response to Vinther 2015 (DOI 10.1002/bies.201500018)".

17852: 16860: 16753: 15676: 11160:; Pavlov, Alexander; Arthur, Michael A. (2005). "Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia". 8380:"A Review of Some Recent Criticisms of the Restorations of Sauropod Dinosaurs Existing in the Museums of the United States, with Special Reference to that of 22421:

Lofgren, D.L.; Hotton, C.L.; Runkel, A.C. (1990). "Reworking of Cretaceous dinosaurs into Paleocene channel, deposits, upper Hell Creek Formation, Montana".

13074: 12312:

Prasad, Vandana; Strömberg, Caroline A. E.; Alimohammadian, Habib; et al. (2005). "Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers".

5142:, which could have reached a sixth-floor window. There were a few dinosaurs that was considered either the heaviest and longest. The most famous one include 1276:

Nesbitt found a number of further potential synapomorphies and discounted a number of synapomorphies previously suggested. Some of these are also present in

17174:

Clemens, W.A.; Nelms, L.G. (1993). "Paleoecological implications of Alaskan terrestrial vertebrate fauna in latest Cretaceous time at high paleolatitudes".

21783:(2000). "Ar/Ar dating of mineral separates and whole rocks from the Western Ghats lava pile: further constraints on duration and age of the Deccan traps". 21122:

Matsui, T.; Imamura, F.; Tajika, E.; Nakano, Y.; Fujisawa, Y. (2002). "Generation and propagation of a tsunami from the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact event".

17363:

O'Connor, P.M. (2009). "Evolution of archosaurian body plans: skeletal adaptations of an air-sac-based breathing apparatus in birds and other archosaurs".

12742: 24633: 10229:

Lindgren, J.; Moyer, A.; Schweitzer, M.H.; Sjövall, P.; Uvdal, P.; Nilsson, D.E.; Heimdal, J.; Engdahl, A.; Gren, J.A.; Schultz, B.P.; Kear, B.P. (2015).

7501:"A version of this article appears in print on March 28, 2017, on Page D6 of the New York edition with the headline: Shaking Up the Dinosaur Family Tree." 6512:

miles) wide impacted the Yucatán Peninsula 66 million years ago, forming this crater and creating a "kill mechanism" that triggered the extinction event.

5359:

Many modern birds are highly social, often found living in flocks. There is general agreement that some behaviors that are common in birds, as well as in

15961: 14353: 11581: 10354:

O'Connor, J.K.; Zhou, Z. (2019). "The evolution of the modern avian digestive system: insights from paravian fossils from the Yanliao and Jehol biotas".

9888:

Zhou, Z.-H.; Wang, Y. (2017). "Vertebrate assemblages of the Jurassic Yanliao Biota and the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparisons and implications".

20208: 13332:"Maraapunisaurus fragillimus, N.G. (formerly Amphicoelias fragillimus), a basal Rebbachisaurid from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Colorado" 12147: 5118:

kilograms (88 to 110 short tons) and reached lengths of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 131 ft); some of the longest were the 33.5-meter (110 ft) long

1112:

epoch at latest. Modern birds inhabit most available habitats, from terrestrial to marine, and there is evidence that some non-avian dinosaurs (such as

20449:"A refined modelling approach to assess the influence of sampling on palaeobiodiversity curves: new support for declining Cretaceous dinosaur richness" 12461: 10817:

Schweitzer, M.H.; Zheng, W.; Cleland, T.P.; Bern, M. (2013). "Molecular analyses of dinosaur osteocytes support the presence of endogenous molecules".

8130: 5204:. Recent size estimates in 2023 have placed this sauropod reaching lengths of up to 44 m (144 ft) long and a colossal weight range of around 5000:; this mount is 12 meters (39 ft) tall and 21.8 to 22.5 meters (72 to 74 ft) long, and would have belonged to an animal that weighed between 2018: 1532: 970:

taxonomy based on deduced ancestry, in which each group is defined as all descendants of a given founding genus. Birds belong to the dinosaur subgroup

6532:

aerosols are thought to have spread around the world over the ensuing months and years; they would have cooled the surface of the Earth by reflecting

5967:

In saurischian dinosaurs, higher metabolisms were supported by the evolution of the avian respiratory system, characterized by an extensive system of

17147:

Paul, G.S. (1988). "Physiological, migratorial, climatological, geophysical, survival, and evolutionary implications of Cretaceous polar dinosaurs".

16040: 13585:

Therrien, François; Henderson, Donald M. (2007). "My theropod is bigger than yours ... or not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods".

12071:, "The first Norian (Revueltian) rhynchosaur: Bull Canyon Formation, New Mexico, U.S.A." by Justin A. Spielmann, Spencer G. Lucas and Adrian P. Hunt. 9541: 7876: 23854: 19335:

O'Connor, Patrick M.; Claessens, Leon P. A. M. (2005). "Basic avian pulmonary design and flow-through ventilation in non-avian theropod dinosaurs".

8292:

Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Irmis, Randall B.; Parker, William G. (2007). "A critical re-evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America".

1241:

Exoccipitals (bones at the back of the skull) do not meet along the midline on the floor of the endocranial cavity, the inner space of the braincase

27484: 26322: 23435: 21762: 21168: 18090: 5812:

in 1993, which may indicate that they had begun using an insulating layer of feathers to keep the eggs warm. An embryo of the basal sauropodomorph

5607:

suggest the importance of color in visual communication in non-avian dinosaurs. Vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs is less certain. In birds, the

20683: 7488: 6641:, that is, washed out of their original locations and then reburied in younger sediments. The age estimates have also been considered unreliable. 5539:. Large and medium-sized herbivorous and omnivorous dinosaurs such as ceratopsians, sauropodomorphs, hadrosaurids, ornithomimosaurs may have been 27931: 22093:

G.V.R.; Dingus, L.; Courtillot, V.; Milner, A.; Milner, A.; Bajpai, S.; Ward, D.J.; Sahni, A. (2010). "Cretaceous extinctions: multiple causes".

11973: 8840: 8210: 5799:("good mother lizard") nesting ground in Montana demonstrated that parental care continued long after birth among ornithopods. A specimen of the 5719:, exhibited iterative laying, where the adult might lay a pair of eggs every one or two days, and then ensured simultaneous hatching by delaying 5495:, providing evidence that dinosaurs did indeed attack each other. Additional evidence for attacking live prey is the partially healed tail of an 2146:

Dinosaurs diverged from their archosaur ancestors during the Middle to Late Triassic epochs, roughly 20 million years after the devastating

22232:

Fassett, J.E.; Heaman, L.M.; Simonetti, A. (2011). "Direct U–Pb dating of Cretaceous and Paleocene dinosaur bones, San Juan Basin, New Mexico".

16929:

Horner, J.R.; de Ricqles, A.; Padian, K.; Scheetz, R.D. (2009). "Comparative long bone histology and growth of the "hypsilophodontid" dinosaurs

13922: 8237: 13171: 6968:

Ferigolo, Jorge; Langer, Max C. (2007). "A Late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone".

1272:

Concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum (the top surface of the calcaneum, where it touches the fibula, has a hollow profile)

855:

The first dinosaur fossils were recognized in the early 19th century, with the name "dinosaur" (meaning "terrible lizard") being coined by Sir

852:

are more likely to last until they are fossilized. Many dinosaurs were quite small, some measuring about 50 centimeters (20 inches) in length.

22004:

Richards, M.A.; Alvarez, W.; Self, S.; Karlstrom, L.; Renne, P.R.; Manga, M.; Sprain, C.J.; Smit, J.; Vanderkluysen, L.; Gibson, S.A. (2015).

15211: 14725:

Henderson, Donald M. (2003). "Effects of stomach stones on the buoyancy and equilibrium of a floating crocodilian: a computational analysis".

5761:

very early in the evolution of dinosaurs, this suggests that the production of medullary tissue is a general characteristic of all dinosaurs.

27855: 12869: 6845: 20392:"Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction" 13365:"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals" 17616: 6400:

epoch, which led to the prevailing view of a long-term decline in diversity. However, these comparisons did not account either for varying

5430:

working together to bring down large prey. However, this lifestyle is uncommon among modern birds, crocodiles, and other reptiles, and the

1028: 18417: 16982:, a model organism for extinct vertebrate population biology: A large sample statistical assessment of growth dynamics and survivorship". 14085: 15891:"A Large Accumulation of Avian Eggs from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) Reveals a Novel Nesting Strategy in Mesozoic Birds" 15353: 8661: 4714: 19279: 17800:

Packard, G.C. (1966). "The Influence of Ambient Temperature and Aridity on Modes of Reproduction and Excretion of Amniote Vertebrates".

11529:(Archosauria: Dinosauria) from the Coelophysis Quarry (Triassic: Rhaetian) of New Mexico and its relationships to other early dinosaurs" 1341:, for example). Another difficulty of determining distinctly dinosaurian features is that early dinosaurs and other archosaurs from the 966:. However, most contemporary paleontologists reject the traditional style of classification based on anatomical similarity, in favor of 27552: 18925:

Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten (December 2003). "The dinosaurian origin of feathers: perspectives from dolphin (Cetacea) collagen fibers".

7223: 6486:, indicative of a strong shockwave emanating from an impact, was also found worldwide. The actual impact site remained elusive until a 5152:

described in 1878. Extrapolating from the illustration of this bone, the animal may have been 58 meters (190 ft) long and weighed

1778:

published a series of studies that likewise argued for active lifestyles in dinosaurs based on anatomical and ecological evidence (see

14300: 10762:

Organ, C.L.; Schweitzer, M.H.; Zheng, W.; Freimark, L.M.; Cantley, L.C.; Asara, J.M. (2008). "Molecular Phylogenetics of Mastodon and

9082: 7572: 7409: 4711: 1686: 24853: 19676: 15978: 15557: 8351: 6332: 6322: 5945: 5713:

and lay one egg at a time, more primitive birds and dinosaurs had two oviducts, like crocodiles. Some non-avialan dinosaurs, such as

2285:. The Pebbly Arkose Formation, which is of uncertain age but was likely comparable to the other two, has produced the sauropodomorph 2028: 742: 22163:

Keller, G. (2014). "Deccan volcanism, the Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect".

13514: 2358:

When dinosaurs appeared, they were not the dominant terrestrial animals. The terrestrial habitats were occupied by various types of

1835:, made knowledge more accessible and spurred further interest in dinosaur research. The release of the first and second editions of 18568: 14886: 14639: 9000: 7935: 4720: 1565:

who in fact had required remains years earlier. Gideon Mantell recognized similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern

10443: 8969: 8567: 6628:, and described it as evidence of Paleocene dinosaurs. The rock unit in which the bone was discovered has been dated to the early 4073:(generally elaborately horned carnivores that existed from the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods, originally included Coelophysoidea) 2227:. The Santa Maria Formation (radiometrically dated to be older, at 233.23 million years old) has produced the herrerasaurids 27530: 27512: 26317: 24451:

Vertebrate Fossils and the Evolution of Scientific Concepts: Writings in Tribute to Beverly Halstead, by Some of His Many Friends

17276: 16834: 16520: 8802: 7253: 5411:, England, although there is no evidence for specific herd structures. Congregating into herds may have evolved for defense, for 1387:

Dinosaur fossils have been known for millennia, although their true nature was not recognized. The Chinese considered them to be

16073: 13701: 6013:, excreting most of the nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. This material, as well as the output of the intestines, emerges from the 4734: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4702: 2513:. Ankylosaurians and ornithopods were also becoming more common, but primitive sauropodomorphs had become extinct. Conifers and 24276: 21176: 18713: 16270:

Grady, J.M.; Enquist, B.J.; Dettweiler-Robinson, E.; Wright, N.A.; Smith, F.A. (2014). "Evidence for mesothermy in dinosaurs".

14025:, pp. 252–284, chpt. 9: "Steps in Understanding Sauropod Biology: The Importance of Sauropods Tracks" by Joanna L. Wright. 13644: 11696:

Langer, Max C.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Da Rosa, Átila A.S. (May 2018). "U-Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil".

5444:

can also be interpreted as the results of fatal disputes between feeding animals, as is seen in many modern diapsid predators.

1345:

epoch are often poorly known and were similar in many ways; these animals have sometimes been misidentified in the literature.

706: 23521:. Early Science in Oxford. Vol. XIV. Preface by Albert Everard Gunther (Reprint ed.). London: Dawsons of Pall Mall. 21499:

Chenet, A.L.; Courtillot, V.; Fluteau, F.; Gérard, M.; Quidelleur, X.; Khadri, S.F.R.; Subbarao, K.V.; Thordarson, T. (2009).

4753: 24770: 24728: 24551: 24458: 24413: 24367: 24286: 24249: 24203: 24152: 24113: 24067: 23967: 23906: 23817: 23768: 23718: 23668: 23576: 23526: 23486: 23378: 23339: 23300: 23170: 23128: 23078: 23028: 22971: 22937: 22887: 22845: 22776: 22721: 22664: 22611: 22184: 22068: 21909: 21143: 19440: 19428: 17988: 17544: 16594:

de Souza, G.A.; Bento Soares, M.; Souza Brum, A.; Zucolotto, M.; Sayão, J.M.; Carlos Weinschütz, L.; Kellner, A.W.A. (2020).

9606:

Lloyd, G.T.; Davis, K.E.; Pisani, D.; Tarver, J.E.; Ruta, R.; Sakamoto, M.; Hone, D.W.E.; Jennings, R.; Benton, M.J. (2008).

9501: 9175: 7263: 5291:

which measured 16.6 meters (54 ft). The largest individuals may have weighed as much as 16 metric tons (18 short tons).

4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4704: 4701: 4253:†"Nexus of basal coelurosaurs" (used by Tweet to denote well-known taxa with unstable positions at the base of Coelurosauria) 2147: 1006:, and all of its descendants, to ensure that sauropods and kin remain included as dinosaurs. They also resurrected the clade 11977: 8650: 6482:

levels, recorded around the world in rock deposits at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, was direct evidence of the impact.

6248: 6161:

However, researchers do not agree regarding whether these structures share a common origin between lineages (i.e., they are

5501:, a hadrosaurid dinosaur; the tail is damaged in such a way that shows the animal was bitten by a tyrannosaur but survived. 4707: 2596:, taken to its extreme in hadrosaurids. Some sauropods also evolved tooth batteries, best exemplified by the rebbachisaurid 1896:, which were largely destroyed during the specimen's excavation. Owen and Hooley subsequently described skin impressions of 1505:(1699), the first scientific treatment of what would now be recognized as a dinosaur when he described and named a sauropod 27477: 18416:

Godefroit, P.; Sinitsa, S.M.; Dhouailly, D.; Bolotsky, Y.L.; Sizov, A.V.; McNamara, M.E.; Benton, M.J.; Spagna, P. (2014).

13291: 13123: 12452: 11216: 6711:

England, where in 1854, three decades after the first scientific descriptions of dinosaur remains, a menagerie of lifelike

4755: 4752: 4738: 20978:

Kring, D. A. (2007). "The Chicxulub impact event and its environmental consequences at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary".

15392:

Varricchio, David J.; Horner, John R.; Jackson, Frankie D. (2002). "Embryos and eggs for the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur

8051:; Lécuyer, Christophe; et al. (2010). "Oxygen isotope evidence for semi-aquatic habits among spinosaurid theropods". 5310:, with a length of only 5 centimeters (2.0 in) and mass of around 1.8 g (0.063 oz). The smallest known non- 4758: 4727: 4705: 27936: 27667: 18020: 17575: 8294: 4737: 4736: 4708: 1312:(openings in the skull behind the eyes), and as members of the diapsid group Archosauria, had additional openings in the 895:(Neornithes), and all its descendants. It has also been suggested that Dinosauria be defined with respect to the MRCA of 15827: 14240: 11404:"A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina" 4756: 2584:, and iguanodontians. The stegosaurians appear to have gone extinct at some point in the late Early Cretaceous or early 27921: 24047:

Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Held at Plymouth in July 1841

15159: 12877: 12823: 12814: 8139: 6865: 6765: 5778: 5045: 4937: 4759: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4719: 4706: 4703: 1714: 17641:

Skadhauge, E.; Erlwanger, K.H.; Ruziwa, S.D.; Dantzer, V.; Elbrønd, V.S.; Chamunorwa, J.P. (2003). "Does the ostrich (

15747: 12385:, chpt. 14: "Bird Evolution Across the K–Pg Boundary and the Basal Neornithine Diversification" by Bent E. K. Lindow. 10172:

Vinther, J.; Nicholls, R.; Lautenschlager, S.; Pittman, M.; Kaye, T.G.; Rayfield, E.; Mayr, G.; Cuthill, I.C. (2016).

6548:

aerosols until experiments demonstrated otherwise.) The cessation of photosynthesis would have led to the collapse of

2606:

ankylosaurids, and pachycephalosaurians. In the southern continents that had made up the now-splitting supercontinent

985:, and Paul M. Barrett in 2017 suggested a radical revision of dinosaurian systematics. Phylogenetic analysis by Baron 23656: 22302:; et al. (1986). "Gradual Dinosaur Extinction and Simultaneous Ungulate Radiation in the Hell Creek Formation". 19887: 19824: 14965:; Chatterjee, Sankar; Zhiheng, Li; et al. (2016). "Fossil evidence of the avian vocal organ from the Mesozoic". 14198: 14181:

Roach, Brian T.; Brinkman, Daniel L. (April 2007). "A Reevaluation of Cooperative Pack Hunting and Gregariousness in

11110:"A fossil protein chimera; difficulties in discriminating dinosaur peptide sequences from modern cross-contamination" 7989: 7987:

MacLeod, Norman; Rawson, Peter F.; Forey, Peter L.; et al. (1997). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition".

6870: 6605: 6336: 4757: 4754: 1718: 21826:

Sahni, A. (1988). "Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events: Mass extinctions, iridium enrichment and Deccan volcanism".

14441:

Schmitz, Lars; Motani, Ryosuke (2011). "Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology".

8702:

Delair, Justin B.; Sarjeant, William A.S. (2002). "The earliest discoveries of dinosaurs: the records re-examined".

5407:. Sauropod tracks document that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species, at least in 4728: 4726: 4712: 27860: 27547: 27542: 23292: 18936: 17889: 15621: 15506:

Horner, John R.; Makela, Robert (1979). "Nest of juveniles provides evidence of family structure among dinosaurs".

13462:

and other fragmentary sauropod remains suggest the largest land animals were about as big as the greatest whales".

6650: 5294: 860: 780:

and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are represented on every continent by both

20086:

Field, D.J.; Bercovici, A.; Berv, J.S.; Dunn, R.; Fastovsky, D.E.; Lyson, T.R.; Vajda, V.; Gauthier, J.A. (2018).

15571: 13017: 12192:, pp. 627–642, chpt. 27: "Mesozoic Biogeography of Dinosauria" by Thomas R. Holtz Jr., Ralph E. Chapman, and 11642:; Monetta, Alfredo M. (1993). "Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria". 4769:

Knowledge about dinosaurs is derived from a variety of fossil and non-fossil records, including fossilized bones,

4695: 2614:

were the common theropods, and titanosaurian sauropods the common herbivores. Finally, in Europe, dromaeosaurids,

1675:. (Although fossils had been found before, their nature had not been correctly discerned.) The creature was named 1266:(protruding part of the top surface of the shinbone) arcs anterolaterally (curves to the front and the outer side) 27470: 25861: 24756: 24584: 19258: 18310: 18170: 15969: 8397: 7337: 7138:"A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs" 6272:, the skeleton of which supplies the strongest evidence to date of a dinosaur with a bird-like breathing system. 4732: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4709: 24489:"Reprint of papers published in a special volume of Modern geology , with five additional contributions.--Pref." 22442: 20892: 20850: 19128: 19111: 18318: 17195: 16913: 16572: 15409: 13537: 10546:

Pawlicki, R.; Nowogrodzka-Zagórska, M. (1998). "Blood vessels and red blood cells preserved in dinosaur bones".

6182:

was the first fossil found that revealed a potential connection between dinosaurs and birds. It is considered a

4746: 2874:, or forward. This basic form was modified by rotating the pubis backward to varying degrees in several groups ( 2736:, becoming extinct only very recently after over 20 million years of co-existence with many mammal groups. 2588:. A major change in the Early Cretaceous, which would be amplified in the Late Cretaceous, was the evolution of 1951:

Starting from the 1990s, major discoveries of exceptionally preserved fossils in deposits known as conservation

164: 27606: 27601: 24720: 24688: 24105: 24055: 23120: 15603:, chpt. 11: "Dinosaur Brooding Behavior and the Origin of Flight Feathers" by Thomas P. Hopp and Mark J. Orsen. 12407:"A Review of the Bathornithidae (Aves, Gruiformes), with Remarks on the Relationships of the Suborder Cariamae" 8303: 5382:

as a widespread behavior common to many dinosaur groups in addition to birds was the 1878 discovery of 31

4993: 4688: 1817:

Prior to the dinosaur renaissance, dinosaurs were mostly classified using the traditional rank-based system of

1618: 1325:

composed of three or more fused vertebrae (three are found in some other archosaurs, but only two are found in

22456:

Koenig, A.E.; Lucas, S.G.; Neymark, L.A.; Heckert, A.B.; Sullivan, R.M.; Jasinski, S.E.; Fowler, D.W. (2012).

20390:

Chiarenza, A.A.; Mannion, P.D.; Lunt, D.J.; Farnsworth, A.; Jones, L.A.; Kelland, S.J.; Allison, P.A. (2019).

20148:"Dental disparity and ecological stability in bird-like dinosaurs prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction" 14330: 14206: 13668:, pp. 438–463, chpt. 20: "Hadrosauridae" by John R. Horner David B. Weishampel, and Catherine A. Forster. 13598: 7872:"How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model" 7683:"How many dinosaur species were there? Fossil bias and true richness estimated using a Poisson sampling model" 5948:, which lived in Australia, Antarctica, and Alaska when these places would have had cool, temperate climates. 4710: 4691: 3397:(various sizes; bipeds and quadrupeds; evolved a method of chewing using skull flexibility and numerous teeth) 1090:, especially the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Other groups of animals were restricted in size and niches; 27519: 24846: 24353: 19851: 16149:, pp. 643–659, chpt. 28: "Physiology of Nonavian Dinosaurs" by Anusuya Chinsamy and Willem J. Hillenius. 15702: 14044: 12012: 10864:"Evidence of proteins, chromosomes and chemical markers of DNA in exceptionally preserved dinosaur cartilage" 8066: 6066:

of birds as dinosaur descendants was abandoned in favor of the idea of them being descendants of generalized

4739: 2491:, and herbivores consisting of stegosaurian ornithischians and large sauropods. Examples of this include the 20088:"Early evolution of modern birds structured by global forest collapse at the end-Cretaceous mass extinction" 13270:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny" 11043:"Influence of Microbial Biofilms on the Preservation of Primary Soft Tissue in Fossil and Extant Archosaurs" 4742: 23411: 23288: 22995: 15711: 10588: 7998: 7752: 6840: 6775: 6078:, which derived from separate clavicles) were not actually absent; they had been found as early as 1924 in 5790: 4700: 4698: 4690: 2871: 2039: 1890:

in 1917. Among ornithischians, in 1884 Jacob Wortman found skin impressions on the first known specimen of

1426: 17296:

Sereno, Paul C.; Martinez, Ricardo N.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; et al. (September 2008). Kemp, Tom (ed.).

17107:"Dinosaur bones: fossils or pseudomorphs? The pitfalls of physiology reconstruction from apatitic fossils" 9524: 6396:

epoch, which directly preceded the extinction, have been found to have lower diversity than the preceding

6240:. Comparison of bird and dinosaur skeletons through cladistic analysis strengthens the case for the link. 27611: 27450: 26307: 23864: 23240: 19885:

MacLeod, N.; Rawson, P.F.; Forey, P.L.; et al. (1997). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition".

18067: 15404:(3). Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 564–576. 14740: 14727: 14146:(4). Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 707–712. 13593:(1). Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 108–115. 13532:(4). Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 888–896. 12525: 9013: 6664: 5621:

dated 69 –66 million years ago, and this organ is unlikely to have existed in non-avian dinosaurs.

5285:

were among the tallest of the theropods. The largest ornithischian dinosaur was probably the hadrosaurid

4751: 4749: 4741: 4696: 4694: 1589: 882: 17: 25780: 21723: 21209: 17914:

Xu, X.; Li, F.; Wang, Y.; Sullivan, C.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; Sullivan, C.; Wang, X.; Zheng, X. (2018).

16693:

Erickson, G.; Rogers, K.; Yerby, S. (2001). "Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates".

5476:. Head wounds from bites suggest that theropods, at least, engaged in active aggressive confrontations. 4817:

is a sub-discipline). Two topics of particular interest and study have been dinosaur size and behavior.

4692: 27629: 27616: 27537: 26089: 25828: 24808: 24634:"The origin and early evolution of birds: discoveries, disputes, and perspectives from fossil evidence" 22713: 22656: 20748: 19664: 19650:"A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification" 18025: 14057: 13734:; et al. (2008). "A bizarre Jurassic maniraptoran from China with elongate ribbon-like feathers". 13274: 12755: 12457:"The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay" 9008: 8713: 8704: 8254: 7571:"This file contains Supplementary Text and Data, Supplementary Tables 1-3 and additional references.": 7465: 5720: 5615:, farther down the trachea. The earliest remains of a syrinx were found in a specimen of the duck-like 4747: 4745: 4693: 1955:

contributed to research on dinosaur soft tissues. Chiefly among these were the rocks that produced the

1621:, to display the national collection of dinosaur fossils and other biological and geological exhibits. 1349: 1136: 1039: 293: 259: 25796: 25790: 24494: 21500: 15562: 8639: 7515:; Barrett, Paul M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution". 5914:

regulate their body temperature. The idea of dinosaurs as ectothermic remained a prevalent view until

4743: 4715: 3527:(ancestrally had a thumb spike; large quadrupedal herbivores, with teeth merged into dental batteries) 1580: 27507: 26004: 25994: 24959: 24796: 23812:. Illustrations by Tracy Lee Ford; scientific advisors, Peter Dodson, et al. New York: Random House. 23474: 21549:

Schoene, B.; Eddy, M.P.; Samperton, K.M.; Keller, C.B.; Keller, G.; Adatte, T.; Khadri, S.F. (2019).

18750: 18452: 15772:

Zhou, Zhonghe; Zhang, Fucheng (2004). "A Precocial Avian Embryo from the Lower Cretaceous of China".

14679: 13287: 12414: 12254: 10503:

Pawlicki, R.; Korbel, A.; Kubiak, H. (1996). "Cells, Collagen Fibrils and Vessels in Dinosaur Bone".

10149: 8983: 7632:"How has our knowledge of dinosaur diversity through geologic time changed through research history?" 6835: 4744: 4697: 4689: 1414: 878: 31: 24621:"Two New Species of Large Predatory Dinosaur With Crocodile-Like Skulls Discovered on Isle of Wight" 22458:"Direct U-Pb dating of Cretaceous and Paleocene dinosaur bones, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: COMMENT" 22382:"Direct U-Pb dating of Cretaceous and Paleocene dinosaur bones, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: COMMENT" 21617:

McLean, D.M. (1985). "Deccan Traps mantle degassing in the terminal Cretaceous marine extinctions".

20711: 20329:

Fastovsky, D.E.; Huang, Y.; Hsu, J.; Martin-McNaughton, J.; Sheehan, P.M.; Weishampel, D.B. (2004).

15962:"Pelvis morphology suggests that early Mesozoic birds were too heavy to contact incubate their eggs" 13300: 13149: 13045: 9563:

Lockley, M.G.; Wright, J.L. (2000). "Reading About Dinosaurs – An Annotated Bibliography of Books".

26330: 26312: 25709: 24874: 24839: 24608: 23623: 23070: 21551:"U-Pb constraints on pulsed eruption of the Deccan Traps across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction" 15268: 13731: 12676: 12595: 7941: 7405: 6712: 6192: 5575: 5196:, a controversial taxon that was recently confirmed to exist after archived photos were uncovered. 5144: 4748: 4740: 2835:

than with Saurischia. Anatomically, these two groups can be distinguished most noticeably by their

1972: 22543:, pp. 347–350, "History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period" by Brent H. Breithaupt. 21949:"State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact" 19395: 18657:(Pterosauria, Anurognathidae, Batrachognathinae) and the structure of the pterosaur wing membrane" 12881: 10051:

Zhang, F.; Kearns, S.L.; Orr, P.J.; Benton, M.J.; Zhou, Z.; Johnson, D.; Xu, X.; Wang, X. (2010).

9392:"Ten more years of discovery: revisiting the quality of the sauropodomorph dinosaur fossil record" 5785:

Another widespread trait among modern birds (but see below in regards to fossil groups and extant

5170:

from the long, gracile diplodocid to the shorter but much stockier rebbachisaurid. Now renamed as

4699: 27596: 27579: 27525: 26335: 24393: 23431: 19048:"A new Chinese specimen indicates that 'protofeathers' in the Early Cretaceous theropod dinosaur 15839: 15232: 14666: 12373:, pp. 672–684, chpt. 30: "Dinosaur Extinction" by J. David Archibald and David E. Fastovsky. 8489: 8388: 7617:, chpt. 39: "Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era" by Michael Morales. 6850: 6490:

measuring 180 km (110 mi) wide was discovered in the Yucatán Peninsula of southeastern

5873: 4599:(characterized by large wings on both the arms and legs; may have been capable of powered flight) 2745: 2431: 2164: 2156: 2091: 1892: 1672: 1377: 1353: 26009: 21379:

Kaiho, K.; Oshima, N.; Adachi, K.; Adachi, Y.; Mizukami, T.; Fujibayashi, M.; Saito, R. (2016).

17567: 13631:; Li, Dunjing; Han, Gang; et al. (2007). "Zhuchengosaurus maximus from Shandong Province". 12217:, pp. 614–626, chpt. 26: "Dinosaur Paleoecology" by David E. Fastovsky and Joshua B. Smith. 12068: 10323:"The Jehol Biota, an Early Cretaceous terrestrial Lagerstätte: new discoveries and implications" 6814:

are just a few notable examples of dinosaur appearances in fiction. Authors of general-interest

6478:(extraterrestrial projectile) impact. Alvarez and colleagues proposed that a sudden increase in 6280:

s fossil bones revealed evidence for the existence of air sacs within the animal's body cavity.

4750: 2870:) meaning "hip joint"—retained the hip structure of their ancestors, with a pubis bone directed 2593: 1933: 1360:

of large size by reducing bending stresses on limbs. Some non-dinosaurian archosaurs, including

27886: 27785: 27589: 27426: 26302: 26114: 26064: 25389: 24598: 24189: 23619: 23478: 23419: 23244: 22704:

The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction

21381:"Global climate change driven by soot at the K-Pg boundary as the cause of the mass extinction" 21285:"Energy, volatile production, and climatic effects of the Chicxulub Cretaceous/Tertiary impact" 20706: 20243:

Carpenter, K. (1983). "Evidence suggesting gradual extinction of latest Cretaceous dinosaurs".

19649: 18472: 18063: 15219: 14194: 14036: 13295: 13040: 12973: 12799: 12737: 12646: 8979: 8915: 7192: 6724: 6401: 5931: 2475: 2317: 2313: 2104:

have been rejected, but cross-contamination remains a possibility that is difficult to detect.

2012: 1610: 1574: 1309: 1223:

Fourth trochanter asymmetrical, with distal, lower, margin forming a steeper angle to the shaft

1193: 27896: 25774: 24041: 22055:. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Cham: Springer. pp. 523–530. 21934: 20775:"Shocked quartz in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays: Evidence for a global distribution" 20372: 19528:

Norell, Mark A.; Clark, James M.; Chiappe, Luis M.; et al. (1995). "A nesting dinosaur".

19309: 17029:"Oxygen isotopes from biogenic apatites suggest widespread endothermy in Cretaceous dinosaurs" 10862:

Bailleul, A.M.; Zheng, W.; Horner, J.R.; Hall, B.K.; Holliday, C.M.; Schweitzer, M.H. (2020).

9774:

Bell, P.R. (2014). "A review of hadrosaur skin impressions". In Eberth, D.; Evans, D. (eds.).

9489: 7599: 7081:"A Unique Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage Reveals Dinosaur Ancestral Anatomy and Diet" 6588:

dating of the eruptions, the role of the Deccan Traps in the K-Pg extinction remains unclear.

6498:

and colleagues. Now, the bulk of the evidence suggests that a bolide 5 to 15 kilometers (3 to

5921:

One of the greatest contributions to the modern understanding of dinosaur physiology has been

5479:

From a behavioral standpoint, one of the most valuable dinosaur fossils was discovered in the

1543:, the first Reader of Geology at the University of Oxford, collected more fossilized bones of 1283: 146: 27881: 27584: 26139: 25493: 24405: 24241: 24059: 23516: 23104: 22764: 22652: 18995: 18927: 18776:

Benton, M.J.; Dhouailly, D.; Jiang, B.; McNamara, M. (2019). "The Early Origin of Feathers".

14375: 14113: 13798:"A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin" 13557: 12751: 11224: 10921: 10584: 9033:, Preface, "Dinosaurs: The Terrestrial Superlative" by James O. Farlow and M.K. Brett-Surman. 8375: 6802: 6790: 6740: 5834: 5612: 5502: 5458: 4932:

predatory carnivoran mammals peak in the 10-to-100 kg (22-to-220 lb) category. The

4226: 2541: 2388: 2160: 2054:

bones as early as 1991. However, in 2005, Schweitzer and colleagues reported that a femur of

2035: 1975:

and colleagues. In living reptiles and mammals, pigment-storing cellular structures known as

1784: 1701: 1664: 1654: 1466: 1393: 1337: 1177:, obliquely backward-pointing processes on the rear top corners of the anterior (front) neck 24316: 21796: 21665: 20379:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 35. pp. 403–405. 17047: 9955:"Recent advances in amniote palaeocolour reconstruction and a framework for future research" 3994:(diverse; stocky, with wide hips; most common in the Late Cretaceous of southern continents) 3466:(mostly southern ornithopods with mineralized plates along the ribs; may be thescelosaurids) 2321: 27873: 27842: 27823: 27702: 26767: 25785: 25224: 24648: 23116: 23066: 22825: 22768: 22469: 22430: 22393: 22311: 22241: 22017: 21960: 21862: 21792: 21738: 21724:"Selective environmental stress from sulphur emitted by continental flood basalt eruptions" 21696: 21661: 21626: 21562: 21515: 21453: 21392: 21353: 21296: 21247: 21185: 21088: 21033: 20987: 20936: 20880: 20838: 20786: 20698: 20622: 20517: 20403: 20345: 20295: 20252: 20159: 20099: 20032: 19985: 19950: 19896: 19772: 19714: 19596: 19537: 19478: 19344: 19267: 19175: 18940: 18785: 18729: 18583: 18513: 18432: 18207: 18123: 17927: 17864: 17699: 17509: 17474: 17416: 17372: 17309: 17183: 17121: 17079: 17043: 16991: 16950: 16802: 16702: 16554:"Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies" 16424: 16279: 16172: 16103: 16049: 15902: 15715: 15636: 15515: 15452: 15037: 14974: 14846: 14786: 14683: 14595: 14450: 14391: 14304: 14147: 13931: 13885: 13811: 13743: 13471: 13416: 13210: 13032: 12827: 12321: 12258: 12094: 11992: 11915: 11797: 11750: 11707: 11651: 11489: 11421: 11358: 11295: 11233: 11169: 11054: 10995: 10930: 10775: 10720: 10667: 10604: 10469: 10411: 10185: 10126: 10067: 10015: 9936: 9924: 9854: 9717: 9667: 9572: 9452: 9403: 9290: 9200: 9132: 9055: 8849: 8717: 8591:, pp. 10–44, chpt. 1: "A Brief History of Dinosaur Paleontology" by Michael J. Benton. 8506: 8307: 8258: 8070: 8002: 7836: 7756: 7530: 7401: 7393: 7092: 7036: 6977: 6811: 6796: 6633: 6197: 6097: 6018: 5599: 4206: 2504: 2411: 2075: 1985: 1734: 1704:, both of whom raced to be the first to find new dinosaurs in what came to be known as the 1478: 1159:

confirmed or found the following twelve unambiguous synapomorphies, some previously known:

892: 789: 761: 22577: 21947:

Renne, P.R.; Sprain, C.J.; Richards, M.A.; Self, S.; Vanderkluysen, L.; Pande, K. (2015).

19595:(5909). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1826–1828. 19174:(4860). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1790–1792. 19112:"Are Current Critiques Of The Theropod Origin Of Birds Science? Rebuttal To Feduccia 2002" 18296: 18206:(5753). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1483–1486. 17645:) coprodeum have the electrophysiological properties and microstructure of other birds?". 16247: 16230: 15695:"Dinosaur footprints from the Duntulm Formation (Bathonian, Jurassic) of the Isle of Skye" 15575: 15085:"An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs" 14845:(5971). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1369–1372. 13159: 13110:. Suplement VII (1. Reihe, Teil 3, Lieferung 2). Translation by Gerhard Maier. Stuttgart: 12320:(5751). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1170–1180. 11991:(5895). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1485–1488. 10603:(5717). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1952–1955. 9060:, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus" 9030: 8359: 7614: 6616:

Non-avian dinosaur remains have occasionally been found above the K-Pg boundary. In 2000,

6451: 6344: 6054:

The possibility that dinosaurs were the ancestors of birds was first suggested in 1868 by

5926: 5726:

When laying eggs, females grow a special type of bone between the hard outer bone and the

2001:

birds have also provided indirect indications of diet and digestive system anatomy (e.g.,

234: 8: 27736: 27655: 26297: 26189: 26129: 26074: 25854: 24932: 24533: 24318:

The Natural History of Oxford-shire: Being an Essay toward the Natural History of England

24195: 23694: 23613: 23232: 23061:

Currie, Philip J.; Koppelhus, Eva B.; Shugar, Martin A.; Wright, Joanna L., eds. (2004).

22817: 22809: 20679: 20667: 19580: 19436: 18016: 17747: 17027:

Amiot, R.; Lécuyer, C.; Buffetaut, E.; Escarguel, G.; Fluteau, F.; Martineau, F. (2006).

16786:

Erickson, G.; Makovicky, P.; Currie, P.; Norell, M.A.; Yerby, S.A.; Brochu, C.A. (2004).

16362:

Seymour, R.S.; Bennett-Stamper, C.L.; Johnston, S.D.; Carrier, D.R.; Grigg, G.C. (2004).

15207: 15146: 13876: 11969: 10392: 9658:

Schweitzer, M.H. (2011). "Soft Tissue Preservation in Terrestrial Mesozoic Vertebrates".

8896: 8498: 8193: 7832: 6855: 6781: 6720: 6687: 6668: 6525: 6471: 6427: 6237: 6183: 6147: 6109: 6055: 5653: 5379: 5371:

of their biomechanics, and comparisons with modern animals in similar ecological niches.

5368: 5265: 4553: 2984: 2500: 1826: 1697: 1640: 1313: 24652: 24537: 22829: 22556: 22473: 22434: 22397: 22315: 22245: 22021: 21964: 21866: 21742: 21700: 21630: 21566: 21519: 21457: 21396: 21357: 21300: 21251: 21189: 21092: 21079:

Ivanov, B.A. (2005). "Numerical Modeling of the Largest Terrestrial Meteorite Craters".

21037: 20991: 20940: 20925:"The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary" 20884: 20842: 20790: 20702: 20626: 20521: 20407: 20349: 20299: 20256: 20163: 20103: 20036: 19989: 19954: 19900: 19776: 19718: 19600: 19541: 19482: 19348: 19271: 19179: 18944: 18789: 18733: 18623: 18587: 18517: 18436: 18211: 18127: 17931: 17703: 17513: 17478: 17420: 17376: 17313: 17187: 17125: 17083: 16995: 16954: 16806: 16706: 16436: 16428: 16283: 16176: 16107: 16053: 15906: 15719: 15640: 15635:(5735). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 761–764. 15519: 15456: 15041: 14978: 14850: 14831: 14790: 14687: 14599: 14576: 14454: 14449:(6030). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 705–708. 14395: 14151: 13935: 13889: 13866:

Butler, Richard J.; Zhao, Qi (February 2009). "The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs

13815: 13747: 13475: 13420: 13214: 13036: 12831: 12763: 12540: 12325: 12262: 12098: 11996: 11919: 11801: 11754: 11711: 11655: 11493: 11425: 11362: 11299: 11237: 11173: 11058: 10999: 10934: 10779: 10724: 10671: 10608: 10473: 10415: 10189: 10130: 10071: 10028: 10019: 10003: 9928: 9858: 9721: 9679: 9671: 9576: 9456: 9407: 9294: 9204: 9136: 8940: 8853: 8721: 8607: 8510: 8311: 8262: 8074: 8006: 7840: 7760: 7534: 7096: 7040: 6981: 5176:, this sauropod now stands as much as 40 meters (130 ft) long and weigh as much as 2015:

of Italy. It preserves portions of the intestines, colon, liver, muscles, and windpipe.

27926: 27753: 27080: 26144: 26104: 26069: 25732: 24709: 24680: 24141: 23928: 23561: 23213: 23207: 22617: 22343: 22276: 22128:

Courtillot, V.; Fluteau, F. (2010). "Cretaceous extinctions: the volcanic hypothesis".

22074: 22033: 21986: 21886: 21835: 21780: 21754: 21596: 21531: 21476: 21441: 21413: 21380: 21322: 21265: 21104: 21056: 21021: 20960: 20810: 20740: 20638: 20589: 20564: 20540: 20505: 20486: 20473: 20448: 20424: 20391: 20311: 20268: 20185: 20125: 20063: 20020: 19958: 19920: 19864: 19796: 19737: 19702: 19630: 19561: 19510: 19376: 19215: 19199: 19141: 19084: 19047: 19028: 18972: 18863: 18838: 18819: 18755: 18689: 18652: 18615: 18545: 18464: 18391: 18338: 18330: 18239: 18149: 17956: 17915: 17881: 17833: 17825: 17777: 17742: 17723: 17608: 17440: 17340: 17297: 17234: 17156: 17007: 16966: 16917: 16826: 16726: 16681: 16677: 16639: 16626: 16595: 16576: 16481: 16454: 16303: 16252: 16203: 16160: 16129: 16006: 15933: 15890: 15859: 15805: 15739: 15668: 15622:"Embryos of an Early Jurassic Prosauropod Dinosaur and Their Evolutionary Significance" 15539: 15483: 15440: 15421: 15340: 15310: 15260: 15252: 15228: 15212:"Acoustic Analysis of Vocalization of Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia)" 15189: 15117: 15084: 15060: 15025: 15006: 14939: 14912: 14878: 14812: 14626: 14538: 14505: 14482: 14423: 14275: 14218: 14077: 14005: 13837: 13775: 13610: 13549: 13495: 13440: 13387: 13241: 13198: 13066: 12942: 12909: 12851: 12713: 12680: 12622: 12581: 12353: 12289: 12236: 12128: 12032: 11946: 11903: 11879: 11844: 11820: 11785: 11766: 11675: 11452: 11417: 11403: 11379: 11346: 11327: 11193: 11134: 11109: 11085: 11042: 11018: 10983: 10959: 10916: 10888: 10863: 10799: 10744: 10685: 10656:"A chemical framework for the preservation of fossil vertebrate cells and soft tissues" 10636: 10528: 10435: 10371: 10303: 10255: 10230: 10206: 10173: 10091: 10033: 9979: 9954: 9815: 9790: 9733: 9632: 9607: 9588: 9470: 9421: 9364: 9339: 9306: 9216: 9148: 8875: 8794: 8559: 8530: 8417: 8331: 8169: 8026: 7910: 7871: 7815: 7787: 7735: 7707: 7682: 7658: 7631: 7630:

Tennant, Jonathan P.; Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro; Baron, Matthew (February 19, 2018).

7562: 7471: 7375: 7164: 7137: 7060: 7001: 6770: 6495: 6463: 6166: 6162: 5661: 5473: 5320: 5244: 5059: 4925: 4835:

Scale diagram comparing the average human to the longest known dinosaurs in five major

4470: 4160: 3568: 3405: 3263: 2492: 2427: 2171: 1548: 1520: 1234:, upper ankle bones, the proximal articular facet, the top connecting surface, for the 955: 932: 757: 730: 726: 665: 288: 23649: 23010: 22758: 22497: 21804: 20330: 19463: 18498: 18188: 17660: 17648:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology

17459: 17298:"Evidence for Avian Intrathoracic Air Sacs in a New Predatory Dinosaur from Argentina" 17253: 17133: 17106: 17028: 16894: 16787: 16553: 16505: 13966: 12093:(6422). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 78–80. 11978:"Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs" 11245: 10559: 10396: 9866: 9839: 8729: 8481: 8270: 8192:, pp. 140–168, chpt. 3: "Classification and Evolution of the Dinosaur Groups" by 27868: 27433: 27206: 27153: 27103: 26246: 26236: 26179: 25979: 25974: 25914: 24820: 24812: 24784: 24776: 24766: 24742: 24734: 24724: 24672: 24664: 24565: 24557: 24547: 24514: 24506: 24480: 24472: 24464: 24454: 24427: 24419: 24409: 24398: 24381: 24373: 24363: 24330: 24322: 24300: 24292: 24282: 24263: 24255: 24245: 24217: 24209: 24199: 24166: 24158: 24148: 24119: 24109: 24081: 24073: 24063: 24045: 24025: 24017: 24009: 23981: 23973: 23963: 23956: 23951: 23920: 23912: 23902: 23831: 23823: 23813: 23806: 23782: 23774: 23764: 23753: 23732: 23724: 23714: 23701:

Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages

23699: 23682: 23674: 23664: 23635: 23627: 23590: 23582: 23572: 23540: 23532: 23522: 23500: 23492: 23482: 23447: 23439: 23392: 23384: 23374: 23353: 23345: 23335: 23314: 23306: 23296: 23260: 23252: 23176: 23166: 23159: 23142: 23134: 23124: 23108: 23092: 23084: 23074: 23042: 23034: 23024: 22985: 22977: 22967: 22943: 22933: 22918: 22901: 22893: 22883: 22859: 22851: 22841: 22790: 22782: 22772: 22735: 22727: 22717: 22702: 22678: 22670: 22660: 22645: 22621: 22607: 22335: 22327: 22257: 22180: 22145: 22110: 22078: 22064: 21978: 21878: 21808: 21638: 21588: 21580: 21535: 21481: 21418: 21314: 21201: 21139: 21108: 21061: 20952: 20924: 20904: 20896: 20802: 20732: 20724: 20642: 20594: 20545: 20478: 20429: 20225: 20177: 20117: 20068: 20050: 20001: 19924: 19912: 19868: 19856: 19788: 19742: 19668: 19622: 19614: 19553: 19502: 19494: 19368: 19360: 19291: 19283: 19207: 19191: 19133: 19089: 19071: 19020: 19012: 18964: 18956: 18907: 18899: 18868: 18823: 18811: 18694: 18676: 18648: 18607: 18599: 18537: 18529: 18468: 18456: 18395: 18383: 18322: 18271: 18231: 18223: 18141: 18082: 17984: 17961: 17943: 17817: 17782: 17764: 17715: 17672: 17664: 17600: 17592: 17525: 17444: 17432: 17388: 17345: 17327: 17226: 16852: 16818: 16745: 16718: 16643: 16631: 16486: 16385: 16364:"Evidence for endothermic ancestors of crocodiles at the stem of archosaur evolution" 16344: 16295: 16208: 16190: 16133: 16121: 16065: 16032: 15998: 15990: 15938: 15920: 15851: 15797: 15789: 15743: 15731: 15660: 15652: 15531: 15488: 15470: 15413: 15345: 15327: 15323: 15244: 15181: 15173: 15155: 15122: 15104: 15065: 14998: 14990: 14944: 14882: 14870: 14862: 14804: 14752: 14707: 14699: 14631: 14613: 14572: 14543: 14525: 14501: 14474: 14466: 14415: 14407: 14345: 14267: 14210: 14163: 14069: 13997: 13989: 13980:(5573). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1659. 13947: 13901: 13829: 13767: 13759: 13689: 13648: 13602: 13541: 13499: 13487: 13444: 13432: 13391: 13305: 13246: 13228: 13163: 13115: 13058: 13018:"Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs" 12981: 12947: 12929: 12925: 12843: 12767: 12718: 12700: 12627: 12609: 12573: 12486: 12456: 12427: 12345: 12337: 12294: 12276: 12228: 12158: 12120: 12112: 12024: 12016: 11951: 11933: 11884: 11866: 11825: 11770: 11723: 11698: 11667: 11639: 11635: 11601: 11593: 11572: 11505: 11457: 11439: 11384: 11331: 11319: 11311: 11249: 11185: 11139: 11090: 11072: 11023: 10964: 10946: 10912: 10893: 10844: 10836: 10791: 10736: 10689: 10628: 10620: 10563: 10520: 10485: 10427: 10375: 10295: 10260: 10211: 10154: 10095: 10083: 10037: 9984: 9870: 9820: 9737: 9637: 9592: 9533: 9497: 9474: 9425: 9369: 9257: 9249: 9171: 9074: 8867: 8836:, a newly discovered fossil reptile, from the sandstone of Tilgate forest, in Sussex" 8798: 8786: 8733: 8534: 8522: 8518: 8409: 8323: 8274: 8161: 8086: 8062: 8053: 8030: 8018: 7915: 7897: 7852: 7792: 7774: 7712: 7663: 7566: 7554: 7546: 7480: 7367: 7359: 7345: 7259: 7169: 7118: 7110: 7064: 7052: 6993: 6901: 6552:

depending on leafy plants, which included all dinosaurs save for grain-eating birds.

6533: 6186:, in that it displays features of both groups. Brought to light just two years after 6063: 5906: 5649: 5543:, active during short intervals throughout the day, although the small ornithischian 5364: 5192: 5091: 4959: 4933: 4625: 4571: 4481: 4312: 4301: 4278: 3948: 3423: 3371: 3357: 3306: 3299: 2632: 2344:

epoch of the Triassic, approximately 243 million years ago, which is the age of

2070: 1844: 1821:. The renaissance was also accompanied by the increasingly widespread application of 1818: 1490: 1209: 845: 694: 690: 23932: 22347: 21990: 21890: 21758: 21600: 21269: 20871:; Kinsland, G.L.; et al. (1996). "Surface expression of the Chicxulub crater". 20814: 20744: 20272: 20129: 19219: 19032: 18976: 18759: 18499:"Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids" 18367: 18342: 18243: 18153: 17837: 17612: 17238: 17011: 16970: 16921: 16685: 16580: 16256: 15863: 15809: 15780:(5696). Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 653. 15672: 15425: 15264: 15193: 14816: 14486: 14279: 14222: 14081: 14009: 13841: 13614: 13553: 13070: 12908:

Sander, P. Martin; Christian, Andreas; Clauss, Marcus; et al. (February 2011).

12482: 12132: 12036: 11567: 11197: 10917:"Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million-year-old dinosaur specimens" 10803: 10680: 10655: 10640: 10307: 9220: 8421: 8335: 8173: 8048: 7379: 7005: 6404:

between rock units or for different extents of exploration and excavation. In 1984,

5086: 27643: 27072: 26214: 25886: 25373: 25140: 24944: 24684: 24656: 24446: 23894: 23884: 23755:

The Dinosaur Data Book: The Definitive, Fully Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs

23609: 23415: 23002: 22913: 22833: 22697: 22599: 22477: 22438: 22401: 22319: 22249: 22214: 22172: 22141: 22137: 22106: 22102: 22056: 22037: 22025: 21968: 21870: 21800: 21746: 21704: 21669: 21634: 21570: 21523: 21471: 21461: 21408: 21400: 21361: 21326: 21304: 21255: 21193: 21131: 21096: 21051: 21041: 20995: 20964: 20944: 20888: 20846: 20794: 20716: 20630: 20584: 20576: 20535: 20525: 20490: 20468: 20460: 20419: 20411: 20353: 20315: 20303: 20260: 20217: 20189: 20167: 20107: 20058: 20040: 19993: 19904: 19846: 19836: 19800: 19780: 19732: 19722: 19634: 19604: 19565: 19545: 19514: 19486: 19380: 19352: 19275: 19183: 19159: 19123: 19079: 19063: 19004: 18948: 18858: 18850: 18801: 18793: 18745: 18737: 18684: 18668: 18619: 18591: 18549: 18521: 18448: 18440: 18375: 18314: 18215: 18174: 18131: 17979:

Russell, Dale A. (1997). "Intelligence". In Kevin Padian; Philip J. Currie (eds.).

17951: 17935: 17873: 17809: 17772: 17756: 17727: 17707: 17656: 17584: 17517: 17482: 17424: 17380: 17335: 17317: 17268: 17218: 17191: 17129: 17087: 17051: 16999: 16958: 16909: 16881: 16873: 16844: 16830: 16810: 16774: 16766: 16737: 16730: 16710: 16673: 16621: 16611: 16568: 16476: 16466: 16432: 16375: 16334: 16307: 16287: 16242: 16198: 16180: 16111: 16057: 16010: 15982: 15928: 15910: 15843: 15781: 15723: 15644: 15617: 15543: 15523: 15478: 15460: 15405: 15335: 15319: 15236: 15163: 15112: 15096: 15055: 15045: 15010: 14982: 14934: 14924: 14854: 14794: 14744: 14691: 14621: 14603: 14533: 14517: 14458: 14427: 14399: 14259: 14202: 14159: 14155: 14061: 13981: 13939: 13893: 13819: 13802: 13779: 13751: 13594: 13533: 13479: 13424: 13379: 13343: 13236: 13218: 13111: 13050: 12937: 12921: 12839: 12835: 12759: 12708: 12692: 12617: 12599: 12544: 12478: 12474: 12419: 12386: 12357: 12329: 12284: 12266: 12102: 12008: 12000: 11941: 11923: 11874: 11858: 11815: 11805: 11758: 11715: 11679: 11659: 11585: 11540: 11497: 11447: 11429: 11374: 11366: 11303: 11241: 11212: 11177: 11129: 11121: 11080: 11062: 11013: 11003: 10954: 10938: 10883: 10875: 10828: 10783: 10748: 10728: 10675: 10612: 10555: 10532: 10512: 10477: 10439: 10419: 10363: 10334: 10287: 10250: 10242: 10201: 10193: 10144: 10134: 10075: 10023: 9974: 9966: 9932: 9897: 9862: 9810: 9802: 9725: 9675: 9627: 9619: 9580: 9460: 9411: 9359: 9351: 9310: 9298: 9278: 9237: 9208: 9140: 8987: 8857: 8778: 8762: 8725: 8611: 8514: 8482:"Evolution of hindlimb posture in archosaurs: limb stresses in extinct vertebrates" 8401: 8315: 8266: 8153: 8143: 8121: 8078: 8010: 7905: 7889: 7844: 7782: 7764: 7748: 7702: 7694: 7653: 7643: 7538: 7517: 7349: 7341: 7159: 7149: 7100: 7044: 7020: 6985: 6951: 6934: 6807: 6617: 6572: 6487: 6447: 6418: 6328: 6301: 6059: 5915: 5611:

plays no role in sound production. Instead, birds vocalize with a novel organ, the

4560: 4533:(characterized by two bony projections at the back of the mouth; exclusive to Asia) 4494: 4437: 4267: 4102:(large abelisauroids with short arms and oftentimes elaborate facial ornamentation) 3984: 3879: 3781: 3625: 3535: 3524: 3281: 3162: 3144: 3043: 2973: 2687: 2565: 2545: 2525: 2359: 2296: 1796: 1775: 1558: 1540: 1482: 1453: 1156: 832: 593: 27462: 20720: 19187: 16541:. New York: American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 103–139. 14695: 13897: 11589: 9152: 6114: 5925:, the study of microscopic tissue structure in dinosaurs. From the 1960s forward, 2223:

of all dinosaurs suggests that the first dinosaurs would have been small, bipedal

1080:). None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs. 27685: 27304: 27132: 26602: 26124: 26109: 26047: 25946: 25874: 25818: 25698: 25641: 25245: 25023: 25001: 24971: 24862: 24185: 24127: 24104:. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences. Vol. 8. San Francisco, CA: 23367: 23248: 23203: 23184: 22875: 22871: 22821: 22502: 22323: 22299: 22218: 22060: 21708: 21160: 20999: 20798: 19997: 19407: 18564: 18262: 17322: 17272: 17091: 16185: 16061: 15915: 15613: 15294: 14929: 14675: 14371: 13930:(1–2). Amsterdam: Elsevier of behalf of the French Academy of Sciences: 135–150. 13920:

dating of the wealden facies sediments of Bernissart (Mons Basin, Belgium)].

13264:

Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (October–December 2007).

13223: 13091: 13054: 12271: 12232: 11849: 11545: 11524: 11501: 11108:

Buckley, M.; Warwood, S.; van Dongen, B.; Kitchener, A.C.; Manning, P.L. (2017).

11067: 11008: 9901: 8974: 8945: 8665: 8502: 8206: 8126:"The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades" 7526: 7512: 6897: 6744: 6638: 6233: 6155: 6074:

in dinosaurs. However, as later discoveries showed, clavicles (or a single fused

6049: 5705: 5624: 5465: 5422: 5307: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5172: 5068: 4972: 4946: 4909: 4866: 4786: 4774: 4603: 4585: 4512: 4459: 4448: 4368: 4285: 4250:? (theropods with large hand claws; potentially tyrannosauroids or neovenatorids) 4229:(robust allosauroids; includes some of the largest purely terrestrial carnivores) 4149: 4117: 3959: 3897: 3886: 3799: 3741: 3686: 3434: 3184: 3076: 2932: 2695: 2691: 2679: 2660: 2628: 2589: 2585: 2533: 2484: 2419: 2383: 2351: 2181: 2051: 1990: 1964: 1922: 1887: 1800: 1765: 1722: 1470: 1182: 1065: 982: 959: 948: 836: 773: 461: 403: 390: 377: 364: 272: 24355:

Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe

22603: 21436:

Lyons, S.L.; Karp, A.T.; Bralower, T.J.; Grice, K.; Schaefer, B.; Gulick, S.P.;

20221: 15889:

Fernández, Mariela S.; García, Rodolfo A.; Fiorelli, Lucas; et al. (2013).

13095: 11257: 6211: 5642:

In 2023, a fossilized larynx was described, from a specimen of the ankylosaurid

2184:

but now considered to be an early sauropodomorph, along with the herrerasaurids

1739: 1713:

Cope discovered 56, a total of 142 new species. Cope's collection is now at the

27414: 27344: 27296: 27230: 27169: 27124: 27111: 26985: 26948: 26799: 26573: 26410: 26164: 26159: 26154: 26134: 26119: 26014: 25989: 25984: 25966: 25847: 25813: 25671: 25165: 25078: 25044: 24541: 23660: 23512: 23466: 23154: 23020: 22754: 22640: 22581: 21673: 21022:"Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction" 20868: 20671: 20415: 20286:

Russell, D.A. (1984). "The gradual decline of the dinosaurs—fact or fallacy?".

18797: 17939: 17055: 15142:"Coos, booms, and hoots: the evolution of closed-mouth vocal behavior in birds" 15100: 15030:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

13943: 13405:

Pal, Saurabh; Ayyasami, Krishnan (June 27, 2022). "The lost titan of Cauvery".

13283: 12390: 11370: 11307: 10832: 10819: 9584: 8827: 8232: 7321: 7317: 7289: 6786: 6621: 6620:

and colleagues reported the discovery of a single hadrosaur right femur in the

6584: 6580: 6576: 6537: 6483: 6467: 6431: 6380: 6296: 6187: 6151: 5814: 5519: 5469: 5417: 5412: 5400: 5259: 4793:. Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs, including 4523: 4323: 4256: 4167: 4088: 4081: 4044: 3966: 3821: 3618: 3600: 3589: 3498: 3452: 3441: 3346: 3339: 3122: 3105: 3094: 2690:

left vacant by the extinction of Mesozoic dinosaur groups such as the arboreal

2670:

The surviving lineages of neornithine birds, including the ancestors of modern

2615: 2581: 2569: 2540:. These were later supplemented or replaced in Africa by large spinosaurid and 2509: 2463: 2375: 2235: 2220: 2196: 2043: 2002: 1996: 1941: 1883: 1831: 1614: 1562: 1388: 1213: 1186: 1109: 1007: 614: 24824: 24788: 24746: 24660: 24603: 24085: 23898: 22682: 22527:, pp. 255–284, chpt. 15: "The Dinosaurs and Dinomania over 150 Years" by 22176: 21100: 20506:"Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction" 20172: 20147: 20112: 20087: 18952: 18418:"A Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur from Siberia with both feathers and scales" 18379: 18021:"On the Animals which are most nearly intermediate between Birds and Reptiles" 17486: 16788:"Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs" 16116: 16091: 15600: 15240: 14799: 14774: 13824: 13797: 11762: 11743:

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

10197: 10139: 10110: 9729: 8782: 8319: 7848: 7105: 7080: 6989: 5075: 3987:(horse-like skulls; restricted to the Southern Hemisphere; may be titanosaurs) 3900:(small, short-necked diplodocoids with enlarged cervical and dorsal vertebrae) 1952: 27915: 27352: 27336: 27259: 27251: 27085: 26883: 26733: 26620: 26578: 26378: 26370: 26292: 26256: 26174: 26098: 25926: 25664: 25657: 25613: 25592: 25547: 25396: 25194: 24831: 24711:

Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds

24668: 24569: 24518: 24510: 24468: 24431: 24385: 24359: 24334: 24304: 24221: 24123: 24013: 23985: 23924: 23639: 23594: 23443: 23396: 23357: 23256: 23146: 23046: 22929: 22925: 22905: 22863: 22709: 22594:

Lee, Newton; Madej, Krystina (2012). "Early Animation: Gags and Situations".

22331: 22261: 22202: 21812: 21442:"Organic matter from the Chicxulub crater exacerbated the K–Pg impact winter" 21437: 21205: 21135: 21017: 20900: 20864: 20728: 20229: 20054: 19916: 19908: 19672: 19618: 19557: 19498: 19364: 19287: 19195: 19137: 19075: 19016: 18960: 18903: 18680: 18603: 18533: 18387: 18326: 18292: 18275: 18227: 18145: 18086: 17947: 17821: 17768: 17719: 17668: 17596: 17331: 16323:"Palaeohistological Evidence for Ancestral High Metabolic Rate in Archosaurs" 16194: 16069: 15994: 15924: 15793: 15735: 15656: 15535: 15474: 15417: 15331: 15248: 15177: 15108: 14994: 14866: 14808: 14756: 14703: 14617: 14529: 14470: 14411: 14349: 14283: 14271: 14214: 14167: 14073: 13993: 13951: 13905: 13833: 13763: 13652: 13606: 13545: 13513:

Dal Sasso, Cristiano; Maganuco, Simone; Buffetaut, Éric; et al. (2005).

13491: 13458:

Paul, Gregory S.; Larramendi, Asier (April 11, 2023). "Body mass estimate of

13436: 13407: 13309: 13265: 13232: 13194: 13148:

Lucas, Spencer G.; Herne, Matthew C.; Hecket, Andrew B.; et al. (2004).

13062: 12933: 12847: 12771: 12704: 12613: 12490: 12431: 12402: 12341: 12280: 12250: 12162: 12153: 12116: 12020: 11937: 11902:

Marsicano, C.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Mancuso, A.C.; Mundil, R.; Chemale, F. (2015).

11870: 11784:

Marsicano, C.A.; Irmis, R.B.; Mancuso, A.C.; Mundil, R.; Chemale, F. (2016).

11727: 11719: 11671: 11597: 11509: 11443: 11315: 11253: 11189: 11076: 10950: 10840: 10624: 10591:; Toporski, Jan K. (2005). "Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in 10431: 10052: 9537: 9261: 9253: 9078: 9004: 8871: 8790: 8737: 8526: 8413: 8327: 8278: 8165: 8090: 8022: 8014: 7901: 7885: 7856: 7778: 7550: 7484: 7476: 7460: 7363: 7114: 7056: 6997: 6860: 6823: 6708: 6541: 6442: 6393: 6206: 6178: 6120: 6089: 6085: 5978: 5800: 5769: 5745: 5558: 5531: 5511: 5497: 5491: 5333: 5149: 5138: 5063: 5055: 5037: 4988: 4826: 4810: 4596: 4530: 4505: 4394: 4290: 4236: 4174: 4099: 3977: 3915: 3868: 3788: 3716: 3632: 3557: 3546: 3509: 3364: 3317: 3288: 3229: 3223: 3050: 2950: 2944: 2840: 2811: 2777: 2709: 2611: 2553: 2496: 2488: 2392: 2271: 2241: 2190: 2123: 2096: 2056: 1979:

are partially responsible for producing colouration. Both chemical traces of

1960: 1898: 1861: 1342: 1327: 1259: 1203: 1148: 1119: 996: 975: 967: 940: 865: 738: 662: 623: 541: 241: 153: 98: 55: 27719: 24484: 24267: 24170: 24029: 23835: 23786: 23736: 23686: 23544: 23504: 23451: 23318: 23264: 23096: 22989: 22947: 22794: 22739: 22005: 21973: 21948: 21905: 21575: 21550: 21466: 21046: 20948: 20530: 20045: 20021:"Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary" 19784: 19727: 19609: 19584: 18444: 18219: 17568:"Can birds be ammonotelic? Nitrogen balance and excretion in two frugivores" 17460:"Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs" 17428: 17222: 16380: 16363: 16339: 16322: 16291: 16033:"Evidence for gregarious behavior and age segregation in sauropod dinosaurs" 15847: 15785: 15648: 15465: 15083:

Yoshida, Junki; Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu; Norell, Mark A. (February 15, 2023).

15050: 14858: 14608: 14462: 13985: 13167: 13119: 12333: 12107: 12082: 12004: 11928: 11843:

Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Barrett, Paul M.; Werning, Sarah; et al. (2012).

11810: 10787: 10732: 10616: 10481: 10231:"Interpreting melanin-based coloration through deep time: a critical review" 9212: 9054:

Prieto-Marquez, Albert; Weishampel, David B.; Horner, John R. (March 2006).

8379: 7769: 5809: 5028: lb). The longest complete dinosaur is the 27 meters (89 ft) long 4831: 2804: 2770: 1335:, or hip socket, with a hole at the center of its inside surface (closed in 1068:. The other groups mentioned are, like dinosaurs and pterosaurs, members of 1034:

Using one of the above definitions, dinosaurs can be generally described as

27438: 27182: 27027: 26843: 26681: 26629: 26501: 26462: 26231: 26219: 26209: 26199: 25896: 25686: 25605: 25537: 25482: 25417: 25361: 25354: 25346: 25311: 25202: 25149: 25093: 25069: 24762: 24676: 24493:

Tanner, Lawrence H.; Spielmann, Justin A.; Lucas, Spencer G., eds. (2013).

24349: 24131: 24037: 23958:

Discovering Dinosaurs: Evolution, Extinction, and the Lessons of Prehistory

23850: 23710: 23272: 23228: 23188: 23006: 22528: 22339: 22149: 22114: 21982: 21882: 21592: 21485: 21422: 21318: 21065: 20956: 20908: 20806: 20736: 20598: 20580: 20549: 20482: 20464: 20433: 20181: 20121: 20072: 20005: 19860: 19792: 19746: 19626: 19506: 19403: 19372: 19295: 19280:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990815)285:2<146::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-A

19211: 19107: 19093: 19067: 19024: 18968: 18911: 18872: 18854: 18815: 18698: 18672: 18611: 18541: 18460: 18257: 18235: 17965: 17916:"Exceptional dinosaur fossils reveal early origin of avian-style digestion" 17786: 17676: 17604: 17529: 17436: 17392: 17349: 17230: 16856: 16822: 16749: 16722: 16635: 16490: 16389: 16348: 16299: 16212: 16125: 16002: 15942: 15855: 15823: 15801: 15694: 15664: 15492: 15441:"Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models" 15349: 15185: 15126: 15069: 15002: 14962: 14948: 14874: 14711: 14635: 14547: 14521: 14478: 14419: 14236: 14001: 13771: 13727: 13364: 13250: 12951: 12722: 12696: 12631: 12349: 12298: 12193: 12124: 12028: 11955: 11888: 11862: 11829: 11605: 11461: 11434: 11388: 11323: 11143: 11125: 11094: 11027: 10968: 10897: 10848: 10795: 10740: 10632: 10299: 10291: 10264: 10246: 10215: 10158: 10087: 9988: 9874: 9824: 9806: 9641: 9623: 9373: 9355: 9073:(1). Warsaw: Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences: 77–98. 8862: 8831: 7919: 7893: 7810: 7796: 7731: 7716: 7698: 7667: 7558: 7447: 7371: 7173: 7154: 7122: 6938: 6692: 6655: 6597: 6593: 6567: 6561: 6405: 6348: 6340: 6253: 6138: 6093: 5973: 5901: 5857: 5830: 5819: 5701: 5673: 5657: 5644: 5630: 5485: 5453: 5327: 5281: 4982: 4814: 4798: 4632: 4614: 4578: 4388: 4382: 4213: 4184: 4070: 4033: 3991: 3922: 3904: 3857: 3759: 3752: 3722: 3710: 3611: 3582: 3575: 3487: 3412: 3328: 3235: 3212: 3087: 3061: 2988: 2962: 2920: 2795: 2713: 2664: 2648: 2644: 2619: 2561: 2549: 2529: 2514: 2480: 2253: 2135: 2061: 1791: 1756: 1605: 1524: 1498: 1494: 1461: 1365: 1277: 1253: 1249: 1055: 916: 908: 897: 856: 785: 772:, are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. Using fossil evidence, 637: 631: 582: 531: 453: 434: 22837: 21016:

Chiarenza, A.A.; Farnsworth, A.; Mannion, P.D.; Lunt, D.J.; Valdes, P.J.;

17502:

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology

17365:

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology

16664:

Osborn (Ceratopsia: Psittacosauridae) inferred from long bone histology".

16455:"Dinosaur paleohistology: review, trends and new avenues of investigation" 14065: 12812:

Peczkis, Jan (1995). "Implications of body-mass estimates for dinosaurs".

12559:, pp. 196–210, chpt. 10: "Dromaeosauridae" by Peter J. Makovicky and 10567: 10524: 10489: 3697: 812:-building was a trait shared by many dinosaurs, both avian and non-avian. 792:, however, has indicated that dinosaurs were active animals with elevated 27834: 27817: 27243: 27090: 26896: 26875: 26864: 26829: 26696: 26686: 26644: 26535: 26402: 26204: 26029: 26024: 25956: 25941: 25909: 25650: 25629: 25621: 25578: 25431: 25424: 25382: 25332: 25325: 25286: 25180: 25173: 25123: 25100: 25086: 25055: 24312: 23947: 23880: 21527: 20675: 18569:"A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen archipelago" 18107: 17690:

Preest, M.R.; Beuchat, C.A. (1997). "Ammonia excretion by hummingbirds".

17254:"Polar dinosaurs and the question of dinosaur extinction: a brief review" 16962: 15957: 14127: 13383: 13348: 13331: 13162:. Vol. 36. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. p. 422. 12560: 11563: 10879: 10339: 10322: 10053:"Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds" 9281:(1972). "Anatomical and Ecological Evidence of Endothermy in Dinosaurs". 7828: 7824: 7252:

Brett-Surman, M. K.; Holtz, Thomas R.; Farlow, James O. (June 27, 2012).

7025:(Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities" 6955: 6819: 6815: 6760: 6751: 6731:

The popular preoccupation with dinosaurs has ensured their appearance in

6201: 6132: 6067: 6010: 6006: 5845:-like egg burying behavior and the ability to fly soon after birth. Both 5727: 5545: 5525: 5480: 5427: 5408: 5360: 5253: 5128: 5050: 4914: 4898: 4893: 4882: 4850: 4790: 4406: 4376: 4333: 4247: 4195: 4124: 4106: 4049: 3850: 3839: 3828: 3394: 3217: 3155: 3032: 3010: 2915: 2721: 2598: 2371: 2346: 2287: 2265: 2259: 2247: 2229: 2090:. Both specimens yielded collagen protein sequences that were viable for 1956: 1855: 1840: 1805: 1770: 1761: 1748: 1743: 1677: 1474: 1449: 1174: 1142: 1123: 1114: 1100: 1051: 1023: 1018: 971: 936: 920: 887: 824: 801: 797: 604: 571: 561: 521: 500: 266: 250: 247: 217: 201: 195: 171: 73: 24495:"The Triassic System: New Developments in Stratigraphy and Paleontology" 21839: 19962: 19490: 19356: 18595: 18525: 17209:

Rich, T.H.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Gangloff, R.A. (2002). "Polar dinosaurs".

17003: 16870:

has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace

16848: 16814: 16763:

has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace

16741: 16656:

For examples of this work conducted on different dinosaur lineages, see

15727: 15140:

Riede, Tobias; Eliason, Chad M.; Miller, Edward H.; et al. (2016).

14986: 14577:"Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur 14403: 14241:"Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: paleopathological evidence" 14035:

Varricchio, David J.; Sereno, Paul C.; Zhao, Xijin; et al. (2008).

13755: 13483: 10397:"Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy" 10079: 9441:"Skeletal completeness of the non-avian theropod dinosaur fossil record" 9123:

Taylor, M.P. (2010). "Sauropod dinosaur research: a historical review".

7542: 7354: 5505:

amongst some species of dinosaurs was confirmed by tooth marks found in

5447: 2503:

of Tanzania. Dinosaurs in China show some differences, with specialized

2117: 1914: 188: 27808: 27360: 27222: 27161: 27140: 26972: 26956: 26891: 26836: 26808: 26740: 26705: 26583: 26431: 26266: 26241: 25999: 25557: 25527: 25510: 25445: 25438: 25339: 25276: 25266: 25187: 25158: 25107: 24917: 24892: 23801: 23760: 23331: 21874: 21260: 21235: 20264: 19464:"A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture" 19203: 19145: 19008: 18741: 18334: 17885: 17829: 17160: 16616: 16593: 16471: 16090:

Vinther, Jakob; Nicholls, Robert; Kelly, Diane A. (February 22, 2021).

15256: 14506:"First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur" 13810:(3). Amsterdam: Elsevier on behalf of Science in China Press: 430–435. 13628: 13199:"March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs" 12855: 12577: 10942: 10367: 9791:"Exceptional preservation and the fossil record of tetrapod integument" 9465: 9440: 9416: 9391: 7648: 6732: 6701: 6625: 6455: 6356: 6327:

All non-avian dinosaurs and most lineages of birds became extinct in a

6196:(1859), its discovery spurred the nascent debate between proponents of 6126: 6023: 5985: 5841:

birds have been abundantly demonstrated to have had slow growth rates,

5838: 5837:

among many dinosaur species, particularly theropods. For instance, non-

5688: 5678: 5583: 5579: 5550: 5540: 5506: 5440: 5387: 5238: 5041: 4861: 4778: 4400: 4218: 3937: 3702: 3676: 3475: 3470: 3270: 3133: 3080: 2999: 2938: 2761: 2640: 2467: 2415: 2400: 2332: 2326: 2308: 2281: 2202: 1976: 1878: 1874: 1822: 1361: 1332: 1296: 1227: 1168: 1069: 1060: 1002: 963: 928: 924: 912: 805: 793: 781: 765: 714: 702: 551: 511: 338: 177: 118: 83: 38: 25839: 22482: 22457: 22406: 22381: 21584: 21404: 21309: 21284: 19941:

Archibald, J.D.; Clemens, W.A. (1982). "Late Cretaceous Extinctions".

19841: 19703:"Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary" 18806: 17760: 17588: 15986: 15693:

Clark, Neil D. L.; Booth, Paul; Booth, Claire L.; et al. (2004).

15168: 15141: 14775:"Voices of the past: a review of Paleozoic and Mesozoic animal sounds" 14263: 14037:"Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality" 13428: 13016:

Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansenb, Per; Fariñaa, Richard A. (2004).

9970: 9789:

Eliason, C.M.; Hudson, L.; Watts, T.; Garza, H.; Clarke, J.A. (2017).

8879: 7969: 7687:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7288:, pp. 7–19, chpt. 1: "Origin and Relationships of Dinosauria" by 4109:(diverse, generally light theropods; may include several obscure taxa) 3207: 2910: 2789: 2324:

of Argentina preserves primitive, dinosaur-like ornithodirans such as

1760:

remains ongoing. Several seminal studies led to this activity. First,

1648: 701:

is a subject of active research. They became the dominant terrestrial

668:

their over 11,000 extant species are included in the group Dinosauria.

27320: 27275: 27064: 26857: 26774: 26758: 26747: 26657: 26593: 26552: 26251: 26052: 26039: 26019: 25919: 25721: 25410: 25403: 25213: 24901: 24716: 24505:. Albuquerque, NM: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. 24281:. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 24005: 23568: 23016: 22253: 22029: 21750: 21365: 21197: 21164: 20634: 20357: 20307: 19549: 18136: 18111: 17711: 16714: 16361: 16269: 15527: 13965:

Day, Julia J.; Upchurch, Paul; Norman, David B.; et al. (2002).

12976:, "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod 12604: 12539:, pp. 151–164, chpt. 7: "Therizinosauroidea" by James M. Clark, 12470: 12423: 11663: 11181: 10516: 9302: 9144: 8302:(2). Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis on behalf of the 8246: 8198: 8157: 8082: 7333: 7048: 6905: 6629: 6521: 6397: 6268: 6258: 6080: 5993: 5960: 5940: 5922: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5795: 5786: 5563: 5536: 5431: 5404: 5386:, ornithischians that were then thought to have perished together in 5351: 5318:

and were those theropods most closely related to birds. For example,

5072:

reconstructed skeleton mount that is 39.7 meters (130 ft) long.

4877: 4845: 4802: 4371: 4138: 4059: 4023: 3810: 3770: 3728: 3705: 3463: 2926: 2705: 2700: 2683: 2577: 2471: 2396: 2363: 2337: 2224: 2208: 2023: 2007: 1705: 1690: 1553: 1402: 1357: 1231: 1043: 1035: 944: 903: 840: 734: 466: 416: 351: 305: 275: 223: 123: 27779: 27562: 24453:. Modern Geology, vol. 18. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers. 24004:. Mesozoic Meanderings. Vol. 3. Illustrated by Tracy Lee Ford. 23063:

Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds

22006:"Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact" 20774: 19976:

Jablonski, D. (1991). "Extinctions: a paleontological perspective".

19429:"Meat-eating dinosaur from Argentina had bird-like breathing system" 17877: 17521: 17384: 14748: 14664:

Goriely, Alain; McMillen, Tyler (2002). "Shape of a Cracking Whip".

11845:"The oldest dinosaur? A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania" 10171: 9776:

The Hadrosaurs: Proceedings of the International Hadrosaur Symposium

9697: 9191:

Arbour, V. (2018). "Results roll in from the dinosaur renaissance".

8766: 7077: 6454:; the impactor that formed this crater may have caused the dinosaur 5992:

extract nitrogenous wastes from their bloodstream and excrete it as

4966: 3871:(skulls and tails elongated; teeth typically narrow and pencil-like) 2755: 1531:, in the 1842 revised version of his talk at an 1841 meeting of the 741:

epoch, and are the only dinosaur lineage known to have survived the

27802: 27288: 27018: 26993: 26939: 26850: 26822: 26712: 26676: 26668: 26650: 26545: 26530: 26514: 26261: 26224: 25567: 25297: 24886: 23706: 23420:"Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation" 18712:

Mayr, G.; Pittman, M.; Saitta, E.; Kaye, T.G.; Vinther, J. (2016).

17813: 16978:

Woodward, H.; Freedman Fowler, E.; Farlow, J.; Horner, J. (2015). "

16977: 16161:"Biomechanics of running indicates endothermy in bipedal dinosaurs" 14344:. Lisbon: National Museum of Natural History and Science: 135–144. 12241: 11157: 9525:"That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail" 8405: 8250: 6893: 6549: 6376: 6364: 6360: 6290: 6071: 5842: 5823: 5804: 5773: 5634:. The crest may also have acted as a resonating chamber for sounds. 5567: 5395: 5200:

was a titanosaur and would have most likely weighed more than even

4929: 4364: 4315:(small-headed, mostly toothless, omnivorous or possible herbivores) 3349:(ceratopsids mostly characterized by frill and nasal ornamentation) 3173: 3021: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2624: 2607: 2451: 2408: 2379: 2367: 2302: 2176: 2140: 2129: 2079: 2047: 2005:). More concrete evidence of internal anatomy has been reported in 1709: 1510: 1406: 1348:

Dinosaurs stand with their hind limbs erect in a manner similar to

1196:

muscles attach) located at or more than 30% down the length of the

1178: 1084: 1077: 1047: 828: 745:

approximately 66 mya. Dinosaurs can therefore be divided into

710: 687: 325: 113: 108: 93: 88: 78: 59: 24816: 24738: 24561: 24377: 24296: 24259: 24162: 23916: 23728: 23349: 23138: 23088: 22981: 22897: 22855: 22786: 20328: 19046:

Lingham-Soliar, Theagarten; Feduccia, Alan; Wang, Xiaolin (2007).

17740: 12311: 10423: 10115:

Reveal Heterogeneous Habitats in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota"

10109:

Smithwick, F.M.; Nicholls, R.; Cuthill, I.C.; Vinther, J. (2017).

9390:

Cashmore, D.D.; Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Butler, R.J. (2020).

8767:"Notice on the Megalosaurus or great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield" 8148: 8125: 5434:

evidence suggesting mammal-like pack hunting in such theropods as

5054:: the skeleton mount in the American Museum of Natural History in 4924:

category when sorted by estimated weight into categories based on

2155:

epoch of the Triassic period and have been found primarily in the

1843:

in 1998, were accompanied by increases in the number of published

1547:

and became the first person to describe a non-avian dinosaur in a

27198: 27051: 26930: 26815: 26781: 26719: 26540: 26394: 26386: 26079: 25951: 25936: 23280: 20827: 18415: 18301: 17741:

Mora, J.; Martuscelli, J.; Ortiz Pineda, J.; Soberon, G. (1965).

16867: 16760: 15567: 13640: 12582:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks" 11408: 11107: 10583: 6908: 6756: 6632:

epoch, approximately 64.8 million years ago. If the bone was not

6583:

would have been released by this volcanic activity, resulting in

6545: 6520:

released from rocks at the impact site would have contributed to

6517: 6479: 6309: 6273: 6075: 6001: 5968: 5956: 5731: 5715: 5710: 5697: 5617: 5391: 5345: 5311: 5048:

in 1907. The longest dinosaur known from good fossil material is

5033: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4644: 4542: 4056:†"Dilophosaur-grade neotheropods" (larger kink-snouted dinosaurs) 3513: 2459: 2447: 2403:

survived (at least in some areas) at least as late as early –mid

2341: 2174:

at 231-230 million years old) has produced the early saurischian

2152: 2101: 2087: 2083: 2082:

binding) demonstrated the presence of proteins such as collagen,

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Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science

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6896:. Their biology does not precisely correspond to the antiquated 6423: 5764: 4198:(large meat-eating dinosaurs; megalosauroids sometimes included) 2442: 1433:, dinosaur fossils were generally believed to be the remains of 1417:(265–316), reported the discovery of dragon bones at Wucheng in 1167:, a supratemporal fossa (excavation) is present in front of the 27328: 27267: 27043: 27035: 26964: 26904: 26788: 26726: 26609: 26276: 26271: 26149: 24880: 24804: 24147:. Life in the Past. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 24051: 23890: 23651:

Fossil Feud: The Rivalry of the First American Dinosaur Hunters

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6716: 6491: 6475: 6435: 6368: 6229: 6014: 5989: 5683: 5608: 5315: 4997: 4980:

The tallest and heaviest dinosaur known from good skeletons is

4360: 3882:(short-necked, low-browsing diplodocoids often with high backs) 2836: 2729: 2671: 2652: 2537: 2423: 2404: 2065: 1685:

was one of the first nearly complete dinosaur skeletons found (

1566: 1514: 1430: 1322: 1292: 1235: 1091: 881:, dinosaurs are usually defined as the group consisting of the 777: 718: 315: 24191:

Predatory Dinosaurs of the World: A Complete Illustrated Guide

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intermittent pulses that occurred around 100,000 years apart.

5951: 4687: 4120:(bird-like; omnivorous as juveniles but herbivorous as adults) 2462:, and there was a worldwide dinosaur fauna mostly composed of 1728: 1573:

in England and around the world. The term is derived from

27661: 27214: 27001: 26564: 24501:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 23426:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 21498: 21283:

Pope, K.O.; Baines, K.H.; Ocampo, A.C.; Ivanov, B.A. (1997).

19578: 18895: 16928: 16785: 12586: 11413: 9389: 7315: 6890: 6352: 6225: 6170: 6021:, and fossil pellets are known as early as the Jurassic from 4836: 4770: 4526:(toothless oviraptorosaurs known from North America and Asia) 3065: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2828: 2656: 2518: 1696:

Dinosaur mania was exemplified by the fierce rivalry between

1506: 1438: 1434: 1422: 1287:

Hip joints and hindlimb postures of: (left to right) typical

1263: 1238:

occupies less than 30% of the transverse width of the element

1217: 1164: 1010:

to refer to the group containing Ornithischia and Theropoda.

680: 658: 654: 22201:

D.A.; MacLeod, K.G.; Matsui, T.; Melosh, J.; Montanari, A.;

22003: 19822: 18775: 18647: 17743:"The Regulation of Urea-Biosynthesis Enzymes in Vertebrates" 14961: 13015: 12907: 12822:(4). Milton Park, Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis for the 12418:(2326). New York: American Museum of Natural History: 1–46. 11284: 10984:"Dinosaurian Soft Tissues Interpreted as Bacterial Biofilms" 10761: 10545: 9778:. Bloomington: Princeton University Press. pp. 572–590. 9751:

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7813:(1995). "China and the lost worlds of the dinosaurian era". 6474:, and colleagues, attributes the K-Pg extinction event to a 6070:, with the key piece of evidence being the supposed lack of 4239:(feathered theropods, with a range of body sizes and niches) 2698:, and even the larger terrestrial theropods (in the form of 709:

201.3 mya and their dominance continued throughout the

27571: 27190: 26557: 26520: 26490: 25904: 25870: 25738: 24754: 23060: 22443:

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20851:

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20611: 19527: 19396:"Study: Predatory Dinosaurs had Bird-Like Pulmonary System" 19316:. Berkeley: University of California Museum of Paleontology 19129:

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16573:

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The arguments and many of the images are also presented in

6736: 6529: 6392:

thriving prior to the extinction. Rock formations from the

6372: 5997: 5587: 5375: 5095:, potentially the largest terrestrial animal to ever exist. 2965:("bird-hipped"; diverse bipedal and quadrupedal herbivores) 2675: 2557: 1668: 1146:

Labeled diagram of a typical archosaur skull, the skull of

1083:

Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates of the

849: 809: 796:

and numerous adaptations for social interaction. Some were

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corroborated by X-ray computed tomographic reconstruction"

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Restoration of a striking and unusual visual display in a

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By contrast, ornithischians—"bird-hipped", from the Greek

210: 27312: 26169: 25931: 24618: 22816:. Topics in Paleobiology. Foreword by Michael J. Benton. 22455: 21233: 21121: 20666: 20373:"The shape of Mesozoic dinosaur richness: a reassessment" 18297:"Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem" 17545:"All-time giants: the largest animals and their problems" 17499: 17068: 15299:"The internal cranial morphology of an armoured dinosaur 14207:

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8230: 8046: 6785:(featuring the first animated dinosaur), the iconic 1933 3744:(herbivores with small heads, long necks, and long tails) 3437:(North American rhabdodontomorphs; bipeds and quadrupeds) 2815:

pelvis (showing ornithischian structure – left side)

1850: 1634: 1425:

have long unearthed fossilized "dragon bones" for use in

1192:

Apex of a deltopectoral crest (a projection on which the

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The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs: A Revolution in Palaeontology

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Erickson, G.M.; Tumanova, T.A. (2000). "Growth curve of

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Peterson, J.E.; Lenczewski, M.E.; Scherer, R.P. (2010).

10705: 7986: 7595: 7443: 7285: 5590:-like tail snapping, and whether sauropods could float. 3824:(gigantic yet lacking several weight-saving adaptations) 2839:

structure. Early saurischians—"lizard-hipped", from the

1586: 'terrible, potent or fearfully great' and 1551:. The second non-avian dinosaur genus to be identified, 24002:

An Annotated Checklist of Dinosaur Species by Continent

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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15391: 14499: 14130:(1995). "Taphonomy and paleobiological implications of 14119: 14034: 11968: 10861: 10277: 9788: 7251: 4462:(tall, long-necked theropods; omnivores and herbivores) 3309:(basal ceratopsians with small frills and stubby horns) 3273:(bipeds and quadrupeds; many had neck frills and horns) 3046:(small stegosaurs with flank osteoderms and tail clubs) 2781:

pelvis (showing saurischian structure – left side)

2418:

is uncertain. These losses left behind a land fauna of

1782:), which were subsequently summarized in his 1986 book 954:

Birds are the sole surviving dinosaurs. In traditional

22274: 22231: 21778: 21435: 21282: 20503: 20085: 19762: 16551: 16158: 15082: 14331:"Evidence of predatory behavior by theropod dinosaurs" 13451: 13197:; Manning, Phillip Lars (2013). Carrier, David (ed.). 11904:"The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins" 11786:"The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins" 10460:

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of their limbs. This medullary bone, which is rich in

1244:

In the pelvis, the proximal articular surfaces of the

1206:, a lower arm bone, shorter than 80% of humerus length 488:

Dinosaurs and possible dinosaurs of uncertain affinity

27627: 24143:

Drawing out Leviathan: Dinosaurs and the Science Wars

22920:

Men and Dinosaurs: The Search in Field and Laboratory

20377:

Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior

19334: 19328: 18711: 18173:, "Saurischian Monophyly and the Origin of Birds" by 13964: 11695: 10111:"Countershading and Stripes in the Theropod Dinosaur 9608:"Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution" 7629: 7224:"The Birth of Dinosaurs: Richard Owen and Dinosauria" 4556:(small tree-climbing theropods with membranous wings) 1155:

A detailed assessment of archosaur interrelations by

1129: 27:

Archosaurian reptiles that dominated the Mesozoic Era

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led to a significant body of work in reconstructing

5248:

as one of the largest animals to have ever existed.

5190: lb). Another contender of this title includes 4563:(toe-clawed dinosaurs; may not form a natural group) 4163:(small basal megalosauroids endemic to the Americas) 2560:, maniraptoran coelurosaurians like dromaeosaurids, 1873:

proteins are most easily preserved because of their

628: 620: 610: 600: 589: 578: 567: 557: 547: 537: 527: 517: 507: 496: 458: 450: 27492: 26461: 23946: 23365:Farlow, James O.; Brett-Surman, M.K., eds. (1997). 22420: 22275:Fassett, J.E.; Heaman, L.M.; Simonetti, A. (2009). 19572: 19439:: Office of the Vice President for Communications; 19245: 18885: 18837:Barrett, P.M.; Evans, D.C.; Campione, N.E. (2015). 16692: 15977:(5). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the 15828:"A drowned nesting colony of Late Cretaceous birds" 15692: 15612: 14829: 13918: 13677: 13263: 13155:, a Late Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaur From New Mexico 11582:

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8231:Langer, Max C.; Abdala, Fernando; Richter, Martha; 6755:, dinosaurs have been featured in large numbers of 6707:Public enthusiasm for dinosaurs first developed in 5337:, at about 60 centimeters (2.0 ft) long each. 4170:(large megalosauroids with powerful arms and hands) 4091:(ceratosaurs exemplified by reduced arms and hands) 2294:Less well-preserved remains of the sauropodomorphs 1118:) could fly or at least glide, and others, such as 697:(mya), although the exact origin and timing of the 24803:. Geological Series. Vol. 54 (2nd ed.). 24708: 24397: 24140: 23955: 23805: 23752: 23698: 23648: 23560: 23366: 23364: 23158: 23103: 22994:The 5th edition of the book is available from the 22966:(4th ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 22917: 22701: 22644: 22573: 20772: 20562: 19302: 19003:(2). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons: 125–166. 15558:"Discovering Dinosaur Behavior: 1960–present view" 15318:(6). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons: 661–675. 14434: 14022: 13329: 12146: 11210: 9523: 9026: 8892: 8603: 8291: 8131:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 7934: 7610: 7510: 7464: 6800:and its many sequels, the best-selling 1990 novel 5464:The crests and frills of some dinosaurs, like the 5136:; and the tallest, the 18-meter (59 ft) tall 4484:(sloth-like herbivores, often with enlarged claws) 2507:theropods and unusual, long-necked sauropods like 2479:where most localities had predators consisting of 2437: 2060:preserved soft, flexible tissue within, including 2050:fibres had been found by Schweitzer and others in 1533:British Association for the Advancement of Science 22193: 22127: 21689:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 21011: 21009: 20980:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 20773:Bohor, B.F.; Modreski, P.J.; Foord, E.E. (1987). 20504:Sakamoto, M.; Benton, M.J.; Venditti, C. (2016). 19936: 19934: 19852:20.500.11820/176e5907-26ec-4959-867f-0f2e52335f88 19701:Longrich, N.R.; Tokaryk, T.; Field, D.J. (2011). 18496: 18260:(2006). "A basal archosaurian origin for birds". 17261:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 17114:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 17072:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 16552:Padian, K.; Horner, J.R.; de Ricqlès, A. (2004). 16159:Pontzer, H.; Allen, V.; Hutchinson, J.R. (2009). 16041:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 15382: 14913:"The evolution of the syrinx: an acoustic theory" 14571: 14324: 14322: 14187:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 13584: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12080: 12013:20.500.11820/00556baf-6575-44d9-af39-bdd0b072ad2b 10701: 10699: 10579: 10577: 9757:Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9653: 9651: 9487: 7877:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 7446:, pp. 210–231, chpt. 11: "Basal Avialae" by 6335:, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Above the 6118:Various feathered non-avian dinosaurs, including 4958:Scientists will probably never be certain of the 3302:(little to no frills, hornless, with robust jaws) 1667:discovered the first known American dinosaur, in 1473:, Oxfordshire, in 1676. The fragment was sent to 27913: 25136: 24619:University of Southampton (September 29, 2021). 23436:New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 21852: 20615:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 20201: 20199: 20145: 19940: 19818: 19816: 19814: 19812: 19810: 18888:Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 18641: 18361: 18359: 17913: 17853:"Pellet Regurgitation by Captive Sparrow Hawks ( 16659: 16600:Langer et al., 2019 (Theropoda: Abelisauroidea)" 16506:"Evolution of endothermy: histological evidence" 16448: 16446: 16031:Myers, Timothy S.; Fiorillo, Anthony R. (2009). 14378:(2007). "Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur 13791: 13789: 13160:2004 Denver Annual Meeting (November 7–10, 2004) 12566: 11402:Alcober, Oscar A.; Martinez, Ricardo N. (2010). 11156: 10391: 10353: 9125:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 8771:Transactions of the Geological Society of London 7809: 7029:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 6224:important similarities include the neck, pubis, 5556:Based on fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as 5166: lb). However, recent research have placed 5126:), the 33-to-34-meter (108 to 112 ft) long 2466:carnivores and early sauropodomorph herbivores. 1557:, was according to legend discovered in 1822 by 1391:bones and documented them as such. For example, 1216:muscle attaches on the inner rear shaft) on the 24102:The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight 23227: 22534: 22121: 22050: 21906:Mass Extinctions Caused by Large Bolide Impacts 21686: 21446:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 21240:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 21026:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 20821: 20563:Barrett, P.M.; McGowan, A.J.; Page, V. (2009). 20510:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 20146:Larson, D.W.; Brown, C.M.; Evans, D.C. (2016). 20025:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19880: 19878: 19707:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 19227:—— (1988). "Ein neuer Exemplar von 17983:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 370–372. 16650: 16405:, pp. 22–48, "The Heresies of Dr. Bakker". 14832:"Plumage Color Patterns of an Extinct Dinosaur" 14663: 14565: 14363: 13725: 12795: 11908:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11790:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11525:"The osteology of the early-diverging dinosaur 11523:Nesbitt, Sterling J; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2021). 11401: 11280: 11278: 10982:Kaye, T.G.; Gaugler, G.; Sawlowicz, Z. (2008). 9517: 9515: 9513: 9385: 9383: 8480:Kubo, Tai; Benton, Michael J. (November 2007). 8352:"Dr. W. J. Holland and the Sprawling Sauropods" 8211:University of California Museum of Paleontology 7723: 6889:Dinosaurs (including birds) are members of the 6611: 5148:, known only from a now lost partial vertebral 5082:, one of the largest animals to walk the earth. 4940:as about 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb). 1624: 1356:. Erect limbs probably also helped support the 978:, which are theropods, which are saurischians. 25021: 24861: 23863:]. London: Ex Officina M.C. Archived from 23567:. Pen and ink illustration by Raith Overhill. 22085: 21612: 21610: 21227: 21152: 21006: 20383: 20322: 20236: 20141: 20139: 19969: 19931: 18924: 18771: 18769: 18562: 18409: 18186: 17844: 17634: 17536: 17291: 17289: 17245: 16895:"Modeling growth rates for sauropod dinosaurs" 16892: 16530: 16497: 16224: 16222: 15200: 14768: 14766: 14718: 14319: 14256:National Museum of Natural History and Science 13457: 13323: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12664: 12530: 12237:"Structural Extremes in a Cretaceous Dinosaur" 12081:Sulej, Tomasz; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2019). 11895: 11777: 11558: 11556: 11516: 10810: 10696: 10574: 10271: 9648: 9438: 8701: 8626:, pp. 131–139, illus. opp. p. 142, fig. 4 8552: 7936:"Most Dinosaur Species Are Still Undiscovered" 7018: 6967: 6743:. Beginning in 1852 with a passing mention in 6305:similar to many modern ground-dwelling birds. 5909:, typified early views on dinosaur lifestyles. 5749:. Because the line of dinosaurs that includes 3266:(bipeds with domed or knobby growth on skulls) 2682:, diversified rapidly at the beginning of the 2112: 1493:or another type of giant featured in legends. 939:(bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores including " 27478: 25855: 24847: 23373:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 22870: 21997: 21169:"Survival in the first hours of the Cenozoic" 20605: 20497: 20364: 20196: 19807: 19758: 19756: 19694: 19455: 18356: 18180: 18160: 17997: 17689: 16443: 16417:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 16415:Erickson, G.M. (2014). 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Many modern birds are 5232: lb), if these upper estimates up true, 3360:(centrosaurines with enlarged nasal cavities) 2580:was home to a fauna of basal ankylosaurians, 2355:from 5–10 million years to 21 million years. 2074:femur preserved similar microstructures, and 26369: 25478: 24042:"Report on British Fossil Reptiles. Part II" 23808:The Dinosaur Society's Dinosaur Encyclopedia 23001: 22882:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 22880:Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs 22540: 22518: 22414: 22379: 22268: 22225: 22165:Geological Society of America Special Papers 22044: 21924: 21897: 21715: 21542: 21508:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 21338: 21336: 21124:Geological Society of America Special Papers 20915: 20660: 20556: 20279: 19875: 19266:(2). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell: 146–157. 18839:"Evolution of dinosaur epidermal structures" 18830: 17972: 17793: 17362: 17356: 17173: 17167: 17098: 16587: 16396: 16355: 16152: 15606: 15505: 13742:(7216). 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Evidence suggests that all dinosaurs were 753:, which are all dinosaurs other than birds. 23410: 22567: 22562:like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill. 22546: 22449: 22156: 21846: 21772: 21607: 21492: 21115: 21072: 20209:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 20136: 19521: 18766: 18490: 18250: 18100: 18009: 17683: 17559: 17286: 16545: 16219: 16092:"A cloacal opening in a non-avian dinosaur" 15955: 15133: 14955: 14763: 13519:, with remarks on its sizes and affinities" 13404: 12969: 12896: 12572: 11553: 11522: 11338: 10347: 10165: 9995: 9782: 9556: 9490:"The Taxonomy and Systematics of Dinosaurs" 8907: 8905: 8662:Oxford University Museum of Natural History 8342: 8114: 7803: 7071: 6883: 6540:by blocking out sunlight, thus creating an 6386: 4675: 4451:(insectivores with only one enlarged digit) 3560:(hadrosaurids with solid, small, no crests) 2987:(small herbivores/omnivores with prominent 2831:sharing a more recent common ancestor with 1839:in 1990 and 2004, and of a review paper by 1465:, was recovered from a limestone quarry at 947:(mostly bipedal carnivores and birds), and 27485: 27471: 25862: 25848: 24854: 24840: 23800: 23751:Lambert, David; The Diagram Group (1990). 23325: 22373: 22354: 22291: 21940: 21819: 21680: 21429: 21372: 20971: 20766: 20440: 20079: 19753: 19641: 19536:(6559). 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(2011). 23113:The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology 22580:, chpt. 43: "Dinosaurs and the Media" by 22481: 22405: 21972: 21645: 21574: 21475: 21465: 21412: 21333: 21308: 21276: 21259: 21055: 21045: 20857: 20710: 20588: 20539: 20529: 20472: 20423: 20375:. In Lucas, S.G.; Sullivan, R.M. (eds.). 20242: 20205: 20171: 20111: 20062: 20044: 19975: 19850: 19840: 19736: 19726: 19608: 19585:"Avian Paternal Care Had Dinosaur Origin" 19127: 19100: 19083: 18988: 18986: 18862: 18805: 18751:1983/029c668f-08b9-45f6-a0c5-30ce9256e593 18749: 18705: 18688: 18453:1983/a7ae6dfb-55bf-4ca4-bd8b-a5ea5f323103 18135: 18045: 17955: 17850: 17776: 17734: 17542: 17339: 17321: 17251: 17202: 17140: 16666:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 16625: 16615: 16539:A Cold Look at the Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs 16480: 16470: 16379: 16338: 16246: 16202: 16184: 16115: 15979:European Society for Evolutionary Biology 15932: 15914: 15771: 15482: 15464: 15339: 15167: 15116: 15059: 15049: 14938: 14928: 14798: 14724: 14625: 14607: 14537: 14328: 13823: 13347: 13299: 13240: 13222: 13044: 12941: 12712: 12675: 12621: 12603: 12395: 12288: 12270: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12106: 11945: 11927: 11878: 11819: 11809: 11686: 11544: 11533:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 11451: 11433: 11395: 11378: 11133: 11084: 11066: 11017: 11007: 10975: 10958: 10887: 10755: 10679: 10548:Annals of Anatomy – Anatomischer Anzeiger 10338: 10254: 10205: 10150:1983/8ee95b15-5793-42ad-8e57-da6524635349 10148: 10138: 10044: 10027: 9978: 9814: 9631: 9599: 9521: 9481: 9464: 9415: 9363: 8861: 8610:, chpt. 1: "The Earliest Discoveries" by 8475: 8473: 8348:This was recognized not later than 1909: 8185: 8183: 8147: 8037: 7909: 7786: 7768: 7706: 7657: 7647: 7620: 7353: 7301: 7272: 7163: 7153: 7104: 5939:); more consistent ratios of the isotope 2426:. The first few lines of early dinosaurs 2422:, dinosaurs, mammals, pterosaurians, and 1865:specimen's skin impressions found in 1999 1382: 1308:, dinosaurs ancestrally had two pairs of 1171:, the main opening in the rear skull roof 698: 24445: 23608: 22808: 22593: 22524: 21768:from the original on September 22, 2017. 21289:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 20565:"Dinosaur diversity and the rock record" 20370: 19663:(1). Warsaw: Institute of Paleobiology, 19461: 18667:(1679). London: Royal Society: 321–329. 18291: 18287: 18285: 18051: 18033:(2). London: Taylor & Francis: 66–75 18003: 16414: 15371: 15023: 14657: 14359:from the original on September 26, 2013. 14185:and Other Nonavian Theropod Dinosaurs". 13958: 13580: 13578: 13193:Sellers, William Irvin.; Margetts, Lee; 13186: 13141: 13090: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12743:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12644: 12401: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12202: 11650:(6407). London: Nature Research: 64–66. 11482:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 10653: 10449:from the original on September 20, 2016. 10314: 9914: 9887: 9881: 9767: 9522:St. Fleur, Nicholas (December 8, 2016). 9317: 9240:(1968). "The Superiority of Dinosaurs". 8902: 8761: 8599: 8597: 8541: 8449: 8447: 8349: 8108: 7258:. Indiana University Press. p. 25. 7019:Langer, Max C.; Ferigolo, Jorge (2013). 6674: 6654: 6566:At the time of the K-Pg extinction, the 6494:, and was publicized in a 1991 paper by 6441: 6422: 6247: 6113: 6017:. In addition, many species regurgitate 5950: 5905:as an aquatic, tail-dragging animal, by 5894: 5763: 5677: 5623: 5446: 5344: 5293: 5085: 5074: 4965: 4830: 4359: 4177:(crocodile-like, semiaquatic carnivores) 3784:(long-necked, primitive sauropodomorphs) 3696: 3206: 2909: 2576:became important herbivores. Meanwhile, 2441: 2180:, originally considered a member of the 2116: 2017: 1854: 1790: 1738: 1519: 1513:", that had been found in Caswell, near 1448: 1282: 1141: 1017: 935:(bipedal herbivores with thick skulls), 927:(bipedal or quadrupedal herbivores with 653: 25869: 24348: 24138: 23558: 23511: 23473:. Foreword by Michael K. Brett-Surman. 23202: 23153: 22912: 22639: 22552: 21937:, chpt. 7: "The World after Chicxulub". 21930: 21903: 20655: 20285: 19579:Varricchio, David J.; Moore, Jason R.; 19039: 17978: 17907: 17799: 16402: 15870:from the original on September 25, 2018 15439:Lee, Andrew H.; Werning, Sarah (2008). 15377: 15286: 14823: 13506: 13209:(10). San Francisco, CA: PLOS: e78733. 13080:from the original on February 25, 2009. 13004: 12811: 12550: 12376: 12305: 12235:; et al. (2007). 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It was an extremely important find: 1561: – the wife of English geologist 1040:hind limbs held erect beneath the body 1013: 27784: 27783: 27466: 26354: 25843: 24873: 24835: 24392: 23856:Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia 23849: 23693: 23563:Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour 22961: 21825: 20977: 20446: 20331:"Shape of Mesozoic dinosaur richness" 19647: 19441:Regents of the University of Michigan 19152: 18556: 18282: 18056: 17622:from the original on October 17, 2019 17457: 17308:(9). San Francisco, CA: PLOS: e3303. 16893:Lehman, T.M.; Woodward, H.N. (2008). 16368:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 16248:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062231 16140: 15822: 15499: 15432: 14910: 14293: 14235: 14229: 14174: 14103: 13912: 13854: 13575: 12998: 12958: 12862: 12789: 12740:(November 1995). "Dinosaur Biology". 12364: 12199: 11232:(1–2). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 103–139. 9439:Cashmore, D.D.; Butler, R.J. 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London: Royal Society: 179–186. 8140:American Museum of Natural History 7949:from the original on March 6, 2021 7491:from the original on April 7, 2018 7242: 7021:"The Late Triassic dinosauromorph 6866:List of informally named dinosaurs 6766:Journey to the Center of the Earth 6043: 5779:American Museum of Natural History 5349:A nesting ground of the hadrosaur 5132:, and 37-meter (121 ft) long 5046:Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4938:National Museum of Natural History 4508:(bird-like, basal oviraptorosaurs) 4281:(tyrannosauroids with head crests) 3791:(large, primitive sauropodomorphs) 3079:(small, southern ankylosaurs with 3024:(heavy, quadrupedal thyreophorans) 2374:. Their main competitors were the 1715:American Museum of Natural History 1130:Distinguishing anatomical features 919:(armored herbivorous quadrupeds), 790:research conducted since the 1970s 776:have identified over 900 distinct 707:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 25: 27948: 26323:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 23571:: University of Cambridge Press. 22101:(5981): 973, author reply 975–6. 19888:Journal of the Geological Society 19825:"The extinction of the dinosaurs" 18778:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14199:Peabody Museum of Natural History 13884:(1). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 63–77. 13678:Norell, Gaffney & Dingus 2000 13336:Geology of the Intermountain West 12736:Farlow, James O.; Dodson, Peter; 11215:; Chapman, Mary G. (March 2004). 9847:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8967: 8204: 7990:Journal of the Geological Society 7211: 7180: 6871:List of films featuring dinosaurs 6606:Permian-Triassic extinction event 5374:The first potential evidence for 5314:dinosaurs were about the size of 4152:(early group of large carnivores) 3860:("new sauropods"; columnar limbs) 3501:(early members mid-sized, stocky) 3408:(small European neornithischians) 2739: 2568:became the common theropods, and 2239:, along with the sauropodomorphs 2163:of Argentina and Brazil, and the 2148:Permian–Triassic extinction event 1729:"Dinosaur renaissance" and beyond 1719:Peabody Museum of Natural History 923:(plated herbivorous quadrupeds), 815:While dinosaurs were ancestrally 686:. They first appeared during the 134:(possible Middle Triassic record) 27762: 27745: 27728: 27711: 27694: 27677: 27649: 27637: 27561: 27444: 27432: 27420: 27409: 27408: 27299:(New World vultures and condors) 25824: 25823: 25795: 25789: 25784: 25779: 25773: 23518:Life and Letters of Edward Lhwyd 23334:; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 22587: 20649: 20012: 19394:Gibson, Andrea (July 13, 2005). 19387: 18193:Specimen with Theropod Features" 16941:(Ornithischia: Euornithopoda)". 16024: 15949: 15882: 15816: 15765: 15590: 15324:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01427.x 14554: 13682: 13671: 13659: 13621: 13398: 13356: 13084: 13009: 12987: 12926:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x 12778: 12638: 12504: 12445: 12139: 12074: 12058: 11962: 11706:. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 133–140. 8519:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00723.x 7346:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x 6651:Cultural depictions of dinosaurs 5768:Fossil interpreted as a nesting 5648:. The structure was composed of 5593: 5509:in 2003, involving the theropod 4515:(cassowary-like oviraptorosaurs) 3762:(diverse; bipeds and quadrupeds) 2803: 2788: 2769: 2754: 2391:archosauromorphs, including the 1932: 1913: 1647: 1633: 1477:, Professor of Chemistry at the 292: 258: 233: 209: 187: 163: 145: 71: 27493:Lists of dinosaurs by continent 24758:The Humongous Book of Dinosaurs 22632: 18937:Springer Science+Business Media 15970:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13096:"Die Skelettrekonstruktion von 12876:. Dinosaurs. Washington, D.C.: 10681:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104367 9565:Journal of Geoscience Education 8933: 8643: 8629: 8617: 8398:American Society of Naturalists 7961: 7933:Black, Riley (March 23, 2016). 7926: 7863: 7386: 7338:Cambridge Philosophical Society 6555: 6434:(right) at the K-T Boundary in 6412: 6243: 6062:in the early 20th century, the 4764: 4222:and its very closest relatives) 3628:(long, backwards-arcing crests) 2438:Evolution and paleobiogeography 2092:molecular phylogenetic analyses 2029:Natural History Museum of Milan 1779: 1539:Between 1815 and 1824, the Rev 1421:Province. Villagers in central 154:Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis 26355: 24721:Johns Hopkins University Press 24632:Zhou, Zhonghe (October 2004). 24321:. Oxford; London: S. Millers. 24236:Paul, Gregory S., ed. (2000). 24106:California Academy of Sciences 23165:. 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Baron, 693:, between 243 and 233.23 158:(a carnivorous basal dinosaur) 13: 1: 22647:T. rex and the Crater of Doom 22053:Trigger Effects in Geosystems 21805:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00159-X 20721:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095 19188:10.1126/science.240.4860.1790 19052:are degraded collagen fibres" 18368:"Rise of the fuzzy dinosaurs" 17661:10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00006-0 17134:10.1016/S0031-0182(96)00112-5 15572:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 14696:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.244301 14504:; Katsura, Yoshihiro (2007). 14056:: Institute of Paleobiology, 14045:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 13898:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.03.002 13372:Annals of the Carnegie Museum 13266:"Morphology of a specimen of 11590:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137 11246:10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5 10560:10.1016/S0940-9602(98)80140-4 9867:10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01420-7 9067:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 8730:10.1016/S0016-7878(02)80022-0 8566:. London: BBC. 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(This role was ascribed to 6337:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary 5936: 5867: 5302:, the smallest known dinosaur 4326:(very ostrich-like dinosaurs) 2170:The Ischigualasto Formation ( 1799:with a mounted skeleton of a 872: 24609:Resources in other libraries 23247:: Kline Geology Laboratory, 22324:10.1126/science.232.4750.629 22219:10.1126/science.328.5981.975 22061:10.1007/978-3-030-31970-0_55 21910:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 21709:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.028 21639:10.1016/0195-6671(85)90048-5 21000:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.037 20799:10.1126/science.236.4802.705 19998:10.1126/science.253.5021.754 17323:10.1371/journal.pone.0003303 17273:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.050 17092:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.027 16186:10.1371/journal.pone.0007783 16062:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.01.002 15916:10.1371/journal.pone.0061030 15712:Geological Society of London 15445:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 14930:10.1371/journal.pbio.2006507 14588:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 14338:Gaia: Revista de Geociências 14248:Gaia: Revista de Geociências 13224:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733 13055:10.1080/08912960410001715132 12272:10.1371/journal.pone.0001230 11568:"The Evolution of Dinosaurs" 11502:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341 11068:10.1371/journal.pone.0013334 11009:10.1371/journal.pone.0002808 9902:10.1016/j.palwor.2017.01.002 9017:(1940): 'fearful, terrible'. 7999:Geological Society of London 7753:National Academy of Sciences 7320:; Bittencourt, Jonathas S.; 6841:Evolutionary history of life 6612:Possible Paleocene survivors 5060:Museo Municipal Carmen Funes 3621:(vertical, tube-like crests) 3444:(European rhabdodontomorphs) 3426:(with distinctive dentition) 2859: 2845: 2798:pelvis structure (left side) 2764:pelvis structure (left side) 2572:and early ceratopsians like 2474:), a potential food source, 2407:and late Norian or earliest 1625:Discoveries in North America 661:are avian dinosaurs, and in 7: 27363:(woodpeckers and relatives) 24763:Stewart, Tabori & Chang 24100:Padian, Kevin, ed. (1986). 23471:Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia 23277:Dinosaurian Faunas of China 23241:American Journal of Science 22604:10.1007/978-1-4614-2101-6_3 20222:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.547 19433:University of Michigan News 18714:"Structure and homology of 18374:. London: Nature Research. 16662:Psittacosaurus mongoliensis 15703:Scottish Journal of Geology 14728:Canadian Journal of Zoology 14575:; Templin, R. Jack (2007). 14329:Carpenter, Kenneth (1998). 13330:Carpenter, Kenneth (2018). 12796:Dodson & Gingerich 1993 12483:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052 11976:; Lloyd, Graeme T. (2008). 6829: 6665:Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins 6218: 6103: 5860:exterior was described for 5631:Lambeosaurus magnicristatus 5340: 4047:(early theropods; includes 3918:(robust cervical vertebrae) 3592:(flat-headed saurolophines) 3320:(large-horned ceratopsians) 3108:(club-tailed ankylosaurids) 2896: 2667:, also survived the event. 2320:of India. The Carnian-aged 2113:Origins and early evolution 1746:'s original restoration of 1291:(sprawling), dinosaurs and 883:most recent common ancestor 10: 27953: 27937:Taxa named by Richard Owen 27225:(cormorants and relatives) 26318:Extinct species since 1500 24863:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves 24797:Sternberg, Charles Mortram 24240:(1st ed.). New York: 24139:Parsons, Keith M. (2001). 24000:Olshevsky, George (2000). 23954:; Dingus, Lowell (2000) . 23804:; Glut, Donald F. (1993). 22714:William Morrow and Company 22657:Princeton University Press 22363:Palaeontologia Electronica 22281:Palaeontologia Electronica 21674:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.041 20416:10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2 19665:Polish Academy of Sciences 19162:(1988). "A New Specimen of 18798:10.1016/j.tree.2019.04.018 17940:10.1038/s41598-018-32202-x 17056:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.018 15101:10.1038/s42003-023-04513-x 14058:Polish Academy of Sciences 13944:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.12.003 13275:Arquivos do Museu Nacional 12874:Department of Paleobiology 12391:10.1002/9781119990475.ch14 12157:. London. April 19, 2018. 12151:. Science and Technology. 11580:(5423). Washington, D.C.: 11546:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa080 11371:10.1038/s41598-020-67854-1 11308:10.1038/s41586-022-05133-x 10833:10.1016/j.bone.2012.10.010 10587:; Wittmeyer, Jennifer L.; 9585:10.5408/1089-9995-48.2.167 8255:French Academy of Sciences 7193:"The 'birth' of dinosaurs" 6648: 6559: 6416: 6320: 6317:Extinction of major groups 6252:Pneumatopores on the left 6236:, furcula (wishbone), and 6107: 6084:, but misidentified as an 6047: 5871: 5723:until all eggs were laid. 5671: 5032:, which was discovered in 4824: 3689:(early bipedal carnivores) 3585:(small, spike-like crests) 2866: 2852: 2743: 2219:likely resemblance to the 2194:, and the sauropodomorphs 1732: 1671:pits in the small town of 1375: 756:Dinosaurs are varied from 36: 29: 27922:Carnian first appearances 27792: 27570: 27559: 27498: 27404: 27355:(kingfishers and rollers) 27287: 27242: 27209:(albatrosses and petrels) 27181: 27152: 27123: 27102: 27093:(swifts and hummingbirds) 27075:(nightjars and relatives) 27063: 27026: 27017: 26984: 26947: 26938: 26929: 26925: 26899:(pheasants and relatives) 26874: 26798: 26757: 26695: 26667: 26643: 26619: 26592: 26513: 26500: 26457: 26430: 26426: 26365: 26361: 26350: 26346: 26285: 26188: 26088: 26038: 25965: 25895: 25882: 25808: 25771: 25720: 25694: 25685: 25640: 25600: 25588: 25519: 25508: 25474: 25463: 25372: 25320: 25307: 25258: 25254: 25243: 25212: 25148: 25132: 25121: 25065: 25036: 25032: 25017: 24998: 24970: 24952: 24943: 24925: 24912: 24869: 24809:National Museum of Canada 24707:Paul, Gregory S. 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(2019). 13288:National Museum of Brazil 12647:"Classification diagrams" 12415:American Museum Novitates 11763:10.1017/S1755691011020093 10198:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.065 10140:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.032 9730:10.1017/s0016756800192386 9700:Iguanodon bernissartensis 9698:"II—On the Integument of 8783:10.1144/transgslb.1.2.390 8320:10.1017/S1477201907002040 8205:Smith, Dave; et al. 7849:10.1080/10292389509380510 7573:Supplementary Information 7106:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.040 6990:10.1080/08912960600845767 6836:Dinosaur diet and feeding 6779:, the 1914 animated film 6288:Fossils of the troodonts 6269:Aerosteon riocoloradensis 6259:Aerosteon riocoloradensis 5899:This 1897 restoration of 5288:Shantungosaurus giganteus 5104:, which may have weighed 4867:Shantungosaurus giganteus 3490:(mid-sized, small headed) 2552:sauropods, also found in 1971:) have been described by 1764:discovered the bird-like 1481:and first curator of the 879:phylogenetic nomenclature 447: 442: 289:Scientific classification 287: 139: 48: 32:Dinosaur (disambiguation) 27553:Australian and Antarctic 27254:(seriemas and relatives) 27233:(pelicans and relatives) 23513:Gunther, Robert Theodore 23071:Indiana University Press 22760:Vertebrate Palaeontology 22541:Currie & Padian 1997 21779:Hofman, C.; Féraud, G.; 21440:; Freeman, K.H. (2020). 21136:10.1130/0-8137-2356-6.69 21020:; Allison, P.A. (2020). 19909:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265 19657:Palaeontologica Polonica 18649:Kellner, Alexander W. A. 17851:Balgooyen, T.G. (1971). 17543:Alexander, R.M. (1998). 16598:Vespersaurus paranaensis 15956:Deeming, Denis Charles; 14301:"The Fighting Dinosaurs" 13872:Wannanosaurus yansiensis 13803:Chinese Science Bulletin 12978:Amphicoelias fragillimus 11720:10.1016/j.gr.2018.01.005 11527:Daemonosaurus chauliodus 8968:Crane, George R. (ed.). 8207:"Dinosauria: Morphology" 8015:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265 7974:IOC World Bird List 11.1 7942:National Geographic News 7406:University of California 6876: 6464:bolide impact hypothesis 6387:Pre-extinction diversity 6193:On the Origin of Species 5576:Robert McNeill Alexander 5518:Comparisons between the 5145:Amphicoelias fragillimus 4676:Timeline of major groups 4141:(stiff-tailed dinosaurs) 3635:(usually rounded crests) 2027:fossil with intestines, 37:Not to be confused with 27347:(hornbills and hoopoes) 27262:(falcons and relatives) 23620:H. F. & G. Witherby 23479:McFarland & Company 22998:. Retrieved 2019-10-19. 22962:Cowen, Richard (2005). 21974:10.1126/science.aac7549 21912:. p. 39. LBL-22786 21797:2000E&PSL.180...13H 21666:2006E&PSL.248..518S 21576:10.1126/science.aau2422 21467:10.1073/pnas.2004596117 21047:10.1073/pnas.2006087117 20949:10.1126/science.1177265 20531:10.1073/pnas.1521478113 20371:Sullivan, R.M. (2006). 20046:10.1073/pnas.1211526110 19785:10.1126/science.1230492 19728:10.1073/pnas.1110395108 19610:10.1126/science.1163245 19400:Research Communications 18445:10.1126/science.1253351 18309:(4). Washington, D.C.: 18220:10.1126/science.1120331 18112:"The ancestry of birds" 18072:zone, central Mongolia" 18064:Osborn, Henry Fairfield 17802:The American Naturalist 17429:10.1126/science.1206196 17223:10.1126/science.1068920 17149:Journal of Paleontology 17048:2006E&PSL.246...41A 16939:Tenontosaurus tillettii 16504:De Ricqlès, A. (1974). 16292:10.1126/science.1253143 16229:Benson, R.B.J. (2018). 15848:10.1126/science.1100000 15786:10.1126/science.1100000 15649:10.1126/science.1114942 15563:Encyclopædia Britannica 15466:10.1073/pnas.0708903105 15233:Paleontological Society 15051:10.1073/pnas.1804586115 14859:10.1126/science.1186290 14667:Physical Review Letters 14609:10.1073/pnas.0609975104 14463:10.1126/science.1200043 14183:Deinonychus antirrhopus 13986:10.1126/science.1070167 13633:Acta Geoscientia Sinica 12970:Foster & Lucas 2006 12681:"Dinosaur biomechanics" 12334:10.1126/science.1118806 12108:10.1126/science.aal4853 12005:10.1126/science.1161833 11929:10.1073/pnas.1512541112 11811:10.1073/pnas.1512541112 10868:National Science Review 10788:10.1126/science.1154284 10733:10.1126/science.1165069 10654:Anderson, L.A. (2023). 10617:10.1126/science.1108397 10482:10.1126/science.8327889 10327:National Science Review 9213:10.1126/science.aat0451 9014:A Greek-English Lexicon 8714:Geologists' Association 8389:The American Naturalist 8384:in the Carnegie Museum" 8350:Celeskey, Matt (2005). 7770:10.1073/pnas.0606028103 7398:Understanding Evolution 6851:List of dinosaur genera 6009:) can be facultatively 5955:Comparison between the 5874:Physiology of dinosaurs 5483:in 1971. It included a 5236:would have rivaled the 4883:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus 4820: 4785:, impressions of skin, 4473:(larger therizinosaurs) 3907:(extremely long-necked) 3165:(large thescelosaurids) 2976:("true" ornithischians) 2856:) meaning "lizard" and 2746:Dinosaur classification 2318:Lower Maleri Formations 2165:Pebbly Arkose Formation 1963:(Mid-to-Late Jurassic) 1959:(Early Cretaceous) and 1893:Edmontosaurus annectens 1673:Haddonfield, New Jersey 1617:, Owen established the 1527:'s coining of the word 1445:Early dinosaur research 1378:History of paleontology 1321:, or shoulder blade; a 1310:Infratemporal fenestrae 749:—birds—and the extinct 675:are a diverse group of 27331:(trogons and quetzals) 27143:(cranes and relatives) 26413:(emus and cassowaries) 26303:Glossary of bird terms 26115:Confuciusornithiformes 24447:Sarjeant, William A.S. 23886:Paleogene Fossil Birds 23861:British figured stones 23559:Hansell, Mike (2000). 22584:and M.K. Brett-Surman. 21904:Alvarez, L.W. (1987). 21167:; et al. (2004). 20581:10.1098/rspb.2009.0352 20465:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0210 19648:Wings, Oliver (2007). 19583:; et al. (2008). 19068:10.1098/rspb.2007.0352 18855:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0229 18673:10.1098/rspb.2009.0846 18068:"Three new Theropoda, 17252:Buffetaut, E. (2004). 16102:(4). Elsevier: R1–R3. 15620:; et al. (2005). 15089:Communications Biology 14522:10.1098/rspb.2006.0443 14500:Varricchio, David J.; 14376:Curry Rogers, Kristina 14110:Lessem & Glut 1993 13923:Comptes Rendus Palevol 12880:. 2007. Archived from 12697:10.1098/rspb.2006.3532 12383:Dyke & Kaiser 2011 11972:; Benton, Michael J.; 11863:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949 11435:10.3897/zookeys.63.550 11126:10.1098/rspb.2017.0544 10292:10.1002/bies.201500061 10247:10.1098/rspb.2015.0614 9807:10.1098/rspb.2017.0556 9624:10.1098/rspb.2008.0715 9356:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0402 8863:10.1098/rstl.1825.0010 8664:. 2006. Archived from 7894:10.1098/rstb.2015.0219 7699:10.1098/rstb.2015.0219 7155:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417 6939:10.4202/app.00372.2017 6771:Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 6696: 6672: 6459: 6439: 6402:preservation potential 6262: 6142: 5964: 5910: 5782: 5693: 5635: 5461: 5399:great herds, like the 5356: 5355:was discovered in 1978 5303: 5096: 5083: 4977: 4920: 4410: 3980:(stocky, mostly Asian) 3951:("titan lizard forms") 3732: 3240: 3125:("new ornithischians") 2955: 2455: 2161:Santa Maria Formations 2143: 2031: 2013:Pietraroja Plattenkalk 1969:§ Origin of birds 1866: 1810: 1753: 1536: 1456: 1383:Pre-scientific history 1300: 1212:(projection where the 1169:supratemporal fenestra 1152: 1031: 831:modifications such as 699:evolution of dinosaurs 669: 471:Various extinct groups 27882:Paleobiology Database 27172:(kagu and sunbittern) 27135:(gulls and relatives) 26140:Songlingornithiformes 26105:Omnivoropterygiformes 24406:Yale University Press 23647:Holmes, Thom (1998). 23369:The Complete Dinosaur 22838:10.1002/9781118274071 22814:Dinosaur Paleobiology 22177:10.1130/2014.2505(03) 21855:Geologische Rundschau 21215:on September 18, 2012 21081:Solar System Research 20396:Nature Communications 18996:Journal of Morphology 18263:Acta Zoologica Sinica 16876:|...}} 16769:|...}} 16381:10.1093/sysbio/syw033 16340:10.1093/sysbio/syw033 15359:on September 24, 2015 15156:John Wiley & Sons 14773:Senter, Phil (2008). 14289:on February 27, 2008. 14126:Maxwell, W. 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Sarjeant 7255:The Complete Dinosaur 7023:Sacisaurus agudoensis 6685: 6658: 6604:extinctions like the 6536:, and greatly slowed 6445: 6426: 6329:mass extinction event 6251: 6117: 5954: 5898: 5767: 5681: 5627: 5459:intra-specific combat 5450: 5352:Maiasaura peeblesorum 5348: 5297: 5089: 5078: 4994:Museum für Naturkunde 4969: 4899:Stegosaurus ungulatus 4834: 4374:: from left to right 4363: 4304:(bird-like dinosaurs) 4227:Carcharodontosauridae 3708:: from left to right 3700: 3210: 2936:, center foreground: 2930:, center background: 2913: 2470:plants (particularly 2445: 2432:Carnian pluvial event 2312:, are known from the 2172:radiometrically dated 2120: 2078:techniques (based on 2036:Mary Higby Schweitzer 2021: 1939:Color restoration of 1920:Color restoration of 1858: 1794: 1785:The Dinosaur Heresies 1742: 1702:Othniel Charles Marsh 1665:William Parker Foulke 1655:Othniel Charles Marsh 1523: 1452: 1427:traditional medicines 1376:Further information: 1338:Saturnalia tupiniquim 1286: 1145: 1021: 657: 242:Edmontosaurus regalis 26994:Phoenicopteriformes 24534:Weishampel, David B. 24196:Simon & Schuster 23695:Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. 23618:. London; New York: 23279:(English ed.). 23233:Gingerich, Philip D. 23065:. Life of the Past. 22810:Brusatte, Stephen L. 22769:Blackwell Publishing 22016:(11–12): 1507–1520. 21528:10.1029/2008JB005644 20447:Lloyd, G.T. (2012). 19581:Erickson, Gregory M. 18653:"The soft tissue of 18563:Göhlich, Ursula B.; 17458:Wedel, M.J. (2003). 16963:10.1671/039.029.0312 16701:(429–433): 429–433. 15578:on December 13, 2013 15293:Miyashita, Tetsuto; 15208:Weishampel, David B. 14380:Majungatholus atopus 14370:Rogers, Raymond R.; 13384:10.2992/007.085.0403 13349:10.31711/giw.v5i0.28 12884:on November 11, 2007 12870:"Dinosaur Evolution" 12651:Equatorial Minnesota 12453:Alvarenga, Herculano 11970:Brusatte, Stephen L. 10393:Dal Sasso, Cristiano 10125:(21): 3337–3343.e2. 10002:Vinther, J. (2020). 9704:Morosaurus becklesii 9702:, Boulenger, and of 9005:Henry George Liddell 8382:Diplodocus Carnegiei 8122:Nesbitt, Sterling J. 7833:Taylor & Francis 6956:10.4435/BSPI.2018.01 6198:evolutionary biology 6058:. After the work of 5808:was discovered in a 5793:1978 discovery of a 5668:Reproductive biology 5654:arytenoid cartilages 5454:Centrosaurus apertus 5369:computer simulations 5066:, Argentina, has an 4983:Giraffatitan brancai 4976:to the average human 4970:Comparative size of 4954:Largest and smallest 4851:Supersaurus vivianae 4294:and close relatives) 4207:Metriacanthosauridae 4053:and close relatives) 3969:("porous vertebrae") 3701:Restoration of four 3455:("true iguanodonts") 3291:("new ceratopsians") 3211:Restoration of four 3147:("wondrous lizards") 2948:, far right (large) 2121:The early dinosaurs 2108:Evolutionary history 1986:dinosaur colouration 1806:Gorgosaurus libratus 1735:Dinosaur renaissance 1479:University of Oxford 992:Triceratops horridus 933:pachycephalosaurians 172:Triceratops horridus 30:For other uses, see 27500:Non-avian dinosaurs 26965:Mesitornithiformes 26959:(doves and pigeons) 26293:Families and orders 26155:Ichthyornithiformes 26130:Patagopterygiformes 24653:2004NW.....91..455Z 24641:Naturwissenschaften 23893:: Springer-Verlag. 23615:The Origin of Birds 22876:Witmer, Lawrence M. 22830:2012dipa.book.....B 22474:2012Geo....40E.262K 22435:1990Geo....18..874L 22398:2012Geo....40E.259R 22316:1986Sci...232..629S 22246:2011Geo....39..159F 22022:2015GSAB..127.1507R 21965:2015Sci...350...76R 21867:1996IJEaS..85..191G 21743:2016NatGe...9...77S 21701:2017PPP...478..139T 21631:1985CrRes...6..235M 21619:Cretaceous Research 21567:2019Sci...363..862S 21520:2009JGRB..114.6103C 21458:2020PNAS..11725327L 21452:(41): 25327–25334. 21397:2016NatSR...628427K 21358:2014NatGe...7..279O 21301:1997JGR...10221645P 21295:(E9): 21645–21664. 21252:2013JGRG..118..329R 21190:2004GSAB..116..760R 21093:2005SoSyR..39..381I 21038:2020PNAS..11717084C 21032:(29): 17084–17093. 20992:2007PPP...255....4K 20941:2010Sci...327.1214S 20935:(5970): 1214–1218. 20885:1996Geo....24..527P 20843:1991Geo....19..867H 20791:1987Sci...236..705B 20703:1980Sci...208.1095A 20697:(4448): 1095–1108. 20627:2011GSLSP.358..209U 20575:(1667): 2667–2674. 20522:2016PNAS..113.5036S 20408:2019NatCo..10.1091C 20350:2004Geo....32..877F 20300:1984Natur.307..360R 20257:1983NW.....70..611C 20245:Naturwissenschaften 20164:2016CBio...26.1325L 20104:2018CBio...28E1825F 20037:2012PNAS..10921396L 20031:(52): 21396–21401. 19990:1991Sci...253..754J 19955:1982AmSci..70..377A 19901:1997JGSoc.154..265M 19777:2013Sci...339..684R 19719:2011PNAS..10815253L 19713:(37): 15253–15257. 19601:2008Sci...322.1826V 19542:1995Natur.378..774N 19491:10.1038/nature02898 19483:2004Natur.431..838X 19357:10.1038/nature03716 19349:2005Natur.436..253O 19272:1999JEZ...285..146S 19180:1988Sci...240.1790W 18945:2003NW.....90..563L 18928:Naturwissenschaften 18790:2019TEcoE..34..856B 18734:2016Palgy..59..793M 18596:10.1038/nature04579 18588:2006Natur.440..329G 18526:10.1038/nature02855 18518:2004Natur.431..680X 18478:on February 9, 2019 18437:2014Sci...345..451G 18295:(October 1, 2002). 18212:2005Sci...310.1483M 18128:1973NPhS..242..136O 17932:2018NatSR...814217Z 17748:Biochemical Journal 17704:1997Natur.386..561P 17514:2009JEZA..311..600P 17479:2003Pbio...29..243W 17421:2011Sci...333..443E 17377:2009JEZA..311..629O 17314:2008PLoSO...3.3303S 17188:1993Geo....21..503C 17126:1996PPP...126..161K 17084:2010PPP...297..439A 17004:10.1017/pab.2015.19 16996:2015Pbio...41..503W 16955:2009JVPal..29..734H 16849:10.1038/nature16487 16815:10.1038/nature02699 16807:2004Natur.430..772E 16742:10.1038/nature16488 16707:2001Natur.412..429E 16513:Evolutionary Theory 16429:2014AREPS..42..675E 16284:2014Sci...344.1268G 16278:(6189): 1268–1272. 16177:2009PLoSO...4.7783P 16108:2021CBio...31.R182V 16054:2009PPP...274...96M 15907:2013PLoSO...861030F 15840:Scientific American 15728:10.1144/sjg40010013 15720:2004ScJG...40...13C 15641:2005Sci...309..761R 15520:1979Natur.282..296H 15457:2008PNAS..105..582L 15295:Arbour, Victoria M. 15042:2018PNAS..11510209K 15036:(41): 10109–10217. 14987:10.1038/nature19852 14979:2016Natur.538..502C 14851:2010Sci...327.1369L 14791:2008HBio...20..255S 14688:2002PhRvL..88x4301G 14600:2007PNAS..104.1576C 14455:2011Sci...332..705S 14404:10.1038/nature01532 14396:2003Natur.422..515R 14307:on January 18, 2012 14152:1995JVPal..15..707M 13936:2005CRPal...4..135Y 13890:2009CrRes..30...63B 13877:Cretaceous Research 13816:2009SciBu..54..430X 13756:10.1038/nature07447 13748:2008Natur.455.1105Z 13484:10.18261/let.56.2.5 13476:2023Letha..56..2.5P 13421:2022GeolT..38..112P 13215:2013PLoSO...878733S 13170:. Paper No. 181-4. 13037:2004HBio...16...71M 12832:1995JVPal..14..520P 12326:2005Sci...310.1177P 12263:2007PLoSO...2.1230S 12233:Witmer, Lawrence M. 12099:2019Sci...363...78S 11997:2008Sci...321.1485B 11920:2016PNAS..113..509M 11802:2016PNAS..113..509M 11755:2010EESTR.101..333N 11712:2018GondR..57..133L 11656:1993Natur.361...64S 11494:2021JSAES.11003341N 11426:2010ZooK...63...55A 11363:2020NatSR..1012782D 11300:2022Natur.609..313G 11263:on October 25, 2007 11238:2004ESRv...65..103T 11174:2005Geo....33..397K 11059:2010PLoSO...513334P 11000:2008PLoSO...3.2808K 10935:2015NatCo...6.7352B 10780:2008Sci...320..499O 10725:2009Sci...324..626S 10672:2023ESRv..24004367A 10609:2005Sci...307.1952S 10585:Schweitzer, Mary H. 10474:1993Sci...261..160M 10416:1998Natur.392..383D 10190:2016CBio...26.2456V 10131:2017CBio...27E3337S 10080:10.1038/nature08740 10072:2010Natur.463.1075Z 10066:(7284): 1075–1078. 10020:2020AREPS..48..345V 9929:2005AREPS..33..277N 9859:1998TEcoE..13..303B 9722:1917GeoM....4..148H 9710:Geological Magazine 9672:2011AREPS..39..187S 9618:(1650): 2483–2490. 9577:2000JGeEd..48..167L 9457:2019Palgy..62..951C 9408:2020Palgy..63..951C 9295:1972Natur.238...81B 9205:2018Sci...360..611A 9137:2010GSLSP.343..361T 9058:Hadrosaurus foulkii 8926:, fearfully great; 8854:1825RSPT..115..179M 8722:2002PrGA..113..185D 8511:2007Palgy..50.1519K 8376:Holland, William J. 8312:2007JSPal...5..209N 8263:1999CRASE.329..511L 8194:Thomas R. Holtz Jr. 8111:, pp. 9–20, 21 8075:2010Geo....38..139A 8007:1997JGSoc.154..265M 7841:1995HBio...10....3R 7761:2006PNAS..10313601W 7543:10.1038/nature21700 7535:2017Natur.543..501B 7511:Baron, Matthew G.; 7097:2016CBio...26.3090C 7041:2013GSLSP.379..353L 6982:2007HBio...19...23F 6856:List of bird genera 6782:Gertie the Dinosaur 6721:Crystal Palace Park 6713:dinosaur sculptures 6688:Gertie the Dinosaur 6669:Crystal Palace Park 6663:statues created by 6645:Cultural depictions 6526:ocean acidification 6430:(left) and his son 6284:Behavioral evidence 6184:transitional fossil 6167:American alligators 6110:Feathered dinosaurs 6056:Thomas Henry Huxley 5743:and the ornithopod 5696:All dinosaurs laid 5549:was inferred to be 5451:Restoration of two 5266:Carcharodontosaurus 5120:Diplodocus hallorum 4915:Triceratops prorsus 4554:Scansoriopterygidae 3002:("cheeked lizards") 2985:Heterodontosauridae 2914:Restoration of six 2678:, and a variety of 2633:ornithomimosaurians 2542:carcharodontosaurid 2446:The supercontinent 2076:immunohistochemical 1827:David B. Weishampel 1752:, published in 1969 1698:Edward Drinker Cope 1678:Hadrosaurus foulkii 1641:Edward Drinker Cope 1415:Western Jin Dynasty 1350:most modern mammals 1331:); and a perforate 1014:General description 1003:Diplodocus carnegii 848:, as large, sturdy 751:non-avian dinosaurs 727:feathered dinosaurs 218:Apatosaurus louisae 196:Stegosaurus stenops 27522:(former continent) 27307:(eagles and hawks) 27207:Procellariiformes 27112:Opisthocomiformes 27081:Steatornithiformes 26308:List by population 26145:Hongshanornithidae 26070:Evolution of birds 24801:Canadian Dinosaurs 24394:Rupke, Nicolaas A. 24242:St. Martin's Press 23952:Gaffney, Eugene S. 23867:on August 14, 2020 23243:. Vol. 293A. 23214:Bradbury and Evans 23155:Desmond, Adrian J. 23109:Wilson, Jeffrey A. 22755:Benton, Michael J. 22598:. pp. 17–24. 21875:10.1007/BF02422228 21385:Scientific Reports 21261:10.1002/jgrg.20018 20265:10.1007/BF00377404 19943:American Scientist 19829:Biological Reviews 19009:10.1002/jmor.10382 18742:10.1111/pala.12257 18189:"A Well-Preserved 17920:Scientific Reports 16931:Orodromeus makelai 16617:10.7717/peerj.9771 16472:10.7717/peerj.7764 16327:Systematic Biology 15597:Currie et al. 2004 15311:Journal of Anatomy 15274:on October 6, 2014 15154:(8). Hoboken, NJ: 14911:Riede, T. (2019). 14779:Historical Biology 14741:NRC Research Press 14573:Chatterjee, Sankar 14502:Martin, Anthony J. 13690:"Bee Hummingbird ( 13025:Historical Biology 12914:Biological Reviews 12574:Taylor, Michael P. 12229:Wilson, Jeffrey A. 12194:Matthew C. Lamanna 11640:Rogers, Raymond R. 11418:Pensoft Publishers 11351:Scientific Reports 10943:10.1038/ncomms8352 10880:10.1093/nsr/nwz206 10368:10.1111/pala.12453 10340:10.1093/nsr/nwu055 10241:(1813): 20150614. 9959:Biological Reviews 9530:The New York Times 9466:10.1111/pala.12436 9417:10.1111/pala.12496 9166:Naish, D. (2009). 8828:Mantell, Gideon A. 8671:on October 1, 2006 8233:Benton, Michael J. 7816:Historical Biology 7693:(1691): 20150219. 7649:10.7717/peerj.4417 7472:The New York Times 7463:(March 22, 2017). 7326:Biological Reviews 7322:Novas, Fernando E. 7318:Ezcurra, Martin D. 7230:. October 16, 2015 6970:Historical Biology 6697: 6673: 6460: 6450:at the tip of the 6440: 6263: 6148:heterodontosaurids 6143: 5965: 5911: 5805:Citipati osmolskae 5783: 5694: 5636: 5462: 5357: 5321:Anchiornis huxleyi 5304: 5245:Perucetus colossus 5097: 5084: 4978: 4926:order of magnitude 4921: 4471:Therizinosauroidea 4411: 4259:("tyrant thieves") 4187:("bird theropods") 4161:Piatnitzkysauridae 4127:(small carnivores) 3925:(long, thin necks) 3842:("true sauropods") 3733: 3569:Brachylophosaurini 3406:Hypsilophodontidae 3264:Pachycephalosauria 3241: 3053:(large stegosaurs) 2956: 2676:ducks and chickens 2566:oviraptorosaurians 2505:metriacanthosaurid 2493:Morrison Formation 2456: 2322:Chañares Formation 2144: 2032: 1867: 1845:phylogenetic trees 1811: 1754: 1691:Maidstone, England 1549:scientific journal 1537: 1511:Rutellum impicatum 1457: 1301: 1153: 1032: 721:record shows that 670: 27907: 27906: 27869:Open Tree of Life 27786:Taxon identifiers 27625: 27624: 27460: 27459: 27400: 27399: 27396: 27395: 27392: 27391: 27388: 27387: 27384: 27383: 27380: 27379: 27376: 27375: 27372: 27371: 27193:(loons or divers) 27162:Phaethontiformes 27154:Phaethontimorphae 27104:Opisthocomiformes 27073:Caprimulgiformes 27013: 27012: 27002:Podicipediformes 26921: 26920: 26917: 26916: 26913: 26912: 26639: 26638: 26422: 26421: 26379:Struthioniformes 26247:Waterfowl hunting 26180:Gastornithiformes 26175:Aepyornithiformes 26165:Lithornithiformes 25837: 25836: 25804: 25803: 25769: 25768: 25765: 25764: 25761: 25760: 25757: 25756: 25753: 25752: 25749: 25748: 25681: 25680: 25504: 25503: 25459: 25458: 25455: 25454: 25239: 25238: 25235: 25234: 25117: 25116: 25013: 25012: 25009: 25008: 24994: 24993: 24990: 24989: 24772:978-1-55670-596-0 24730:978-0-8018-6763-7 24585:Library resources 24553:978-0-520-25408-4 24538:Osmólska, Halszka 24536:; Dodson, Peter; 24460:978-2-88124-996-9 24415:978-0-300-05820-8 24369:978-0-06-232847-2 24288:978-0-691-13720-9 24251:978-0-312-26226-6 24205:978-0-671-61946-6 24154:978-0-253-33937-9 24115:978-0-940228-14-6 24069:978-0-8201-1526-9 23969:978-0-520-22501-5 23908:978-3-540-89627-2 23819:978-0-679-41770-5 23770:978-0-380-75896-8 23720:978-0-375-82419-7 23705:. Illustrated by 23670:978-0-382-39149-1 23610:Heilmann, Gerhard 23578:978-0-521-46038-5 23528:978-0-7129-0292-2 23488:978-0-89950-917-4 23416:Lucas, Spencer G. 23380:978-0-253-33349-0 23341:978-0-470-65666-2 23302:978-3-540-52084-9 23289:China Ocean Press 23172:978-0-8037-3755-6 23130:978-0-520-24623-2 23080:978-0-253-34373-4 23030:978-0-12-226810-6 23003:Currie, Philip J. 22973:978-1-4051-1756-2 22939:978-0-14-021288-4 22914:Colbert, Edwin H. 22889:978-0-520-20094-4 22847:978-0-470-65658-7 22778:978-0-632-05637-8 22723:978-0-688-04287-5 22698:Bakker, Robert T. 22666:978-0-691-01630-6 22613:978-1-4614-2100-9 22506:. Merriam-Webster 22483:10.1130/G32154C.1 22407:10.1130/G32521C.1 22310:(4750): 629–633. 22213:(5981): 975–976. 22186:978-0-8137-2505-5 22136:(5981): 973–974. 22070:978-3-030-31969-4 21731:Nature Geoscience 21561:(6429): 862–866. 21405:10.1038/srep28427 21346:Nature Geoscience 21310:10.1029/97JE01743 21159:Robertson, D.S.; 21145:978-0-8137-2356-3 20785:(4802): 705–709. 20516:(18): 5036–5040. 20294:(5949): 360–361. 20158:(10): 1325–1333. 20098:(11): 1825–1831. 19984:(5021): 754–757. 19842:10.1111/brv.12128 19771:(6120): 684–687. 19443:. October 2, 2008 19160:Wellnhofer, Peter 18629:on April 26, 2019 18431:(6195): 451–455. 18017:Huxley, Thomas H. 17990:978-0-12-226810-6 17761:10.1042/bj0960028 17698:(6625): 561–562. 17589:10.1242/jeb.01495 17415:(6041): 443–445. 17217:(5557): 979–980. 16801:(7001): 772–775. 15987:10.1111/jeb.13256 15618:Sues, Hans-Dieter 15169:10.1111/evo.12988 14264:10.7939/R34T6FJ1P 13692:Mellisuga helenae 13563:on April 29, 2011 13460:Bruhathkayosaurus 13429:10.1111/gto.12390 13108:Palaeontographica 12982:Kenneth Carpenter 12738:Chinsamy, Anusuya 12251:San Francisco, CA 12227:Sereno, Paul C.; 11699:Gondwana Research 11634:Sereno, Paul C.; 11294:(7926): 313–319. 11213:Lucas, Spencer G. 10764:Tyrannosaurus rex 10719:(5927): 626–631. 10593:Tyrannosaurus rex 10511:(5049): 655–657. 10468:(5118): 160–162. 10321:Zhou, Z. (2014). 10286:(11): 1174–1183. 10184:(18): 2456–2462. 9971:10.1111/brv.12552 9503:978-0-253-33349-0 9177:978-1-4081-1906-8 8949:. Merriam-Webster 8930:, a lizard. ... ) 8763:Buckland, William 8253:on behalf of the 8138:(352). New York: 7290:Michael J. Benton 7265:978-0-253-00849-7 7091:(22): 3090–3095. 6902:Linnaean taxonomy 6683: 6534:thermal radiation 6452:Yucatán Peninsula 6345:Yucatán Peninsula 5988:, that is, their 5927:Armand de Ricqlès 5907:Charles R. Knight 5835:superprecociality 5466:marginocephalians 5234:Bruhathkayosaurus 5198:Bruhathkayosaurus 5193:Bruhathkayosaurus 5092:Bruhathkayosaurus 5040:and displayed in 5014: kilograms ( 4626:Halszkaraptorinae 4572:Archaeopterygidae 4482:Therizinosauridae 4313:Ornithomimosauria 4302:Maniraptoriformes 4279:Proceratosauridae 4036:("new theropods") 3949:Titanosauriformes 3831:("heavy lizards") 3424:Rhabdodontomorpha 3372:Pachyrhinosaurini 3358:Nasutoceratopsini 3307:Protoceratopsidae 3300:Leptoceratopsidae 3233:, bottom right – 3068:as primary armor) 2989:canine-like teeth 2688:ecological niches 2686:period, entering 2635:becoming common. 2629:therizinosaurians 2071:Brachylophosaurus 1819:Linnaean taxonomy 1780:§ Physiology 1613:, the husband of 1366:upper pelvic bone 1210:Fourth trochanter 1139:of such a group. 997:Passer domesticus 846:preservation bias 695:million years ago 652: 651: 647: 646: 641: 438: 62:, 233.23 – 0 Mya 16:(Redirected from 27944: 27900: 27899: 27890: 27889: 27877: 27876: 27864: 27863: 27851: 27850: 27838: 27837: 27828: 27827: 27826: 27813: 27812: 27811: 27781: 27780: 27775: 27767: 27766: 27765: 27758: 27757:from Wikispecies 27750: 27749: 27748: 27741: 27733: 27732: 27731: 27724: 27716: 27715: 27714: 27707: 27699: 27698: 27697: 27690: 27682: 27681: 27680: 27670: 27654: 27653: 27652: 27642: 27641: 27640: 27633: 27565: 27487: 27480: 27473: 27464: 27463: 27448: 27447: 27436: 27424: 27423: 27412: 27411: 27364: 27356: 27348: 27340: 27337:Leptosomiformes 27332: 27324: 27316: 27308: 27305:Accipitriformes 27300: 27279: 27278:(perching birds) 27271: 27263: 27255: 27234: 27226: 27218: 27210: 27202: 27199:Sphenisciformes 27194: 27173: 27165: 27144: 27136: 27133:Charadriiformes 27115: 27094: 27076: 27055: 27047: 27044:Musophagiformes 27039: 27024: 27023: 27005: 26997: 26976: 26968: 26960: 26945: 26944: 26936: 26935: 26927: 26926: 26900: 26887: 26665: 26664: 26661: 26654: 26567: 26560: 26524: 26511: 26510: 26507: 26498: 26497: 26494: 26459: 26458: 26455: 26454: 26428: 26427: 26414: 26406: 26398: 26390: 26382: 26367: 26366: 26363: 26362: 26352: 26351: 26348: 26347: 26215:Bird collections 26170:Dinornithiformes 26075:Darwin's finches 26065:Origin of flight 26005:Seabird breeding 25995:Sexual selection 25864: 25857: 25850: 25841: 25840: 25827: 25826: 25799: 25793: 25788: 25783: 25777: 25697: 25692: 25691: 25598: 25597: 25591: 25576: 25565: 25555: 25545: 25535: 25525: 25517: 25516: 25481: 25476: 25475: 25472: 25471: 25374:Sulcimentisauria 25318: 25317: 25310: 25295: 25284: 25274: 25264: 25256: 25255: 25252: 25251: 25146: 25145: 25141:Pterosauromorpha 25139: 25134: 25133: 25130: 25129: 25068: 25053: 25042: 25034: 25033: 25030: 25029: 25019: 25018: 24960:Archosauromorpha 24950: 24949: 24945:Archosauromorpha 24923: 24922: 24914: 24913: 24907: 24906: 24871: 24870: 24856: 24849: 24842: 24833: 24832: 24828: 24792: 24750: 24714: 24703: 24701: 24699: 24694:on July 21, 2011 24693: 24687:. Archived from 24638: 24628: 24573: 24529: 24527: 24525: 24488: 24442: 24440: 24438: 24403: 24389: 24345: 24343: 24341: 24308: 24271: 24232: 24230: 24228: 24186:Paul, Gregory S. 24181: 24179: 24177: 24146: 24135: 24096: 24094: 24092: 24033: 23996: 23994: 23992: 23961: 23943: 23941: 23939: 23876: 23874: 23872: 23846: 23844: 23842: 23811: 23797: 23795: 23793: 23758: 23747: 23745: 23743: 23704: 23690: 23654: 23643: 23605: 23603: 23601: 23566: 23555: 23553: 23551: 23508: 23462: 23460: 23458: 23407: 23405: 23403: 23372: 23361: 23322: 23268: 23224: 23222: 23220: 23204:Dickens, Charles 23199: 23197: 23195: 23164: 23150: 23100: 23057: 23055: 23053: 22996:Internet Archive 22993: 22958: 22956: 22954: 22923: 22909: 22872:Chiappe, Luis M. 22867: 22805: 22803: 22801: 22763:(3rd ed.). 22750: 22748: 22746: 22707: 22693: 22691: 22689: 22650: 22626: 22625: 22591: 22585: 22571: 22565: 22550: 22544: 22538: 22532: 22522: 22516: 22515: 22513: 22511: 22494: 22488: 22487: 22485: 22453: 22447: 22446: 22418: 22412: 22411: 22409: 22377: 22371: 22370: 22358: 22352: 22351: 22295: 22289: 22288: 22272: 22266: 22265: 22254:10.1130/G31466.1 22229: 22223: 22222: 22197: 22191: 22190: 22160: 22154: 22153: 22125: 22119: 22118: 22089: 22083: 22082: 22048: 22042: 22041: 22030:10.1130/B31167.1 22001: 21995: 21994: 21976: 21944: 21938: 21928: 21922: 21921: 21919: 21917: 21901: 21895: 21894: 21850: 21844: 21843: 21823: 21817: 21816: 21776: 21770: 21769: 21767: 21751:10.1038/ngeo2588 21728: 21719: 21713: 21712: 21684: 21678: 21677: 21660:(1–2): 518–532. 21649: 21643: 21642: 21614: 21605: 21604: 21578: 21546: 21540: 21539: 21505: 21496: 21490: 21489: 21479: 21469: 21433: 21427: 21426: 21416: 21376: 21370: 21369: 21366:10.1038/ngeo2095 21340: 21331: 21330: 21312: 21280: 21274: 21273: 21263: 21231: 21225: 21224: 21222: 21220: 21214: 21208:. Archived from 21198:10.1130/B25402.1 21184:(5–6): 760–768. 21173: 21156: 21150: 21149: 21119: 21113: 21112: 21076: 21070: 21069: 21059: 21049: 21013: 21004: 21003: 20975: 20969: 20968: 20919: 20913: 20912: 20861: 20855: 20854: 20825: 20819: 20818: 20770: 20764: 20763: 20761: 20759: 20753: 20747:. Archived from 20714: 20688: 20664: 20658: 20653: 20647: 20646: 20635:10.1144/SP358.14 20609: 20603: 20602: 20592: 20560: 20554: 20553: 20543: 20533: 20501: 20495: 20494: 20476: 20444: 20438: 20437: 20427: 20387: 20381: 20380: 20368: 20362: 20361: 20358:10.1130/G20695.1 20335: 20326: 20320: 20319: 20308:10.1038/307360a0 20283: 20277: 20276: 20240: 20234: 20233: 20203: 20194: 20193: 20175: 20143: 20134: 20133: 20115: 20083: 20077: 20076: 20066: 20048: 20016: 20010: 20009: 19973: 19967: 19966: 19938: 19929: 19928: 19882: 19873: 19872: 19854: 19844: 19820: 19805: 19804: 19760: 19751: 19750: 19740: 19730: 19698: 19692: 19691: 19689: 19687: 19681: 19654: 19645: 19639: 19638: 19612: 19576: 19570: 19569: 19550:10.1038/378774a0 19525: 19519: 19518: 19468: 19459: 19453: 19452: 19450: 19448: 19425: 19419: 19418: 19416: 19414: 19391: 19385: 19384: 19332: 19326: 19325: 19323: 19321: 19314:: An Early Bird" 19306: 19300: 19299: 19254:Shuvuuia deserti 19249: 19243: 19240: 19223: 19156: 19150: 19149: 19131: 19108:Prum, Richard O. 19104: 19098: 19097: 19087: 19043: 19037: 19036: 18990: 18981: 18980: 18922: 18916: 18915: 18883: 18877: 18876: 18866: 18834: 18828: 18827: 18809: 18773: 18764: 18763: 18753: 18709: 18703: 18702: 18692: 18645: 18639: 18638: 18636: 18634: 18628: 18622:. Archived from 18573: 18565:Chiappe, Luis M. 18560: 18554: 18553: 18503: 18494: 18488: 18487: 18485: 18483: 18477: 18471:. Archived from 18422: 18413: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18402: 18363: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18349: 18289: 18280: 18279: 18258:Martin, Larry D. 18254: 18248: 18247: 18197: 18184: 18178: 18175:Jacques Gauthier 18164: 18158: 18157: 18139: 18137:10.1038/242136a0 18104: 18098: 18097: 18095: 18076: 18060: 18054: 18049: 18043: 18042: 18040: 18038: 18013: 18007: 18001: 17995: 17994: 17976: 17970: 17969: 17959: 17911: 17905: 17904: 17902: 17900: 17895:on April 4, 2019 17894: 17888:. Archived from 17861: 17855:Falco sparverius 17848: 17842: 17841: 17808:(916): 667–682. 17797: 17791: 17790: 17780: 17738: 17732: 17731: 17712:10.1038/386561a0 17687: 17681: 17680: 17643:Struthio camelus 17638: 17632: 17631: 17629: 17627: 17621: 17583:(6): 1025–1034. 17572: 17563: 17557: 17556: 17540: 17534: 17533: 17497: 17491: 17490: 17464: 17455: 17449: 17448: 17403: 17397: 17396: 17360: 17354: 17353: 17343: 17325: 17293: 17284: 17283: 17281: 17258: 17249: 17243: 17242: 17206: 17200: 17199: 17171: 17165: 17164: 17144: 17138: 17137: 17120:(1–2): 161–171. 17111: 17102: 17096: 17095: 17066: 17060: 17059: 17033: 17024: 17018: 17015: 16974: 16935:Dryosaurus altus 16925: 16899: 16889: 16887: 16885: 16877: 16862:Retraction Watch 16841: 16839: 16792: 16782: 16780: 16778: 16770: 16755:Retraction Watch 16734: 16715:10.1038/35086558 16689: 16654: 16648: 16647: 16629: 16619: 16591: 16585: 16584: 16558: 16549: 16543: 16542: 16534: 16528: 16527: 16525: 16510: 16501: 16495: 16494: 16484: 16474: 16450: 16441: 16440: 16412: 16406: 16400: 16394: 16393: 16383: 16374:(6): 1051–1067. 16359: 16353: 16352: 16342: 16318: 16312: 16311: 16267: 16261: 16260: 16250: 16226: 16217: 16216: 16206: 16188: 16156: 16150: 16144: 16138: 16137: 16119: 16087: 16081: 16080: 16078: 16037: 16028: 16022: 16021: 16019: 15966: 15953: 15947: 15946: 15936: 15918: 15886: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15826:(May 15, 2012). 15820: 15814: 15813: 15769: 15763: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15752: 15699: 15690: 15684: 15683: 15681: 15626: 15616:; Scott, Diane; 15614:Reisz, Robert R. 15610: 15604: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15554: 15548: 15547: 15528:10.1038/282296a0 15503: 15497: 15496: 15486: 15468: 15436: 15430: 15429: 15394:Troodon formosus 15389: 15380: 15375: 15369: 15368: 15366: 15364: 15358: 15352:. Archived from 15343: 15307: 15290: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15279: 15273: 15267:. Archived from 15216: 15204: 15198: 15197: 15171: 15137: 15131: 15130: 15120: 15080: 15074: 15073: 15063: 15053: 15021: 15015: 15014: 14963:Clarke, Julia A. 14959: 14953: 14952: 14942: 14932: 14908: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14897: 14891: 14836: 14827: 14821: 14820: 14802: 14770: 14761: 14760: 14722: 14716: 14715: 14661: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14650: 14644: 14629: 14611: 14585: 14569: 14563: 14558: 14552: 14551: 14541: 14497: 14491: 14490: 14438: 14432: 14431: 14372:Krause, David W. 14367: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14335: 14326: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14297: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14282:. Archived from 14245: 14237:Tanke, Darren H. 14233: 14227: 14226: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14123: 14117: 14107: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14090: 14041: 14032: 14026: 14020: 14014: 14013: 13971: 13962: 13956: 13955: 13916: 13910: 13909: 13863: 13857: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13827: 13793: 13784: 13783: 13726:Zhang, Fucheng; 13723: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13686: 13680: 13675: 13669: 13663: 13657: 13656: 13625: 13619: 13618: 13582: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13568: 13562: 13556:. Archived from 13523: 13510: 13504: 13503: 13455: 13449: 13448: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13369: 13360: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13327: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13303: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13244: 13226: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13145: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13128: 13112:E. Schweizerbart 13105: 13092:Janensch, Werner 13088: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13048: 13022: 13013: 13007: 13002: 12996: 12991: 12985: 12967: 12956: 12955: 12945: 12905: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12889: 12866: 12860: 12859: 12809: 12803: 12793: 12787: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12716: 12673: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12625: 12607: 12605:10.7717/peerj.36 12596:Corte Madera, CA 12578:Wedel, Mathew J. 12570: 12564: 12554: 12548: 12545:Rinchen Barsbold 12541:Teresa Maryańska 12534: 12528: 12519: 12513: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12475:E. Schweizerbart 12449: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12411: 12399: 12393: 12380: 12374: 12368: 12362: 12361: 12309: 12303: 12302: 12292: 12274: 12224: 12218: 12212: 12197: 12187: 12174: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12150: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12110: 12078: 12072: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12045: 11982: 11966: 11960: 11959: 11949: 11931: 11899: 11893: 11892: 11882: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11823: 11813: 11781: 11775: 11774: 11749:(3–4): 333–349. 11738: 11732: 11731: 11693: 11684: 11683: 11664:10.1038/361064a0 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11614: 11560: 11551: 11550: 11548: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11477: 11466: 11465: 11455: 11437: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11382: 11342: 11336: 11335: 11282: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11262: 11256:. Archived from 11221: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11182:10.1130/G21295.1 11154: 11148: 11147: 11137: 11105: 11099: 11098: 11088: 11070: 11038: 11032: 11031: 11021: 11011: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10962: 10913:Maidment, S.C.R. 10908: 10902: 10901: 10891: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10759: 10753: 10752: 10703: 10694: 10693: 10683: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10517:10.1038/211655a0 10500: 10494: 10493: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10401: 10389: 10380: 10379: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10258: 10226: 10220: 10219: 10209: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10152: 10142: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10057: 10048: 10042: 10041: 10031: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9982: 9950: 9941: 9940: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9885: 9879: 9878: 9844: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9818: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9771: 9765: 9764: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9693: 9684: 9683: 9655: 9646: 9645: 9635: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9527: 9519: 9508: 9507: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9468: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9419: 9387: 9378: 9377: 9367: 9335: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9303:10.1038/238081a0 9275: 9266: 9265: 9234: 9225: 9224: 9188: 9182: 9181: 9163: 9157: 9156: 9145:10.1144/SP343.22 9120: 9109: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9087: 9064: 9051: 9045: 9040: 9034: 9024: 9018: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8988:Tufts University 8965: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8937: 8931: 8909: 8900: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8865: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8807: 8759: 8753: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8670: 8655: 8647: 8641: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8601: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8556: 8550: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8486: 8477: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8451: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8362:on June 12, 2011 8358:. Archived from 8346: 8340: 8339: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8202: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8177: 8151: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8095: 8094: 8083:10.1130/G30402.1 8044: 8035: 8034: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7965: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7938: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7884:(1691). London: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7811:Russell, Dale A. 7807: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7772: 7749:Washington, D.C. 7730:Wang, Steve C.; 7727: 7721: 7720: 7710: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7661: 7651: 7627: 7618: 7608: 7602: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7570: 7525:(7646). London: 7513:Norman, David B. 7508: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7496: 7468: 7457: 7451: 7441: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7357: 7316:Langer, Max C.; 7313: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7283: 7270: 7269: 7249: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7220: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7199:. April 28, 2017 7197:More Than A Dodo 7189: 7178: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7108: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7049:10.1144/SP379.16 7016: 7010: 7009: 6965: 6959: 6948: 6942: 6930: 6913: 6904:, consisting of 6887: 6808:Michael Crichton 6749: 6715:was unveiled in 6684: 6573:Greenhouse gases 6511: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6448:Chicxulub Crater 6419:Chicxulub crater 6152:neornithischians 6100:with dinosaurs. 6060:Gerhard Heilmann 5916:Robert T. Bakker 5822:in northwestern 5706:emperor penguins 5702:common guillemot 5468:, theropods and 5231: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5117: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5027: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4907: 4891: 4875: 4859: 4843: 4561:Deinonychosauria 4495:Oviraptorosauria 4438:Alvarezsauroidea 4268:Tyrannosauroidea 3985:Diamantinasauria 3880:Rebbachisauridae 3782:Massospondylidae 3626:Parasaurolophini 3536:Hadrosauromorpha 3525:Hadrosauriformes 3282:Chaoyangsauridae 3227:, bottom left – 3163:Thescelosaurinae 3145:Thescelosauridae 3044:Huayangosauridae 2974:Saphornithischia 2869: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2807: 2792: 2773: 2758: 2696:hesperornithines 2692:enantiornithines 2618:iguanodontians, 2594:dental batteries 2590:flowering plants 2526:Early Cretaceous 2360:archosauromorphs 2297:Jaklapallisaurus 2218: 2139:skull, from the 1936: 1917: 1829:and colleagues' 1797:Robert T. Bakker 1776:Robert T. Bakker 1689:was in 1834, in 1651: 1637: 1559:Mary Ann Mantell 1541:William Buckland 1525:Sir Richard Owen 1499:Sir Isaac Newton 1483:Ashmolean Museum 1454:William Buckland 1412: 1400: 1372:History of study 1200:(upper arm bone) 1157:Sterling Nesbitt 823:groups included 635: 630: 622: 612: 602: 591: 580: 569: 559: 549: 539: 529: 519: 509: 498: 484: 483: 460: 452: 433: 297: 296: 262: 237: 213: 191: 167: 149: 133: 70: 65:(range includes 63: 52:Temporal range: 46: 45: 21: 27952: 27951: 27947: 27946: 27945: 27943: 27942: 27941: 27912: 27911: 27908: 27903: 27895: 27893: 27885: 27880: 27872: 27867: 27859: 27854: 27846: 27841: 27833: 27831: 27822: 27821: 27816: 27807: 27806: 27801: 27788: 27778: 27768: 27763: 27761: 27751: 27746: 27744: 27740:from Wikisource 27734: 27729: 27727: 27717: 27712: 27710: 27700: 27695: 27693: 27683: 27678: 27676: 27673: 27669:sister projects 27666:at Knowledge's 27660: 27650: 27648: 27638: 27636: 27628: 27626: 27621: 27566: 27557: 27494: 27491: 27461: 27456: 27368: 27362: 27354: 27346: 27345:Bucerotiformes 27339:(cuckoo-roller) 27338: 27330: 27322: 27314: 27306: 27298: 27297:Cathartiformes 27283: 27277: 27269: 27268:Psittaciformes 27261: 27253: 27238: 27232: 27231:Pelecaniformes 27224: 27216: 27208: 27200: 27192: 27177: 27171: 27170:Eurypygiformes 27163: 27148: 27142: 27134: 27119: 27113: 27098: 27092: 27074: 27059: 27053: 27045: 27037: 27009: 27003: 26995: 26980: 26974: 26973:Pterocliformes 26966: 26958: 26909: 26898: 26885: 26870: 26794: 26753: 26691: 26656: 26655: 26648: 26647: 26635: 26615: 26588: 26565: 26558: 26518: 26517: 26505: 26504: 26488: 26487: 26484: 26482: 26480: 26478: 26476: 26474: 26472: 26470: 26468: 26466: 26464: 26449: 26447: 26445: 26443: 26441: 26439: 26437: 26435: 26433: 26418: 26412: 26411:Casuariiformes 26404: 26403:Apterygiformes 26396: 26388: 26380: 26357: 26342: 26313:Lists by region 26281: 26191: 26184: 26125:Chaoyangiformes 26110:Jeholornithidae 26084: 26048:Origin of birds 26034: 26015:Brood parasites 25961: 25891: 25878: 25868: 25838: 25833: 25819:Phytodinosauria 25800: 25745: 25716: 25710:Sauropodomorpha 25699:Sauropodomorpha 25677: 25642:Herrerasauridae 25636: 25584: 25513: 25500: 25468: 25451: 25368: 25303: 25248: 25246:Dinosauromorpha 25231: 25208: 25126: 25113: 25061: 25026: 25024:Avemetatarsalia 25005: 25002:Avemetatarsalia 24986: 24972:Avemetatarsalia 24966: 24939: 24908: 24876: 24875: 24865: 24860: 24773: 24731: 24697: 24695: 24691: 24636: 24615: 24614: 24613: 24593: 24592: 24588: 24581: 24579:Further reading 24576: 24554: 24540:, eds. (2004). 24523: 24521: 24461: 24436: 24434: 24416: 24370: 24339: 24337: 24289: 24252: 24226: 24224: 24206: 24175: 24173: 24155: 24116: 24090: 24088: 24070: 23990: 23988: 23970: 23937: 23935: 23909: 23870: 23868: 23840: 23838: 23820: 23791: 23789: 23771: 23741: 23739: 23721: 23671: 23599: 23597: 23579: 23549: 23547: 23529: 23515:, ed. (1968) . 23489: 23467:Glut, Donald F. 23456: 23454: 23432:Albuquerque, NM 23418:, eds. (2006). 23412:Foster, John R. 23401: 23399: 23381: 23342: 23303: 23293:Springer-Verlag 23249:Yale University 23235:, eds. (1993). 23218: 23216: 23193: 23191: 23173: 23131: 23111:, eds. (2005). 23081: 23067:Bloomington, IN 23051: 23049: 23031: 23009:, eds. (1997). 22974: 22964:History of Life 22952: 22950: 22940: 22890: 22878:, eds. (2002). 22848: 22822:Wiley-Blackwell 22799: 22797: 22779: 22744: 22742: 22724: 22687: 22685: 22667: 22641:Alvarez, Walter 22635: 22630: 22629: 22614: 22592: 22588: 22572: 22568: 22551: 22547: 22539: 22535: 22529:Hugh S. Torrens 22523: 22519: 22509: 22507: 22496: 22495: 22491: 22454: 22450: 22419: 22415: 22378: 22374: 22359: 22355: 22300:Van Valen, L.M. 22296: 22292: 22273: 22269: 22230: 22226: 22198: 22194: 22187: 22161: 22157: 22126: 22122: 22090: 22086: 22071: 22049: 22045: 22002: 21998: 21959:(6256): 76–78. 21945: 21941: 21929: 21925: 21915: 21913: 21902: 21898: 21851: 21847: 21834:(10): 513–519. 21828:Current Science 21824: 21820: 21777: 21773: 21765: 21726: 21720: 21716: 21685: 21681: 21650: 21646: 21615: 21608: 21547: 21543: 21503: 21497: 21493: 21434: 21430: 21377: 21373: 21341: 21334: 21281: 21277: 21232: 21228: 21218: 21216: 21212: 21171: 21157: 21153: 21146: 21120: 21116: 21077: 21073: 21014: 21007: 20976: 20972: 20920: 20916: 20862: 20858: 20826: 20822: 20771: 20767: 20757: 20755: 20754:on July 8, 2010 20751: 20712:10.1.1.126.8496 20686: 20665: 20661: 20654: 20650: 20610: 20606: 20561: 20557: 20502: 20498: 20453:Biology Letters 20445: 20441: 20388: 20384: 20369: 20365: 20344:(10): 877–880. 20333: 20327: 20323: 20284: 20280: 20251:(12): 611–612. 20241: 20237: 20204: 20197: 20152:Current Biology 20144: 20137: 20092:Current Biology 20084: 20080: 20017: 20013: 19974: 19970: 19939: 19932: 19883: 19876: 19821: 19808: 19761: 19754: 19699: 19695: 19685: 19683: 19679: 19652: 19646: 19642: 19577: 19573: 19526: 19522: 19466: 19460: 19456: 19446: 19444: 19427: 19426: 19422: 19412: 19410: 19408:Ohio University 19392: 19388: 19333: 19329: 19319: 19317: 19308: 19307: 19303: 19250: 19246: 19157: 19153: 19105: 19101: 19050:Sinosauropteryx 19044: 19040: 18991: 18984: 18923: 18919: 18884: 18880: 18849:(6): 20150229. 18843:Biology Letters 18835: 18831: 18774: 18767: 18710: 18706: 18646: 18642: 18632: 18630: 18626: 18571: 18561: 18557: 18501: 18495: 18491: 18481: 18479: 18475: 18420: 18414: 18410: 18400: 18398: 18364: 18357: 18347: 18345: 18290: 18283: 18255: 18251: 18195: 18185: 18181: 18165: 18161: 18108:Ostrom, John H. 18105: 18101: 18093: 18074: 18061: 18057: 18050: 18046: 18036: 18034: 18014: 18010: 18002: 17998: 17991: 17977: 17973: 17912: 17908: 17898: 17896: 17892: 17878:10.2307/1365774 17859: 17849: 17845: 17798: 17794: 17739: 17735: 17688: 17684: 17639: 17635: 17625: 17623: 17619: 17570: 17564: 17560: 17541: 17537: 17522:10.1002/jez.517 17498: 17494: 17462: 17456: 17452: 17404: 17400: 17385:10.1002/jez.548 17361: 17357: 17294: 17287: 17279: 17256: 17250: 17246: 17207: 17203: 17172: 17168: 17146: 17145: 17141: 17109: 17103: 17099: 17067: 17063: 17031: 17025: 17021: 16897: 16879: 16871: 16865: 16843:(Erratum: 16842: 16837: 16790: 16772: 16764: 16758: 16736:(Erratum: 16735: 16655: 16651: 16592: 16588: 16556: 16550: 16546: 16535: 16531: 16523: 16508: 16502: 16498: 16451: 16444: 16413: 16409: 16401: 16397: 16360: 16356: 16319: 16315: 16268: 16264: 16227: 16220: 16157: 16153: 16145: 16141: 16096:Current Biology 16088: 16084: 16076: 16035: 16029: 16025: 16017: 15964: 15954: 15950: 15887: 15883: 15873: 15871: 15821: 15817: 15770: 15766: 15756: 15754: 15750: 15697: 15691: 15687: 15679: 15624: 15611: 15607: 15595: 15591: 15581: 15579: 15556: 15555: 15551: 15504: 15500: 15437: 15433: 15390: 15383: 15376: 15372: 15362: 15360: 15356: 15305: 15291: 15287: 15277: 15275: 15271: 15214: 15210:(Spring 1981). 15205: 15201: 15138: 15134: 15081: 15077: 15022: 15018: 14960: 14956: 14923:(2): e2006507. 14909: 14905: 14895: 14893: 14889: 14834: 14828: 14824: 14771: 14764: 14749:10.1139/z03-122 14723: 14719: 14662: 14658: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14583: 14579:Microraptor gui 14570: 14566: 14559: 14555: 14498: 14494: 14439: 14435: 14368: 14364: 14356: 14333: 14327: 14320: 14310: 14308: 14299: 14298: 14294: 14286: 14243: 14234: 14230: 14179: 14175: 14138:associations". 14128:Ostrom, John H. 14124: 14120: 14108: 14104: 14094: 14092: 14088: 14039: 14033: 14029: 14021: 14017: 13969: 13963: 13959: 13917: 13913: 13864: 13860: 13853: 13849: 13794: 13787: 13724: 13717: 13707: 13705: 13700:. Paley Media. 13688: 13687: 13683: 13676: 13672: 13664: 13660: 13626: 13622: 13583: 13576: 13566: 13564: 13560: 13521: 13511: 13507: 13456: 13452: 13403: 13399: 13367: 13361: 13357: 13328: 13324: 13314: 13312: 13301:10.1.1.603.7472 13262: 13258: 13191: 13187: 13177: 13175: 13151:Reappraisal of 13146: 13142: 13132: 13130: 13126: 13103: 13089: 13085: 13077: 13046:10.1.1.694.1650 13020: 13014: 13010: 13003: 12999: 12992: 12988: 12980:Cope, 1878" by 12968: 12959: 12906: 12897: 12887: 12885: 12868: 12867: 12863: 12810: 12806: 12794: 12790: 12783: 12779: 12734: 12730: 12674: 12665: 12655: 12653: 12643: 12639: 12598:; London: e36. 12571: 12567: 12555: 12551: 12535: 12531: 12520: 12516: 12509: 12505: 12495: 12493: 12450: 12446: 12436: 12434: 12409: 12400: 12396: 12381: 12377: 12369: 12365: 12310: 12306: 12225: 12221: 12213: 12200: 12188: 12177: 12167: 12165: 12145: 12144: 12140: 12079: 12075: 12063: 12059: 12049: 12047: 12043: 11980: 11967: 11963: 11900: 11896: 11850:Biology Letters 11841: 11837: 11782: 11778: 11739: 11735: 11694: 11687: 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11564:Sereno, Paul C. 11561: 11554: 11521: 11517: 11478: 11469: 11400: 11396: 11343: 11339: 11283: 11276: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11219: 11209: 11205: 11155: 11151: 11106: 11102: 11039: 11035: 10980: 10976: 10909: 10905: 10860: 10856: 10815: 10811: 10760: 10756: 10704: 10697: 10652: 10648: 10589:Horner, John R. 10582: 10575: 10544: 10540: 10501: 10497: 10458: 10454: 10446: 10399: 10390: 10383: 10352: 10348: 10319: 10315: 10276: 10272: 10227: 10223: 10178:Current Biology 10170: 10166: 10119:Current Biology 10113:Sinosauropteryx 10107: 10103: 10055: 10049: 10045: 10000: 9996: 9951: 9944: 9913: 9909: 9886: 9882: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9787: 9783: 9772: 9768: 9749: 9745: 9694: 9687: 9656: 9649: 9604: 9600: 9561: 9557: 9547: 9545: 9520: 9511: 9504: 9486: 9482: 9437: 9433: 9388: 9381: 9344:Biology Letters 9336: 9329: 9322: 9318: 9289:(5359): 81–85. 9276: 9269: 9235: 9228: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9164: 9160: 9121: 9112: 9105: 9101: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9062: 9052: 9048: 9041: 9037: 9025: 9021: 8992: 8990: 8966: 8962: 8952: 8950: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8910: 8903: 8891: 8887: 8832:"Notice on the 8825: 8821: 8811: 8809: 8805: 8760: 8756: 8749: 8745: 8700: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8630: 8622: 8618: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8542: 8503:Wiley-Blackwell 8484: 8478: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8426: 8424: 8365: 8363: 8347: 8343: 8290: 8286: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8203: 8199: 8188: 8181: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8098: 8049:Buffetaut, Éric 8047:Amiot, Romain; 8045: 8038: 7985: 7981: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7931: 7927: 7868: 7864: 7808: 7804: 7755:: 13601–13605. 7728: 7724: 7679: 7675: 7628: 7621: 7609: 7605: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7527:Nature Research 7509: 7505: 7494: 7492: 7458: 7454: 7442: 7425: 7415: 7413: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7296: 7284: 7273: 7266: 7250: 7243: 7233: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7191: 7190: 7181: 7148:(8): 20200417. 7142:Biology Letters 7134: 7130: 7085:Current Biology 7076: 7072: 7017: 7013: 6966: 6962: 6949: 6945: 6931: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6916: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6832: 6812:film adaptation 6747: 6745:Charles Dickens 6675: 6653: 6647: 6614: 6564: 6558: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496:Alan Hildebrand 6421: 6415: 6389: 6325: 6319: 6286: 6246: 6234:pectoral girdle 6221: 6112: 6106: 6052: 6050:Origin of birds 6046: 6044:Origin of birds 5946:polar dinosaurs 5937:§ Feathers 5876: 5870: 5676: 5670: 5596: 5423:Sinornithomimus 5403:or the African 5343: 5308:bee hummingbird 5300:bee hummingbird 5276:Therizinosaurus 5228: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5202:Marrapunisaurus 5186: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5173:Maraapunisaurus 5162: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5102:Argentinosaurus 5080:Maraapunisaurus 5069:Argentinosaurus 5024: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5003: 5001: 4973:Argentinosaurus 4956: 4947:Paraceratherium 4919: 4910:Marginocephalia 4905: 4903: 4889: 4887: 4873: 4871: 4857: 4855: 4841: 4829: 4823: 4787:internal organs 4767: 4762: 4760: 4678: 4604:Eudromaeosauria 4586:Dromaeosauridae 4513:Caenagnathoidea 4460:Therizinosauria 4449:Alvarezsauridae 4286:Tyrannosauridae 4150:Megalosauroidea 4118:Elaphrosaurinae 4062:("bird snouts") 3960:Brachiosauridae 3898:Dicraeosauridae 3887:Flagellicaudata 3800:Sauropodiformes 3742:Sauropodomorpha 3687:Herrerasauridae 3614:(solid-crested) 3571:(short-crested) 3435:Tenontosauridae 3185:Marginocephalia 3176:("horned feet") 3077:Parankylosauria 2933:Shantungosaurus 2899: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2586:Late Cretaceous 2582:hypsilophodonts 2544:theropods, and 2440: 2420:crocodylomorphs 2352:Manda Formation 2221:common ancestor 2216: 2182:Herrerasauridae 2115: 2110: 2044:red blood cells 1991:Sinosauropteryx 1949: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1923:Sinosauropteryx 1918: 1888:Reginald Hooley 1853: 1847:for dinosaurs. 1795:Paleontologist 1737: 1731: 1723:Yale University 1661: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1627: 1517:, Oxfordshire. 1471:Chipping Norton 1447: 1394:Huayang Guo Zhi 1385: 1380: 1374: 1132: 1016: 983:David B. Norman 949:sauropodomorphs 875: 774:paleontologists 747:avian dinosaurs 648: 489: 462:Sauropodomorpha 432: 404:Dinosauriformes 391:Dinosauromorpha 365:Avemetatarsalia 291: 283: 282: 281: 280: 279: 270: 267:Microraptor gui 263: 255: 254: 245: 238: 229: 228: 227: 221: 214: 206: 205: 199: 192: 183: 182: 181: 175: 168: 160: 159: 157: 150: 135: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 64: 54: 53: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27950: 27940: 27939: 27934: 27929: 27924: 27905: 27904: 27902: 27901: 27891: 27878: 27865: 27852: 27839: 27829: 27814: 27798: 27796: 27790: 27789: 27777: 27776: 27759: 27742: 27725: 27723:from Wikiquote 27708: 27691: 27662: 27659: 27658: 27646: 27623: 27622: 27620: 27619: 27614: 27609: 27607:South American 27604: 27602:North American 27599: 27594: 27593: 27592: 27582: 27576: 27574: 27568: 27567: 27560: 27558: 27556: 27555: 27550: 27548:South American 27545: 27543:North American 27540: 27535: 27534: 27533: 27523: 27517: 27516: 27515: 27504: 27502: 27496: 27495: 27490: 27489: 27482: 27475: 27467: 27458: 27457: 27455: 27454: 27442: 27430: 27418: 27405: 27402: 27401: 27398: 27397: 27394: 27393: 27390: 27389: 27386: 27385: 27382: 27381: 27378: 27377: 27374: 27373: 27370: 27369: 27367: 27366: 27358: 27353:Coraciiformes 27350: 27342: 27334: 27329:Trogoniformes 27326: 27318: 27310: 27302: 27293: 27291: 27285: 27284: 27282: 27281: 27276:Passeriformes 27273: 27265: 27260:Falconiformes 27257: 27252:Cariamiformes 27248: 27246: 27240: 27239: 27237: 27236: 27228: 27220: 27215:Ciconiiformes 27212: 27204: 27196: 27187: 27185: 27179: 27178: 27176: 27175: 27167: 27158: 27156: 27150: 27149: 27147: 27146: 27138: 27129: 27127: 27125:Cursorimorphae 27121: 27120: 27118: 27117: 27108: 27106: 27100: 27099: 27097: 27096: 27088: 27083: 27078: 27069: 27067: 27061: 27060: 27058: 27057: 27049: 27041: 27032: 27030: 27021: 27015: 27014: 27011: 27010: 27008: 27007: 26999: 26990: 26988: 26986:Mirandornithes 26982: 26981: 26979: 26978: 26970: 26962: 26957:Columbiformes 26953: 26951: 26949:Columbimorphae 26942: 26933: 26923: 26922: 26919: 26918: 26915: 26914: 26911: 26910: 26908: 26907: 26902: 26894: 26889: 26884:Meleagridinae 26880: 26878: 26872: 26871: 26869: 26868: 26861: 26854: 26847: 26840: 26833: 26826: 26819: 26812: 26804: 26802: 26800:Odontophoridae 26796: 26795: 26793: 26792: 26785: 26778: 26771: 26763: 26761: 26755: 26754: 26752: 26751: 26744: 26737: 26730: 26723: 26716: 26709: 26701: 26699: 26693: 26692: 26690: 26689: 26684: 26679: 26673: 26671: 26662: 26641: 26640: 26637: 26636: 26634: 26633: 26625: 26623: 26617: 26616: 26614: 26613: 26606: 26598: 26596: 26590: 26589: 26587: 26586: 26581: 26579:Stictonettinae 26576: 26574:Dendrocygninae 26571: 26570: 26569: 26562: 26550: 26549: 26548: 26543: 26538: 26527: 26525: 26508: 26495: 26452: 26424: 26423: 26420: 26419: 26417: 26416: 26408: 26400: 26392: 26384: 26375: 26373: 26359: 26358: 26344: 26343: 26341: 26340: 26339: 26338: 26333: 26327:Notable birds 26325: 26320: 26315: 26310: 26305: 26300: 26295: 26289: 26287: 26283: 26282: 26280: 26279: 26277:Egg collecting 26274: 26269: 26264: 26259: 26254: 26249: 26244: 26239: 26234: 26229: 26228: 26227: 26217: 26212: 26207: 26202: 26196: 26194: 26186: 26185: 26183: 26182: 26177: 26172: 26167: 26162: 26160:Hesperornithes 26157: 26152: 26147: 26142: 26137: 26135:Ambiortiformes 26132: 26127: 26122: 26120:Enantiornithes 26117: 26112: 26107: 26102: 26094: 26092: 26086: 26085: 26083: 26082: 26077: 26072: 26067: 26062: 26061: 26060: 26055: 26044: 26042: 26036: 26035: 26033: 26032: 26027: 26022: 26017: 26012: 26007: 26002: 25997: 25992: 25987: 25982: 25977: 25971: 25969: 25963: 25962: 25960: 25959: 25954: 25949: 25944: 25939: 25934: 25929: 25924: 25923: 25922: 25912: 25907: 25901: 25899: 25893: 25892: 25890: 25889: 25883: 25880: 25879: 25867: 25866: 25859: 25852: 25844: 25835: 25834: 25832: 25831: 25821: 25816: 25814:Ornithoscelida 25809: 25806: 25805: 25802: 25801: 25772: 25770: 25767: 25766: 25763: 25762: 25759: 25758: 25755: 25754: 25751: 25750: 25747: 25746: 25744: 25743: 25742: 25741: 25735: 25726: 25724: 25718: 25717: 25715: 25714: 25713: 25712: 25703: 25701: 25689: 25683: 25682: 25679: 25678: 25676: 25675: 25672:Staurikosaurus 25668: 25661: 25654: 25646: 25644: 25638: 25637: 25635: 25634: 25626: 25618: 25610: 25601: 25595: 25586: 25585: 25583: 25582: 25572: 25561: 25551: 25541: 25531: 25520: 25514: 25509: 25506: 25505: 25502: 25501: 25499: 25498: 25497: 25496: 25487: 25485: 25469: 25464: 25461: 25460: 25457: 25456: 25453: 25452: 25450: 25449: 25442: 25435: 25428: 25421: 25414: 25407: 25400: 25393: 25386: 25378: 25376: 25370: 25369: 25367: 25366: 25358: 25351: 25343: 25336: 25329: 25321: 25315: 25305: 25304: 25302: 25301: 25291: 25280: 25270: 25259: 25249: 25244: 25241: 25240: 25237: 25236: 25233: 25232: 25230: 25229: 25228: 25227: 25218: 25216: 25210: 25209: 25207: 25206: 25199: 25191: 25184: 25177: 25170: 25166:Faxinalipterus 25162: 25154: 25152: 25143: 25127: 25122: 25119: 25118: 25115: 25114: 25112: 25111: 25104: 25097: 25090: 25083: 25079:Incertovenator 25074: 25072: 25063: 25062: 25060: 25059: 25049: 25045:Incertovenator 25037: 25027: 25022: 25015: 25014: 25011: 25010: 25007: 25006: 24999: 24996: 24995: 24992: 24991: 24988: 24987: 24985: 24984: 24983: 24982: 24976: 24974: 24968: 24967: 24965: 24964: 24963: 24962: 24953: 24947: 24941: 24940: 24938: 24937: 24936: 24935: 24926: 24920: 24910: 24909: 24905: 24904: 24895: 24889: 24883: 24867: 24866: 24859: 24858: 24851: 24844: 24836: 24830: 24829: 24793: 24771: 24752: 24729: 24704: 24629: 24612: 24611: 24606: 24601: 24595: 24594: 24583: 24582: 24580: 24577: 24575: 24574: 24552: 24543:The Dinosauria 24530: 24490: 24459: 24449:, ed. (1995). 24443: 24414: 24390: 24368: 24346: 24309: 24287: 24272: 24250: 24233: 24204: 24182: 24153: 24136: 24114: 24097: 24068: 24034: 23997: 23968: 23944: 23907: 23877: 23847: 23818: 23798: 23769: 23748: 23719: 23691: 23669: 23661:Julian Messner 23657:Parsippany, NJ 23644: 23606: 23577: 23556: 23527: 23509: 23487: 23463: 23408: 23379: 23362: 23340: 23323: 23301: 23269: 23225: 23200: 23171: 23151: 23129: 23101: 23079: 23058: 23029: 23021:Academic Press 22999: 22972: 22959: 22938: 22910: 22888: 22868: 22846: 22806: 22777: 22751: 22722: 22694: 22665: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22628: 22627: 22612: 22596:Disney Stories 22586: 22582:Donald F. Glut 22566: 22545: 22533: 22517: 22489: 22448: 22429:(9): 874–877. 22413: 22372: 22353: 22290: 22267: 22240:(2): 159–162. 22224: 22192: 22185: 22155: 22120: 22084: 22069: 22043: 21996: 21939: 21923: 21896: 21861:(2): 191–210. 21845: 21818: 21791:(1–2): 13–27. 21781:Courtillot, V. 21771: 21714: 21679: 21644: 21625:(3): 235–259. 21606: 21541: 21514:(B6): B06103. 21491: 21428: 21371: 21352:(4): 279–282. 21332: 21275: 21246:(1): 329–336. 21226: 21151: 21144: 21114: 21087:(5): 381–409. 21071: 21005: 20970: 20914: 20856: 20837:(9): 867–871. 20820: 20765: 20659: 20648: 20621:(1): 209–240. 20604: 20555: 20496: 20459:(1): 123–126. 20439: 20382: 20363: 20321: 20278: 20235: 20216:(6): 547–559. 20195: 20135: 20078: 20011: 19968: 19949:(4): 377–385. 19930: 19895:(2): 265–292. 19874: 19835:(2): 628–642. 19806: 19752: 19693: 19640: 19571: 19520: 19454: 19420: 19386: 19327: 19301: 19244: 19242: 19241: 19151: 19099: 19038: 18982: 18935:(12). Berlin: 18917: 18878: 18829: 18784:(9): 856–869. 18765: 18728:(6): 793–802. 18718:tail bristles" 18716:Psittacosaurus 18704: 18640: 18555: 18489: 18408: 18355: 18293:Feduccia, Alan 18281: 18270:(6): 977–990. 18249: 18179: 18159: 18099: 18055: 18044: 18008: 17996: 17989: 17971: 17906: 17872:(3): 382–385. 17843: 17814:10.1086/282459 17792: 17733: 17682: 17655:(4): 749–755. 17633: 17558: 17535: 17508:(8): 600–610. 17492: 17473:(2): 243–255. 17450: 17398: 17371:(8): 629–646. 17355: 17285: 17267:(3): 225–231. 17244: 17201: 17182:(6): 503–506. 17166: 17155:(4): 640–652. 17139: 17097: 17078:(2): 439–451. 17061: 17042:(1–2): 41–54. 17019: 17017: 17016: 16990:(4): 503–527. 16975: 16949:(3): 734–747. 16926: 16908:(2): 264–281. 16890: 16783: 16690: 16672:(4): 551–566. 16649: 16586: 16567:(3): 555–571. 16544: 16529: 16496: 16442: 16423:(1): 675–697. 16407: 16395: 16354: 16333:(6): 989–996. 16313: 16262: 16218: 16151: 16139: 16082: 16023: 15948: 15881: 15815: 15764: 15685: 15605: 15589: 15574:Archived from 15549: 15498: 15431: 15381: 15370: 15301:Euoplocephalus 15285: 15199: 15132: 15075: 15016: 14954: 14903: 14822: 14762: 14717: 14656: 14564: 14553: 14492: 14433: 14362: 14318: 14292: 14228: 14173: 14118: 14116:, "Allosaurus" 14102: 14027: 14015: 13957: 13911: 13858: 13847: 13785: 13715: 13681: 13670: 13658: 13620: 13574: 13505: 13450: 13415:(3): 112–116. 13397: 13378:(4): 335–358. 13355: 13322: 13284:Rio de Janeiro 13256: 13185: 13140: 13083: 13008: 12997: 12986: 12957: 12895: 12861: 12804: 12788: 12777: 12756:Annual Reviews 12728: 12663: 12645:Justin Tweet. 12637: 12565: 12561:Mark A. Norell 12549: 12529: 12514: 12503: 12444: 12403:Cracraft, Joel 12394: 12375: 12363: 12304: 12219: 12198: 12175: 12138: 12073: 12057: 11974:Ruta, Marcello 11961: 11914:(3): 509–513. 11894: 11835: 11796:(3): 509–513. 11776: 11733: 11685: 11626: 11552: 11539:(1): 150–179. 11515: 11467: 11394: 11337: 11274: 11203: 11149: 11100: 11053:(10): e13334. 11033: 10974: 10911:Bertazzo, S.; 10903: 10874:(4): 815–822. 10854: 10809: 10754: 10695: 10646: 10573: 10538: 10495: 10452: 10381: 10346: 10333:(4): 543–559. 10313: 10270: 10221: 10164: 10101: 10043: 9994: 9942: 9907: 9896:(2): 241–252. 9880: 9853:(8): 303–304. 9830: 9801:(1862): 1–10. 9781: 9766: 9743: 9716:(4): 148–150. 9685: 9647: 9598: 9571:(2): 167–178. 9555: 9528:. Trilobites. 9509: 9502: 9480: 9451:(6): 951–981. 9431: 9402:(6): 951–978. 9379: 9350:(6): 729–732. 9327: 9316: 9267: 9226: 9183: 9176: 9158: 9131:(1): 361–386. 9110: 9099: 9056:"The dinosaur 9046: 9035: 9019: 8984:Somerville, MA 8960: 8932: 8901: 8885: 8819: 8754: 8743: 8694: 8682: 8642: 8628: 8616: 8593: 8581: 8551: 8540: 8469: 8457: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8433: 8406:10.1086/279138 8341: 8284: 8223: 8197: 8179: 8113: 8096: 8036: 7979: 7960: 7925: 7862: 7802: 7722: 7673: 7619: 7603: 7588: 7576: 7503: 7461:Wade, Nicholas 7452: 7423: 7385: 7305: 7302:Olshevsky 2000 7294: 7271: 7264: 7241: 7210: 7179: 7128: 7070: 7035:(1): 353–392. 7011: 6960: 6943: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6828: 6776:The Lost World 6763:'s 1864 novel 6649:Main article: 6646: 6643: 6622:San Juan Basin 6613: 6610: 6585:climate change 6581:sulfur dioxide 6577:carbon dioxide 6560:Main article: 6557: 6554: 6538:photosynthesis 6484:Shocked quartz 6468:Walter Alvarez 6432:Walter Alvarez 6417:Main article: 6414: 6411: 6388: 6385: 6383:for survival. 6321:Main article: 6318: 6315: 6302:deinonychosaur 6297:Sinornithoides 6285: 6282: 6245: 6242: 6220: 6217: 6188:Charles Darwin 6108:Main article: 6105: 6102: 6048:Main article: 6045: 6042: 5923:paleohistology 5872:Main article: 5869: 5866: 5862:Psittacosaurus 5839:ornithuromorph 5815:Massospondylus 5669: 5666: 5595: 5592: 5474:territorialism 5470:lambeosaurines 5418:Inner Mongolia 5401:American bison 5342: 5339: 5260:Giganotosaurus 4955: 4952: 4904: 4888: 4872: 4856: 4840: 4825:Main article: 4822: 4819: 4811:Earth sciences 4766: 4763: 4686: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635:(long-snouted) 4629: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4600: 4590: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4547: 4546: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4527: 4524:Caenagnathidae 4517: 4516: 4509: 4499: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4442: 4441: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324:Ornithomimidae 4317: 4316: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4261: 4260: 4257:Tyrannoraptora 4254: 4251: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4210: 4200: 4199: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4168:Megalosauridae 4164: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4093: 4092: 4089:Abelisauroidea 4085: 4082:Ceratosauridae 4075: 4074: 4064: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4045:Coelophysoidea 4038: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3971: 3970: 3967:Somphospondyli 3963: 3953: 3952: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3909: 3908: 3901: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3861: 3854: 3844: 3843: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3822:Lessemsauridae 3815: 3814: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3792: 3785: 3775: 3774: 3773:("heavy feet") 3764: 3763: 3756: 3746: 3745: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3619:Tsintaosaurini 3615: 3605: 3604: 3601:Lambeosaurinae 3596: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3590:Edmontosaurini 3586: 3579: 3572: 3562: 3561: 3551: 3550: 3540: 3539: 3529: 3528: 3518: 3517: 3503: 3502: 3499:Ankylopollexia 3492: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3467: 3457: 3456: 3453:Euiguanodontia 3448: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3442:Rhabdodontidae 3438: 3428: 3427: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3351: 3350: 3347:Centrosaurinae 3343: 3340:Chasmosaurinae 3333: 3332: 3322: 3321: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3221:, top right – 3205: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3137: 3136:("fire teeth") 3127: 3126: 3123:Neornithischia 3118: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106:Ankylosaurinae 3099: 3098: 3095:Ankylosauridae 3091: 3084: 3070: 3069: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3037: 3036: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3014: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2992: 2978: 2977: 2967: 2966: 2908: 2907: 2898: 2895: 2809: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2775: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2744:Main article: 2741: 2740:Classification 2738: 2665:choristoderans 2661:sphenodontians 2649:sebecosuchians 2623:herbivores or 2574:Psittacosaurus 2546:rebbachisaurid 2534:brachiosaurids 2530:iguanodontians 2510:Mamenchisaurus 2501:Tendaguru Beds 2485:megalosauroids 2481:ceratosaurians 2439: 2436: 2384:ornithosuchids 2376:pseudosuchians 2236:Staurikosaurus 2197:Chromogisaurus 2133:(small) and a 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 1997:Psittacosaurus 1988:, such as for 1942:Psittacosaurus 1938: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1919: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1884:Samuel Beckles 1852: 1849: 1837:The Dinosauria 1832:The Dinosauria 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1653: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1615:Queen Victoria 1563:Gideon Mantell 1497:, a friend of 1446: 1443: 1384: 1381: 1373: 1370: 1299:(pillar-erect) 1274: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1257: 1242: 1239: 1224: 1221: 1214:caudofemoralis 1207: 1201: 1190: 1172: 1137:synapomorphies 1131: 1128: 1110:Early Jurassic 1015: 1012: 1008:Ornithoscelida 917:ankylosaurians 874: 871: 731:having evolved 650: 649: 645: 644: 643: 642: 626: 618: 615:Thecospondylus 608: 598: 587: 576: 565: 555: 545: 535: 525: 515: 505: 491: 490: 487: 482: 481: 480: 479: 478: 472: 464: 456: 445: 444: 440: 439: 427: 420: 419: 414: 407: 406: 401: 394: 393: 388: 381: 380: 375: 368: 367: 362: 355: 354: 349: 342: 341: 336: 329: 328: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 285: 284: 264: 257: 256: 239: 232: 231: 230: 215: 208: 207: 193: 186: 185: 184: 169: 162: 161: 151: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 137: 136: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27949: 27938: 27935: 27933: 27930: 27928: 27925: 27923: 27920: 27919: 27917: 27910: 27898: 27892: 27888: 27883: 27879: 27875: 27870: 27866: 27862: 27857: 27853: 27849: 27844: 27840: 27836: 27830: 27825: 27819: 27815: 27810: 27804: 27800: 27799: 27797: 27795: 27791: 27787: 27782: 27774:from Wikidata 27773: 27772: 27760: 27756: 27755: 27743: 27739: 27738: 27726: 27722: 27721: 27709: 27706:from Wikinews 27705: 27704: 27692: 27688: 27687: 27675: 27674: 27671: 27665: 27657: 27647: 27645: 27635: 27634: 27631: 27618: 27615: 27613: 27610: 27608: 27605: 27603: 27600: 27598: 27595: 27591: 27588: 27587: 27586: 27583: 27581: 27578: 27577: 27575: 27573: 27569: 27564: 27554: 27551: 27549: 27546: 27544: 27541: 27539: 27536: 27532: 27529: 27528: 27527: 27524: 27521: 27518: 27514: 27511: 27510: 27509: 27506: 27505: 27503: 27501: 27497: 27488: 27483: 27481: 27476: 27474: 27469: 27468: 27465: 27453: 27452: 27443: 27441: 27440: 27435: 27431: 27429: 27428: 27419: 27417: 27416: 27407: 27406: 27403: 27365: 27359: 27357: 27351: 27349: 27343: 27341: 27335: 27333: 27327: 27325: 27319: 27317: 27313:Strigiformes 27311: 27309: 27303: 27301: 27295: 27294: 27292: 27290: 27286: 27280: 27274: 27272: 27266: 27264: 27258: 27256: 27250: 27249: 27247: 27245: 27241: 27235: 27229: 27227: 27221: 27219: 27213: 27211: 27205: 27203: 27197: 27195: 27189: 27188: 27186: 27184: 27180: 27174: 27168: 27166: 27164:(tropicbirds) 27160: 27159: 27157: 27155: 27151: 27145: 27139: 27137: 27131: 27130: 27128: 27126: 27122: 27116: 27110: 27109: 27107: 27105: 27101: 27095: 27089: 27087: 27086:Podargiformes 27084: 27082: 27079: 27077: 27071: 27070: 27068: 27066: 27062: 27056: 27050: 27048: 27042: 27040: 27036:Cuculiformes 27034: 27033: 27031: 27029: 27025: 27022: 27020: 27016: 27006: 27000: 26998: 26992: 26991: 26989: 26987: 26983: 26977: 26971: 26969: 26963: 26961: 26955: 26954: 26952: 26950: 26946: 26943: 26941: 26937: 26934: 26932: 26928: 26924: 26906: 26903: 26901: 26895: 26893: 26890: 26888: 26882: 26881: 26879: 26877: 26873: 26867: 26866: 26862: 26860: 26859: 26855: 26853: 26852: 26848: 26846: 26845: 26841: 26839: 26838: 26834: 26832: 26831: 26827: 26825: 26824: 26820: 26818: 26817: 26813: 26811: 26810: 26806: 26805: 26803: 26801: 26797: 26791: 26790: 26786: 26784: 26783: 26779: 26777: 26776: 26772: 26770: 26769: 26765: 26764: 26762: 26760: 26756: 26750: 26749: 26745: 26743: 26742: 26738: 26736: 26735: 26734:Macrocephalon 26731: 26729: 26728: 26724: 26722: 26721: 26717: 26715: 26714: 26710: 26708: 26707: 26703: 26702: 26700: 26698: 26694: 26688: 26685: 26683: 26680: 26678: 26675: 26674: 26672: 26670: 26666: 26663: 26659: 26652: 26646: 26642: 26632: 26631: 26627: 26626: 26624: 26622: 26621:Anseranatidae 26618: 26612: 26611: 26607: 26605: 26604: 26600: 26599: 26597: 26595: 26591: 26585: 26582: 26580: 26577: 26575: 26572: 26568: 26563: 26561: 26556: 26555: 26554: 26551: 26547: 26544: 26542: 26539: 26537: 26534: 26533: 26532: 26529: 26528: 26526: 26522: 26516: 26512: 26509: 26503: 26499: 26496: 26492: 26486: 26460: 26456: 26453: 26451: 26429: 26425: 26415: 26409: 26407: 26401: 26399: 26395:Tinamiformes 26393: 26391: 26385: 26383: 26377: 26376: 26374: 26372: 26371:Palaeognathae 26368: 26364: 26360: 26353: 26349: 26345: 26337: 26334: 26332: 26329: 26328: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26319: 26316: 26314: 26311: 26309: 26306: 26304: 26301: 26299: 26296: 26294: 26291: 26290: 26288: 26284: 26278: 26275: 26273: 26270: 26268: 26265: 26263: 26260: 26258: 26257:Pigeon racing 26255: 26253: 26250: 26248: 26245: 26243: 26240: 26238: 26235: 26233: 26230: 26226: 26223: 26222: 26221: 26218: 26216: 26213: 26211: 26208: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26197: 26195: 26193: 26187: 26181: 26178: 26176: 26173: 26171: 26168: 26166: 26163: 26161: 26158: 26156: 26153: 26151: 26148: 26146: 26143: 26141: 26138: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26113: 26111: 26108: 26106: 26103: 26101: 26100: 26099:Archaeopteryx 26096: 26095: 26093: 26091: 26087: 26081: 26078: 26076: 26073: 26071: 26068: 26066: 26063: 26059: 26056: 26054: 26051: 26050: 26049: 26046: 26045: 26043: 26041: 26037: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26023: 26021: 26018: 26016: 26013: 26011: 26008: 26006: 26003: 26001: 25998: 25996: 25993: 25991: 25988: 25986: 25983: 25981: 25978: 25976: 25973: 25972: 25970: 25968: 25964: 25958: 25955: 25953: 25950: 25948: 25945: 25943: 25940: 25938: 25935: 25933: 25930: 25928: 25925: 25921: 25918: 25917: 25916: 25913: 25911: 25908: 25906: 25903: 25902: 25900: 25898: 25894: 25888: 25885: 25884: 25881: 25876: 25872: 25865: 25860: 25858: 25853: 25851: 25846: 25845: 25842: 25830: 25822: 25820: 25817: 25815: 25811: 25810: 25807: 25798: 25794: 25792: 25787: 25782: 25776: 25740: 25736: 25734: 25730: 25729: 25728: 25727: 25725: 25723: 25719: 25711: 25707: 25706: 25705: 25704: 25702: 25700: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25684: 25674: 25673: 25669: 25667: 25666: 25665:Sanjuansaurus 25662: 25660: 25659: 25658:Herrerasaurus 25655: 25653: 25652: 25648: 25647: 25645: 25643: 25639: 25632: 25631: 25627: 25624: 25623: 25619: 25616: 25615: 25614:Daemonosaurus 25611: 25608: 25607: 25603: 25602: 25599: 25596: 25594: 25593:Herrerasauria 25587: 25581: 25580: 25573: 25570: 25569: 25562: 25560: 25559: 25552: 25550: 25549: 25548:Daemonosaurus 25542: 25540: 25539: 25532: 25530: 25529: 25522: 25521: 25518: 25515: 25512: 25507: 25495: 25491: 25490: 25489: 25488: 25486: 25484: 25477: 25473: 25470: 25467: 25462: 25448: 25447: 25443: 25441: 25440: 25436: 25434: 25433: 25429: 25427: 25426: 25422: 25420: 25419: 25415: 25413: 25412: 25408: 25406: 25405: 25401: 25399: 25398: 25397:Eucoelophysis 25394: 25392: 25391: 25387: 25385: 25384: 25380: 25379: 25377: 25375: 25371: 25364: 25363: 25359: 25357: 25356: 25352: 25349: 25348: 25344: 25342: 25341: 25337: 25335: 25334: 25330: 25328: 25327: 25323: 25322: 25319: 25316: 25313: 25306: 25300: 25299: 25292: 25289: 25288: 25281: 25279: 25278: 25271: 25269: 25268: 25261: 25260: 25257: 25253: 25250: 25247: 25242: 25226: 25222: 25221: 25220: 25219: 25217: 25215: 25211: 25205: 25204: 25200: 25197: 25196: 25195:Scleromochlus 25192: 25190: 25189: 25185: 25183: 25182: 25178: 25176: 25175: 25171: 25168: 25167: 25163: 25161: 25160: 25156: 25155: 25153: 25151: 25147: 25144: 25142: 25135: 25131: 25128: 25125: 25120: 25110: 25109: 25105: 25103: 25102: 25098: 25096: 25095: 25091: 25089: 25088: 25084: 25081: 25080: 25076: 25075: 25073: 25071: 25064: 25058: 25057: 25050: 25047: 25046: 25039: 25038: 25035: 25031: 25028: 25025: 25020: 25016: 25004: 25003: 24997: 24980: 24979: 24978: 24977: 24975: 24973: 24969: 24961: 24957: 24956: 24955: 24954: 24951: 24948: 24946: 24942: 24934: 24930: 24929: 24928: 24927: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24915: 24911: 24903: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24890: 24888: 24884: 24882: 24878: 24877: 24872: 24868: 24864: 24857: 24852: 24850: 24845: 24843: 24838: 24837: 24834: 24826: 24822: 24818: 24814: 24810: 24806: 24802: 24798: 24794: 24790: 24786: 24782: 24778: 24774: 24768: 24764: 24760: 24759: 24753: 24748: 24744: 24740: 24736: 24732: 24726: 24722: 24718: 24713: 24712: 24705: 24690: 24686: 24682: 24678: 24674: 24670: 24666: 24662: 24658: 24654: 24650: 24646: 24642: 24635: 24630: 24626: 24622: 24617: 24616: 24610: 24607: 24605: 24602: 24600: 24597: 24596: 24591: 24586: 24571: 24567: 24563: 24559: 24555: 24549: 24545: 24544: 24539: 24535: 24531: 24520: 24516: 24512: 24508: 24504: 24500: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24482: 24478: 24474: 24470: 24466: 24462: 24456: 24452: 24448: 24444: 24433: 24429: 24425: 24421: 24417: 24411: 24407: 24404:. New Haven: 24402: 24401: 24395: 24391: 24387: 24383: 24379: 24375: 24371: 24365: 24361: 24360:HarperCollins 24357: 24356: 24351: 24350:Randall, Lisa 24347: 24336: 24332: 24328: 24324: 24320: 24319: 24314: 24310: 24306: 24302: 24298: 24294: 24290: 24284: 24280: 24279: 24273: 24269: 24265: 24261: 24257: 24253: 24247: 24243: 24239: 24234: 24223: 24219: 24215: 24211: 24207: 24201: 24197: 24193: 24192: 24187: 24183: 24172: 24168: 24164: 24160: 24156: 24150: 24145: 24144: 24137: 24133: 24129: 24125: 24121: 24117: 24111: 24107: 24103: 24098: 24087: 24083: 24079: 24075: 24071: 24065: 24061: 24057: 24053: 24049: 24048: 24043: 24039: 24038:Owen, Richard 24035: 24031: 24027: 24023: 24019: 24015: 24011: 24007: 24006:San Diego, CA 24003: 23998: 23987: 23983: 23979: 23975: 23971: 23965: 23960: 23959: 23953: 23949: 23945: 23934: 23930: 23926: 23922: 23918: 23914: 23910: 23904: 23900: 23896: 23892: 23888: 23887: 23882: 23878: 23866: 23862: 23858: 23857: 23852: 23851:Lhuyd, Edward 23848: 23837: 23833: 23829: 23825: 23821: 23815: 23810: 23809: 23803: 23799: 23788: 23784: 23780: 23776: 23772: 23766: 23762: 23757: 23756: 23749: 23738: 23734: 23730: 23726: 23722: 23716: 23712: 23708: 23703: 23702: 23696: 23692: 23688: 23684: 23680: 23676: 23672: 23666: 23662: 23658: 23653: 23652: 23645: 23641: 23637: 23633: 23629: 23625: 23621: 23617: 23616: 23611: 23607: 23596: 23592: 23588: 23584: 23580: 23574: 23570: 23565: 23564: 23557: 23546: 23542: 23538: 23534: 23530: 23524: 23520: 23519: 23514: 23510: 23506: 23502: 23498: 23494: 23490: 23484: 23480: 23476: 23475:Jefferson, NC 23472: 23468: 23464: 23453: 23449: 23445: 23441: 23437: 23433: 23429: 23425: 23421: 23417: 23413: 23409: 23398: 23394: 23390: 23386: 23382: 23376: 23371: 23370: 23363: 23359: 23355: 23351: 23347: 23343: 23337: 23333: 23329: 23324: 23320: 23316: 23312: 23308: 23304: 23298: 23294: 23290: 23286: 23282: 23278: 23274: 23273:Dong, Zhiming 23270: 23266: 23262: 23258: 23254: 23250: 23246: 23245:New Haven, CT 23242: 23238: 23234: 23230: 23229:Dodson, Peter 23226: 23215: 23211: 23210: 23205: 23201: 23190: 23186: 23182: 23178: 23174: 23168: 23163: 23162: 23156: 23152: 23148: 23144: 23140: 23136: 23132: 23126: 23122: 23118: 23114: 23110: 23106: 23102: 23098: 23094: 23090: 23086: 23082: 23076: 23072: 23068: 23064: 23059: 23048: 23044: 23040: 23036: 23032: 23026: 23022: 23018: 23017:San Diego, CA 23014: 23013: 23008: 23007:Padian, Kevin 23004: 23000: 22997: 22991: 22987: 22983: 22979: 22975: 22969: 22965: 22960: 22949: 22945: 22941: 22935: 22931: 22927: 22926:Harmondsworth 22922: 22921: 22915: 22911: 22907: 22903: 22899: 22895: 22891: 22885: 22881: 22877: 22873: 22869: 22865: 22861: 22857: 22853: 22849: 22843: 22839: 22835: 22831: 22827: 22823: 22819: 22815: 22811: 22807: 22796: 22792: 22788: 22784: 22780: 22774: 22770: 22766: 22762: 22761: 22756: 22752: 22741: 22737: 22733: 22729: 22725: 22719: 22715: 22711: 22706: 22705: 22699: 22695: 22684: 22680: 22676: 22672: 22668: 22662: 22658: 22654: 22653:Princeton, NJ 22649: 22648: 22642: 22638: 22637: 22623: 22619: 22615: 22609: 22605: 22601: 22597: 22590: 22583: 22579: 22575: 22570: 22563: 22558: 22554: 22549: 22542: 22537: 22530: 22526: 22525:Sarjeant 1995 22521: 22505: 22504: 22499: 22493: 22484: 22479: 22475: 22471: 22467: 22463: 22459: 22452: 22444: 22440: 22436: 22432: 22428: 22424: 22417: 22408: 22403: 22399: 22395: 22391: 22387: 22383: 22376: 22368: 22364: 22357: 22349: 22345: 22341: 22337: 22333: 22329: 22325: 22321: 22317: 22313: 22309: 22305: 22301: 22294: 22286: 22282: 22278: 22271: 22263: 22259: 22255: 22251: 22247: 22243: 22239: 22235: 22228: 22220: 22216: 22212: 22208: 22204: 22196: 22188: 22182: 22178: 22174: 22170: 22166: 22159: 22151: 22147: 22143: 22139: 22135: 22131: 22124: 22116: 22112: 22108: 22104: 22100: 22096: 22088: 22080: 22076: 22072: 22066: 22062: 22058: 22054: 22047: 22039: 22035: 22031: 22027: 22023: 22019: 22015: 22011: 22007: 22000: 21992: 21988: 21984: 21980: 21975: 21970: 21966: 21962: 21958: 21954: 21950: 21943: 21936: 21932: 21927: 21911: 21907: 21900: 21892: 21888: 21884: 21880: 21876: 21872: 21868: 21864: 21860: 21856: 21849: 21841: 21837: 21833: 21829: 21822: 21814: 21810: 21806: 21802: 21798: 21794: 21790: 21786: 21782: 21775: 21764: 21760: 21756: 21752: 21748: 21744: 21740: 21736: 21732: 21725: 21718: 21710: 21706: 21702: 21698: 21694: 21690: 21683: 21675: 21671: 21667: 21663: 21659: 21655: 21648: 21640: 21636: 21632: 21628: 21624: 21620: 21613: 21611: 21602: 21598: 21594: 21590: 21586: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21568: 21564: 21560: 21556: 21552: 21545: 21537: 21533: 21529: 21525: 21521: 21517: 21513: 21509: 21502: 21495: 21487: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21459: 21455: 21451: 21447: 21443: 21439: 21432: 21424: 21420: 21415: 21410: 21406: 21402: 21398: 21394: 21390: 21386: 21382: 21375: 21367: 21363: 21359: 21355: 21351: 21347: 21339: 21337: 21328: 21324: 21320: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21302: 21298: 21294: 21290: 21286: 21279: 21271: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21253: 21249: 21245: 21241: 21237: 21230: 21211: 21207: 21203: 21199: 21195: 21191: 21187: 21183: 21179: 21178: 21170: 21166: 21162: 21161:McKenna, M.C. 21155: 21147: 21141: 21137: 21133: 21129: 21125: 21118: 21110: 21106: 21102: 21098: 21094: 21090: 21086: 21082: 21075: 21067: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21039: 21035: 21031: 21027: 21023: 21019: 21012: 21010: 21001: 20997: 20993: 20989: 20986:(1–2): 4–21. 20985: 20981: 20974: 20966: 20962: 20958: 20954: 20950: 20946: 20942: 20938: 20934: 20930: 20926: 20918: 20910: 20906: 20902: 20898: 20894: 20890: 20886: 20882: 20878: 20874: 20870: 20866: 20860: 20852: 20848: 20844: 20840: 20836: 20832: 20824: 20816: 20812: 20808: 20804: 20800: 20796: 20792: 20788: 20784: 20780: 20776: 20769: 20750: 20746: 20742: 20738: 20734: 20730: 20726: 20722: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20704: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20685: 20681: 20677: 20673: 20669: 20668:Alvarez, L.W. 20663: 20657: 20652: 20644: 20640: 20636: 20632: 20628: 20624: 20620: 20616: 20608: 20600: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20582: 20578: 20574: 20570: 20566: 20559: 20551: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20523: 20519: 20515: 20511: 20507: 20500: 20492: 20488: 20484: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20466: 20462: 20458: 20454: 20450: 20443: 20435: 20431: 20426: 20421: 20417: 20413: 20409: 20405: 20401: 20397: 20393: 20386: 20378: 20374: 20367: 20359: 20355: 20351: 20347: 20343: 20339: 20332: 20325: 20317: 20313: 20309: 20305: 20301: 20297: 20293: 20289: 20282: 20274: 20270: 20266: 20262: 20258: 20254: 20250: 20246: 20239: 20231: 20227: 20223: 20219: 20215: 20211: 20210: 20202: 20200: 20191: 20187: 20183: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20165: 20161: 20157: 20153: 20149: 20142: 20140: 20131: 20127: 20123: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20105: 20101: 20097: 20093: 20089: 20082: 20074: 20070: 20065: 20060: 20056: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20038: 20034: 20030: 20026: 20022: 20015: 20007: 20003: 19999: 19995: 19991: 19987: 19983: 19979: 19972: 19964: 19960: 19956: 19952: 19948: 19944: 19937: 19935: 19926: 19922: 19918: 19914: 19910: 19906: 19902: 19898: 19894: 19890: 19889: 19881: 19879: 19870: 19866: 19862: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19834: 19830: 19826: 19819: 19817: 19815: 19813: 19811: 19802: 19798: 19794: 19790: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19770: 19766: 19759: 19757: 19748: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19720: 19716: 19712: 19708: 19704: 19697: 19678: 19674: 19670: 19666: 19662: 19658: 19651: 19644: 19636: 19632: 19628: 19624: 19620: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19602: 19598: 19594: 19590: 19586: 19582: 19575: 19567: 19563: 19559: 19555: 19551: 19547: 19543: 19539: 19535: 19531: 19524: 19516: 19512: 19508: 19504: 19500: 19496: 19492: 19488: 19484: 19480: 19476: 19472: 19465: 19458: 19442: 19438: 19437:Ann Arbor, MI 19434: 19430: 19424: 19409: 19405: 19401: 19397: 19390: 19382: 19378: 19374: 19370: 19366: 19362: 19358: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19338: 19331: 19315: 19313: 19312:Archaeopteryx 19305: 19297: 19293: 19289: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19273: 19269: 19265: 19261: 19260: 19255: 19248: 19238: 19234: 19233:Archaeopteryx 19230: 19229:Archaeopteryx 19225: 19224: 19221: 19217: 19213: 19209: 19205: 19201: 19197: 19193: 19189: 19185: 19181: 19177: 19173: 19169: 19165: 19164:Archaeopteryx 19161: 19155: 19147: 19143: 19139: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19121: 19117: 19113: 19109: 19103: 19095: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19077: 19073: 19069: 19065: 19061: 19057: 19053: 19051: 19042: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19006: 19002: 18998: 18997: 18989: 18987: 18978: 18974: 18970: 18966: 18962: 18958: 18954: 18950: 18946: 18942: 18938: 18934: 18930: 18929: 18921: 18913: 18909: 18905: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18889: 18882: 18874: 18870: 18865: 18860: 18856: 18852: 18848: 18844: 18840: 18833: 18825: 18821: 18817: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18799: 18795: 18791: 18787: 18783: 18779: 18772: 18770: 18761: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18743: 18739: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18723: 18722:Palaeontology 18719: 18717: 18708: 18700: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18682: 18678: 18674: 18670: 18666: 18662: 18658: 18656: 18650: 18644: 18625: 18621: 18617: 18613: 18609: 18605: 18601: 18597: 18593: 18589: 18585: 18581: 18577: 18570: 18566: 18559: 18551: 18547: 18543: 18539: 18535: 18531: 18527: 18523: 18519: 18515: 18511: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18474: 18470: 18466: 18462: 18458: 18454: 18450: 18446: 18442: 18438: 18434: 18430: 18426: 18419: 18412: 18397: 18393: 18389: 18385: 18381: 18377: 18373: 18369: 18362: 18360: 18344: 18340: 18336: 18332: 18328: 18324: 18320: 18316: 18313:: 1187–1201. 18312: 18308: 18304: 18303: 18298: 18294: 18288: 18286: 18277: 18273: 18269: 18265: 18264: 18259: 18253: 18245: 18241: 18237: 18233: 18229: 18225: 18221: 18217: 18213: 18209: 18205: 18201: 18194: 18192: 18191:Archaeopteryx 18183: 18176: 18172: 18168: 18163: 18155: 18151: 18147: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18129: 18125: 18121: 18117: 18113: 18109: 18103: 18092: 18088: 18084: 18080: 18073: 18071: 18070:Protoceratops 18065: 18059: 18053: 18052:Heilmann 1926 18048: 18032: 18028: 18027: 18022: 18018: 18012: 18005: 18004:Brusatte 2012 18000: 17992: 17986: 17982: 17975: 17967: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17949: 17945: 17941: 17937: 17933: 17929: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17910: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17871: 17867: 17866: 17858: 17856: 17847: 17839: 17835: 17831: 17827: 17823: 17819: 17815: 17811: 17807: 17803: 17796: 17788: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17770: 17766: 17762: 17758: 17754: 17750: 17749: 17744: 17737: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17717: 17713: 17709: 17705: 17701: 17697: 17693: 17686: 17678: 17674: 17670: 17666: 17662: 17658: 17654: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17637: 17618: 17614: 17610: 17606: 17602: 17598: 17594: 17590: 17586: 17582: 17578: 17577: 17569: 17562: 17554: 17550: 17549:Palaeontology 17546: 17539: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17507: 17503: 17496: 17488: 17484: 17480: 17476: 17472: 17468: 17461: 17454: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17434: 17430: 17426: 17422: 17418: 17414: 17410: 17402: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17378: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17359: 17351: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17333: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17299: 17292: 17290: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17212: 17205: 17197: 17193: 17189: 17185: 17181: 17177: 17170: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17143: 17135: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17119: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17093: 17089: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17065: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17045: 17041: 17037: 17030: 17023: 17013: 17009: 17005: 17001: 16997: 16993: 16989: 16985: 16981: 16976: 16972: 16968: 16964: 16960: 16956: 16952: 16948: 16944: 16940: 16936: 16932: 16927: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16911: 16907: 16903: 16896: 16891: 16883: 16875: 16869: 16864: 16863: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16846: 16836: 16832: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16804: 16800: 16796: 16789: 16784: 16776: 16768: 16762: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16739: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16720: 16716: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16700: 16696: 16691: 16687: 16683: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16667: 16663: 16658: 16657: 16653: 16645: 16641: 16637: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16609: 16605: 16601: 16599: 16590: 16582: 16578: 16574: 16570: 16566: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16540: 16533: 16522: 16518: 16514: 16507: 16500: 16492: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16464: 16460: 16456: 16449: 16447: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16422: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16399: 16391: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16358: 16350: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16317: 16309: 16305: 16301: 16297: 16293: 16289: 16285: 16281: 16277: 16273: 16266: 16258: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16240: 16236: 16232: 16225: 16223: 16214: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16196: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16178: 16174: 16171:(11): e7783. 16170: 16166: 16162: 16155: 16148: 16143: 16135: 16131: 16127: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16097: 16093: 16086: 16075: 16071: 16067: 16063: 16059: 16055: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16042: 16034: 16027: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15972: 15971: 15963: 15959: 15952: 15944: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15926: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15900: 15896: 15892: 15885: 15869: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15825: 15824:Naish, Darren 15819: 15811: 15807: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15775: 15768: 15749: 15745: 15741: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15725: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15710:(1). London: 15709: 15705: 15704: 15696: 15689: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15666: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15623: 15619: 15615: 15609: 15602: 15598: 15593: 15577: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15564: 15559: 15553: 15545: 15541: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15521: 15517: 15513: 15509: 15502: 15494: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15476: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15435: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15388: 15386: 15379: 15374: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15312: 15304: 15302: 15296: 15289: 15270: 15266: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15221: 15213: 15209: 15203: 15195: 15191: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15162:: 1734–1746. 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15136: 15128: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15102: 15098: 15094: 15090: 15086: 15079: 15071: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15020: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14950: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14907: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14848: 14844: 14840: 14833: 14826: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14769: 14767: 14758: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14743:: 1346–1357. 14742: 14738: 14734: 14730: 14729: 14721: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14701: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14668: 14660: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14582: 14580: 14574: 14568: 14562: 14557: 14549: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14523: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14448: 14444: 14437: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14417: 14413: 14409: 14405: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14366: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14332: 14325: 14323: 14306: 14302: 14296: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14273: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14242: 14238: 14232: 14224: 14220: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14195:New Haven, CT 14192: 14188: 14184: 14177: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14153: 14149: 14145: 14141: 14137: 14133: 14132:Tenontosaurus 14129: 14122: 14115: 14111: 14106: 14087: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14046: 14038: 14031: 14024: 14019: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13968: 13961: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13933: 13929: 13926:(in French). 13925: 13924: 13915: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13879: 13878: 13873: 13869: 13862: 13856: 13851: 13843: 13839: 13835: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13805: 13804: 13799: 13792: 13790: 13781: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13728:Zhou, Zhonghe 13722: 13720: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13693: 13685: 13679: 13674: 13667: 13662: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13581: 13579: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13535: 13531: 13527: 13520: 13518: 13509: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13481: 13477: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13454: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13414: 13410: 13409: 13408:Geology Today 13401: 13393: 13389: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13366: 13359: 13350: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13326: 13311: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13293: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13276: 13271: 13269: 13260: 13252: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13189: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13152: 13144: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13101: 13099: 13093: 13087: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13006: 13001: 12995: 12990: 12983: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12966: 12964: 12962: 12953: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12816: 12808: 12801: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12781: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12752:Palo Alto, CA 12749: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12732: 12724: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12652: 12648: 12641: 12633: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12597: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12569: 12562: 12558: 12553: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12533: 12527: 12523: 12518: 12512: 12507: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12454: 12448: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12416: 12408: 12404: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12379: 12372: 12367: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12308: 12300: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12282: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12223: 12216: 12211: 12209: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12195: 12191: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12155: 12154:The Economist 12149: 12142: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12077: 12070: 12066: 12061: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11957: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11898: 11890: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11839: 11831: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11780: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11737: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11700: 11692: 11690: 11681: 11677: 11673: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11630: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11584:: 2137–2147. 11583: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11557: 11547: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11528: 11519: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11463: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11410: 11405: 11398: 11390: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11341: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11281: 11279: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11218: 11214: 11207: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11037: 11029: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10918: 10914: 10907: 10899: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10838: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10821: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10774:(5875): 499. 10773: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10709:B. canadensis 10702: 10700: 10691: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10578: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10499: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10456: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10424:10.1038/32884 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10398: 10394: 10388: 10386: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10356:Palaeontology 10350: 10341: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10317: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10225: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10114: 10105: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9947: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9884: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9834: 9826: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9770: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9747: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9705: 9701: 9692: 9690: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9654: 9652: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9559: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9526: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9505: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9445:Palaeontology 9442: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9396:Palaeontology 9393: 9386: 9384: 9375: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9332: 9325: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9272: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9199:(6389): 611. 9198: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9108: 9103: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9061: 9059: 9050: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8971: 8964: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8936: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8747: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8698: 8691: 8686: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8658:Learning more 8652: 8651:"Robert Plot" 8646: 8640: 8637: 8632: 8625: 8620: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8598: 8590: 8585: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8505:: 1519–1529. 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8490:Palaeontology 8483: 8476: 8474: 8466: 8461: 8455: 8450: 8448: 8438: 8434: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8390: 8385: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8212: 8208: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8184: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8149:10.1206/352.1 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8110: 8109:Brusatte 2012 8105: 8103: 8101: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8041: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7997:(2). London: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7937: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7886:Royal Society 7883: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7732:Dodson, Peter 7726: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7624: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7597: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7467: 7462: 7456: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7340:: 65–66, 82. 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7310: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7267: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7248: 7246: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7198: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7175: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6925: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6891:natural group 6886: 6882: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861:List of birds 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6810:and its 1993 6809: 6805: 6804: 6803:Jurassic Park 6799: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6777: 6773:'s 1912 book 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6694: 6690: 6689: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6618:Spencer Lucas 6609: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6594:seismic waves 6589: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6542:impact winter 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6438:, Italy, 1981 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6394:Maastrichtian 6384: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6351:volcanism in 6350: 6347:, along with 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6331:, called the 6330: 6324: 6314: 6311: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6228:(semi-lunate 6227: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6208: 6207:Compsognathus 6203: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6179:Archaeopteryx 6175: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121:Archaeopteryx 6116: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6090:Alan Feduccia 6087: 6086:interclavicle 6083: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5980: 5979:gigantothermy 5975: 5970: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5933: 5932:growth curves 5928: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5847:Tyrannosaurus 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5791:Jack Horner's 5788: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5759:Tenontosaurus 5756: 5755:Tyrannosaurus 5752: 5748: 5747: 5746:Tenontosaurus 5742: 5737: 5736:Tyrannosaurus 5733: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5698:amniotic eggs 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5598:Modern birds 5594:Communication 5591: 5589: 5585: 5582:could create 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5559:Oryctodromeus 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5532:Megapnosaurus 5528: 5527: 5521: 5520:scleral rings 5516: 5514: 5513: 5512:Majungasaurus 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5498:Edmontosaurus 5494: 5493: 5492:Protoceratops 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5334:Wannanosaurus 5330: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5271:Tyrannosaurus 5268: 5267: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5139:Sauroposeidon 5135: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5103: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5064:Plaza Huincul 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038:United States 5035: 5031: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4989:Brachiosaurus 4985: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4827:Dinosaur size 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4685: 4683: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597:Microraptoria 4594: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4532: 4531:Oviraptoridae 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506:Caudipteridae 4503: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4395:Dromaeosaurus 4391: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4369:dromaeosaurid 4366: 4362: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4291:Tyrannosaurus 4287: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4237:Coelurosauria 4235: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4175:Spinosauridae 4172: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4100:Abelisauridae 4097: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4026:(carnivorous) 4025: 4022: 4021: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978:Euhelopodidae 3975: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3916:Apatosaurinae 3913: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3889:(whip-tailed) 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3869:Diplodocoidea 3866: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3789:Riojasauridae 3786: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3718: 3717:Brachiosaurus 3713: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3634: 3633:Lambeosaurini 3630: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3558:Saurolophinae 3555: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3547:Hadrosauridae 3544: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3510:Styracosterna 3507: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3365:Centrosaurini 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3318:Ceratopsoidea 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3289:Neoceratopsia 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3230:Anchiceratops 3226: 3225: 3224:Styracosaurus 3220: 3219: 3215:: top left – 3214: 3209: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3051:Stegosauridae 3048: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2951:Tenontosaurus 2947: 2946: 2945:Corythosaurus 2941: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2876:Herrerasaurus 2873: 2863: 2861: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2814: 2813: 2812:Edmontosaurus 2806: 2797: 2796:Ornithischian 2791: 2780: 2779: 2778:Tyrannosaurus 2772: 2763: 2757: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710:bathornithids 2707: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:ankylosaurids 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554:South America 2551: 2550:titanosaurian 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2515:pteridophytes 2512: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2497:North America 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2450:in the early 2449: 2444: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2272:Pampadromaeus 2268: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2242:Bagualosaurus 2238: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2191:Sanjuansaurus 2187: 2186:Herrerasaurus 2183: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2167:of Zimbabwe. 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:Ischigualasto 2154: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2124:Herrerasaurus 2119: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2097:Hypacrosaurus 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2062:blood vessels 2059: 2058: 2057:Tyrannosaurus 2053: 2052:tyrannosaurid 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1943: 1935: 1925: 1924: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1899:Hypsilophodon 1895: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1862:Edmontosaurus 1857: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1801:tyrannosaurid 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766:dromaeosaurid 1763: 1758: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1656: 1650: 1642: 1636: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:Prince Albert 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575:Ancient Greek 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413:) during the 1408: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1343:Late Triassic 1340: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1328:Herrerasaurus 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1295:(erect), and 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260:Cnemial crest 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194:deltopectoral 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1149:Dromaeosaurus 1144: 1140: 1138: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 998: 993: 988: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 921:stegosaurians 918: 914: 910: 906: 905: 900: 899: 894: 890: 889: 884: 880: 870: 868: 867: 866:Jurassic Park 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 762:morphological 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:Late Jurassic 736: 733:from earlier 732: 728: 724: 720: 717:periods. The 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689: 685: 682: 678: 674: 667: 664: 660: 656: 639: 633: 627: 625: 624:Herrerasauria 619: 617: 616: 609: 607: 606: 599: 596: 595: 588: 585: 584: 577: 574: 573: 566: 564: 563: 556: 554: 553: 546: 544: 543: 542:Daemonosaurus 536: 534: 533: 526: 524: 523: 516: 514: 513: 506: 503: 502: 495: 494: 493: 492: 486: 485: 476: 473: 470: 469: 468: 465: 463: 457: 455: 449: 448: 446: 443:Major groups 441: 436: 431: 428: 425: 422: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 330: 327: 324: 321: 320: 317: 314: 311: 310: 307: 304: 301: 300: 295: 290: 286: 277: 274: 273:dromaeosaurid 269: 268: 261: 252: 249: 244: 243: 236: 225: 220: 219: 212: 203: 198: 197: 190: 179: 174: 173: 166: 156: 155: 148: 138: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 68: 61: 57: 56:Late Triassic 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 27909: 27793: 27769: 27752: 27735: 27718: 27701: 27689:from Commons 27684: 27663: 27656:Paleontology 27499: 27449: 27437: 27425: 27413: 27323:(mousebirds) 27321:Coliiformes 27191:Gaviiformes 27183:Aequornithes 27091:Apodiformes 27052:Otidiformes 27028:Otidimorphae 26975:(sandgrouse) 26897:Phasianinae 26863: 26856: 26849: 26844:Odontophorus 26842: 26835: 26828: 26821: 26814: 26807: 26787: 26780: 26773: 26766: 26746: 26739: 26732: 26725: 26718: 26711: 26704: 26682:Oreophasinae 26628: 26608: 26601: 26506:(waterfowls) 26502:Anseriformes 26252:Cockfighting 26237:Conservation 26232:Bird feeding 26220:Birdwatching 26210:Ornithomancy 26150:Gansuiformes 26097: 26090:Fossil birds 26057: 25980:Intelligence 25778: 25687:Eusaurischia 25670: 25663: 25656: 25649: 25628: 25620: 25612: 25606:Chindesaurus 25604: 25577: 25566: 25556: 25546: 25538:Chindesaurus 25536: 25526: 25494:Ornithischia 25483:Ornithischia 25465: 25444: 25437: 25430: 25423: 25418:Ignotosaurus 25416: 25409: 25402: 25395: 25388: 25381: 25362:Technosaurus 25360: 25355:Soumyasaurus 25353: 25347:Pisanosaurus 25345: 25338: 25331: 25324: 25312:Silesauridae 25296: 25285: 25275: 25265: 25203:Venetoraptor 25201: 25193: 25186: 25179: 25172: 25164: 25157: 25150:Lagerpetidae 25106: 25099: 25094:Spondylosoma 25092: 25085: 25077: 25070:Aphanosauria 25054: 25043: 25000: 24897: 24800: 24761:. New York: 24757: 24710: 24696:. Retrieved 24689:the original 24644: 24640: 24625:SciTechDaily 24624: 24599:Online books 24589: 24542: 24522:. Retrieved 24502: 24498: 24450: 24435:. Retrieved 24399: 24358:. New York: 24354: 24340:November 13, 24338:. Retrieved 24317: 24313:Plot, Robert 24277: 24237: 24225:. Retrieved 24194:. New York: 24190: 24174:. Retrieved 24142: 24101: 24089:. Retrieved 24046: 24001: 23989:. Retrieved 23957: 23948:Norell, Mark 23936:. Retrieved 23885: 23881:Mayr, Gerald 23869:. Retrieved 23865:the original 23860: 23855: 23839:. Retrieved 23807: 23790:. Retrieved 23759:. New York: 23754: 23740:. Retrieved 23711:Random House 23709:. New York: 23700: 23650: 23614: 23598:. Retrieved 23562: 23548:. Retrieved 23517: 23470: 23455:. Retrieved 23427: 23423: 23400:. Retrieved 23368: 23327: 23287:; New York: 23276: 23236: 23217:. Retrieved 23208: 23192:. Retrieved 23160: 23112: 23062: 23050:. Retrieved 23011: 22963: 22951:. Retrieved 22919: 22879: 22813: 22798:. Retrieved 22759: 22743:. Retrieved 22703: 22686:. Retrieved 22646: 22633:Bibliography 22595: 22589: 22569: 22560: 22559:, chpt. I: " 22553:Dickens 1853 22548: 22536: 22520: 22508:. Retrieved 22501: 22492: 22465: 22461: 22451: 22426: 22422: 22416: 22389: 22385: 22375: 22366: 22362: 22356: 22307: 22303: 22293: 22284: 22280: 22270: 22237: 22233: 22227: 22210: 22206: 22203:Morgan, J.V. 22195: 22168: 22164: 22158: 22133: 22129: 22123: 22098: 22094: 22087: 22052: 22046: 22013: 22009: 21999: 21956: 21952: 21942: 21931:Alvarez 1997 21926: 21914:. Retrieved 21899: 21858: 21854: 21848: 21831: 21827: 21821: 21788: 21784: 21774: 21737:(1): 77–82. 21734: 21730: 21717: 21692: 21688: 21682: 21657: 21653: 21647: 21622: 21618: 21558: 21554: 21544: 21511: 21507: 21494: 21449: 21445: 21438:Morgan, J.V. 21431: 21388: 21384: 21374: 21349: 21345: 21292: 21288: 21278: 21243: 21239: 21229: 21217:. 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Retrieved 17580: 17574: 17561: 17555:: 1231–1245. 17552: 17548: 17538: 17505: 17501: 17495: 17470: 17467:Paleobiology 17466: 17453: 17412: 17408: 17401: 17368: 17364: 17358: 17305: 17301: 17264: 17260: 17247: 17214: 17210: 17204: 17179: 17175: 17169: 17152: 17148: 17142: 17117: 17113: 17100: 17075: 17071: 17064: 17039: 17035: 17022: 16987: 16984:Paleobiology 16983: 16979: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16934: 16930: 16905: 16902:Paleobiology 16901: 16880:{{ 16872:{{ 16861: 16859:, 16798: 16794: 16773:{{ 16765:{{ 16754: 16752:, 16698: 16694: 16669: 16665: 16661: 16652: 16607: 16603: 16597: 16589: 16564: 16560: 16547: 16538: 16532: 16519:(2): 51–80. 16516: 16512: 16499: 16462: 16458: 16420: 16416: 16410: 16403:Parsons 2001 16398: 16371: 16367: 16357: 16330: 16326: 16316: 16275: 16271: 16265: 16238: 16234: 16168: 16164: 16154: 16142: 16099: 16095: 16085: 16045: 16039: 16026: 15974: 15968: 15960:(May 2018). 15958:Mayr, Gerald 15951: 15898: 15894: 15884: 15874:November 16, 15872:. Retrieved 15835: 15831: 15818: 15777: 15773: 15767: 15757:December 12, 15755:. Retrieved 15707: 15701: 15688: 15632: 15628: 15608: 15592: 15580:. Retrieved 15576:the original 15561: 15552: 15511: 15507: 15501: 15448: 15444: 15434: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15378:Hansell 2000 15373: 15361:. Retrieved 15354:the original 15315: 15309: 15300: 15288: 15276:. Retrieved 15269:the original 15229:Bethesda, MD 15224: 15220:Paleobiology 15218: 15202: 15151: 15145: 15135: 15092: 15088: 15078: 15033: 15029: 15019: 14970: 14966: 14957: 14920: 14916: 14906: 14894:. Retrieved 14842: 14838: 14825: 14782: 14778: 14732: 14726: 14720: 14671: 14665: 14659: 14647:. Retrieved 14591: 14587: 14578: 14567: 14556: 14513: 14509: 14495: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14365: 14341: 14337: 14309:. Retrieved 14305:the original 14295: 14284:the original 14247: 14231: 14190: 14186: 14182: 14176: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14121: 14105: 14093:. 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Rey 23600:October 30, 23550:November 4, 23457:October 21, 23402:October 14, 23219:November 7, 23209:Bleak House 23194:October 30, 23052:October 30, 22953:October 31, 22818:Hoboken, NJ 22800:October 30, 22745:November 6, 22688:November 4, 22576:, pp. 22510:November 7, 22468:(4): e262. 22392:(4): e259. 21933:, pp. 21916:January 27, 21695:: 139–148. 21391:(1): 1–13. 20758:October 30, 20672:Alvarez, W. 20402:(1): 1–14. 19686:November 2, 19447:November 2, 19320:October 30, 18939:: 563–567. 18633:November 1, 18348:November 3, 18169:, pp. 18167:Padian 1986 18037:October 31, 17899:October 30, 17626:October 31, 16241:: 379–408. 15981:: 701–709. 15599:, pp. 15582:October 30, 15568:Chicago, IL 15363:October 30, 15278:October 30, 15235:: 252–261. 14896:November 7, 14649:October 29, 14311:December 5, 14258:: 167–184. 14201:: 103–138. 14136:Deinonychus 14112:, pp. 14060:: 567–578. 13708:October 27, 13647:: 111–122. 13629:Zhao, Xijin 13517:Spinosaurus 13470:(2): 1–11. 13342:: 227–244. 13315:October 26, 13294:: 527–544. 13268:Supersaurus 13178:October 25, 13133:October 24, 12972:, pp. 12826:: 520–533. 12798:, pp. 12758:: 445–471. 12524:, pp. 12496:October 22, 12477:: 229–234. 12437:October 22, 12067:, pp. 12050:October 22, 11619:November 8, 11267:October 22, 10014:: 345–375. 9923:: 277–299. 9890:Palaeoworld 9666:: 187–216. 9548:December 8, 9324:Bakker 1986 9107:Holmes 1998 9092:November 5, 9029:, pp. 8999:Lemma for ' 8993:October 13, 8975:Perseus 4.0 8895:, pp. 8812:November 5, 8716:: 185–197. 8606:, pp. 8574:November 4, 8499:Hoboken, NJ 8454:Benton 2005 8427:October 18, 8400:: 259–283. 8366:October 18, 8306:: 209–243. 8257:: 511–517. 8216:October 16, 8069:: 139–142. 8063:Boulder, CO 8001:: 265–292. 7829:Oxfordshire 7825:Milton Park 7613:, pp. 7529:: 501–506. 7495:October 30, 7416:October 14, 6822:; numerous 6820:advertising 6816:non-fiction 6794:, the 1954 6761:Jules Verne 6752:Bleak House 6274:CT scanning 6238:breast bone 6232:), arm and 6202:creationism 6190:'s seminal 6156:pycnofibres 6133:Microraptor 6033:Stegosaurus 6011:ammonotelic 5996:instead of 5885:ectothermic 5881:endothermic 5801:oviraptorid 5770:oviraptorid 5600:communicate 5584:sonic booms 5580:diplodocids 5572:Microraptor 5546:Agilisaurus 5526:Juravenator 5503:Cannibalism 5481:Gobi Desert 5457:engaged in 5436:Deinonychus 5409:Oxfordshire 5254:Spinosaurus 5150:neural arch 5134:Patagotitan 5129:Supersaurus 5051:Patagotitan 4894:Thyreophora 4862:Ornithopoda 4779:gastroliths 4588:("raptors") 4407:Deinonychus 4377:Microraptor 4365:Restoration 4334:Maniraptora 4248:Megaraptora 4196:Carnosauria 4125:Noasaurinae 4107:Noasauridae 4050:Coelophysis 3851:Turiasauria 3840:Eusauropoda 3829:Gravisauria 3703:macronarian 3395:Ornithopoda 3218:Triceratops 3213:ceratopsids 3158:(burrowers) 3156:Orodrominae 3033:Stegosauria 3011:Thyreophora 2916:ornithopods 2833:Triceratops 2762:Saurischian 2714:geranoidids 2712:, ratites, 2651:, turtles, 2599:Nigersaurus 2562:troodontids 2428:diversified 2401:dicynodonts 2347:Nyasasaurus 2288:Mbiresaurus 2266:Nhandumirim 2260:Macrocollum 2248:Buriolestes 2230:Gnathovorax 2066:bone matrix 2040:Jack Horner 1977:melanosomes 1879:hydrophobic 1841:Paul Sereno 1771:Deinonychus 1762:John Ostrom 1749:Deinonychus 1744:John Ostrom 1683:Hadrosaurus 1475:Robert Plot 1441:creatures. 1278:silesaurids 1181:behind the 1175:Epipophyses 1124:semiaquatic 1115:Microraptor 1101:Anchisaurus 1066:Ornithodira 1056:plesiosaurs 1024:Triceratops 972:Maniraptora 937:ornithopods 929:neck frills 888:Triceratops 825:quadrupedal 808:, and that 802:carnivorous 798:herbivorous 794:metabolisms 737:during the 703:vertebrates 572:Nyasasaurus 562:Nhandumirim 522:Chilesaurus 501:Agnosphytis 378:Ornithodira 352:Archosauria 248:hadrosaurid 178:ceratopsian 18:Dinosaurian 27916:Categories 27824:Dinosauria 27794:Dinosauria 27720:Quotations 27617:Australian 27520:Appalachia 27513:Madagascan 27201:(penguins) 27054:(bustards) 26892:Perdicinae 26837:Dendrortyx 26809:Callipepla 26741:Megapodius 26706:Aepypodius 26584:Tadorninae 26566:true geese 26397:(tinamous) 26356:Neornithes 26267:Pheasantry 26242:Aviculture 26010:Incubation 26000:Lek mating 25812:See also: 25558:Eodromaeus 25528:Alwalkeria 25511:Saurischia 25466:Dinosauria 25446:Silesaurus 25439:Sacisaurus 25340:Lewisuchus 25277:Marasuchus 25267:Lagosuchus 25188:Lagerpeton 25159:Dromomeron 25108:Yarasuchus 24981:see below↓ 24933:Sauropsida 24918:Sauropsida 24893:Sauropsida 24825:1032865683 24817:gs46000214 24789:1037269801 24747:1088130487 24739:2001000242 24719:; London: 24562:2004049804 24378:2016427646 24297:2010014916 24260:2001269051 24163:2001016803 24086:1015526268 23917:2008940962 23761:Avon Books 23729:2006102491 23350:2010043277 23332:Chichester 23212:. London: 23139:2005010624 23089:2003019035 22982:2003027993 22898:2001044600 22856:2011050466 22787:2003028152 22765:Malden, MA 22683:1007846558 22555:, p. 22498:"Dinosaur" 21908:(Report). 21165:Toon, O.B. 20865:Pope, K.O. 19404:Athens, OH 18807:10468/8068 18401:January 1, 15095:(1): 152. 14682:: 244301. 13855:Holtz 2007 13114:: 97–103. 11488:: 103341. 10707:hadrosaur 10666:: 104367. 9706:, Mantell" 9043:Rupke 1994 8920:Dinosauria 8690:Lhuyd 1699 8660:. Oxford: 8638:, p. 8465:Cowen 2005 7598:, p. 6920:References 6733:literature 6702:vernacular 6691:(1914) by 6626:New Mexico 6456:extinction 6375:-building 6278:Aerosteon' 6163:homologous 6127:Anchiornis 6098:convergent 6068:thecodonts 6024:Anchiornis 5986:uricotelic 5963:and a bird 5889:mesothermy 5868:Physiology 5751:Allosaurus 5741:Allosaurus 5689:Charadrius 5682:Nest of a 5672:See also: 5662:resonators 5605:Anchiornis 5541:cathemeral 5507:Madagascar 5441:Allosaurus 5432:taphonomic 5388:Bernissart 5239:blue whale 5218: kg ( 5183: kg ( 5159: kg ( 5122:(formerly 5042:Pittsburgh 5030:Diplodocus 4928:, whereas 4813:(of which 4809:, and the 4789:and other 4401:Utahraptor 4219:Allosaurus 3938:Macronaria 3677:Saurischia 3476:Dryosaurus 3471:Dryomorpha 3271:Ceratopsia 3134:Pyrodontia 3081:macuahuitl 3000:Genasauria 2939:Dryosaurus 2906:Dinosauria 2902:articles. 2883:ornitheios 2694:, aquatic 2680:waterbirds 2620:nodosaurid 2468:Gymnosperm 2416:extinction 2397:phytosaurs 2378:, such as 2364:therapsids 2333:Lagerpeton 2327:Lagosuchus 2309:Alwalkeria 2282:Unaysaurus 2277:Saturnalia 2203:Eodromaeus 1823:cladistics 1437:and other 1333:acetabulum 1228:astragalus 1074:Dimetrodon 1070:Sauropsida 1061:Dimetrodon 1044:pterosaurs 1036:archosaurs 1027:skeleton, 964:superorder 941:duck-bills 913:Saurischia 885:(MRCA) of 873:Definition 833:bony armor 806:egg-laying 766:ecological 715:Cretaceous 705:after the 684:Dinosauria 552:Eodromaeus 512:Alwalkeria 430:Dinosauria 339:Sauropsida 251:ornithopod 39:Dinosaurus 27927:Dinosaurs 27644:Dinosaurs 27612:Antarctic 27270:(parrots) 27114:(hoatzin) 27065:Strisores 27046:(turacos) 27038:(cuckoos) 26967:(mesites) 26886:(turkeys) 26858:Philortyx 26775:Agelastes 26768:Acryllium 26759:Numididae 26748:Talegalla 26658:gamebirds 26651:landfowls 26630:Anseranas 26594:Anhimidae 26553:Anserinae 26336:fictional 26058:dinosaurs 26053:Theropoda 26040:Evolution 25985:Migration 25967:Behaviour 25737:includes 25733:Theropoda 25722:Theropoda 25411:Gondwanax 25404:Gamatavus 24879:Kingdom: 24799:(1966) . 24717:Baltimore 24669:0028-1042 24590:Dinosaurs 24570:154697781 24519:852432407 24511:1524-4156 24469:0026-7775 24432:844183804 24386:962371431 24335:933062622 24305:907619291 24222:859819093 24124:946083441 24014:0271-9428 23986:977125867 23925:916182693 23640:606021642 23595:876286627 23569:Cambridge 23444:1524-4156 23397:924985811 23358:729724640 23257:0002-9599 23147:879179542 23047:436848919 22916:(1971) . 22906:901747962 22864:781864955 22622:192335675 22332:0036-8075 22262:0091-7613 22171:: 57–89. 22079:210277965 21813:0012-821X 21536:140541003 21206:0016-7606 21130:: 69–78. 21109:120305483 20901:0091-7613 20729:0036-8075 20707:CiteSeerX 20676:Asaro, F. 20643:130777837 20230:0037-9409 20055:0027-8424 19925:129654916 19917:0016-7649 19869:115134484 19673:0567-7920 19619:0036-8075 19558:0028-0836 19499:0028-0836 19365:0028-0836 19288:1552-5007 19196:0036-8075 19138:0004-8038 19076:0962-8452 19017:0362-2525 18961:0028-1042 18904:1122-9497 18824:174811556 18681:0962-8452 18604:0028-0836 18534:0028-0836 18469:206556907 18396:123219913 18388:0028-0836 18327:0004-8038 18276:1674-5507 18228:0036-8075 18146:0028-0836 18087:0003-0082 17948:2045-2322 17822:0003-0147 17769:0264-6021 17720:0028-0836 17669:1095-6433 17597:0022-0949 17445:206534244 17332:1932-6203 16980:Maiasaura 16866:. If the 16759:. If the 16644:221906765 16610:: e9771. 16465:: e7764. 16195:1932-6203 16134:231644183 16070:0031-0182 15995:1010-061X 15925:1932-6203 15794:0036-8075 15744:128544813 15736:0036-9276 15714:: 13–21. 15657:0036-8075 15536:0028-0836 15475:0027-8424 15418:0272-4634 15332:1469-7580 15249:0094-8373 15178:0014-3820 15147:Evolution 15109:2399-3642 14995:0028-0836 14883:206525132 14867:0036-8075 14809:0891-2963 14757:0008-4301 14704:0031-9007 14676:Ridge, NY 14618:0027-8424 14530:0962-8452 14471:0036-8075 14412:0028-0836 14350:0871-5424 14272:0871-5424 14215:0079-032X 14168:0272-4634 14074:0567-7920 13994:0036-8075 13952:1631-0683 13906:0195-6671 13834:1001-6538 13764:0028-0836 13698:Birds.com 13653:1006-3021 13607:0272-4634 13546:0272-4634 13500:259782734 13492:0024-1164 13445:250056201 13437:0266-6979 13392:210840060 13310:0365-4508 13296:CiteSeerX 13233:1932-6203 13063:0891-2963 13041:CiteSeerX 12994:Paul 2010 12934:1464-7931 12848:0272-4634 12772:1545-2069 12705:0962-8452 12614:2167-8359 12522:Paul 1988 12511:Mayr 2009 12491:0077-7749 12471:Stuttgart 12432:0003-0082 12424:2246/2536 12342:0036-8075 12281:1932-6203 12257:: e1230. 12163:0013-0613 12117:0036-8075 12021:0036-8075 11938:0027-8424 11871:1744-9561 11771:128620874 11728:1342-937X 11672:0028-0836 11598:0036-8075 11510:0895-9811 11444:1313-2989 11420:: 55–81. 11332:251977824 11316:0028-0836 11254:0012-8252 11190:0091-7613 11077:1932-6203 10951:2041-1723 10841:8756-3282 10690:257326012 10625:0036-8075 10432:0028-0836 10376:210265348 10280:BioEssays 10096:205219587 10038:219768255 9753:Trachodon 9738:129640665 9593:151426669 9538:0362-4331 9475:197571209 9426:219090716 9262:297237777 9254:0012-3625 9079:0567-7920 8922:*. (*Gr. 8912:Owen 1842 8872:0261-0523 8834:Iguanodon 8799:129920045 8791:2042-5295 8738:0016-7878 8636:Plot 1677 8624:Plot 1677 8589:Paul 2000 8548:Dong 1992 8535:140698705 8527:0031-0239 8414:0003-0147 8328:1477-2019 8279:1251-8050 8247:Amsterdam 8190:Paul 2000 8166:0003-0090 8158:2246/6112 8142:: 1–292. 8091:0091-7613 8031:129654916 8023:0016-7649 7970:"Welcome" 7902:0962-8436 7857:0891-2963 7779:0027-8424 7642:: e4417. 7584:Glut 1997 7567:205254710 7551:0028-0836 7485:0362-4331 7364:1464-7931 7334:Cambridge 7234:March 15, 7203:March 15, 7115:0960-9822 7065:131414332 7057:0305-8719 6998:0891-2963 6824:companies 6791:King Kong 6757:fictional 6709:Victorian 6661:Iguanodon 6659:Outdated 6630:Paleocene 6550:food webs 6522:acid rain 6398:Campanian 6357:ammonites 6081:Oviraptor 6072:clavicles 6031:brain of 5994:uric acid 5961:abelisaur 5941:oxygen-18 5796:Maiasaura 5787:megapodes 5564:fossorial 5537:nocturnal 5413:migratory 5405:springbok 5384:Iguanodon 5298:An adult 4878:Theropoda 4846:Sauropoda 4803:chemistry 4775:trackways 4372:theropods 4139:Tetanurae 4060:Averostra 4024:Theropoda 3811:Sauropoda 3771:Massopoda 3729:Euhelopus 3706:sauropods 3512:("spiked 3464:Elasmaria 2942:, right: 2927:Iguanodon 2872:cranially 2718:mihirungs 2706:eogruiids 2701:Gastornis 2684:Paleogene 2645:dyrosaurs 2625:omnivores 2578:Australia 2380:aetosaurs 2368:cynodonts 2350:from the 2338:Argentina 2225:predators 2209:Panphagia 2127:(large), 2024:Scipionyx 2011:from the 2008:Scipionyx 1904:Iguanodon 1768:theropod 1706:Bone Wars 1687:the first 1663:In 1858, 1597:Iguanodon 1554:Iguanodon 1403:gazetteer 1358:evolution 1248:with the 1232:calcaneum 1179:vertebrae 1106:Iguanodon 1048:mosasaurs 945:theropods 904:Iguanodon 800:, others 758:taxonomic 735:theropods 673:Dinosaurs 467:Theropoda 417:Dracohors 312:Kingdom: 306:Eukaryota 202:stegosaur 49:Dinosaurs 27897:10345572 27832:BioLib: 27803:Wikidata 27664:Dinosaur 27597:European 27538:European 27415:Category 27289:Afroaves 27217:(storks) 27019:Passerea 27004:(grebes) 26940:Columbea 26851:Oreortyx 26823:Cyrtonyx 26713:Alectura 26677:Cracinae 26669:Cracidae 26546:Oxyurini 26536:Aythyini 26531:Anatinae 26515:Anatidae 26262:Falconry 26225:big year 26080:Seabirds 25990:Foraging 25937:Feathers 25829:Category 25568:Saltopus 25390:Diodorus 25298:Saltopus 24887:Chordata 24885:Phylum: 24881:Animalia 24781:97000398 24677:15365634 24485:34672546 24477:00500382 24424:93005739 24396:(1994). 24362:: Ecco. 24352:(2015). 24327:11004267 24315:(1677). 24268:45256074 24214:88023052 24188:(1988). 24171:50174737 24132:9826926M 24078:99030427 24040:(1842). 24030:44433611 24022:00708700 23978:99053335 23933:88941254 23883:(2009). 23853:(1699). 23836:30361459 23828:94117716 23787:21833417 23779:89092487 23737:77486015 23697:(2007). 23687:34472600 23679:96013610 23632:27001127 23612:(1926). 23587:99087681 23545:43529321 23537:22005926 23505:33665881 23497:95047668 23469:(1997). 23452:77520577 23389:97-23698 23319:26522845 23311:92207835 23275:(1992). 23265:27781160 23206:(1853). 23189:4933052M 23181:76359907 23157:(1975). 23117:Berkeley 23097:52942941 23039:97023430 22990:53970577 22948:16208760 22795:53970617 22757:(2005). 22740:13699558 22732:86012643 22710:New York 22700:(1986). 22675:96049208 22643:(1997). 22369:(2): 8A. 22348:31638639 22340:17781415 22287:(1): 3A. 22150:20489003 22115:20489004 21991:30612906 21983:26430116 21891:19155384 21883:11543126 21840:24090754 21763:Archived 21759:59518452 21601:67876950 21593:30792300 21486:32989138 21423:27414998 21319:11541145 21270:17015462 21219:June 15, 21066:32601204 20957:20203042 20909:11539331 20815:31383614 20807:17748309 20745:16017767 20737:17783054 20682:(1980). 20599:19403535 20550:27092007 20483:21508029 20434:30842410 20273:20078285 20182:27112293 20130:44075214 20122:29804807 20073:23236177 20006:17835491 19963:27851545 19861:25065505 19793:23393261 19747:21914849 19677:Archived 19667:: 1–16. 19627:19095938 19507:15483610 19373:16015329 19296:10440726 19220:32015255 19212:17842432 19110:(2003). 19094:17521978 19033:15079072 19025:16217748 18977:43677545 18969:14676953 18912:17784647 18873:26041865 18816:31164250 18760:89156313 18699:19656798 18612:16541071 18567:(2006). 18542:15470426 18482:July 27, 18461:25061209 18370:. News. 18343:86096746 18244:28611454 18236:16322455 18154:29873831 18110:(1973). 18091:Archived 18066:(1924). 18019:(1868). 17966:30242170 17838:85424175 17787:14343146 17677:12814783 17617:Archived 17613:18540594 17605:15767304 17530:19189317 17437:21700837 17393:19492308 17350:18825273 17302:PLOS ONE 17277:Archived 17239:28065814 17231:11834803 17012:85902880 16971:86277619 16922:84163725 16857:26675726 16835:Archived 16823:15306807 16750:26675731 16723:11473315 16686:84241148 16636:32983636 16581:86019906 16521:Archived 16491:31579624 16390:27073251 16349:27073251 16300:24926017 16257:92837486 16213:19911059 16165:PLOS ONE 16126:33472049 16074:Archived 16015:Archived 16003:29485191 15943:23613776 15895:PLOS ONE 15868:Archived 15864:34504916 15856:15499011 15838:(5696). 15810:34504916 15802:15499011 15748:Archived 15677:Archived 15673:37548361 15665:16051793 15493:18195356 15426:85728452 15350:21954840 15265:89109302 15194:11986423 15186:27345722 15158:for the 15127:36792659 15070:30249637 15003:27732575 14949:30730882 14917:PLOS ONE 14887:Archived 14875:20133521 14817:84473967 14712:12059302 14640:Archived 14636:17242354 14548:17374596 14487:33253407 14479:21493820 14420:12673249 14354:Archived 14280:90552600 14239:(1998). 14223:84175628 14086:Archived 14082:21736244 14010:36530770 14002:12040187 13842:53445386 13772:18948955 13732:Xu, Xing 13702:Archived 13615:86025320 13554:85702490 13251:24348896 13203:PLOS ONE 13172:Archived 13168:62334058 13124:Archived 13120:45923346 13094:(1950). 13075:Archived 13071:56028251 12952:21251189 12723:16822743 12679:(2006). 12632:23638372 12580:(2013). 12405:(1968). 12350:16293759 12299:18030355 12242:PLOS ONE 12133:53716186 12125:30467179 12041:Archived 12037:13393888 12029:18787166 11956:26644579 11889:23221875 11830:26644579 11610:Archived 11606:10381873 11566:(1999). 11462:21594020 11389:32728077 11324:36045297 11198:34821866 11144:28566488 11120:(1855). 11095:20967227 11047:PLOS ONE 11028:18665236 10988:PLOS ONE 10969:26056764 10929:: 7352. 10898:34692099 10849:23085295 10804:24971064 10796:18436782 10741:19407199 10641:30456613 10633:15790853 10444:Archived 10308:45178498 10300:26434749 10265:26290071 10216:27641767 10159:29107548 10088:20107440 9989:31538399 9875:21238317 9825:28878057 9763:: 33–54. 9642:18647715 9542:Archived 9374:18796391 9221:46887409 9083:Archived 8830:(1825). 8803:Archived 8765:(1824). 8568:Archived 8564:BBC News 8422:84424110 8336:28782207 8251:Elsevier 8174:83493714 8124:(2011). 7947:Archived 7920:26977060 7835:: 3–12. 7797:16954187 7734:(2006). 7717:26977060 7668:29479504 7559:28332513 7489:Archived 7477:New York 7410:Archived 7402:Berkeley 7380:34530296 7372:19895605 7174:32842895 7123:27839975 7006:85819339 6912:classes. 6909:amniotes 6894:Reptilia 6830:See also 6797:Godzilla 6667:for the 6639:reworked 6575:such as 6518:aerosols 6377:bivalves 6365:mollusks 6361:nautilus 6219:Skeleton 6104:Feathers 6076:wishbone 5969:air sacs 5957:air sacs 5843:megapode 5824:Scotland 5774:Citipati 5721:brooding 5658:ossified 5568:arboreal 5396:sinkhole 5380:flocking 5341:Behavior 5056:New York 4783:feathers 3174:Cerapoda 3022:Eurypoda 2924:, left: 2897:Taxonomy 2734:Pliocene 2726:Cenozoic 2608:Gondwana 2476:radiated 2472:conifers 2452:Mesozoic 2409:Rhaetian 2303:Nambalia 2214:Eoraptor 2177:Eoraptor 2141:Triassic 2130:Eoraptor 2102:biofilms 2080:antibody 2048:collagen 1710:dynamite 1593:(sauros) 1584:(deinos) 1529:dinosaur 1467:Cornwell 1439:biblical 1407:Chang Qu 1306:diapsids 1289:reptiles 1252:and the 1126:habits. 1085:Mesozoic 1078:synapsid 956:taxonomy 841:sauropod 829:skeletal 711:Jurassic 688:Triassic 677:reptiles 666:taxonomy 326:Chordata 322:Phylum: 316:Animalia 302:Domain: 276:theropod 224:sauropod 27848:3014672 27630:Portals 27580:African 27508:African 27427:Commons 26931:Neoaves 26816:Colinus 26782:Guttera 26720:Eulipoa 26541:Mergini 26405:(kiwis) 26389:(rheas) 26200:Ringing 26025:Hybrids 26020:Nesting 25975:Singing 25952:Plumage 25927:Dactyly 25897:Anatomy 25887:Outline 25877:: Aves) 24891:Class: 24685:3329625 24649:Bibcode 23281:Beijing 22930:Penguin 22826:Bibcode 22578:675–697 22470:Bibcode 22462:Geology 22431:Bibcode 22423:Geology 22394:Bibcode 22386:Geology 22312:Bibcode 22304:Science 22242:Bibcode 22234:Geology 22207:Science 22130:Science 22095:Science 22038:3463018 22018:Bibcode 21961:Bibcode 21953:Science 21935:130–146 21863:Bibcode 21793:Bibcode 21739:Bibcode 21697:Bibcode 21662:Bibcode 21627:Bibcode 21585:1497969 21563:Bibcode 21555:Science 21516:Bibcode 21477:7568312 21454:Bibcode 21414:4944614 21393:Bibcode 21354:Bibcode 21327:8447773 21297:Bibcode 21248:Bibcode 21186:Bibcode 21089:Bibcode 21057:7382232 21034:Bibcode 20988:Bibcode 20965:2659741 20937:Bibcode 20929:Science 20881:Bibcode 20873:Geology 20839:Bibcode 20831:Geology 20787:Bibcode 20779:Science 20699:Bibcode 20691:Science 20623:Bibcode 20590:2686664 20541:4983840 20518:Bibcode 20491:1376734 20474:3259943 20425:6403247 20404:Bibcode 20346:Bibcode 20338:Geology 20316:4269426 20296:Bibcode 20253:Bibcode 20190:3937001 20160:Bibcode 20100:Bibcode 20064:3535637 20033:Bibcode 19986:Bibcode 19978:Science 19951:Bibcode 19897:Bibcode 19801:6112274 19773:Bibcode 19765:Science 19738:3174646 19715:Bibcode 19635:8718747 19597:Bibcode 19589:Science 19566:4245228 19538:Bibcode 19515:4362745 19479:Bibcode 19381:4390587 19345:Bibcode 19268:Bibcode 19239:: 1–30. 19204:1701652 19176:Bibcode 19168:Science 19146:4090212 19116:The Auk 19085:2270928 18941:Bibcode 18894:(2–3). 18864:4528472 18786:Bibcode 18730:Bibcode 18690:2842671 18620:4427002 18584:Bibcode 18550:4381777 18514:Bibcode 18433:Bibcode 18425:Science 18335:4090252 18302:The Auk 18208:Bibcode 18200:Science 18124:Bibcode 17957:6155034 17928:Bibcode 17886:1365774 17830:2459303 17778:1206904 17728:4372695 17700:Bibcode 17510:Bibcode 17475:Bibcode 17417:Bibcode 17409:Science 17373:Bibcode 17341:2553519 17310:Bibcode 17211:Science 17184:Bibcode 17176:Geology 17161:1305468 17122:Bibcode 17080:Bibcode 17044:Bibcode 16992:Bibcode 16951:Bibcode 16882:erratum 16874:erratum 16868:erratum 16831:4404887 16803:Bibcode 16775:erratum 16767:erratum 16761:erratum 16731:4319534 16703:Bibcode 16627:7500327 16482:6768056 16425:Bibcode 16308:9806780 16280:Bibcode 16272:Science 16204:2772121 16173:Bibcode 16104:Bibcode 16050:Bibcode 16011:3588317 15934:3629076 15903:Bibcode 15842:: 653. 15832:Science 15774:Science 15716:Bibcode 15637:Bibcode 15629:Science 15601:234–250 15544:4370793 15516:Bibcode 15484:2206579 15453:Bibcode 15341:3237876 15257:2400478 15118:9932143 15061:6187200 15038:Bibcode 15011:4389926 14975:Bibcode 14940:6366696 14847:Bibcode 14839:Science 14787:Bibcode 14684:Bibcode 14627:1780066 14596:Bibcode 14539:2176205 14451:Bibcode 14443:Science 14428:4389583 14392:Bibcode 14148:Bibcode 13974:Science 13932:Bibcode 13886:Bibcode 13812:Bibcode 13780:4362560 13744:Bibcode 13641:Beijing 13472:Bibcode 13464:Lethaia 13417:Bibcode 13242:3864407 13211:Bibcode 13033:Bibcode 12974:131–138 12943:3045712 12856:4523591 12828:Bibcode 12800:167–199 12714:1634776 12623:3628838 12526:248–250 12358:1816461 12322:Bibcode 12314:Science 12290:2077925 12259:Bibcode 12168:May 24, 12095:Bibcode 12087:Science 12069:562–566 11993:Bibcode 11985:Science 11947:4725541 11916:Bibcode 11880:3565515 11821:4725541 11798:Bibcode 11751:Bibcode 11708:Bibcode 11680:4270484 11652:Bibcode 11573:Science 11490:Bibcode 11453:3088398 11422:Bibcode 11409:ZooKeys 11380:7391656 11359:Bibcode 11296:Bibcode 11234:Bibcode 11170:Bibcode 11162:Geology 11135:5454271 11086:2953520 11055:Bibcode 11019:2483347 10996:Bibcode 10960:4468865 10931:Bibcode 10889:8289162 10776:Bibcode 10768:Science 10749:5358680 10721:Bibcode 10713:Science 10668:Bibcode 10605:Bibcode 10597:Science 10568:9488909 10533:4181847 10525:5968744 10490:8327889 10470:Bibcode 10462:Science 10440:4325093 10412:Bibcode 10256:4632609 10207:5049543 10186:Bibcode 10127:Bibcode 10068:Bibcode 10016:Bibcode 9980:7004074 9925:Bibcode 9855:Bibcode 9816:5597822 9718:Bibcode 9668:Bibcode 9633:2603200 9573:Bibcode 9453:Bibcode 9404:Bibcode 9365:2614166 9311:4176132 9291:Bibcode 9201:Bibcode 9193:Science 9133:Bibcode 9003:' from 8980:Medford 8850:Bibcode 8718:Bibcode 8507:Bibcode 8396:(521). 8308:Bibcode 8259:Bibcode 8071:Bibcode 8054:Geology 8003:Bibcode 7953:June 6, 7911:4810813 7837:Bibcode 7788:1564218 7757:Bibcode 7708:4810813 7659:5822849 7615:607–624 7531:Bibcode 7165:7480155 7093:Bibcode 7037:Bibcode 6978:Bibcode 6759:works. 6725:museums 6671:in 1853 6546:sulfate 6507:⁄ 6480:iridium 6369:rudists 6343:in the 6310:gizzard 6038:Troodon 6019:pellets 6002:ammonia 5990:kidneys 5851:Troodon 5777:at the 5732:calcium 5716:Troodon 5711:oviduct 5650:cricoid 5551:diurnal 5392:Belgium 5376:herding 5365:habitat 5316:pigeons 5312:avialan 5036:in the 5034:Wyoming 4807:biology 4795:physics 4645:Avialae 4543:Paraves 4367:of six 2887:ischion 2860:ischion 2720:, and " 2672:ratites 2653:lizards 2627:, with 2524:By the 2460:Pangaea 2448:Pangaea 2424:turtles 2366:, like 2342:Anisian 2153:Carnian 2088:laminin 2084:elastin 1981:melanin 1973:Xing Xu 1961:Yanliao 1871:keratin 1567:iguanas 1419:Sichuan 1409: ( 1397: ( 1319:scapula 1293:mammals 1262:on the 1246:ischium 1226:On the 1198:humerus 1163:In the 1092:mammals 821:extinct 819:, many 817:bipedal 788:. Most 770:species 679:of the 477:(birds) 60:Present 27894:uBio: 27861:436486 27590:Indian 27531:Indian 27439:Portal 27315:(owls) 26789:Numida 26727:Leipoa 26610:Chauna 26603:Anhima 26298:Genera 26272:Imping 26190:Human 26030:Colony 25957:Vision 25942:Flight 24823: 24815: 24805:Ottawa 24787: 24779: 24769: 24745: 24737: 24727: 24683: 24675: 24667: 24587:about 24568: 24560: 24550: 24517: 24509: 24483: 24475: 24467: 24457: 24430: 24422: 24412: 24384: 24376: 24366: 24333: 24325: 24303: 24295: 24285: 24266: 24258: 24248: 24220: 24212: 24202: 24169: 24161: 24151: 24130: 24122: 24112: 24084: 24076: 24066: 24062:–204. 24052:London 24028: 24020: 24012: 23984: 23976: 23966: 23931: 23923: 23915: 23905: 23891:Berlin 23834: 23826: 23816: 23785: 23777: 23767: 23735: 23727: 23717: 23685: 23677: 23667: 23638: 23630: 23593: 23585: 23575: 23543: 23535: 23525: 23503: 23495: 23485: 23450: 23442: 23395: 23387: 23377: 23356: 23348: 23338: 23317: 23309: 23299: 23285:Berlin 23263: 23255: 23187: 23179: 23169: 23145: 23137: 23127: 23095: 23087: 23077: 23045: 23037: 23027: 22988: 22980: 22970: 22946: 22936: 22904: 22896: 22886: 22862: 22854: 22844: 22793: 22785: 22775: 22738: 22730: 22720: 22681: 22673: 22663: 22620: 22610: 22346: 22338: 22330: 22260: 22183: 22148: 22113: 22077: 22067: 22036: 21989: 21981: 21889: 21881: 21838: 21811: 21757: 21599: 21591: 21583: 21534: 21484: 21474: 21421: 21411: 21325: 21317: 21268: 21204: 21142: 21107: 21064: 21054: 20963: 20955: 20907: 20899: 20813: 20805: 20743: 20735: 20727: 20709: 20641: 20597: 20587: 20548: 20538: 20489: 20481: 20471: 20432: 20422: 20314: 20288:Nature 20271: 20228: 20188: 20180: 20128: 20120: 20071: 20061: 20053: 20004: 19961: 19923: 19915: 19867: 19859: 19799: 19791: 19745: 19735: 19671: 19633: 19625: 19617: 19564: 19556: 19530:Nature 19513: 19505: 19497: 19471:Nature 19379: 19371: 19363: 19337:Nature 19294: 19286: 19218: 19210: 19202: 19194: 19144: 19136: 19092: 19082: 19074: 19031: 19023: 19015: 18975: 18967: 18959: 18910: 18902: 18871: 18861: 18822: 18814: 18758: 18697: 18687: 18679: 18618: 18610: 18602: 18576:Nature 18548: 18540: 18532: 18506:Nature 18467: 18459: 18394: 18386: 18372:Nature 18341: 18333: 18325: 18274: 18242: 18234: 18226: 18152: 18144: 18116:Nature 18085: 17987: 17964: 17954: 17946: 17884: 17865:Condor 17836: 17828: 17820: 17785: 17775: 17767: 17726: 17718: 17692:Nature 17675: 17667: 17611: 17603: 17595: 17528: 17443: 17435: 17391: 17348: 17338: 17330: 17237: 17229: 17159: 17010: 16969: 16937:, and 16920: 16855: 16851:, 16829: 16821: 16795:Nature 16748: 16744:, 16729: 16721: 16695:Nature 16684: 16642: 16634: 16624: 16579: 16489: 16479: 16388: 16347: 16306: 16298: 16255: 16211: 16201: 16193: 16132: 16124: 16068: 16009: 16001: 15993: 15941: 15931: 15923: 15862: 15854: 15808: 15800: 15792: 15742: 15734: 15671: 15663: 15655: 15542: 15534: 15508:Nature 15491: 15481: 15473: 15424: 15416: 15348: 15338: 15330: 15263: 15255: 15247: 15192: 15184: 15176: 15125: 15115: 15107: 15068: 15058: 15009: 15001: 14993: 14967:Nature 14947: 14937: 14881: 14873: 14865: 14815: 14807: 14755: 14737:Ottawa 14710: 14702: 14674:(24). 14634: 14624: 14616: 14546: 14536: 14528: 14485: 14477: 14469: 14426: 14418: 14410: 14384:Nature 14348: 14278: 14270: 14252:Lisbon 14250:(15). 14221: 14213: 14166: 14095:May 6, 14080: 14072: 14054:Warsaw 14008: 14000: 13992: 13950: 13904: 13840: 13832: 13778: 13770: 13762: 13736:Nature 13651: 13613: 13605: 13567:May 5, 13552: 13544: 13498: 13490: 13443: 13435: 13390: 13308: 13298: 13249: 13239: 13231: 13166: 13118: 13069: 13061: 13043: 12950: 12940: 12932: 12854: 12846: 12770: 12721: 12711: 12703: 12630: 12620: 12612: 12543:, and 12489: 12430: 12356: 12348: 12340: 12297: 12287: 12279: 12249:(11). 12161: 12131: 12123: 12115: 12035: 12027: 12019: 11954: 11944: 11936: 11887: 11877: 11869: 11828: 11818: 11769: 11726: 11678: 11670: 11644:Nature 11604: 11596: 11508: 11460: 11450: 11442: 11412:(63). 11387: 11377: 11330: 11322: 11314: 11288:Nature 11252: 11196: 11188: 11142: 11132: 11093: 11083: 11075: 11026: 11016: 10967: 10957: 10949: 10896: 10886: 10847: 10839: 10802: 10794: 10747: 10739: 10688: 10639: 10631: 10623: 10566: 10531: 10523: 10505:Nature 10488: 10438: 10430: 10404:Nature 10374: 10306: 10298: 10263: 10253: 10214: 10204: 10157: 10094: 10086: 10060:Nature 10036: 9987: 9977: 9873: 9823: 9813: 9736: 9640: 9630: 9591: 9536: 9500: 9473: 9424: 9372: 9362: 9309: 9283:Nature 9260: 9252: 9219: 9174: 9153:910635 9151: 9077: 9001:δεινός 8928:σαύρος 8924:δεινός 8880:107739 8878: 8870: 8797: 8789: 8736: 8533: 8525: 8420: 8412: 8334: 8326: 8277: 8172: 8164: 8089: 8029: 8021: 7918: 7908: 7900: 7855: 7795: 7785: 7777: 7747:(37). 7715: 7705: 7666: 7656: 7565: 7557: 7549: 7518:Nature 7483: 7378: 7370: 7362: 7262: 7172: 7162: 7121: 7113: 7063: 7055: 7004: 6996: 6717:London 6492:Mexico 6488:crater 6476:bolide 6436:Gubbio 6363:-like 6230:carpal 6171:scutes 6064:theory 6015:cloaca 5959:of an 5728:marrow 5684:plover 5613:syrinx 5609:larynx 5529:, and 5269:, and 4998:Berlin 4930:recent 4908: 4906: 4892: 4890: 4876: 4874: 4860: 4858: 4844: 4842: 4837:clades 4404:, and 3726:, and 3514:sterna 3066:scutes 2867:ἰσχίον 2853:σαῦρος 2846:sauros 2837:pelvic 2730:Eocene 2663:, and 2657:snakes 2564:, and 2538:Africa 2532:, and 2487:, and 2412:stages 2405:Norian 2279:, and 2217:'s 2206:, and 2086:, and 1965:biotas 1590:σαῦρος 1581:δεινός 1515:Witney 1435:giants 1431:Europe 1389:dragon 1323:sacrum 1236:fibula 1204:Radius 1122:, had 1058:, and 987:et al. 877:Under 837:spines 782:extant 778:genera 719:fossil 691:period 437:, 1842 27887:91968 27874:90215 27835:18683 27737:Texts 27686:Media 27585:Asian 27572:Birds 27526:Asian 26559:swans 26521:ducks 26491:fowls 26286:Lists 25910:Brain 25875:class 25871:Birds 25739:birds 24898:Clade 24692:(PDF) 24681:S2CID 24637:(PDF) 23929:S2CID 23859:[ 22618:S2CID 22344:S2CID 22075:S2CID 22034:S2CID 21987:S2CID 21887:S2CID 21836:JSTOR 21766:(PDF) 21755:S2CID 21727:(PDF) 21597:S2CID 21532:S2CID 21504:(PDF) 21323:S2CID 21266:S2CID 21213:(PDF) 21172:(PDF) 21105:S2CID 20961:S2CID 20811:S2CID 20752:(PDF) 20741:S2CID 20687:(PDF) 20639:S2CID 20487:S2CID 20334:(PDF) 20312:S2CID 20269:S2CID 20186:S2CID 20126:S2CID 19959:JSTOR 19921:S2CID 19865:S2CID 19797:S2CID 19680:(PDF) 19653:(PDF) 19631:S2CID 19562:S2CID 19511:S2CID 19467:(PDF) 19377:S2CID 19216:S2CID 19200:JSTOR 19142:JSTOR 19029:S2CID 18973:S2CID 18896:Siena 18820:S2CID 18756:S2CID 18627:(PDF) 18616:S2CID 18572:(PDF) 18546:S2CID 18502:(PDF) 18476:(PDF) 18465:S2CID 18421:(PDF) 18392:S2CID 18339:S2CID 18331:JSTOR 18240:S2CID 18196:(PDF) 18150:S2CID 18094:(PDF) 18075:(PDF) 17893:(PDF) 17882:JSTOR 17860:(PDF) 17834:S2CID 17826:JSTOR 17724:S2CID 17620:(PDF) 17609:S2CID 17571:(PDF) 17463:(PDF) 17441:S2CID 17280:(PDF) 17257:(PDF) 17235:S2CID 17157:JSTOR 17110:(PDF) 17032:(PDF) 17008:S2CID 16967:S2CID 16918:S2CID 16898:(PDF) 16878:with 16838:(PDF) 16827:S2CID 16791:(PDF) 16771:with 16727:S2CID 16682:S2CID 16640:S2CID 16604:PeerJ 16577:S2CID 16557:(PDF) 16524:(PDF) 16509:(PDF) 16459:PeerJ 16304:S2CID 16253:S2CID 16130:S2CID 16077:(PDF) 16036:(PDF) 16018:(PDF) 16007:S2CID 15965:(PDF) 15860:S2CID 15806:S2CID 15751:(PDF) 15740:S2CID 15698:(PDF) 15680:(PDF) 15669:S2CID 15625:(PDF) 15540:S2CID 15422:S2CID 15357:(PDF) 15306:(PDF) 15272:(PDF) 15261:S2CID 15253:JSTOR 15227:(2). 15215:(PDF) 15190:S2CID 15007:S2CID 14890:(PDF) 14879:S2CID 14835:(PDF) 14813:S2CID 14735:(8). 14643:(PDF) 14584:(PDF) 14483:S2CID 14424:S2CID 14357:(PDF) 14334:(PDF) 14287:(PDF) 14276:S2CID 14244:(PDF) 14219:S2CID 14193:(1). 14114:19–20 14089:(PDF) 14078:S2CID 14052:(4). 14040:(PDF) 14006:S2CID 13970:(PDF) 13838:S2CID 13776:S2CID 13639:(2). 13611:S2CID 13561:(PDF) 13550:S2CID 13522:(PDF) 13496:S2CID 13441:S2CID 13388:S2CID 13368:(PDF) 13282:(4). 13127:(PDF) 13104:(PDF) 13078:(PDF) 13067:S2CID 13021:(PDF) 12852:JSTOR 12587:PeerJ 12469:(2). 12410:(PDF) 12354:S2CID 12129:S2CID 12044:(PDF) 12033:S2CID 11981:(PDF) 11767:S2CID 11676:S2CID 11613:(PDF) 11414:Sofia 11328:S2CID 11261:(PDF) 11220:(PDF) 11194:S2CID 10800:S2CID 10745:S2CID 10686:S2CID 10637:S2CID 10529:S2CID 10447:(PDF) 10436:S2CID 10400:(PDF) 10372:S2CID 10304:S2CID 10092:S2CID 10056:(PDF) 10034:S2CID 9843:(PDF) 9734:S2CID 9589:S2CID 9471:S2CID 9422:S2CID 9307:S2CID 9217:S2CID 9149:S2CID 9086:(PDF) 9063:(PDF) 9031:ix–xi 8876:JSTOR 8806:(PDF) 8795:S2CID 8669:(PDF) 8654:(PDF) 8531:S2CID 8497:(6). 8485:(PDF) 8418:S2CID 8332:S2CID 8245:(7). 8170:S2CID 8061:(2). 8027:S2CID 7823:(1). 7636:PeerJ 7563:S2CID 7376:S2CID 7332:(1). 7061:S2CID 7002:S2CID 6898:class 6877:Notes 6748:' 6741:media 6353:India 6254:ilium 6226:wrist 4771:feces 2841:Greek 2556:. In 2519:cheek 2389:basal 2003:crops 1957:Jehol 1577: 1507:tooth 1491:Titan 1469:near 1429:. 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24026:OCLC 24018:LCCN 24010:ISSN 23993:2019 23982:OCLC 23974:LCCN 23964:ISBN 23940:2019 23921:OCLC 23913:LCCN 23903:ISBN 23873:2019 23843:2019 23832:OCLC 23824:LCCN 23814:ISBN 23794:2019 23783:OCLC 23775:LCCN 23765:ISBN 23744:2019 23733:OCLC 23725:LCCN 23715:ISBN 23683:OCLC 23675:LCCN 23665:ISBN 23636:OCLC 23628:LCCN 23602:2019 23591:OCLC 23583:LCCN 23573:ISBN 23552:2019 23541:OCLC 23533:LCCN 23523:ISBN 23501:OCLC 23493:LCCN 23483:ISBN 23459:2019 23448:OCLC 23440:ISSN 23404:2019 23393:OCLC 23385:LCCN 23375:ISBN 23354:OCLC 23346:LCCN 23336:ISBN 23315:OCLC 23307:LCCN 23297:ISBN 23261:OCLC 23253:ISSN 23221:2019 23196:2019 23177:LCCN 23167:ISBN 23143:OCLC 23135:LCCN 23125:ISBN 23093:OCLC 23085:LCCN 23075:ISBN 23054:2019 23043:OCLC 23035:LCCN 23025:ISBN 22986:OCLC 22978:LCCN 22968:ISBN 22955:2019 22944:OCLC 22934:ISBN 22902:OCLC 22894:LCCN 22884:ISBN 22860:OCLC 22852:LCCN 22842:ISBN 22802:2019 22791:OCLC 22783:LCCN 22773:ISBN 22747:2019 22736:OCLC 22728:LCCN 22718:ISBN 22690:2019 22679:OCLC 22671:LCCN 22661:ISBN 22608:ISBN 22512:2019 22336:PMID 22328:ISSN 22258:ISSN 22181:ISBN 22146:PMID 22111:PMID 22065:ISBN 21979:PMID 21918:2021 21879:PMID 21809:ISSN 21589:PMID 21581:OSTI 21482:PMID 21419:PMID 21315:PMID 21221:2011 21202:ISSN 21140:ISBN 21062:PMID 20953:PMID 20905:PMID 20897:ISSN 20803:PMID 20760:2019 20733:PMID 20725:ISSN 20595:PMID 20546:PMID 20479:PMID 20430:PMID 20226:ISSN 20178:PMID 20118:PMID 20069:PMID 20051:ISSN 20002:PMID 19913:ISSN 19857:PMID 19789:PMID 19743:PMID 19688:2019 19669:ISSN 19623:PMID 19615:ISSN 19554:ISSN 19503:PMID 19495:ISSN 19449:2019 19415:2019 19369:PMID 19361:ISSN 19322:2019 19292:PMID 19284:ISSN 19208:PMID 19192:ISSN 19134:ISSN 19090:PMID 19072:ISSN 19021:PMID 19013:ISSN 18965:PMID 18957:ISSN 18908:PMID 18900:ISSN 18869:PMID 18812:PMID 18695:PMID 18677:ISSN 18635:2019 18608:PMID 18600:ISSN 18538:PMID 18530:ISSN 18484:2016 18457:PMID 18403:2019 18384:ISSN 18350:2019 18323:ISSN 18272:ISSN 18232:PMID 18224:ISSN 18171:1–55 18142:ISSN 18083:ISSN 18039:2019 17985:ISBN 17962:PMID 17944:ISSN 17901:2019 17818:ISSN 17783:PMID 17765:ISSN 17716:ISSN 17673:PMID 17665:ISSN 17628:2019 17601:PMID 17593:ISSN 17526:PMID 17433:PMID 17389:PMID 17346:PMID 17328:ISSN 17227:PMID 16853:PMID 16819:PMID 16746:PMID 16719:PMID 16632:PMID 16487:PMID 16386:PMID 16345:PMID 16296:PMID 16209:PMID 16191:ISSN 16122:PMID 16066:ISSN 15999:PMID 15991:ISSN 15939:PMID 15921:ISSN 15876:2019 15852:PMID 15798:PMID 15790:ISSN 15759:2019 15732:ISSN 15661:PMID 15653:ISSN 15584:2019 15532:ISSN 15489:PMID 15471:ISSN 15414:ISSN 15365:2019 15346:PMID 15328:ISSN 15280:2019 15245:ISSN 15182:PMID 15174:ISSN 15123:PMID 15105:ISSN 15066:PMID 14999:PMID 14991:ISSN 14945:PMID 14898:2019 14871:PMID 14863:ISSN 14805:ISSN 14753:ISSN 14708:PMID 14700:ISSN 14651:2019 14632:PMID 14614:ISSN 14544:PMID 14526:ISSN 14475:PMID 14467:ISSN 14416:PMID 14408:ISSN 14346:ISSN 14313:2007 14268:ISSN 14211:ISSN 14164:ISSN 14097:2011 14070:ISSN 13998:PMID 13990:ISSN 13948:ISSN 13902:ISSN 13870:and 13830:ISSN 13768:PMID 13760:ISSN 13710:2019 13649:ISSN 13603:ISSN 13569:2011 13542:ISSN 13488:ISSN 13433:ISSN 13317:2019 13306:ISSN 13247:PMID 13229:ISSN 13180:2019 13164:OCLC 13135:2019 13116:OCLC 13059:ISSN 12948:PMID 12930:ISSN 12890:2007 12844:ISSN 12768:ISSN 12719:PMID 12701:ISSN 12658:2022 12628:PMID 12610:ISSN 12498:2019 12487:ISSN 12439:2019 12428:ISSN 12346:PMID 12338:ISSN 12295:PMID 12277:ISSN 12255:PLOS 12170:2018 12159:ISSN 12121:PMID 12113:ISSN 12052:2019 12025:PMID 12017:ISSN 11952:PMID 11934:ISSN 11885:PMID 11867:ISSN 11826:PMID 11724:ISSN 11668:ISSN 11621:2019 11602:PMID 11594:ISSN 11506:ISSN 11458:PMID 11440:ISSN 11385:PMID 11320:PMID 11312:ISSN 11269:2007 11250:ISSN 11186:ISSN 11140:PMID 11091:PMID 11073:ISSN 11024:PMID 10965:PMID 10947:ISSN 10894:PMID 10845:PMID 10837:ISSN 10820:Bone 10792:PMID 10737:PMID 10629:PMID 10621:ISSN 10564:PMID 10521:PMID 10486:PMID 10428:ISSN 10296:PMID 10261:PMID 10212:PMID 10155:PMID 10084:PMID 9985:PMID 9871:PMID 9821:PMID 9638:PMID 9550:2016 9534:ISSN 9498:ISBN 9370:PMID 9258:OCLC 9250:ISSN 9172:ISBN 9094:2019 9075:ISSN 8995:2019 8982:and 8955:2019 8914:, p. 8868:ISSN 8814:2019 8787:ISSN 8734:ISSN 8677:2019 8608:3–11 8576:2019 8523:ISSN 8429:2019 8410:ISSN 8368:2019 8324:ISSN 8275:ISSN 8218:2019 8162:ISSN 8136:2011 8087:ISSN 8019:ISSN 7955:2021 7916:PMID 7898:ISSN 7853:ISSN 7793:PMID 7775:ISSN 7713:PMID 7664:PMID 7555:PMID 7547:ISSN 7497:2019 7481:ISSN 7418:2019 7368:PMID 7360:ISSN 7260:ISBN 7236:2023 7205:2023 7170:PMID 7119:PMID 7111:ISSN 7053:ISSN 6994:ISSN 6787:film 6737:film 6579:and 6530:Soot 6524:and 6462:The 6446:The 6428:Luis 6373:reef 6294:and 6200:and 6136:and 6092:and 5998:urea 5849:and 5753:and 5652:and 5588:whip 5586:via 5438:and 5331:and 5279:and 5242:and 5021:and 5007:and 4934:mode 4821:Size 2829:taxa 2631:and 2558:Asia 2548:and 2499:and 2370:and 2362:and 2330:and 2316:and 2300:and 2233:and 2188:and 2159:and 2046:and 1994:and 1902:and 1700:and 1669:marl 1603:and 1399:華陽國志 1230:and 1187:axis 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