53:
31:
359:
of marker genes. Although recombination can occur infrequently within assemblages, Xu et al. found that recombination between individuals from different assemblages is very rare. They suggested that the assemblages are genetically isolated lineages, and thus could be viewed as separated
322:
for infrequent meiotic recombination, indicative of sexual reproduction between individuals. Lasek-Nesselquist et al. also detected molecular signatures consistent with meiotic sex. The possibility of sexual reproduction is still debated.
703:
Poxleitner MK, Carpenter ML, Mancuso JJ, Wang CJ, Dawson SC, Cande WZ (March 2008). "Evidence for karyogamy and exchange of genetic material in the binucleate intestinal parasite
Giardia intestinalis".
456:
Tovar J, León-Avila G, Sánchez LB, Sutak R, Tachezy J, van der Giezen M, et al. (November 2003). "Mitochondrial remnant organelles of
Giardia function in iron-sulphur protein maturation".
386:
2324:
2314:
2371:
2361:
2258:
1517:
1209:
1199:
2366:
2336:
2060:
2018:
1832:
1805:
1113:
2263:
2055:
1837:
1721:
1502:
1466:
1293:
1204:
2341:
2273:
2268:
1960:
1635:
1625:
1584:
1579:
1447:
1442:
1413:
108:
2356:
2304:
2291:
2253:
2248:
2172:
2050:
2045:
1965:
1656:
1615:
2522:
2299:
1762:
1512:
1492:
1471:
1418:
1145:
1001:
2116:
2040:
1610:
1605:
1497:
1353:
1251:
1246:
2548:
2177:
2167:
1736:
1283:
1006:
135:
116:
2201:
2184:
2162:
1731:
195:
1842:
1271:
125:
1288:
2496:
2535:
245:, each with four associated flagella, arranged symmetrically about the body's main axis. Like the retortamonads, they lack both
412:
2540:
656:"'Meiotic genes' are constitutively expressed in an asexual amoeba and are not necessarily involved in sexual reproduction"
814:
847:
509:"A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis"
2553:
842:
757:"Genome-wide analyses of recombination suggest that Giardia intestinalis assemblages represent different species"
926:
916:
899:
52:
2457:
318:
is capable of meiosis and thus sexual reproduction. Furthermore, Cooper et al. found direct evidence in
338:
2448:
931:
2410:
807:
262:
310:
to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual
894:
2566:
2527:
2589:
2483:
713:
465:
333:
that are inherited independently during mitosis. In the giardial cyst these nuclei fuse (
8:
2594:
2206:
266:
717:
469:
911:
889:
877:
852:
737:
680:
655:
636:
587:
538:
489:
356:
342:
282:
222:
47:
2561:
2470:
2462:
1298:
921:
884:
872:
862:
800:
778:
741:
729:
685:
628:
623:
606:
579:
530:
481:
416:
640:
591:
542:
2475:
2189:
2134:
1541:
1053:
836:
768:
721:
675:
667:
618:
569:
520:
493:
473:
2346:
2196:
2126:
1920:
1536:
1045:
438:
250:
39:
653:
253:. However, they are now known to possess modified mitochondria, in the case of
2331:
2242:
1952:
1907:
1784:
1772:
1741:
1261:
1241:
1166:
867:
574:
557:
525:
508:
2583:
2433:
2139:
2007:
1898:
1815:
1430:
1370:
1221:
1194:
1076:
246:
773:
756:
725:
2211:
1998:
1711:
1408:
1365:
1360:
1011:
986:
782:
733:
689:
671:
632:
583:
534:
485:
330:
242:
235:
186:
654:
Maciver SK, Koutsogiannis Z, de Obeso Fernández Del Valle A (March 2019).
265:
synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are involved in the maturation of
2509:
2442:
2227:
2094:
1889:
1827:
1706:
1403:
1386:
1342:
1333:
991:
605:
Lasek-Nesselquist E, Welch DM, Thompson RC, Steuart RF, Sogin ML (2009).
169:
477:
1822:
1395:
1323:
1278:
1087:
607:"Genetic exchange within and between assemblages of Giardia duodenalis"
227:
217:
142:
2514:
2104:
2081:
2028:
1988:
1795:
1682:
1675:
1561:
1529:
1234:
996:
604:
346:
334:
311:
231:
159:
84:
64:
2404:
558:"Population genetics provides evidence for recombination in Giardia"
2501:
2427:
2035:
1915:
1875:
1524:
1229:
1036:
978:
906:
823:
258:
177:
74:
355:
is divided into eight assemblages based on host specificities and
30:
969:
948:
366:
362:
299:
295:
150:
754:
702:
2488:
393:. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information
556:
Cooper MA, Adam RD, Worobey M, Sterling CR (November 2007).
792:
455:
755:
Xu F, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Andersson JO (October 2012).
272:
555:
303:
234:, and appear to be particularly close relatives of the
506:
241:Most diplomonads are double cells: they have two
2581:
1103:
507:Ramesh MA, Malik SB, Logsdon JM (January 2005).
1044:
294:) was once considered to be a descendant of a
1951:
1906:
808:
349:may primarily function to repair DNA damage.
220:, most of which are parasitic. They include
2006:
1897:
748:
1997:
1944:
696:
598:
549:
500:
1341:
815:
801:
29:
772:
679:
622:
573:
524:
2079:
1035:
977:
298:lineage that predated the emergence of
216:(Greek for "two units") are a group of
2582:
968:
611:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
230:in humans. They are placed among the
2409:
2408:
796:
345:. The recombination associated with
329:contains two functionally equivalent
16:Group of mostly parasitic flagellates
431:
415:. Oxford Dictionary. Archived from
13:
101:Families, subfamilies, and genera
14:
2606:
624:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00443.x
314:. These results suggested that
273:Possible sexual reproduction in
51:
761:Molecular Biology and Evolution
280:The common intestinal parasite
647:
449:
405:
379:
306:. However, researchers found
1:
372:
822:
341:facilitated by meiosis gene
7:
10:
2611:
2417:
2284:
2235:
2226:
2150:
2125:
2112:
2103:
2090:
2075:
1986:
1937:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1783:
1752:
1699:
1692:
1667:
1646:
1595:
1569:
1560:
1482:
1456:
1438:
1429:
1394:
1385:
1332:
1321:
1220:
1184:
1177:
1156:
1135:
1128:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1028:
961:
957:
946:
830:
575:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.020
526:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003
439:"CDC - DPDx - Giardiasis"
261:. These are not used in
105:
100:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
339:homologous recombination
726:10.1126/science.1153752
672:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0871
774:10.1093/molbev/mss107
419:on September 26, 2016
2325:Spirotrichonymphidae
2321:Spirotrichonymphida
267:iron-sulfur proteins
2315:Hypotrichomonadidae
2311:Hypotrichomonadida
718:2008Sci...319.1530P
478:10.1038/nature01945
470:2003Natur.426..172T
2372:Tritrichomonadidae
2362:Monocercomonadidae
2353:Tritrichomonadida
2259:Spirotrichosomidae
1518:Trypanoplasmatidae
1483:Metakinetoplastina
1463:Prokinetoplastida
1210:Psalteriomonadidae
1200:Paravahlkampfiidae
357:genetic divergence
353:Giardia duodenalis
327:Giardia duodenalis
320:Giardia duodenalis
316:Giardia duodenalis
283:Giardia duodenalis
223:Giardia duodenalis
2577:
2576:
2562:Open Tree of Life
2411:Taxon identifiers
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2367:Simplicimonadidae
2337:Honigbergiellidae
2222:
2221:
2140:Carpediemonadidae
2071:
2070:
2061:Streblomastigidae
2019:Paratrimastigidae
2015:Paratrimastigida
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1833:Euglenamorphaceae
1806:Euglenomonadaceae
1802:Euglenomonadales
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1457:Prokinetoplastina
1381:
1380:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1299:Stephanopogonidae
1167:Neovahlkampfiidae
1163:Neovahlkampfiida
1124:
1123:
1114:Pharyngomonadidae
1110:Pharyngomonadida
1104:Pharyngomonadidea
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
251:Golgi apparatuses
210:
209:
200:
191:
182:
173:
164:
155:
146:
139:
130:
121:
112:
2602:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2517:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2406:
2405:
2264:Staurojoeninidae
2233:
2232:
2212:Retortamonadidae
2135:Carpediemonadida
2110:
2109:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2056:Saccinobaculidae
2004:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1838:Euglenocapsaceae
1722:Heteronemataceae
1718:Heteronematales
1697:
1696:
1567:
1566:
1542:Trypanosomatidae
1503:Rhynchomonadidae
1467:Ichthyobodonidae
1436:
1435:
1392:
1391:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1294:Percolomonadidae
1205:Plaesiobystridae
1182:
1181:
1133:
1132:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1082:
1054:Tsukubamonadidae
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
975:
974:
966:
965:
959:
958:
955:
954:
859:
839:
817:
810:
803:
794:
793:
787:
786:
776:
752:
746:
745:
712:(5869): 1530–3.
700:
694:
693:
683:
651:
645:
644:
626:
602:
596:
595:
577:
553:
547:
546:
528:
504:
498:
497:
453:
447:
446:
445:. 22 April 2021.
435:
429:
428:
426:
424:
409:
403:
402:
400:
398:
383:
199:
190:
181:
172:
163:
154:
145:
138:
129:
120:
111:
56:
55:
33:
21:
20:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2413:
2403:
2378:
2347:Trichomonadidae
2342:Tricercomitidae
2296:Cristamonadida
2280:
2274:Trichonymphidae
2269:Teratonymphidae
2218:
2207:Chilomastigidae
2197:Retortamonadida
2146:
2127:Carpediemonadea
2121:
2099:
2084:
2067:
1991:
1970:
1961:Ancyromonadidae
1925:
1921:Malawimonadidae
1878:
1849:
1779:
1748:
1688:
1663:
1642:
1636:Sphenomonadidae
1626:Sphenomonadidae
1591:
1585:Sphenomonadidae
1580:Petalomonadidae
1576:Petalomonadida
1548:
1537:Trypanosomatida
1478:
1452:
1448:Trypanophididae
1443:Bordnamonadidae
1425:
1414:Eupelagonemidae
1377:
1326:
1305:
1279:Percolomonadida
1216:
1173:
1157:Neovahlkampfiea
1152:
1120:
1090:
1079:
1058:
1046:Tsukubamonadida
1016:
951:
942:
941:
857:
835:
826:
821:
791:
790:
753:
749:
701:
697:
666:(3): 20180871.
660:Biology Letters
652:
648:
603:
599:
562:Current Biology
554:
550:
513:Current Biology
505:
501:
464:(6963): 172–6.
454:
450:
437:
436:
432:
422:
420:
411:
410:
406:
396:
394:
387:"Diplomonadida"
385:
384:
380:
375:
292:G. intestinalis
288:Giardia lamblia
278:
226:, which causes
109:Enteromonadidae
50:
40:Giardia lamblia
17:
12:
11:
5:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2439:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:Dientamoebidae
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2332:Trichomonadida
2329:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:Devescovinidae
2302:
2294:
2292:Hexamastigidae
2288:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Hoplonymphidae
2251:
2249:Burmanymphidae
2243:Trichonymphida
2239:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:Caviomonadidae
2194:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2173:Spironucleidae
2170:
2165:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2095:Anaeramoebidae
2091:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:Pyrsonymphidae
2048:
2046:Polymastigidae
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1966:Planomonadidae
1963:
1957:
1955:
1953:Ancyromonadida
1946:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1908:Malawimonadida
1901:
1892:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1785:Euglenophyceae
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1773:Peranemataceae
1767:
1766:
1765:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:Neometanemidae
1739:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1657:Entosiphonidae
1653:Entosiphonida
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1622:Heterostavida
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:Lentomonadidae
1613:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1262:Vahlkampfiidae
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1097:Pharyngomonada
1091:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
983:
981:
972:
963:
952:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
932:Mesomycetozoea
929:
924:
914:
904:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
881:
880:
868:Diaphoretickes
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
832:
831:
828:
827:
820:
819:
812:
805:
797:
789:
788:
767:(10): 2895–8.
747:
695:
646:
597:
568:(22): 1984–8.
548:
499:
448:
430:
404:
377:
376:
374:
371:
337:) and undergo
277:
271:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
192:
183:
167:
166:
165:
156:
133:
132:
131:
122:
103:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2607:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:Diplomonadida
2459:
2455:
2450:
2449:Diplomonadida
2444:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2419:Diplomonadida
2416:
2412:
2407:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Calonymphidae
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:Trichomonadea
2283:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:Trichonymphea
2234:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:Diplomonadida
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:Trimastigidae
2027:
2026:
2025:Trimastigida
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2008:Anaeromonadea
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Malawimonadea
1896:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:Eutreptiaceae
1814:
1813:
1812:Eutreptiales
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:Peranematida
1768:
1764:
1763:Teloproctidae
1761:
1760:
1759:Acroglissida
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:Natomonadida
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:Petalomonadea
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:Parabodonidae
1511:
1510:
1509:Parabodonida
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:Allobodonidae
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1472:Perkinselidae
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Kinetoplastea
1428:
1420:
1419:Hemistasiidae
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1371:Postgaardidae
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1222:Heterolobosea
1219:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Gruberellidae
1193:
1192:
1191:Lyromonadida
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1146:Selenaionidae
1144:
1143:
1142:Selenaionida
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:Discicristata
1073:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:Tsukubamonada
1027:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Moramonadidae
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
980:
976:
973:
971:
967:
964:
960:
956:
953:
950:
945:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
901:
898:
896:
895:Stramenopiles
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:(major groups
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
838:
834:
833:
829:
825:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
799:
798:
795:
784:
780:
775:
770:
766:
762:
758:
751:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
620:
617:(6): 504–18.
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
519:(2): 185–91.
518:
514:
510:
503:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
444:
440:
434:
418:
414:
408:
392:
391:NCBI taxonomy
388:
382:
378:
370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:G. duodenalis
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:G. duodenalis
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
236:retortamonads
233:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
198:
197:
193:
189:
188:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
171:
168:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
128:
127:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
104:
99:
96:
95:Diplomonadida
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2418:
2157:
2117:Kipferliidae
2041:Oxymonadidae
1999:Anaeromonada
1945:Planomonadea
1712:Anisonemidae
1681:
1674:
1647:Entosiphonea
1611:Keelungiidae
1606:Decastavidae
1602:Decastavida
1498:Neobodonidae
1489:Neobodonida
1409:Diplonemidae
1366:Calkinsiidae
1361:Postgaardida
1354:Bihospitidae
1350:Bihospitida
1258:Tetramitida
1252:Naegleriidae
1247:Tulamoebidae
1178:Eutetramitia
1012:Stygiellidae
987:Andaluciidae
917:Opisthokonta
764:
760:
750:
709:
705:
698:
663:
659:
649:
614:
610:
600:
565:
561:
551:
516:
512:
502:
461:
457:
451:
442:
433:
421:. Retrieved
417:the original
407:
395:. Retrieved
390:
381:
361:
352:
351:
326:
325:
319:
315:
307:
291:
287:
281:
279:
274:
254:
247:mitochondria
240:
221:
213:
211:
194:
187:Spironucleus
185:
176:
158:
149:
124:
115:
94:
71:(unranked):
38:
18:
2590:Flagellates
2510:iNaturalist
2443:Wikispecies
2228:Parabasalia
2190:Dysnectidae
2178:Hexamitidae
2168:Octomitidae
2151:Eopharyngia
2036:Oxymonadida
1938:Planomonada
1828:Euglenaceae
1737:Distigmidae
1707:Anisonemida
1632:Ploeotiida
1404:Diplonemida
1387:Glycomonada
1343:Postgaardea
1334:Postgaardia
1284:Barbeliidae
1242:Naegleriida
1185:Lyromonadea
1007:Ophirinidae
992:Histionidae
443:www.cdc.gov
397:18 February
218:flagellates
214:diplomonads
170:Hexamitinae
136:Hexamitidae
117:Enteromonas
24:Diplomonad
2595:Metamonads
2584:Categories
2185:Dysnectida
2163:Giardiidae
1989:Metamonada
1823:Euglenales
1732:Astasiidae
1700:Anisonemea
1396:Diplonemea
1324:Euglenozoa
1129:Tetramitia
1088:Percolozoa
423:16 October
373:References
312:eukaryotes
286:(synonyms
232:metamonads
228:giardiasis
196:Trepomonas
143:Giardiinae
85:Metamonada
2105:Fornicata
2082:Trichozoa
1843:Phacaceae
1796:Rapazidae
1792:Rapazida
1753:Peranemea
1693:Spirocuta
1562:Euglenida
1530:Bodonidae
1272:Creneidae
1268:Creneida
1235:Acrasidae
997:Jakobidae
912:Amoebozoa
890:Alveolata
878:Cryptista
853:Eukaryota
742:206510785
347:karyogamy
335:karyogamy
259:mitosomes
257:, called
160:Octomitus
65:Eukaryota
2428:Wikidata
1916:Imasidae
1890:Neolouka
1876:Loukozoa
1676:Hemiolia
1596:Alistosa
1525:Bodonida
1230:Acrasida
1037:Tsukubea
979:Jakobida
962:Jakobida
907:Amorphea
885:Rhizaria
873:Hacrobia
863:Excavata
848:Bacteria
824:Excavata
783:22474166
734:18339940
690:30836881
641:24848706
633:19883439
592:15991722
584:17980591
543:17013247
535:15668177
486:14614504
343:homologs
178:Hexamita
126:Trimitus
81:Phylum:
75:Excavata
61:Domain:
2434:Q136575
1683:Liburna
1668:Karavia
1289:Lulidae
1136:Lunosea
970:Jakobea
949:Discoba
922:Animals
843:Archaea
714:Bibcode
706:Science
681:6451372
494:4402808
466:Bibcode
413:"monad"
367:species
363:Giardia
300:meiosis
296:protist
275:Giardia
151:Giardia
91:Order:
2567:171546
2515:152400
900:Plants
837:Domain
781:
740:
732:
688:
678:
639:
631:
590:
582:
541:
533:
492:
484:
458:Nature
331:nuclei
243:nuclei
2541:43835
2528:10061
2523:IRMNG
2476:99CY6
927:Fungi
738:S2CID
637:S2CID
588:S2CID
539:S2CID
490:S2CID
2554:5738
2549:NCBI
2536:ITIS
2497:GBIF
2489:5000
779:PMID
730:PMID
686:PMID
629:PMID
580:PMID
531:PMID
482:PMID
425:2017
399:2019
302:and
249:and
212:The
2502:757
2484:EoL
2471:CoL
2458:AFD
769:doi
722:doi
710:319
676:PMC
668:doi
619:doi
570:doi
521:doi
474:doi
462:426
304:sex
263:ATP
2586::
2564::
2551::
2538::
2525::
2512::
2499::
2486::
2473::
2460::
2445::
2430::
777:.
765:29
763:.
759:.
736:.
728:.
720:.
708:.
684:.
674:.
664:15
662:.
658:.
635:.
627:.
615:56
613:.
609:.
586:.
578:.
566:17
564:.
560:.
537:.
529:.
517:15
515:.
511:.
488:.
480:.
472:.
460:.
441:.
389:.
369:.
290:,
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238:.
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771::
744:.
724::
716::
692:.
670::
643:.
621::
594:.
572::
545:.
523::
496:.
476::
468::
427:.
401:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
