Dirndl - Knowledge

1268: 1097:. He saw folk costume as a means of rejuvenating Austrian identity after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy during the First World War. Von Geramb was critical of the tracht associations for insisting rigidly on the historic designs, which were treated as a uniform of the association. He argued that, for folk costume to be a living tradition, it needed to express the individuality of the wearer; thus designs and materials needed to be adapted to contemporary culture and technology. Accordingly, he worked with commercial firms on finding material and designs that would allow the production of folk costume in large quantities. Consequently, Alpine tracht gained in general popularity and even spread to eastern Austria, where it had not been part of the traditional clothing culture. The dirndl was increasingly perceived as the Austrian national dress. 659: 1166: 797: 912: 707: 30: 779: 42: 1730:) discourages the name "dirndl". The official national dress of Liechtenstein features a black skirt and a white blouse with crocheted and bobbin laced necklines and sleeves. Bodices and aprons are made of silk; their traditional colour was red, but modern designs often substitute blue or green. As worn for national dress, the bodice is decorated with silver embroidery featuring a princely crown in the middle of the bodice. Accessories include a black wheel-shaped bonnet featuring silver embroidery, white lace gloves, white stockings and black shoes with a silver buckle. Other variations include floral 1522: 1343: 1221:(1895–1982). In 1938, she published dirndl designs by Gretel Karasek (1910–1992), which Pesendorfer described as "renewed costume". Pesendorfer claimed that Karasek made the following innovations from traditional designs: (1) the collar was removed, allowing display of décolletage; (2) long sleeves were replaced by puff sleeves; (3) the waist was emphasised with tighter lacing and buttons; and (4) the skirt was reduced to mid length. The overall effect accentuated the female form and especially the breasts. Pesendorfer described the new style as "de-catholicised" ( 1312: 1005: 72: 1441: 1019:

dirndl as a fashion resulted in a synthesis of tradition and high fashion: the dirndls worn by upper-class women took the basic design of the traditional dirndl but also used more fashionable materials such as silk, lace and expensive thread. The garment was made more closely fitted to emphasize the female body shape. The adoption of the dirndl by upper and middle classes raised the status of the traditional clothing; this in turn encouraged country people to value and continue wearing the traditional folk costumes.

230: 908:(1792–1815). In response to the humiliations of the repeated French invasions, the protagonists of German romanticism sought to strengthen their cultural heritage. The result was a flowering of research and artistic work centred around Germanic cultural traditions, expressed in painting, literature, architecture, music and promotion of German language and folklore. The promotion of folk costumes similarly strengthened national identity in a visible way, especially against French-inspired fashions. 356:) is worn under the bodice, and is cropped above the midriff. The blouse changes the overall effect of the dirndl particularly through the cut of its neckline. A deeply cut blouse combines with a deeply cut bodice to accentuate décolletage, whereas a blouse with a high neckline gives a more modest effect. In traditional designs, the blouse neckline is at the base of the throat. Other popular necklines are V-shaped, balconette or heart-shaped. Materials most often used are 880:. The Romantics defended the creative and spiritual autonomy of individuals and proclaimed their freedom from aesthetic norms and pretensions. Inwardness and subjective feeling found in romantic art their authentic expression... On the other side, political positions stood behind Romantic expressions: in contrast to the Enlightenment's ideology of global citizenship, the Romantics re-discovered the idea of the homeland and the value of the folk culture. Especially in 1653: 2154: 1327:. Simone Egger comments that the idea of wearing folk costume to Oktoberfest would previously have been considered "completely absurd, even embarrassing." Now the idea of wearing jeans to a Volksfest is unthinkable: folk costume is considered obligatory. In a study in 2004, Egger found that, from a sample group of those attending Oktoberfest, 50% were wearing tracht for the first time. She found that the enthusiasm for tracht clothing was increasing every year. 1355:

the Oktoberfest. Twenty years ago nobody there would dress in the traditional Bavarian costume. Now everybody does it and it doesn't seem either nationalistic or jingoistic. The Oktoberfest, with its enormous number of beer consumers, is a wonderful example of the new Germany that combines iconic tradition with open-mindedness. It brings people and peoples together more even than football. It is not nationalist – it is now a symbol of German hospitality.

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tracht designs, also uses the term "dirndl" for historical designs. A developing consensus is that a dirndl can be described as "tracht" when it has been traditionally worn by a distinct people group over a long period. This implies that a dress based on the design principles of Alpine tracht can also be called a "dirndl", even if it has a documented history of centuries as a folk costume. For example, the traditional blue polka-dotted dress of the

1078: 2126: 1246: 2140: 451: 226:(tracht clothing), including dirndls and lederhosen. She says: "In this category the designs in general keep to patterns which go back to the historical costume models; only the materials, skirt lengths and colour compositions change from season to season and correspond to the trends coming from centres of fashion." This distinction assumes that the term "dirndl" describes only clothing of more modern design. 976:) were founded throughout Germany and Austria. The tracht associations promoted research and wearing of the traditional clothing in each region. This helped preserve the traditions against modern fashions; in contrast, the wearing of the traditional tracht declined in regions where the tracht associations were not active. The first umbrella organisation for the tracht associations was founded in 1890. 1514: 413: 1227:); she said her goal was to free the costume of "overburdening by church, industrialization and fashionable cries" and "foreign influences" and to let the "rogue sub-culture" back again. However, Pesendorfer´s claims are questionable, since all the claimed innovations by Karasek were already present in the previous decades during which the dirndl evolved as a fashion. For instance, the painting " 424:, traditional dirndls often come in two forms: one for everyday occasions, the other for traditional festivals and formal wear. Dirndls worn in everyday use are rural domestic clothing, made from grey or coloured linen, sometimes with leather bodice and trim. Dirndls used on formal occasions are usually made with materials, designs, colours and embroidery specific to the region. 22: 343:) is full, with folds gathered in at the waist. Before the 1930s, it was separate from the bodice, but since then the two have been sewn to one another. Originally the skirt was long, but in more modern designs it is typically mid-length. There are also miniskirt versions. Traditionally, the skirt has a pocket on the side or in front, hidden under the apron. 1457:. Even when large events feature only a little folk culture, all participants take part with gusto. Good opportunities to see local people celebrating the traditional culture occur at the many fairs, wine festivals and firefighting festivals which fill weekends in the Austrian countryside from spring to autumn. Only in the region surrounding 1365:

meaning on one's body, naturally one transfigures and romanticizes life on the land, actually so difficult and often brutal. All this is typical of our time. From yoghurt to magazines with rural themes, one abandons oneself to the illusion of the good old times, in which the windowpanes can still keep out the cold wind of globalization.

503:. This headgear developed in the 17th century from a veil or headscarf and was worn by middle class urban women; later the custom spread to the countryside. The goldhaube is characterized by interwoven silk and golden threads, embroidered with lamé, gold and sequins. There are many regional varieties, including the 124:). It developed as the clothing of Alpine peasants between the 16th and 18th centuries. Today it is generally considered the traditional dress for women and girls in German-speaking parts of the Alps, with particular designs associated with different regions. The usual masculine tracht counterpart of the dirndl is 963:(reigned 1848–1864), traditional costumes were officially recognised as clothing suitable for wearing at the royal court. The king himself included officials wearing tracht in his court ceremonies and wrote in 1849 that he considered the wearing of folk costume of "great importance" for national sentiment. 729:. Over time, festive versions of the dirndl developed elaborate decoration around the collar and breast, including embroidery, floral decorations, tassels and lace collars draped over the shoulders and breast. Elaborate headwear (such as the Goldhaube) developed to indicate distinctions in social status. 864:... (refers to) a cultural movement which spread in Great Britain, France, Italy and other European countries between the late 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. Its protagonists were philosophers, writers, musicians and painters. In Germany it was the writers and intellectuals of the 1601:

reported that at Munich Airport there was a place which was always important for fashion observers at Oktoberfest time: the women's toilets in Domestic Arrivals. "There the ladies who have flown in wearing street clothes with shouldered clothes-bags vanish - and appear from Baggage Collection in full

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Now there is a new generation that did not know the problems of the Cold War or the Second World War, for whom it is cool to try these old-fashioned things. It´s avant-garde in a certain way to rediscover that even sauerkraut can be an excellent dish. I think a very good symbol of this new Germany is

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on the apron. According to this tradition, tying the sash on the woman's left side indicates that she is single, and a knot tied on the right means that she is married, engaged or otherwise not interested in dating. In some versions, this is extended to a knot in the centre of the front (none of your

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However, many other German-speakers use the terms "dirndl" and "tracht" interchangeably for a woman's dress in the general dirndl style, regardless of whether the design is traditional or modern. For instance, tracht scholar Gexi Tostmann, who sees the modern dirndl as having evolved from traditional

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In Austria, and other parts of south central Europe, there are literally splashy events known as Dirndlspringen, in which attractive young women, are judged by how well they jump, or even just step, from a diving board into a lake or a swimming pool while wearing the dirndl, using it as a swimdress.

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during a visit to a fashion event in Austria. When some of the attendees criticised the garment as old-fashioned, she responded, "I do not understand you Austrians. If every woman wore a dirndl, there would not be any more ugliness". Subsequently, Westwood and her husband were honoured with the tile

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to prevent expenditure on French luxury fashions, but was persuaded to establish a home-grown fashion industry on the French model. Although the rich usually led fashion, the middle classes and even peasants copied the trends among the wealthier classes. By 1800, dress styles were similar among many

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festival. The name comes from Swiss dialect referring to the town crier ringing six o'clock. Organizations descended from medieval guilds show their colors. Parades feature members wearing traditional costumes. The festivities culminate with the burning of a large snowman made of straw. How long it

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with their family in 1895, they became interested in and began promoting Alpine tracht. In a personal memoir, Moritz Wallach later stated, "We saw a possibility to keep these irreplaceable traditions and to revitalize them.” The seamstresses employed by the Wallach brothers produced elegant dirndls

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at the end of the war. In South Tyrol, both German and Italian are official languages, and Tyrolean traditions including the dirndl remain deeply integrated in the culture. The dress is worn on festive occasions, such as processions of the Catholic church. Traditional designs vary between regions,

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in Stuttgart, where a Dirndl has no tradition at all." Other evidence is the successful marketing of dirndls in the German national colours for wearing at football matches, noticeable at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Meanwhile, high-end German fashion houses are designing and selling their own designs.

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In Austria, the dirndl is a symbol of national identity, seen in Austria as a national symbol. In tourist settings, staff in offices, restaurants, wineries and shops often wear dirndls as a work uniform; this is also the case in the non-Alpine regions in the east of Austria. Even in everyday life,

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In Bavaria and Austria, the royal courts developed enthusiasm for the different costumes of the rural population, which they saw as a means of strengthening national unity; this was consistent with the philosophy of national romanticism, which considers the state to derive its political legitimacy

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in the 17th century; over time, the court fashions made their way into urban and rural clothing. Alpine traditional costume spread to regions in Bavaria and Austria outside the mountains through migration in search of work. As a result, the dirndl developed over time into female Austrian servants'

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Beginning in the late 1990s, dirndls and lederhosen experienced a boom in Austria and Bavaria, with some commentators speaking of a "dirndl Renaissance". By 2013, it had become standard for every young Bavarian to have traditional clothing in their wardrobe. This increased interest in traditional

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In the 1980s, there was a further revival of interest in the dirndl, as traditional clothing was adopted by the environmental and anti-nuclear movements. The rural connotations of the clothing and the fact that it is produced from natural, rather than synthetic materials, go well with a desire to

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The local dirndls and lederhosen are displayed in several local museums. There are permanent exhibitions at the South Tyrolean Folklore Museum in Dietenheim, the Steinegg Local Museum and the Bolzano Municipal Museum. Public events featuring folk costume include the Val Gardena folklore festival

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are special occasions for wearing Alpine tracht. The traditional dirndl is also the normal attire of women attending events associated with Alpine folk culture. Volksfeste often feature events at which traditional dirndls from regions are worn, as illustrated in the photo on the right. In all of

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Jews were forbidden to use "folk culture", even though they had played such a prominent role in documenting and promoting it. In 1938, the Wallach brothers were forced to sell their business for less than its worth. Moritz Wallach emigrated to the United States, followed shortly after by Julius.

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The dirndl originated as a dress worn in rural areas, a more hardy form of the costume worn today. Rural costumes originated in the countryside; they showed that the wearer belonged to a particular social class, occupation, religious persuasion or ethnic group. Differing designs developed in the

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The dirndl has passed through different periods in its history. These include (1) its origins as rural clothing, (2) development as a recognized folk costume, (3) evolution as a fashion style, (4) appropriation by the Nazis, (5) decline in popularity after the Second World War, followed by (6) a

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Just as jeans, originally rural clothing, were used as an urban antidote to tradition, so dirndl and lederhosen show that, a generation later, people in their metaphysical homelessness are nevertheless in a complex way missing the traditional rural values. When one puts an item with traditional

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Other commentators link the upsurge in folk costume to economic insecurity caused by globalization, prompting a return to traditional cultural symbols. Simone Egger concludes that the renewed popularity of traditional clothing is driven by desires for community and belonging, symbolized by folk

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The wearing of folk costume by royalty encouraged its adoption by other members of the upper and wealthier middle classes. From the 1870s onwards, the dirndl developed as a typical "country" dress amongst the wealthy patrons of the summer resort towns in Austria and Bavaria. The adoption of the

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Nevertheless, many others continued to wear the dirndl as a dress for festive occasions, both in the Bavarian countryside and in cities such as Munich. Dirndls were regarded as suitable clothing for attending church, public holidays, Oktoberfest and other festive occasions, and were especially

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One reason given for the increasing popularity of the dirndl and lederhosen is an increased confidence in German self-identity. In the years following the Second World War, there was often a shame in German identity because of the crimes of the Nazi régime. In recent decades, there has been a

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In Germany and Austria, the dirndl declined in popularity, especially in the cities. Its image had been tarred by association with the Nazis, like other Germanic traditions, such as beer-drinking and sausages. Traditional clothing was often associated with conservative political views. As a

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In Germany, the dirndl is traditionally worn only in Bavaria, where it is deeply integrated in the traditional culture. For instance, dirndls are traditionally worn by women attending formal ceremonies of the Catholic church. In many Bavarian villages, processions to honour St George and

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Because the appeal of the dirndl is its rustic look, plastic dirndls with flashy ornaments are looked down upon. Style experts recommend staying away from cheap outfits. The dirndl should be tightly fitted to look right. It is an absolute faux-pas to wear a dirndl without a blouse.

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from colourful printed fabrics, predominantly silk; these were exhibited by models in the Alpine resorts. A major breakthrough for the Wallach brothers came in 1910, when they organized and paid for the traditional costume parade for the 100th anniversary celebrations of the

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from 1938). The dirndl was used to promote the Nazi ideal of the German woman as hard-working and fertile. An example is a propaganda photo released by the (Nazi Party) Office of Racial Politics, showing a young blonde girl wearing a dirndl, watching over small boys playing.

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By the later 19th century, it had become popular for members of the royal courts in Austria and Bavaria to wear folk costume, in order to promote identification between the population and the court. Among the most prominent royal patrons of folk costume were the Austrian

2114:(classic folk costumes). In April 2020, the 85 cent stamp featured the blue printed dirndl worn as everyday workwear in the Wachauer Tracht tradition. In 2016, the postal office issued a novelty stamp featuring an embroidered dirndl; only 140,000 specimens were issued. 1253:

The Second World War (1939–1945) began a downturn in the popularity of the dirndl. After Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939, American and British consumers began rejecting all things German. In turn, new fashion influences appeared in popular culture, such as the film

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As antithesis to the dominance of French fashion, in the early 19th century a movement to study and preserve the traditional costumes of the rural populations developed in many European countries. Examples of this movement outside the German-language sphere include the

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In recent decades, fashion designers have been creating their own interpretations of the dirndl. While appearing to be simple and plain, a properly made modern dirndl may be quite expensive as it is tailored, and sometimes cut from costly hand-printed or silk fabrics.

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migrated to Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Across the United States there are dozens of German-American cultural or heritage clubs, such as the Donauschwaben heritage clubs. The clubs host events and festivals (such as

1629:; dirndls and lederhosen are now considered an intrinsic part of such events. In a recent German-English dictionary, the authors comment: "The Dirndl, the traditional Bavarian national dress for women, is enjoying growing popularity amongst young people during the 1448:

Folk costume also continues to be worn for most weddings and festivals. Old traditions are carefully maintained among inhabitants of Alpine areas, even though this is seldom obvious to the visitor: many people are members of cultural associations where the Alpine

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In the late 19th century the dirndl was adapted by the upper and middle classes as a fashion mode, and subsequently spread as a mode outside its area of origin. There are many varieties of adaptations from the original folk designs. The dirndl is also worn as an

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Distinctions developed between the everyday version of rural costumes and the version used for festive occasions; the festive version of each costume tradition was considered the ideal form. Festive dirndls were especially worn at events associated with the

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Thus the spread of French fashions increased the contrast between the fashionable clothes of the wealthier classes and folk costumes, which were increasingly perceived as rustic, not fit for polite society. This point is illustrated by the first

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Germans, Austrian, Swiss and Scandinavian people migrated to North America in the 19th century. Germans made a strong contribution to the gene pool of Montana, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Missouri, Texas, Wisconsin, New York City and Chicago. The

1295:), the hostesses wore sky-blue dirndls as a promotion of Bavarian identity. Culture historian Simone Egger comments, "As (Sommerlath) in 1972 made headlines as an Olympia hostess in a dirndl, then every woman wanted to have a dirndl." 732:

Nevertheless, folk costume was increasingly perceived as a marker of rural and working classes. The background to this development was the French government policy from the mid-17th century onwards of promoting and exporting luxury

385:) is attached to the skirt and is narrow, covering only the front of the skirt. Traditional apron designs vary according to local tradition and are typically only a single colour. In modern designs, the designs are more elaborate. 1205:

Viktor von Geramb, who had promoted the dirndl in Austria, lost his position at the University of Vienna in 1938 because of his public opposition to Nazi racial theory. He was especially criticized for his strong attachment to

3030: 900:, individual freedom against academic dictates and national against global culture. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the Enlightenment was especially associated with France, which had sent its armies across Europe in the 1062:, the dirndl became a big-seller; as a simple summer dress, it was an affordable alternative to the often expensive and elaborately worked historic women's costumes. Between 1920 and 1926, the Wallach brothers operated the 745:, and gold and silver thread. Attempts by other European governments to fight French economic dominance of the fashion industry had the effect of spreading fashion in the French style. For instance, the Austrian empress 4333: 3058: 427:

Some traditional designs feature pieces which drape over the breast, often combined with an elaborate collar. This has the function of concealing décolletage, in line with traditional Catholic ideas of modesty.

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are recognized in Bavaria, each with designs for men (lederhosen) and women (dirndl): Miesbacher Tracht, Werdenfelser Tracht, Inntaler Tracht, Chiemgauer Tracht, Berchtesgadener Tracht and Isarwinkler Tracht.

588:(literally "country house style") describe clothing of various styles borrowing elements from folk costume, such as colour, cut or material. Examples would be single-piece dresses featuring a dirndl skirt. 436:

Jewellery worn with the dirndl includes necklaces, earrings, chokers and chains. Also popular are brooches made of silver, the antlers of deer or even animals' teeth. Décolletage is often enhanced with a

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clothing was noticed by fashion houses. Since the 2000s, increasing numbers of fashion houses have become involved in designing and selling high-end versions. The garment was praised in 2001 by designer

1811: 1670: 497:). In more formal settings such as church festivals, a hat or bonnet is traditionally worn. In some regions of southern Germany and Austria, married women accompany the dirndl with a bonnet called a 275: 111: 210:

Speakers of German have conflicting opinions as to whether the name "dirndl" can be used for traditional as well as modern designs. Some speakers make a sharp break between traditional folk costume (

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these activities, the dirndls normally worn are the traditional local designs, considered most suitable for formal occasions. Modern commercially designed dirndls are worn on less formal occasions.

1548:(Bavarian folk costume association). The designs specify the traditional materials, patterns and colours of clothing, together with jewellery, hats, etc. Currently, six official types of Alpine 242:

region of Austria can be referred to either as "Wachauer Tracht" or as the "Wachauer (everyday) dirndl" In English, the name "dirndl" is used interchangeably for traditional and modern designs.

943:(1768–1845). A comprehensive description of Bavarian national costumes was published in 1830 by the archivist Felix Joseph von Lipowsky. A parade of traditional costumes took place in 1835 at 3967: 326:) of the bodice is traditionally round or rectangular (called "balconette"). In more modern designs, it may alternatively be high, V-shaped, heart-shaped or extra deep. The bodice often has 1138:. This widespread adoption was helped along by a general 1930s trend to a silhouette which matched the folk costume: full skirts, higher hemlines, broader shoulders and tailored waists. 1394:

In Austria, dirndls continue to be worn on public occasions, even by younger women. The dirndl is considered an important part of Alpine folk culture. Other aspects of folk culture are

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Ständecke, Monika (2008). "Das Volkskunsthaus Wallach in München: Ein Beitrag über die 'Wiederbelebung' der 'Volkskunst' zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik". In Ferdinand Schöningh (ed.).

304:. A zip can also be on the back or the side. Traditionally, the bodice was made from dark heavy cotton, so that it would be hard-wearing. In more modern designs, it may be made from 6022: 3062: 1360:

costume. These desires stand in tension with the desire for individuality, expressed in alterations and decoration. Culture journalist Alfons Kaiser makes similar observations:

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parades) to preserve and celebrate their heritage with the surrounding communities. During these festivals, participants often dress in traditional outfits such as dirndls and

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different regions. They were influenced by urban fashions, costumes in neighbouring regions, available materials, as well as fashions in the royal courts and in the military.

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Bayrisch Land, bayrisch Gwand, geschichtlicher Beitrag zur Trachten- und Heimatpflege in Bayern, anläßlich des 50. Gründungstages der Vereinigten Bayerischen Trachtenverbände

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Bayrisch Land, bayrisch Gwand, geschichtlicher Beitrag zur Trachten- und Heimatpflege in Bayern, anläßlich des 50. Gründungstages der Vereinigten Bayerischen Trachtenverbände

770:; the citizens of Munich were invited to the festivities but were supplied with French clothes, since their folk costumes were not considered suitable for public occasions. 1749:

The current designs have been in use since at least the 1930s, but their origins can be traced much earlier. Similar designs have been found in archaeological remains from

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Traditional dirndls vary in design between regions and even villages. The different details may indicate the place of origin and social status of the wearer. As with other

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In recent decades, women from other parts of Germany have shown increasing interest in the dirndl as a festival dress. This is especially evident in changing fashions at

1777:. These are worn during festivities on Swiss National Day (August 1) or during seasonal celebrations which vary by canton, such as at harvest time or the end of winter. 2884: 1773:. As is the case in the neighboring country of Liechtenstein, the use of the term dirndl for a Swiss dress is discouraged. The style varies by region, for example a 935:

of 1805 and 1808. At both events, a parade of traditional costumes was held; the 1808 festival resulted in the formation of the Swiss National Costume Association.

674:, aprons and blouses were commonplace in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Similar elements are present in other German folk costumes, for instance the 3427:

Translated from Italian into German by Irmengard Gabler and Dr Karl Pichler. P. Parthas, Berlin, 2005, p. 14. (Quotation translated into English by contributor.)

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is cultivated. At cultural events, the traditional dirndl is the expected dress for women. Visitors can get a glimpse of the rich customs of the Alps at public

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has played an important role in promoting the dirndl in Austria; traditional dress is worn for worship services, especially the major church holidays (e.g.

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around the world. This is especially the case when the celebration takes place in a German diaspora community, such as the Oktoberfest celebrations at

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from the unity of those it governs. The first extensive description of traditional tracht in the different regions was given by the Bavarian official

4015:"Nazierfindung Wiesndirndl. Interview mit der Volkskundlerin Elsbeth Wallnöfer über die Modernisierung des Brauchtums durch die Nationalsozialisten. 473: 3975: 2522: 1556:

The dirndl is regarded as a symbol of Bavaria. It is often worn by women working in businesses related to tourism or traditional culture, including

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for men, traditional sports (e.g. shooting, music, crossbow), skills (e.g. embroidery) and musical traditions (e.g. singing Christmas carols and

1134:. Inspired by the resolute innkeeper heroine, the dirndl became an international fashion phenomenon, always with an apron and usually with deep 1575:. Until the 1970s, most visitors to Oktoberfest did not wear traditional tracht; it was common to wear jeans. Since the late 1990s dirndls and 1591:, where the Oktoberfest events occur). Oktoberfest dirndls tend to be more colourful and revealing. Skirts are often above the knee, and deep 1157:

in the lead role, became a hit in 1937. By that year, the dirndl was considered a 'must' in the wardrobe of every fashionable American woman.

6100: 1260:, which premiered less than three months after the fall of Warsaw. By 1941, the dirndl had been replaced as an American fashion craze by the 694:. Distinctive features of the dirndl (including the tight bodice, lower neckline and wide skirt), developed from the women's fashions of the 2931: 845:

movement), and resulted in initiatives to study and promote folk costumes, including the dirndl. The folk costume movement is one aspect of

216:) and the "dirndl", a word which they use only for modern designs. For instance, tracht scholar Thekla Weissengruber distinguishes between 1267: 5161: 4672: 2023: 3147: 3102: 1761:. Especially notable is an excavated church graveyard in Mauren from around 1700, which included well-preserved garments and a bonnet. 1724:

Folk costumes for women in Liechtenstein correspond to the definition of a "dirndl" in English, although the local tracht association (

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Dirndl, Truhen, Edelweiss: die Volkskunst der Brüder Wallach / Dirndls, Trunks, and Edelweiss. The Folk Art of the Wallach Brothers

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dirndl bloom. Because they don´t trust themselves to board the aircraft as Bavarians, but arriving in Munich not dressed for the

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for the World Cup, they all wanted to see the same picture and share it with the world: pretty girls in Munich wearing dirndls."

491:: a small floral wreath traditionally worn by unmarried women. In Hinterskirchen in Bavaria, unmarried women wear a small crown ( 1609:

Germans are increasingly coming to view the dirndl as a German cultural symbol, not just a Bavarian one. In the past few years,

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Art historian Gabriele Crepaldi points out the links between the ideological and political dimensions of the Romantic movement:

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dance groups). The folk culture is promoted by and protected by local folk culture associations, which are affiliated with the

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consequence, the dress was regarded as old-fashioned or rustic by many, especially those connected with the fashion industry.

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Western Europeans; local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a mark of the conservative peasant.

605:), which is a fusion fashion: the bodice and skirt are made from African printed material. The idea was innovated by two 4795: 4964: 4656: 1801:. This term refers to German-speakers and their descendants who live in countries where German is a minority language. 1633:

season, even beyond the Bavarian boundaries. It has become a fashion statement to wear a Dirndl even at the many local

1074:(Wallach House), a specialist supplier of tracht and folk art, which became well known outside the borders of Germany. 985: 4301: 3334: 1769:

The Swiss refer to an Austrian or German traditional dress as a dirndl, but refer to their own traditional dress as a

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Phänomen Wiesntracht. Identitätspraxen einer urbanen Gesellschaft. Dirndl und Lederhosen, München und das Oktoberfest

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and the Ausseer Kirtag in September. Styles are both less extravagant and show less décolletage than at Oktoberfest.

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ideas of human worth. He was restored to his position at the university after the defeat of the Nazi régime in 1945.

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has increasingly been adopted as an autumn celebration in parts of Germany several hundred km from Bavaria, such as

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celebration of being German. This "new patriotism" was evident in the support for the German football team at the

5759: 4214: 3790: 3174: 2093: 2089: 2078: 1897: 911: 5146: 4813: 2711: 6074: 5789: 4310: 3951: 2065: 1994: 1110:). The romantic comedy presented an idyllic picture of the Austrian Alps and had long runs in cities including 956: 767: 650:

resurgence from 1990. Each of these periods has left an impression on the design and perception of the dirndl.

2662:

Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe [4 volumes]: American Fashion from Head to Toe

725:, such as Sunday church services and public pilgrim processions. Other popular occasions included markets and 6688: 6683: 5985: 5576: 4052: 1544:

The traditional designs are promoted by and protected by local folk culture associations affiliated with the

706: 6728: 5739: 2871:

Deutschland Süden Westen Norden: Ein Bildband von deutscher Landschaft, ihren Städten, Dörfern und Menschen.

296:). It is typically made in a single piece, with the join in the front centre, secured by lacing, buttons, a 6069: 5754: 4865:. Spektrum: Publications of the German Studies Association. Vol. 28. Berghahn Books. pp. 267–286. 1985: 1199: 4014: 6713: 6703: 6210: 6172: 6059: 5181: 2550: 2085: 2058: 1911: 1881: 1186: 4147: 3916: 6698: 6394: 5660: 5481: 4861:

Egger, Simone (2023). "The dirndl: a contemporary topic of urban ethnography". In Dana A. Weber (ed.).

3211: 2264:, 12th edition, ed. Angus Stevenson and Maurice Waite. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011, page 406. 1949: 1941: 466:, silk aprons and vibrantly coloured, hand-printed silk scarves (the latter especially in the Austrian 5638: 1350:

The culture historian Peter Peter comments on this increased pride in German identity and traditions:

6146: 6027: 5879: 5749: 5734: 3791:"Von Dirndln, Trachten und Akademikerbällen – Kommentare der anderen – derStandard.at › Meinung" 3328:

Elisabeth Mikosch, "The Manufacture And Trade Of Luxury Textiles In The Age Of Mercantilism" (1990).

2381: 2030: 2001: 1256: 1195: 931:

The earliest public promotion of tracht in the German-speaking world occurred in Switzerland, at the

901: 662:

Young woman in dirndl from Salzburg region (right) and farmer's wife wearing goldhaube (centre), 1847

6399: 4769: 4755: 2873:

In German, with English translation by Eberhard Beckmann. Umschau, Frankfurt am Main 1950. Pp. 9–11.

6693: 6095: 2659:

F., José Blanco; Hunt-Hurst, Patricia Kay; Lee, Heather Vaughan; Doering, Mary (23 November 2015).

2318: 1964: 1957: 1846: 960: 66: 540:(pumps) or flat, ballerina-type shoes. Knee-length socks or tights are commonly worn on the legs. 29: 6718: 5393: 4196: 3558: 2108:

featuring dirndls and other Austrian folk costumes. The stamp series is released under the title

1904: 1424: 4533:. Chiemgauer Verlagshaus – Eigenverlag Vereinigte Bayerische Trachtenverbände, Traunstein 1976, 3516:. Chiemgauer Verlagshaus – Eigenverlag Vereinigte Bayerische Trachtenverbände, Traunstein 1976, 2523:""Was kann das Dirndl dafür, dass es missbraucht wurde?" [Interview with Gexi Tostmann]" 1237:

clearly shows puff sleeves, although Rau died in 1937, before Karasek's designs were published.

6678: 6673: 5174: 2346:, eds. Annette Lynch; Mitchell D. Strauss (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), p. 100. 1854: 1292: 778: 41: 34: 4106: 3862: 1444:

Traditional costume of the Volks- and Schuhplattlergruppe from Faakersee in Carinthia, Austria

1217:

established the office of the "Reich Commissioner for German costume" under the leadership of

1055:; virtually overnight, the Wallach name became internationally famous in fashionable circles. 6529: 2167: 1639: 916: 293: 102:

with a low neckline, a blouse worn under the bodice, a wide high-waisted skirt and an apron.

6404: 2957: 2606: 6564: 5936: 1288: 1094: 993: 981: 897: 873: 846: 682:; they also occur in folk costumes in other parts of Europe, such as the Norwegian women's 297: 2631: 1664:

In Italy the dirndl is part of the traditional clothing culture in the Alpine province of

8: 5821: 5801: 4334:"Celine Jaitley decks up in German traditional dress 'Dirndls' for New Year celebrations" 2044: 1332: 1323:, but in the 1970s visitors at the festivals did not normally wear folk costume, even at 1101: 952: 948: 881: 763: 438: 5151: 4978:

Rosenberg, Amelia (2018). "Folk Art and Ancestry: German Jewish Creation through Time".

3359:

Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life

1369:

The dirndl is increasingly attracting attention apart from its area of origin. In 2019,

1311: 6346: 5486: 5278: 5205: 5141: 3152: 2761: 2356: 2220:

Standardwörterbuch Plus Englisch mit Wörterbuch-App: Englisch-Deutsch, Deutsch-Englisch

2159: 1626: 1428: 1272: 1090: 885: 613:, Marie Darouiche and her sister Rahmée Wetterich. The African dirndl was premiered at 173:

can mean a young woman, a girlfriend or the dress. The dress can for clarity be called

3335:"The Manufacture And Trade Of Luxury Textiles In The Age Of Mercantilism Mercantilism" 2410: 1521: 1437:(holy folk costume), which is not to be worn on secular occasions marked by drinking. 1342: 1335:. According to journalist Michaela Strassmair, "As the international media arrived in 762:, held in 1810 to celebrate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (later King 552:

In the past few decades, a modern tradition has developed around the placement of the

388:

The winter style dirndl has heavy, warm skirts, long sleeves and aprons made of thick

6627: 6409: 6326: 5849: 5816: 5554: 5496: 5471: 5371: 5268: 5081: 5066: 5039: 5020: 4992: 4960: 4938: 4923: 4908: 4890: 4874: 4847: 4652: 4534: 4500: 3947: 3888: 3719: 3517: 3466: 3441: 3014: 2848: 2799: 2670: 2072: 1927: 1923: 1498: 1304: 1150: 1146: 801: 192: 5094:

Zwischen Pflege und Kommerz: Studien zum Umgang mit Trachten in Österreich nach 1945

4474: 1464:

Some regions are particularly known for their strong dirndl traditions, such as the

1381:

wearing a dirndl; she urged other Indian women to add the dress to their wardrobe.

1004: 6708: 6245: 6042: 5926: 5854: 5844: 5717: 5532: 5501: 5344: 5301: 4796:"Lederhosen in the Amazon: an Austro-German enclave in Peru keeps traditions alive" 3259: 2815: 2274: 2051: 2007: 1785:

takes his head to explode indicates whether the coming summer will be cool or hot.

1682: 940: 629:, these designs are sometimes mistaken for dirndls. Similar designs occur in other 416:

Different colour variations can depend on the origin of the woman wearing a dirndl.

1487:

Festivals at which dirndls are expected dress include festivities for raising the

6723: 6559: 6105: 5990: 5779: 5653: 5318: 5115: 4375: 4053:"Keine Angst vorm Dirndl – Mode & Kosmetik – derStandard.at › Lifestyle" 3035: 2319:"Ein Kleid für die Dirn' – Mode & Kosmetik – derStandard.at › Lifestyle" 2037: 1934: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1815: 1806: 1798: 1774: 1694: 1674: 1657: 1440: 1412: 1059: 905: 865: 824: 722: 279: 229: 137: 115: 1517:

Woman wearing dirndl in the style of Isarwinkler Tracht, near Bad Tölz (Bavaria)

633:

traditions in German-speaking countries (e.g. the Gutach valley tracht from the

6519: 6454: 6436: 6316: 6270: 6193: 6129: 6119: 6114: 6064: 5702: 5697: 5549: 5511: 4188: 2145: 2131: 2105: 1794: 1588: 1378: 1194:

Their brother Max, who had also been involved in the business, was interned in

1154: 877: 687: 133: 4251: 4192: 3763:

Erfolgreiche Sympathiewerber: Prominente im Trachtengwand, in: Franz Hubmann:

1622: 1592: 1173:

German traditional costume, including the dirndl, was instrumentalized by the

1135: 6667: 6607: 5956: 5806: 5454: 5147:

The essential Dirndl (and Lederhosen) guide – Austrian Tourist Office website

4600: 3825: 3399:"Typisch Oktoberfest? Darum gehört ein Dirndl eigentlich nicht auf die Wiesn" 2177: 1890: 1850: 1477: 1469: 1399: 1131: 932: 924: 783: 750: 746: 695: 5157:

The long history of a very special traditional costume – Oktoberfest website

4863:

Former Neighbors, Future Allies?: German Studies and Ethnography in Dialogue

2575: 6637: 6584: 6534: 6341: 6124: 5899: 5744: 5197: 3107: 2680: 2187: 2015: 1450: 1207: 1182: 1142: 1100:

In 1930, the Wallach brothers supplied the stage costumes for the operetta

773: 700: 679: 634: 626: 421: 233:

Women wearing the traditional blue dirndl from the Wachau region of Austria

106: 4972:

Kleidung zwischen Tracht + Mode. Aus der Geschichte des Museums 1889–1989.

4538: 3521: 6602: 6476: 6449: 6366: 6260: 6225: 6037: 5811: 5769: 5670: 5665: 5581: 5542: 5248: 4378:[Federation of Austrian folk costume and homeland associations]. 2197: 1822:) are their descendants in North America, and form part of the worldwide 1780:

In the canton of Zürich, the imminent end of winter is celebrated by the

1665: 1652: 1568: 1561: 1324: 1044: 944: 893: 869: 850: 759: 614: 95: 6642: 6486: 6240: 6167: 6032: 5707: 5386: 5364: 4918:

Lipp, Franz C., Elisabeth Längle, Gexi Tostmann, Franz Hubmann (eds.):

4439: 3461:

Lipp, Franz C., Elisabeth Längle, Gexi Tostmann, Franz Hubmann (eds.):

2172: 1875: 1839: 1713: 1618: 1576: 1557: 1537: 1395: 1261: 1178: 888:, a connection can be seen to the movements for national reunification. 537: 327: 154: 125: 3059:"Das etwas andere Trachtenoutfit – Dirndl mit islamischem Kopftuch c…" 2843:

Franz C. Lipp, Elisabeth Längle, Gexi Tostmann, Franz Hubmann (eds.):

1656:

Young woman wearing traditional dirndl during sacramental procession,

1579:

have come to be regarded as obligatory wear at the festival. The name

1484:

many Austrian women wear dirndls as an alternative to other fashions.

1081:

Birthday card from 1918, showing a young woman wearing a modern dirndl

1077: 966:

In 1859, the first association to promote folk costume was founded in

372:

are typical, although narrow sleeves (short or long) are also common.

6471: 6336: 6331: 6265: 6255: 6235: 6203: 5722: 5685: 5626: 5376: 5349: 5273: 5238: 5125: 2192: 1572: 1454: 1420: 1374: 1320: 1035: 989: 726: 467: 463: 5995: 5916: 4564:

no. 38, Monday 15 September 2005, p. 79. Cited by Egger 2008, p. 45.

2986:"The Dirndl: The long history of a very special traditional costume" 1583:

is given to dirndls and other tracht clothing worn for Oktoberfest (

1022:

Key in the evolution of the dirndl to a commercial fashion were the

6622: 6579: 6539: 6459: 6444: 6351: 6306: 6215: 6052: 6015: 6010: 5921: 5904: 5784: 5764: 5648: 5643: 5591: 5516: 5359: 5233: 5228: 4414: 2666: 2527: 1731: 1319:

Dirndls and lederhosen have long been standard attire for staff at

1245: 967: 820: 691: 606: 6647: 6389: 5931: 3494:

Joseph Theodoor Leerssen, Anne Hilde van Baal, and Jan Rock, eds.

1461:

is the traditional folk culture not a regular part of daily life.

1149:(1936), and later on their worldwide tours. In addition, the film 1068:("Munich house of folk art"). In 1926, Moritz Wallach founded the 6617: 6491: 6481: 6301: 6275: 6230: 6220: 6139: 6047: 6005: 5941: 5909: 5889: 5859: 5727: 5680: 5675: 5621: 5616: 5466: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5403: 5398: 5328: 5323: 5223: 4200: 1754: 1488: 1408:(Federation of Austrian folk costume and homeland associations). 970:

in Bavaria. In the following years, similar tracht associations (

734: 671: 459: 458:

In spring, the front of the bodice is sometimes decorated with a

357: 164: 91: 87: 5166: 5124:

now generally signifies "prostitute", through previous use as a

4574: 4365:, 13th edition, Marco Polo, Ostfildern (Germany), 2017, Pp. 21f. 2428: 1781: 557:

business) or the centre of the back (widow, waitress or child).

450: 6652: 6612: 6574: 6569: 6551: 6524: 6496: 6466: 6361: 6296: 6177: 6000: 5951: 5894: 5884: 5869: 5796: 5712: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5564: 5537: 5491: 5413: 5381: 5313: 5258: 5218: 5213: 2182: 1858: 1770: 1758: 1549: 1473: 1458: 1416: 1336: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1039: 842: 832: 816: 675: 630: 610: 526: 397: 389: 369: 313: 305: 301: 259: 251: 239: 120: 99: 5078:

Mode und Modeschmuck 1920–1970 / Fashion and Jewelry 1920–1970

3752:

Mode und Modeschmuck 1920–1970 / Fashion and Jewelry 1920–1970

1513: 1089:(1884–1958), professor of folk culture at the universities of 892:

Crepaldi said that the Romantics promoted emotion against the

835:. In German-speaking countries, the movement was known as the 412: 6632: 6544: 6501: 6384: 5946: 5874: 5864: 5839: 5774: 5586: 5559: 5476: 5461: 5408: 5354: 5306: 5263: 5243: 3944:

Geraubte Tradition. Wie die Nazis unsere Kultur verfälschten.

1918: 1750: 1690: 1614: 1597: 1465: 1127: 1052: 999: 828: 683: 638: 609:

sisters and Chief executive officers of the Noh Nee label in

530: 479: 393: 361: 309: 263: 255: 79: 50: 46: 5063:

Geraubte Tradition. Wie die Nazis unsere Kultur verfälschten

4905:

Dirndl. Trends, Traditionen, Philosophie, Pop, Stil, Styling

3287:"Quand la petite robe de Bavière rencontre le wax d'Afrique" 6134: 5631: 5596: 5569: 5506: 5253: 4440:"Dirndl Schleife – ein elegantes Modeaccessoire aus Bayern" 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 1869: 1174: 1023: 742: 738: 553: 516: 401: 365: 317: 94:), Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Alpine regions of Italy ( 83: 33:

Children wearing traditional dirndls at a folk festival in

4623:"Oktoberfest: Warum Westfalen voll auf Wiesn-Gaudi stehen" 2344:

Ethnic Dress in the United States: A Cultural Encyclopedia

1845:

Dirndls and lederhosen are also worn as party clothing at

1829:

Beginning in 1920 and especially after World War II, many

1793:

Outside its countries of origin, the dirndl has become an

1160: 1145:

Singers, who wore dirndls during their performance at the

404:. The colours are usually brown, deep green or dark blue. 86:. It is traditionally worn by women and girls in Austria, 5449: 569:

is a full, wide skirt, gathered into folds at the waist.

485:

The dirndl is often worn with a hair ornament called the

21: 5162:

Traditional Costumes in South Tyrol – suedtirolerland.it

4376:"Bund der Österreichischen Trachten- und Heimatverbände" 4260:

Sport, representation and evolving identities in Europe.

3843: 3680: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3573: 3527: 3361:, William Collins & Sons, London, 1981, pp. 313–315. 2405: 2403: 1240: 1085:

In Austria, the wearing of folk costume was promoted by

774:

Development of the dirndl as folk costume (19th century)

4543: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 4697: 4122: 3186: 3184: 3009:

Ulrike Kretschmer, Frank Duffek and Bettina Schippel,

2658: 2624: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 1405:

Bund der Österreichischen Trachten- und Heimatverbände

625:

Since similar design elements occur in other European

4756:"memoria.ro – bibliotecă digitală de istorie recentă" 4601:"Wir feiern 11. Oktoberfest: Eckenförder Oktoberfest" 4281: 4215:"Vivienne Westwood ist Botschafterin der Tracht 2010" 3702:, vol. 2. Leuschner & Lubensky, Graz 1935, p. 572 3625: 3604: 2729: 2551:"Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Dirndl und Tracht?" 2400: 992:; both often hunted wearing lederhosen. Around 1875, 670:

Dresses similar to the dirndl, featuring skirts with

320:. The material is coloured or printed. The neckline ( 4166: 3770: 3659: 3539: 3476: 3175:"The Meaning Behind Which Side to Tie the Dirndl on" 3148:"Dirndl, Dress of Past, Makes a Comeback in Bavaria" 2452: 2121: 529:. Muslim women have begun wearing the dirndl with a 470:). In colder weather, long-sleeved woollen jackets ( 462:

of fresh flowers. Other popular accessories include

330:

decoration, especially when worn for public events.

4667: 4665: 4233: 3592: 3181: 2440: 2225: 1853:in Venezuela, the Fiesta Nacional de la Cerveza in 1169:

A young German girl in dirndl watching boys playing

716:(Young barmaid bringing beer to the regulars), 1872 191:is the form of the word in Standard German. In the 4873:. Verlag des Vereins für Volkskunde, Vienna 2007, 4199:from the original on 13 December 2021 – via 3965: 3718:. Verlag des Vereins für Volkskunde, Vienna 2007, 1497:(daffodil festival) during May in Bad Aussee, the 637:), as well as traditional folk costume in Norway ( 4814:"Österreichische Post: Das Dirndl als Briefmarke" 4256:Sport and Identity in Germany since Reunification 3788: 2882: 2218:Anette Dralle & Christiane Mackenzie (eds.): 1689:). The region was part of the Austrian county of 82:which originated in German-speaking areas of the 6665: 5008:Jahrbuch für Europäische Ethnologie – Neue Folge 4974:Museum für Volkskunde, Berlin, 1989. (in German) 4662: 4575:"Oktoberfest: Oktoberfest 2024 Stadthalle Hagen" 3330:Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings 3031:"Vom Schleier und Kopftuch zur Linzer Goldhaube" 3013:, Reader´s Digest, Stuttgart, 2013, pp. 54, 56. 2869:Paul Wolff, Alfred Tritschler and Harald Busch: 4920:Tracht in Österreich. Geschichte und Gegenwart. 4887:Nazi chic?: Fashioning women in the Third Reich 4012: 3826:"Lederhosen and dirndl dresses make a comeback" 3765:Tracht in Österreich – Geschichte und Gegenwart 3463:Tracht in Österreich. Geschichte und Gegenwart. 2845:Tracht in Österreich. Geschichte und Gegenwart. 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 1797:, worn as an identity marker by members of the 1275:wearing a dirndl at an official reception, 1966 792:(Young woman and hunter in the mountains), 1870 4529:Vereinigte Bayerische Trachtenverbände (ed.): 4187: 3512:Vereinigte Bayerische Trachtenverbände (ed.): 3496:Encyclopedia of romantic nationalism in Europe 713:Junge Schankmagd bringt Bier an den Stammtisch 292:) is tight to the body, with a deep neckline ( 5182: 5091: 5036:Das Dirndl: Alpenländische Tradition und Mode 4407: 4357: 4355: 4145: 3903: 3901: 3457: 3455: 3453: 2712:"The essential Dirndl (and Lederhosen) guide" 2434: 2104:The Austrian postal service regularly issues 1864: 1346:Visitors to Oktoberfest wearing dirndls, 2012 1315:Beer waitress wearing a dirndl at Oktoberfest 5119: 4475:"Ratgeber rund um das Dirndl und die Tracht" 4293: 4258:. In Philip Dine & Seán Crosson (eds.): 4141: 4139: 4137: 3823: 3662:"Bielefelder machten das Dirndl erst schick" 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 2687: 2109: 1947: 1741: 1735: 1725: 1707: 1526: 1492: 1432: 1403: 1384: 1228: 1222: 1105: 1069: 1063: 1009: 971: 868:movement who reacted critically against the 836: 805: 787: 711: 600: 582: 574: 520: 510: 504: 498: 492: 486: 471: 442: 380: 351: 338: 321: 287: 221: 220:(based closely upon historical designs) and 211: 202: 196: 186: 180: 174: 168: 158: 148: 4593: 4499:. Husumer Verlagsgesellschaft, Husum 2008, 4270: 4268: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 1595:is very frequent. In 2005, gossip magazine 1291:in Munich. Led by Silvia Sommerlath (later 1249:Seated women wearing dirndls from the 1970s 1181:identity in the countries under Nazi rule ( 25:Woman wearing modern dirndl with long skirt 5189: 5175: 4933:Müller, Daniela and Susanne Trettenbrein: 4394: 4352: 3898: 3885:The Study of European ethnology in Austria 3660:Heidi Hagen-Pekdemir (30 September 2015). 3450: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3372:The Concise History of Costume and Fashion 3353: 3351: 2568: 2099: 1287:A wider revival of interest came with the 1047:. They also designed a festive dirndl for 1038:in north-western Germany. After moving to 1000:Evolution as a fashion style (1870s–1930s) 5005: 4986: 4977: 4869:Greger, Michael J. and Johann Verhovsek: 4734: 4732: 4723:"What are the Swiss traditional clothes?" 4134: 4067: 4008: 4006: 3849: 3710: 3708: 3644: 3638: 3619: 3586: 3430: 3311: 3309: 3235:"The Project Justine - Train the Trainer" 2794:Daniela Müller and Susanne Trettenbrein. 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2654: 2652: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 1788: 1141:The dirndl was also promoted through the 1058:In the hard economic times following the 1051:, which created a sensation at a ball in 807:Tändelndes Paar beim Buttern in der Stube 536:Shoes worn with the dirndl are typically 193:Bavarian and Austrian varieties of German 5033: 5014: 4884: 4770:"bibliotecă digitală de istorie recentă" 4265: 4183: 4181: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3968:"NS-gerecht geschnürt, HauptNews Detail" 3961: 3959: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3776: 3746: 3744: 3714:Michael J. Greger and Johann Verhovsek: 3533: 3317:Allgemeine Trachtenkunde in sechs Teilen 3122: 3096: 3094: 3092: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2244: 1870:Films featuring women in dirndl costumes 1697:, but was ceded to Italy in 1919 in the 1651: 1520: 1512: 1439: 1341: 1310: 1266: 1244: 1164: 1076: 1003: 910: 795: 777: 705: 657: 454:Woman wearing dirndl with spring flowers 449: 411: 228: 98:). A dirndl consists of a close-fitting 40: 28: 20: 5088:. (in German, with English translation) 5057:. Lime Rock, CT: LBI Memoir Collection. 5052: 4871:Viktor Geramb 1884–1958. Leben und Werk 4793: 4739:e.V., Deutsche Zentrale für Tourismus. 4100:Gerlach, Franziska (4 September 2015). 4099: 3738:, p. 168. 6th edition. Stuttgart, 2007. 3716:Viktor Geramb 1884–1958. Leben und Werk 3598: 3397:Strassmair, Michaela (September 2019). 3377: 3348: 3322: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2839: 2837: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 1431:days. The Tyrol has a tradition of the 1161:Appropriation by the Nazis (1930s–1945) 810:(Couple courting while churning butter) 447:), especially for large public events. 163:, originally meaning "young woman". In 16:Traditional dress worn in parts of Alps 6666: 5076:Weber, Christianne and Renate Moller. 5065:. Sankt Ulrich-Verlag, Augsburg 2011, 5055:Das Volkskunsthaus Wallach in Muenchen 4937:. Anton Pustet Verlag, Salzburg 2013. 4729: 4702:Liechtensteinische Trachtenvereinigung 4615: 4567: 4462:Bayerischen Alpen: Traum in weiss-blau 4454: 4299: 4207: 4003: 3966:Gurschler, Susanne (24 October 2013). 3887:. Asghate, Aldershot (England), 2004, 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3705: 3698:Viktor von Geramb and Konrad Mautner: 3692: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3440:, Penguin, London, 2016, pp. 112–130. 3306: 3023: 3011:Bayerischen Alpen: Traum in weiss-blau 2980: 2978: 2808: 2798:. Anton Pustet Verlag, Salzburg 2013. 2762:"German Dirndl – an illustrated guide" 2741: 2649: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2214: 2212: 1727:Liechtensteinische Trachtenvereinigung 710:Painting by Hermann Volz (1814–1894), 407: 45:Traditional long-skirted dirndls from 5170: 4860: 4841: 4673:"Traditional Costumes in South Tyrol" 4549: 4287: 4239: 4178: 4172: 4128: 4093: 4036: 4013:Reinhard Jellen (27 September 2012). 3956: 3931: 3789:Elsbeth Wallnöfer (24 January 2014). 3782: 3750:Christianne Weber and Renate Moller. 3741: 3686: 3545: 3482: 3190: 3003: 2858: 2779: 2735: 2520: 2475: 2446: 2374: 2349: 2267: 1241:Decline and resurgence (1945–present) 368:. The colour is usually white. Short 179:(literally 'young woman's dress') or 65: 4950:Neue deutsche Bauerntrachten. Tirol. 4903:Hollmer, Heide and Kathrin Hollmer: 4304:(English translation by contributor) 3998:Neue deutsche Bauerntrachten. Tirol. 3145: 3100: 3069: 2913: 2834: 2594: 2521:Reyer, Cordula (19 September 2010). 2292: 1980:National Lampoon's European Vacation 1299:return to a "world that is intact". 853:movement of the early 19th century. 737:, using expensive materials such as 5080:. Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt, 1999. 4262:P. Lang, Bern, 2010, pages 289–316. 3808: 3501: 3498:(Amsterdam University Press, 2018.) 3146:Eddy, Melissa (28 September 2013). 3101:Horn, Heather (20 September 2015). 2975: 2607:"Sondermarken-Highlight April 2020" 2250: 2209: 1857:, Argentina, and the Pozuzofest in 921:Frau in oberösterreichischer Tracht 478:) are worn, as are knitted woollen 13: 5152:German dirndl – Destination Munich 5038:. Vienna: Christian Brandstätter. 4952:Callwey, Munich, 1938. (in German) 4907:. Edition Ebersbach, Berlin 2011. 4753: 4193:"The Dirndl Folk Dress – euromaxx" 3754:. Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt, 1999. 2932:"Fesch und zünftig auf die Wiesn!" 1008:Painting by Emil Rau (1858–1937), 986:Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria 849:, and part of the more widespread 620: 543: 14: 6740: 5196: 5135: 4520:. Verlag Riedler, Rosenheim 1955. 4300:Kaiser, Alfons (5 October 2013). 4146:Meret Baumann (10 January 2014). 3909:"Projekt – Universität Innsbruck" 3210:. 9 November 2021. Archived from 2262:Concise Oxford English Dictionary 1308:"Ambassador for Tracht" in 2010. 1215:National Socialist Women's League 5010:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 65–90. 4806: 4794:Collyns, Dan (25 October 2023). 4787: 4762: 4747: 4738: 4715: 4690: 4641: 4555: 4523: 4510: 4489: 4302:"Dirndlfieber: Mit aller Tracht 3883:James R. Dow and Olaf Bockkorn: 3824:Bethany Bell (22 October 2012). 2222:, PONS, Stuttgart, 2019, p. 714. 2152: 2138: 2124: 1719: 1702:valleys and sometimes villages. 1049:Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt 140:populations in other countries. 4835: 4467: 4432: 4368: 4326: 4245: 4080: 3990: 3877: 3855: 3757: 3736:Reclams Mode- und Kostümlexikon 3728: 3551: 3488: 3417: 3364: 3279: 3252: 3227: 3196: 3167: 3051: 2950: 2885:"Wie zieht man eine Tracht an?" 2876: 2543: 2024:Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 245: 5108: 5092:Weissengruber, Thekla (2004). 4629:(in German). 27 September 2023 4311:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 3946:Sankt Ulrich, Augsburg, 2011. 2938:(in German). 17 September 2015 2337: 2066:The Violin Maker of Mittenwald 1995:The Pink Panther Strikes Again 1764: 1740:) or crown-shaped headpieces ( 1712:") and the Country Wedding in 768:Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen 560: 431: 195:, the word is interchangeably 1: 5986:Traditional Albanian clothing 5017:The dirndl: With instructions 4741:"German Clubs across America" 4477:(in German). alpenclassics.de 4276:Germany: Memories of a nation 4090:, 4th edition, 1989, page 69. 4075:Germany: Memories of a nation 3438:Germany: Memories of a nation 3061:. 6 July 2024. Archived from 2203: 1034:(1879–1963), originally from 185:('young woman's clothing'). 5101: 4991:. Munich: Jüdisches Museum. 4922:Brandstätter, Vienna, 1984, 4442:(in German). 26 January 2022 3465:Brandstätter, Vienna, 1984, 3208:newsandcustomerexperience.it 2847:Brandstätter, Vienna, 1984, 2632:"Das Wachauer Alltagsdirndl" 923:(Woman in folk costume from 105:The dirndl is regarded as a 7: 4055:(in German). 12 August 2008 3559:"Geni site: Moritz Wallach" 2117: 2059:The Trapp Family in America 1525:Women in festival dirndls ( 1284:popular as bridal dresses. 789:Dirndl und Jäger im Gebirge 595:A recent adaptation is the 10: 6745: 4987:Ständecke, Monika (2007). 3239:artsandculture.google.com/ 3103:"The Devil Wears a Dirndl" 2883:Christine Zwygart (2014). 1950:Lissi und der wilde Kaiser 1942:The Legend of Silent Night 1873: 1865:Dirndls in popular culture 1546:Bayerische Trachtenverband 1508: 1389: 653: 644: 6595: 6512: 6429: 6377: 6286: 6186: 6155: 6085: 5978: 5971: 5832: 5525: 5439: 5337: 5294: 5287: 5204: 4516:Paul Ernst Rattelmüller: 4221:(in German). 5 March 2010 4148:"Die neue Lust am Dirndl" 1385:Recent customs by country 1373:ran an article featuring 1196:Dachau concentration camp 817:Highland romantic revival 602:Dirndlkleid à l'Africaine 250:The dirndl consists of a 5053:Wallach, Moritz (1961). 4885:Guenther, Irene (2010). 4497:Trachtler schee boarisch 3863:"Geni site: Max Wallach" 3700:Steirisches Trachtenbuch 3293:(in French). 19 May 2017 1958:The Merry Wives of Tyrol 1912:Ferris Bueller's Day Off 1847:Oktoberfest celebrations 1647: 955:(reigned 1825–1848) and 5034:Tostmann, Gexi (1998). 5015:Tostmann, Gexi (1990). 4846:. Munich: Herbert Utz. 3319:. Reclam, Leipzig, 1900 2100:The dirndl in philately 1905:Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 1065:Münchner Volkskunsthaus 143: 5120: 5096:. Münster: Lit-Verlag. 4948:Pesendorfer, Gertrud: 4842:Egger, Simone (2008). 4677:www.suedtirolerland.it 4102:"Die Macht der Tracht" 4000:Callwey, Munich, 1938. 3204:"DIRNDL À L'AFRICAINE" 2766:Destination-munich.com 2415:Bayrisches Woerterbuch 2110: 1972:The Monastery's Hunter 1948: 1855:Villa General Belgrano 1819: 1789:In the German diaspora 1742: 1736: 1726: 1708: 1686: 1678: 1661: 1571:, the world's largest 1532: 1527: 1518: 1493: 1445: 1433: 1404: 1367: 1357: 1347: 1316: 1293:Queen Silvia of Sweden 1276: 1250: 1233:" painted by Emil Rau 1229: 1223: 1170: 1106: 1082: 1070: 1064: 1015: 1010: 972: 959:. Under his successor 928: 890: 837: 811: 806: 793: 788: 749:considered imposing a 717: 712: 663: 601: 583: 575: 521: 511: 505: 499: 493: 487: 472: 455: 443: 417: 381: 352: 339: 322: 288: 283: 234: 222: 212: 203: 197: 187: 181: 175: 169: 159: 149: 119: 54: 38: 35:Vilshofen an der Donau 26: 4191:(10 September 2010). 4088:Munich in your pocket 4019:, 27. September 2012" 3996:Gertrud Pesendorfer. 3374:, Abrams, 1979, p. 62 2168:Austrian folk dancing 1655: 1524: 1516: 1443: 1362: 1352: 1345: 1314: 1270: 1248: 1168: 1080: 1007: 917:Johann Baptist Reiter 914: 876:and the doctrines of 858: 799: 781: 709: 678:designs found in the 661: 453: 415: 232: 44: 32: 24: 6689:Culture of Altbayern 6684:19th-century fashion 6565:Mexican pointy boots 5142:German Drindle Dress 5061:Wallnöfer, Elsbeth: 5019:. Vienna: Panorama. 4957:Trachten in Südtirol 4649:Trachten in Südtirol 4579:oktoberfest-hagen.de 4419:www.narzissenfest.at 4152:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 3425:Das 19. Jahrhundert. 2411:"Diandl Dirndl, das" 1699:Treaty of St-Germain 1606:would be unseemly." 1289:1972 Summer Olympics 1271:German opera singer 1198:and was murdered at 994:Elisabeth of Bavaria 982:Emperor Franz Joseph 951:anniversary of King 847:national romanticism 298:hook-and-eye closure 6520:Inuit skin clothing 4959:, Reverdito, 2009, 4698:"Unsere Geschichte" 4651:, Reverdito, 2009, 4518:Bayerische Trachten 4460:Kretschmer et al., 4107:Süddeutsche Zeitung 3978:on 15 February 2016 3942:Elsbeth Wallnöfer: 3919:on 27 February 2020 3423:Gabriele Crepaldi: 2962:shop.oktoberfest.de 2111:Klassische Trachten 2080:The White Horse Inn 1660:, South Tyrol, 2014 1333:2006 FIFA World Cup 1219:Gertrud Pesendorfer 1102:The White Horse Inn 988:, the successor of 953:Ludwig I of Bavaria 947:, to celebrate the 933:Unspunnen festivals 408:Traditional dirndls 6714:Culture of Germany 6704:Culture of Austria 6405:Nationella dräkten 6347:Sombrero de catite 6120:Scottish highlands 4380:www.trachten.or.at 4340:. 31 December 2019 4338:The Times of India 3689:, p. 40f, 55. 3153:The New York Times 2990:www.oktoberfest.de 2958:"Bavarian jewelry" 2901:on 23 October 2020 2816:"Dirndlbluse, die" 2555:/www.gutefrage.net 2437:, p. 15, 18f. 2435:Weissengruber 2004 2325:. 5 September 2006 2275:"Dirndlkleid, das" 2160:Switzerland portal 2031:The Sound of Music 1662: 1627:Schleswig-Holstein 1560:, restaurants and 1533: 1519: 1446: 1371:The Times of India 1348: 1317: 1277: 1273:Ingeborg Hallstein 1257:Gone With the Wind 1251: 1171: 1083: 1016: 929: 812: 794: 718: 664: 456: 418: 235: 223:Trachtenbekleidung 67:[ˈdɪʁndl̩] 55: 39: 27: 6699:Austrian clothing 6661: 6660: 6425: 6424: 6327:Traje de flamenca 5967: 5966: 5269:Senegalese kaftan 5086:978-3-9253-6923-0 5071:978-3-8674-4194-0 5045:978-3-8544-7781-5 5026:978-3-8505-7001-5 4998:978-3-9388-3220-2 4955:Radakovich, Uta: 4943:978-3-7025-0693-3 4913:978-3-86915-043-7 4896:978-1-8597-3400-1 4879:978-3-900358-27-3 4853:978-3-8316-0831-7 4818:dirndlschuerze.de 4505:978-3-89876-413-1 4464:, pp. 10f, 54–57. 3830:BBC News Magazine 3724:978-3-900358-27-3 3666:Neue Westfälische 3446:978-0-141-97978-6 3357:Fernand Braudel: 3332:612, pages 58ff. 3019:978-3-89915-946-2 2804:978-3-7025-0693-3 2582:. 28 January 2018 2580:www.wachaublog.at 2576:"Wachauer Tracht" 2073:Where Eagles Dare 1965:Miss Congeniality 1820:Deutschamerikaner 1640:Cannstatter Wasen 1499:Salzburg Festival 1305:Vivienne Westwood 1147:Salzburg Festival 1087:Viktor von Geramb 1030:(1874–1965) and 827:movement and the 802:Hermann Kauffmann 6736: 6729:Women's clothing 6530:Ceinture fléchée 6246:Ukrainian wreath 5976: 5975: 5755:Formal Chut Thai 5718:Maria Clara gown 5292: 5291: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5129: 5123: 5112: 5097: 5058: 5049: 5030: 5011: 5002: 4983: 4970:Reuter, Ulrich: 4900: 4889:. Oxford: Berg. 4866: 4857: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4725:. 4 August 2015. 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4669: 4660: 4647:Uta Radakovich, 4645: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4552:, p. 11-15. 4547: 4541: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4508: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4274:Neil MacGregor, 4272: 4263: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4185: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4143: 4132: 4131:, p. 42-44. 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4073:Neil MacGregor, 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4049: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4010: 4001: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3974:. 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Archived from 3905: 3896: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3865:. 9 October 1875 3859: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3821: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3755: 3748: 3739: 3734:Ingrid Loschek: 3732: 3726: 3712: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3623: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3510: 3499: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3459: 3448: 3436:Neil MacGregor, 3434: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3394: 3375: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3266:. 20 August 2019 3260:"dirndl-noh-nee" 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3143: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3098: 3067: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3027: 3021: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2900: 2894:. 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1413:Catholic church 1392: 1387: 1243: 1224:entkatholisiert 1177:as a symbol of 1163: 1107:Im weißen Rössl 1060:First World War 1002: 973:Trachtenvereine 906:Napoleonic Wars 866:Sturm and Drang 825:Danish folklore 776: 723:Catholic church 656: 647: 641:) and Denmark. 623: 621:Similar designs 563: 546: 544:Dress etiquette 509:in Munich, the 434: 410: 274: 248: 146: 138:German diaspora 110: 90:(south-eastern 71: 70: 62: 53:, Austria, 2015 37:(Bavaria), 2012 17: 12: 11: 5: 6742: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6719:Swiss clothing 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6554: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6455:Chilote poncho 6452: 6447: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6417: 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5809: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5698:Barong tagalog 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5512:Shalwar kameez 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5298: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5194: 5193: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5137: 5136:External links 5134: 5131: 5130: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5089: 5074: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5031: 5025: 5012: 5003: 4997: 4984: 4975: 4968: 4965:978-8863140361 4953: 4946: 4931: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4882: 4867: 4858: 4852: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4805: 4786: 4761: 4746: 4728: 4714: 4689: 4661: 4657:978-8863140361 4640: 4627:Westfalen Post 4614: 4592: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4522: 4509: 4488: 4466: 4453: 4431: 4406: 4393: 4367: 4351: 4325: 4292: 4280: 4264: 4244: 4232: 4206: 4189:Deutsche Welle 4177: 4175:, p. 268. 4165: 4133: 4121: 4092: 4079: 4066: 4035: 4002: 3989: 3955: 3930: 3897: 3876: 3854: 3852:, p. 207. 3850:Rosenberg 2018 3842: 3807: 3795:Derstandard.at 3781: 3769: 3767:, pp. 220–225. 3756: 3740: 3727: 3704: 3691: 3679: 3643: 3639:Ständecke 2008 3624: 3620:Ständecke 2007 3603: 3591: 3589:, p. 206. 3587:Rosenberg 2018 3572: 3550: 3548:, p. 273. 3538: 3526: 3500: 3487: 3485:, p. 272. 3475: 3449: 3429: 3416: 3376: 3363: 3347: 3321: 3315:Bruno Köhler: 3305: 3291:www.lemonde.fr 3278: 3251: 3226: 3195: 3180: 3177:. 8 July 2020. 3166: 3121: 3068: 3050: 3022: 3002: 2974: 2949: 2912: 2875: 2857: 2833: 2807: 2778: 2740: 2728: 2686: 2675: 2648: 2623: 2593: 2567: 2542: 2474: 2451: 2439: 2427: 2399: 2373: 2348: 2336: 2323:Derstandard.at 2291: 2266: 2249: 2224: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2149: 2146:Germany portal 2135: 2132:Austria portal 2119: 2116: 2106:postage stamps 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2055: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2013: 2005: 1998: 1991: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1809:ethnic group ( 1795:ethnic costume 1790: 1787: 1775:Bernese Tracht 1766: 1763: 1721: 1718: 1649: 1646: 1637:, such as the 1589:Theresienwiese 1587:refers to the 1510: 1507: 1491:on 1 May, the 1427:) and saints´ 1425:Corpus Christi 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1379:Celina Jaitley 1242: 1239: 1162: 1159: 1155:Shirley Temple 1032:Moritz Wallach 1014:(Girl reading) 1001: 998: 949:silver wedding 878:neo-Classicism 775: 772: 688:Upper Carniola 655: 652: 646: 643: 622: 619: 597:African dirndl 562: 559: 545: 542: 439:balconette bra 433: 430: 409: 406: 247: 244: 218:renewed tracht 145: 142: 134:ethnic costume 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6741: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:1930s fashion 6677: 6675: 6674:1890s fashion 6672: 6671: 6669: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6608:Feather cloak 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513:North America 6511: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430:South America 6428: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086:British Isles 6084: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 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5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5073:. (in German) 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4969: 4967:. (in German) 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4945:. (in German) 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4930:. (in German) 4929: 4928:3-85447-028-2 4925: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4881:. (in German) 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4724: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4602: 4596: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4441: 4435: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4289: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4242:, p. 46. 4241: 4236: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4130: 4125: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4070: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4024: 4020: 4018: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3972:Echoonline.at 3969: 3962: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3902: 3894: 3893:0-7546-1747-5 3890: 3886: 3880: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3777:Guenther 2010 3773: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3561:. 5 July 1879 3560: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3534:Tostmann 1998 3530: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3471:3-85447-028-2 3468: 3464: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3373: 3370:James Laver: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3352: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3193:, p. 15. 3192: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3170: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2853:3-85447-028-2 2850: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2737: 2732: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2676:9781610693103 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2637: 2636:Trachtenbibel 2633: 2627: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2471: 2470:Tostmann 1998 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2449:, p. 16. 2448: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2387: 2383: 2382:"Dirndl, das" 2377: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2245:Tostmann 1990 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2208: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2178:Schuhplattler 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2150: 2147: 2136: 2133: 2122: 2115: 2112: 2107: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2003: 2002:The Producers 1999: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1891:Almost Angels 1888: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:Colonia Tovar 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1720:Liechtenstein 1717: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1529: 1528:Wiesntrachten 1523: 1515: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1495: 1494:Narzissenfest 1490: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1478:Lower Austria 1475: 1471: 1470:Salzkammergut 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1400:Schuhplattler 1397: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1247: 1238: 1236: 1231: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1012: 1006: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 977: 974: 969: 964: 962: 961:Maximilian II 958: 957:Queen Therese 954: 950: 946: 942: 936: 934: 926: 925:Upper Austria 922: 919:(1813–1890), 918: 913: 909: 907: 903: 902:Revolutionary 899: 898:Enlightenment 895: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:Enlightenment 871: 867: 863: 857: 854: 852: 848: 844: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 808: 804:(1808–1889), 803: 798: 790: 786:(1808–1885), 785: 784:Carl Spitzweg 780: 771: 769: 765: 761: 755: 752: 751:sumptuary tax 748: 747:Maria Theresa 744: 740: 736: 730: 728: 724: 714: 708: 704: 702: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 660: 651: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627:folk costumes 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 598: 593: 589: 587: 585: 579: 577: 570: 568: 558: 555: 550: 541: 539: 534: 532: 528: 523: 518: 513: 507: 501: 495: 489: 488:jungfernkranz 483: 481: 476: 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Retrieved 4817: 4808: 4800:The Guardian 4799: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4773: 4764: 4749: 4717: 4705:. Retrieved 4701: 4692: 4680:. Retrieved 4676: 4648: 4643: 4633:11 September 4631:. Retrieved 4626: 4617: 4607:11 September 4605:. Retrieved 4595: 4585:12 September 4583:. Retrieved 4578: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4545: 4530: 4525: 4517: 4512: 4496: 4491: 4479:. Retrieved 4469: 4461: 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4434: 4422:. Retrieved 4418: 4409: 4404:, Pp. 9, 31. 4401: 4396: 4384:. Retrieved 4379: 4370: 4362: 4342:. Retrieved 4337: 4328: 4316:. Retrieved 4309: 4303: 4295: 4283: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4235: 4223:. Retrieved 4218: 4209: 4168: 4156:. Retrieved 4151: 4124: 4112:. Retrieved 4105: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4074: 4069: 4057:. Retrieved 4026:. Retrieved 4023:www.heise.de 4022: 4016: 3997: 3992: 3980:. Retrieved 3976:the original 3971: 3943: 3921:. Retrieved 3917:the original 3912: 3884: 3879: 3867:. Retrieved 3857: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3829: 3798:. 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