Discovery Program - Knowledge

2943: 243: 3417: 4089: 4209: 41: 1951: 2774: 2766: 4200: 4107: 4125: 3546: 3989: 3962: 2852:(eventually Juno was selected as the 2nd New Frontiers mission in 2005 and launched in 2011). No other discovery mission proposed in response to the Announcement of Opportunity was considered for concept study and therefore no Discovery mission was selected for this opportunity (although a mission of opportunity was selected (Moon Mineralogy Mapper) as part of the AO in 2004). The next Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission was released on January 3, 2006. There were three finalists for this Discovery selection including 4007: 224: 9844: 9623: 33: 3326: 4080: 3980: 3677: 3555: 2467: 212: 3435: 3335: 2175: 3761: 3752: 3650: 3308: 3998: 3641: 57: 3971: 3797: 11678: 3788: 3453: 3537: 3668: 3659: 3883: 4116: 2678: 9388: 1720: 191: 3564: 3874: 3462: 3444: 3299: 4098: 3344: 3779: 11690: 2885: 2400: 1943: 3426: 3770: 3317: 458:, thus becoming the first rover to operate outside the Earth-Moon system. It carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It completed its primary and extended mission and after over 80 days, the last signal was sent on September 27, 1997. The mission was terminated on March 10, 1998. 2316: 936:. The resulting impact plume was observed by the spacecraft and other space-based observatories. The 2007 Stardust spacecraft NExT mission determined the resulting crater's diameter to be 150 meters (490 ft). After the successful completion of its mission, the main spacecraft was put in hibernation before being reactivated for a new mission designated 176: 1056:, and began its lowest orbit on December 16. In June 2016 it was approved for an extended mission at Ceres. On October 19, 2017, NASA announced that the mission would be extended until its hydrazine fuel ran out, which occurred on October 31, 2018. The spacecraft is currently in an uncontrolled orbit around Ceres. 2444:. A series of proposals limited to missions to a near-Earth asteroid missions were reviewed in 1991. What would be the NEAR spacecraft mission was formally selected in December 1993, after which began a 2-year development period prior to launch. NEAR was launched on February 15, 1996, and arrived to orbit 2238:, a Phobos and Deimos sample return mission. It was a finalist in the 1999 Discovery selection, with a planned launch in 2001 and return of the samples by 2006. Sample collection was intended to work by sending projectiles into the moons, then collecting the ejecta by means of a collector spacecraft flyby. 9238:

Mihaly Horányi, Neal J. Turner, Conel Alexander, Nikolas Altobelli, Tibor Balint, Julie Castillo-Rogez, Bruce Draine, Cecile Engrand, Jon Hillier, Hope Ishii, Sascha Kempf, Tobin Munsat, David Nesvorný, Larry Nittler, Peter Pokorný, Frank Postberg, Ralf Srama, Thomas Stephan, Zoltan Sternovsky, Jamey

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COMPASS (Climate Orbiter for Mars Polar Atmospheric and Subsurface Science) is a mission concept for a Mars orbiter to research the Martian climate record through the study of its ice deposits and their interaction with current climate. This mission is led by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the

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In February 2014, NASA released a Discovery Program 'Draft Announcement of Opportunity' for launch readiness date of December 31, 2021. The final AO was released on November 5, 2014, and on September 30, 2015, NASA selected five mission concepts as finalists, each received $ 3 million for one-year of

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Sandford, Scott A.; A'Hearn, Michael; Allamandola, Louis J.; Britt, Daniel; Clark, Benton; Dworkin, Jason P.; Flynn, George; Glavin, Danny; Hanel, Robert; Hanner, Martha; Hörz, Fred; Keller, Lindsay; Messenger, Scott; Smith, Nicholas; Stadermann, Frank; Wade, Darren; Zinner, Ernst; Zolensky, Michael

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orbiter with an attached lander. The lander would fall through the Venusian atmosphere, collecting samples along the way, as well as after landing through the use of a "mole". Said lander would launch those samples into a low orbit, where they would rendezvous with the orbiter, returning the samples

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In 1989, NASA's Solar System Exploration Division began to define a new strategy for Solar System exploration up to the year 2000. This included a Small Mission Program Group that investigated missions that would be low cost and allow focused scientific questions to be addressed in shorter time than

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for the entire mission after escaping Earth. After a 2009 Mars flyby, it entered orbit around Vesta on July 16, 2011. It entered its lowest Vesta orbit on December 8, 2011, and after a year-long Vesta mission of observing surface terrain and mineral composition, left its orbit on September 5, 2012.

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was a mission to visit and study at least 2 comets. On August 15, 2002, the spacecraft disintegrated during a planned maneuver that was intended to propel it out of Earth orbit and into its comet-chasing solar orbit. The investigation board concluded the probable cause was structural failure of the

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in 1975. After one Earth flyby, two of Venus and three of Mercury, it finally entered orbit around Mercury on March 18, 2011. The primary science mission began on April 4, 2011, and lasted until March 17, 2012. It achieved 100% mapping of Mercury on March 6, 2013, and completed its first year-long

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was a lunar orbiter to characterize the lunar mineralogy, including polar ice deposits, measure magnetic and gravitational fields, and study lunar outgassing events. After preliminary mappings, it achieved the targeted primary Lunar orbit on January 16. The primary mission in this orbit lasted one

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On December 22, 2018, NASA released a draft of its Discovery 2019 Announcement of Opportunity, which outlined its intent to select up to two missions with launch readiness dates of July 1, 2025 – December 31, 2026, and/or July 1, 2028 – December 31, 2029, as Discovery 15 and 16, respectively. The

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In November 2007 NASA selected the GRAIL mission as the next Discovery mission, with a goal of mapping lunar gravity and a 2011 launch. There were 23 other proposals that were also under consideration. The mission had a budget of US$ 375 million (then-year dollars) which included construction and

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separated soon after the launch and entered Lunar orbits on December 31, 2011, and January 1, 2012, respectively. The primary scientific phase was achieved in May 2012. After the extended mission phase, the two spacecraft impacted the Moon on December 17, 2012. MoonKAM (Moon Knowledge Acquired by

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The Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission released on June 7, 2010. For this cycle, 28 proposals were received; 3 were for the Moon, 4 for Mars, 7 for Venus, 1 for Jupiter, 1 to a Jupiter Trojan, 2 to Saturn, 7 to asteroids, and 3 to comets. Out of the 28 proposals, three finalists

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The original Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission released on April 16, 2004. The only candidate for selection for a concept Phase A study was JASSI, which was a Jupiter flyby mission based on the New Frontiers Mission Juno that was already under consideration for final selection

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once in 1998, before a second approach allowed it to enter orbit around Eros of February 14, 2000. After nearly a year of orbital observations, the spacecraft was landed on the asteroid on February 12, 2001, and continued to function successfully after touching down softly at under 2 m/s,

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McKay, C. P.; Carol R. Stoker; Brian J. Glass; Arwen I. Davé; Alfonso F. Davila; Jennifer L. Heldmann; Margarita M. Marinova; Alberto G. Fairen; Richard C. Quinn; Kris A. Zacny; Gale Paulsen; Peter H. Smith; Victor Parro; Dale T. Andersen; Michael H. Hecht; Denis Lacelle & Wayne H. Pollard

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orbiting other stars and to search for additional planets in the same system, as well as to investigate possible moons and ring systems of said exoplanets. A secondary science goal was to better observe the earth in both infrared and visible light, in order to create better computer models of

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was an orbiter which conducted the first orbital study of Mercury. Its science goals were to provide the first images of the entire planet and collect detailed information on the composition and structure of Mercury's crust, its geologic history, the nature of its thin atmosphere and active

9251:. Andrew S. Rivkin, Barbara A. Cohen, Olivier Barnouin, Carolyn M. Ernst, Nancy L. Chabot, Brett W. Denevi, Benjamin T. Greenhagen, Rachel L. Klima, Mark Perry, Zoltan Sternovsky, and the MANTIS Science Team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-1277-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 2385:, a rover concept that would be propelled by the wind force on its vertical wingsail. Conceived in 2012, the project has since made progress in developing electronic components that would allow the vehicle to operate for 50 days on the surface of Venus without a cooling system. 706:

and began its return to Earth on April 22, 2004, but on September 8, 2004, the sample-return capsule's parachute failed to deploy, and the capsule crashed into the Utah desert. However, solar wind samples were salvaged and are available for study. Despite the hard landing,

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orbiter selected in February 2005. Launched in 2008, it was designed to explore the Moon's mineral composition at high resolution. M3's detection of water on the Moon was announced in late September 2009, one month after the mission ended. The Principal Investigator was

2338:, a concept for a Venus orbiter focused on studying the planet's atmosphere. It was one of three concepts to receive funds for further study in the 2006 Discovery selection. Osiris and GRAIL were the other two, and eventually GRAIL was chosen and went on to be launched. 6092:"In a presentation at Space Science Week, Sue Smrekar says the earliest VERITAS can now launch is late 2029, which she argues is preferable over 2031 to deconflict with DAVINCI and EnVision and lower overall cost. Need "modest" bridge funding in FY23 and 24 to do so" 1534:

is an atmospheric probe that will study the chemical composition of Venus's atmosphere during descent. These measurements are important to understanding the origin of the Venusian atmosphere, how it has evolved, and how and why it is different from Earth and Mars.

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and other seismic activity, advancing understanding of the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets. Its launch was delayed from 2016 to May 2018. The lander touched down successfully on November 26, 2018, at a site about 600 km (370 mi) from the

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HOVER (Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance), a Venus orbiter that would perform spectral studies from the top of the atmosphere to the surface. Its main goal is understanding the mechanics of the Venus climate and atmospheric

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These provide opportunities to participate in non-NASA missions by providing funding for a science instrument or hardware components of an instrument, or for an extended mission for a spacecraft that may differ from its original purpose.

604:. Samples were stored in a return capsule which landed on Earth on January 15, 2006. Scientists worldwide are currently studying the comet dust samples while citizen scientists are attempting to find interstellar dust bits through the 9372:

David E. Smith, Terry Hurford, Maria T. Zuber, Robin Canup, Francis Nimmo, Mark Wieczorek, Edward Bierhaus, Antonio Genova, Erwan Mazarico and the MAGIC Team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-363-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting

2097:(Origins Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security), an asteroid observation and sample return mission concept selected in 2006 for further concept studies. It further matured and launched September 8, 2016, as 2355:(Venus Exploration of Volcanoes and Atmosphere), an atmospheric probe for Venus. The main component is a 7-day balloon flight through the atmosphere accompanied by various small probes dropped deeper into the planet's thick gases. 7365:

Pieters, C.; Calvin, W.; Cheng, A.; Clark, B.; Clemett, S.; Gold, R.; McKay, D.; Murchie, S.; Mustard, J.; Papike, J.; Schultz, P.; Thomas, P.; Tuzzolino, A.; Yeomans, D.; Yoder, C.; Zolensky, M.; Barnouin-Jha, O.; Domingue, D.

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Lee, Pascal; Veverka, Joseph; Bellerose, Julie; Boucher, Marc; Boynton, John; Braham, Stephen; Gellert, Ralf; Hildebrand, Alan; Manzella, David; Mungas, Greg; Oleson, Steven; Richards, Robert; Thomas, Peter C.; West, Michael D.

7945:. (PDF) Geoffrey A. Landis, Steven R. Oleson, David Grantier, and the COMPASS team. NASA John Glenn Research Center. 65th International Astronautical Congress, Toronto, Canada. February 24, 2015. Report: IAC-14,A3,P,31x26111 2379:, a robotic atmospheric flight on Venus's atmosphere using a long-duration solar-powered aircraft system. It would carry 1.5 kg of scientific payload and would contend with violent wind, heat and a corrosive atmosphere. 8483: 10408: 7177:

Haberle, R. M.; Catling, D. C.; Chassefiere, E.; Forget, F.; Hourdin, F.; Leovy, C. B.; Magalhaes, J.; Mihalov, J.; Pommereau, J. P.; Murphy, J. R. (2000). "The Pascal Discovery Mission: A Mars Climate Network Mission".

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In 1998 five finalists had been selected to receive US$ 375,000 to further mature their design concept. The five proposals were selected out of about 30 with the goal of achieving the best science. Those missions were:

2153:, a spacecraft designed to rendezvous with a comet, make extended observations within the cometary coma (but not land on the comet), gently collect multiple coma samples, and return them to Earth for study. (Similar to 8451: 447:, on December 4, 1996. After entering the Martian atmosphere, the hypersonic capsule deployed a complex landing system including a parachute and an airbag to hit the surface at 14 m/s. The lander deployed the 1887: 1316:. It detected its first possible quake on April 6, 2019. Dust accumulating on the lander's solar arrays gradually reduced available power over the course of the mission, and contact was lost on December 15, 2022. 1130:

systems, with a special emphasis on the detection of Earth-size planets in orbit around stars outside the Solar System. Initially planned for 3.5 years, the spacecraft functioned for about 10 years, including a

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Pieters, C.; Murchie, S.; Cheng, A.; Zolensky, M.; Schultz, P.; Clark, B.; Thomas, P.; Calvin, W.; McSween, H.; Yeomans, D.; McKay, D.; Clemett, S.; Gold, R. (1997). "ALADDIN – Phobos-Deimos sample return".

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However often the funding comes in, there is a selection process with perhaps two dozen concepts. These sometimes get further matured and re-proposed in another selection or program. An example of this is

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for a lander to search for direct signs of life on Mars via biomarker detection, with a focus on sampling ice-cemented ground for its potential to preserve and protect biomolecules or biosignatures.

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becoming the first probe to soft-land on an asteroid. The probe continued to emit signals until February 28, 2001, and the final attempt to communicate with the spacecraft was on December 10, 2002.

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missions. Existing NASA programs had specified mission targets and objectives in advance, then sought bidders to construct and operate them. In contrast, Discovery missions are solicited through a

1739:. The goal was to take pictures of its nucleus to increase our understanding of the diversity of comets. The flyby of Hartley 2 was successful with closest approach occurring on November 4, 2010. 9181: 8421: 2784:

26 proposals were submitted to the 2000 Discovery solicitation, with budget initially targeted at US$ 300 million. Three candidates were shortlisted in January 2001 for a phase-A design study:

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had also been a finalist in the 1998 round of selection. The three finalists were announced in October 2006 and awarded US$ 1.2 million to further develop their proposals for the final round.

8753: 1890: 2261:(Mars Geoscience Imaging at Centimeter-scale), an orbiter that would provide images of the Martian surface at 5–10 cm/pixel, permitting resolution of features as small as 20–40 cm. 9213:. Kelsi N. Singer, S. Alan Stern, Daniel Stern, Anne Verbiscer, Cathy Olkin, and the Centaurus Science Team. (. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-2025-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 2165:, a spacecraft that would've utilised a new form of micro-electric propulsion, called 'Micro Electro-fluidic-spray Propulsion' to travel to a near Earth object and gather important data. 5223: 1986:. Some of these concepts went on to become actual missions, or similar concepts were eventually realized in another mission class. This list is a mix of previous and current proposals. 1901: 7201: 3157:

FOSSIL (Fragments from the Origins of the Solar System and our Interstellar Locale), a spacecraft to be placed in an Earth-trailing orbit to determine the composition of the local and

11033: 10390: 2068:, an orbiter that would map Jupiter's magnetic and gravity fields in an effort to study the giant planet's interior structure. The concept was further matured and implemented as 9916: 8606: 1879: 122:

The Discovery Program also includes Missions of Opportunity, which fund U.S. participation in spacecraft operated by other space agencies, for example by contributing a single

10082: 5124: 2732: 6509: 9428: 8696: 4375: 2332:, proposed for a 1999 launch, would have dropped 16 atmospheric probes into Venus, which would fall slowly to the surface, taking pressure and temperature measurements. 10414: 2835:

were selected for flight. At this time, only 80 exoplanets had been detected, and the main mission of Kepler to look for more exoplanets, especially Earth-sized. Both

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Mars meteorological mission was planned, consisting of meteorological, seismic, and geodetic instruments; however, the mission was terminated prior to its 2007 launch.

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Suzanne Smrekar, Scott Hensley, Darby Dyar, Jörn Helbert, and the VERITAS Science Team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-1124-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019.

7824: 4168: 2344:(Venus Sample Targeting, Attainment and Return), a Venus sample return mission with a goal of understanding Venus's evolution. The mission would have consisted of a 1928: 1881: 512:

year until January 28, 1999, followed up by a half-year extended mission in a lower orbit for higher resolution. On July 31, 1999, it deliberately impacted into the

8805: 5002: 10436: 2598:, a lunar orbiter mission, was selected for launch. Three other missions were left to undergo a further selection later in 1995 for the fourth Discovery mission: 6481: 5513: 1892: 9034: 1909: 146:

existing programs. The result was a request for rapid studies of potential missions and NASA committed funding in 1990. The new program was called "Discovery".

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In August 1994, NASA made an Announcement of Opportunity for the next proposed Discovery missions. There were 28 proposals submitted to NASA in October 1994:

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Walter Harris, Laura Woodney, Geronimo Villanueva and the Chimera Science team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-1094-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019.

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Farquhar, Robert; Jen, Shao-Chiang; McAdams, Jim V. (September 12, 2000). "Extended-mission opportunities for a Discovery-class asteroid rendezvous mission".

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D. S. Draper, R. L. Klima, S. J. Lawrence, B. W. Denevi, and the ISOCHRON Team. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132).

6270: 4827: 4351: 1843: 1492:, thought to be the exposed iron core of a protoplanet. Launched on 13 October 2023, it carries an imager, a magnetometer, and a gamma-ray spectrometer. 223: 3197:, a lunar lander which would deploy a rover to rappel down a deep pit, analyzing the exposed geological layers and investigate if the pit connects to a 9946: 9883: 7205: 6822: 1635: 1282: 600:

in November 2002, it performed a flyby of comet Wild 2 in January 2004, during which the Sample Collection plate collected dust grain samples from the

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Issa A. Nesnas, Laura Kerber, Aaron Parness, Richard Kornfeld, Glenn Sellar, etal. 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference. 2–9 March 2019. Big Sky, MT, USA.

8726: 7890: 1899: 1710: 242: 7016: 7761: 4638: 3167:(Main-belt Asteroid and NEO Tour with Imaging and Spectroscopy), a mission that would flyby 14 asteroids covering a wide range of types and masses. 1597:, and radar image measurements would provide knowledge of Venus's tectonic and impact history, gravity, geochemistry, the timing and mechanisms of 9085: 8928: 5473: 1895: 10547: 9421: 9292:

Key Questions in Planetary Science to be Addressed by Exploration of a Lunar Magnetic Anomaly: The Lunar Compass Rover Discovery Mission Concept.

8571: 7044: 369:, such as a magnetometer, multi spectral imager, and an x-ray/gamma ray spectrometer. After a February 17, 1996, launch, it performed a flyby of 8391: 7852:

Sharpton, V. L.; Herrick, R. R.; Rogers, F.; Waterman, S. (2009). "RAVEN – High-resolution Mapping of Venus within a Discovery Mission Budget".

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was to support the Mars Surveyor program. Later missions would be selected by a more sequential process involving Announcements of Opportunity.

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A.S. McEwen, E. Turtle, L. Kestay, K. Khurana, J. Westlake, etal. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-996-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019.

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extended mission on March 17, 2013. After another mission extension, the spacecraft ran out of propellant and was deorbited on April 30, 2015.

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that would've utilised multiple short flights to repeatedly land on the comet's nucleus in order to map various geological processes such as

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Baines, Kevin H.; Hall, Jeffery L.; Balint, Tibor; Kerzhanovich, Viktor; Hunter, Gary; Atreya, Sushil K.; Limaye, Sanjay S.; Zahnle, Kevin.

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in 2011 and observe changes since the Deep Impact mission visited it in July 2005. Later in 2005, Tempel 1 made its closest approach to the

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were selected for the 13th and 14th Discovery missions, respectively and launched on 16 October 2021 and 13 October 2023, respectively.

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final Announcement of Opportunity was released on April 1, 2019, and proposal submissions were accepted between then and July 1, 2019.

2192:(Mars Upper Atmosphere Dynamics, Energetics, and Evolution), an orbiter mission designed to study Mars's upper atmosphere. (similar to 1888: 92:

Programs. As a result, Discovery missions tend to be more focused on a specific scientific goal rather than serving a general purpose.

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Moon Diver: A Discovery Mission Concept for Understanding the History of Secondary Crusts through the Exploration of a Lunar Mare Pit.

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Mars Geyser Hopper would investigate 'spider' features on Mars, as imaged by an orbiter. Image size: 1 km (0.62 mi) across.

361:) was the first man-made object to both orbit and land on an asteroid. It carried many scientific instruments designed to study both 7624: 7321: 5975: 5866: 11339: 9941: 9659: 6346: 5114: 4177: 3851: 3514: 2951: 1914: 1883: 1171: 9333:

S. Byrne, P. O. Hayne, P. Becerra, The COMPASS Team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-912-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019.

8956: 8902: 7645: 7521: 7378: 6800: 2922:(CHopper) to study cometary evolution by landing on a comet multiple times and observing its changes as it interacts with the Sun. 1896: 11648: 11381: 10118: 9747: 8875: 7996: 1864: 1394:. It was launched in October 2021. Lucy will make two Earth flybys before arriving at Jupiter's L4 Trojan cloud in 2027 to visit 9589: 9316:

NanoSWARM: A Proposed Discovery Mission to Study Space Weathering, Lunar Water, lunar magnetism, and small-scale magnetospheres.

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Klaasen, Kenneth; Greeley, Ronald (March 31, 2003). "VEVA Discovery mission to Venus: exploration of volcanoes and atmosphere".

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was selected for development and launch. The mission launched on May 5, 2018, and successfully landed on Mars on November 26.

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Centaurus: A Spacecraft Discovery Mission Proposal to Explore Centaurs and More, Messengers from the Era of Planet Formation

9110: 5910: 11623: 11430: 10953: 10094: 7835: 5677: 5138: 904: 8819: 6992: 5086: 2373:, a Venus mission to study its atmosphere with a balloon. Twin balloons would circumnavigate the planet over 8 Earth-days. 1877: 1593:

is an orbiter mission that will map the surface of Venus with high resolution. A combination of topography, near-infrared

443:'s geology and climate, as well as to demonstrate rover technology on another planet. It launched about a month after the 11206: 11180: 11136: 7667: 5586: 2283:, current geological models don't adequately describe the area and this mission would have attempted to solve this issue. 1906: 847:

magnetosphere, and the makeup of its core and polar materials. It was only the second spacecraft to flyby Mercury, after

9607: 1814: 11440: 10342: 8801: 1667: 678: 9263:. Larry W. Esposito, and the HOVER Team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-340-2, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019. 5624: 11296: 11216: 10850: 10314: 10128: 9440: 9304:

The Inner Solar System Chronology (ISOCHRON) Discovery Mission: Returning Samples of the Youngest Lunar Mare Basalts.

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David T. Blewett, Jasper S. Halekas, Benjamin T. Greenhagen, etal. AGU Fall Meeting, Washington DC, 14 December 2018.

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Szalay, Andrew Westphal, Diane Wooden. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-1202-6, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting. 2019

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MAGIC (Magnetics, Altimetry, Gravity and Imaging of Callisto) is an orbiter reconnaissance concept to Jupiter's moon

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Climate Orbiter for Mars Polar Atmospheric and Subsurface Science (COMPASS): Deciphering the Martian Climate Record.

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Colaprete, A.; Bellerose, J.; Andrews, D. (2012). "PCROSS – Phobos Close Rendezvous Observation Sensing Satellite".

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launched on December 4, 1996, and landed on Mars on July 4, 1997, bringing along with it the first NASA Mars rover,

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Fragments from the Origins of the Solar System and our Interstellar Locale (FOSSIL): A Discovery Mission Concept."

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Rivkin, A. S.; Chabot, N. L.; Murchie, S. L.; Eng, D.; Guo, Y.; Arvidson, R. E.; Trebi-Ollennu, A.; Seelos, F. P.

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University of Arizona and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

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orbiter. Launched on 2 June 2003, it has been orbiting Mars since 30 December 2003. The Principal Investigator is

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crater near the Lunar South pole in an attempt to produce water vapor plumes that would be observable from Earth.

10810: 10180: 7884:"Exploring Venus with Balloons: Science Objectives and Mission Architectures for small and Medium-Class Missions" 6970: 5196: 2942: 1860: 2425:. These initial missions did not follow the same selection process that started once the program was under-way. 1882: 11423: 11413: 11111: 9722: 9248: 9235: 9222: 9167: 6259: 6063: 5487: 3126: 10354: 9369: 9330: 9260: 9126: 6117: 4834: 4358: 1551:”) to explore its origin and tectonic, volcanic, and weathering history. The launch is planned for 2031–2032. 11616: 10456: 10451: 9828: 9356: 9210: 8206: 6404: 6068: 5764: 4572: 190: 9168:

VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography And Spectroscopy): A Proposed Discovery Mission.

6815: 4877: 3225:(Inner SOlar system CHRONology), a mission that would perform a robotic lunar sample-return of the youngest 11279: 11148: 10402: 10372: 3147: 2712:. Both missions targeted a launch in late 2004 and the cost was constrained at about US$ 300 million each. 1855: 1639: 1364: 1152: 8730: 7883: 7556:

Clarke, T. L. (2003). "Planetary System Occultation from Lunar Halo Orbit (PSOLHO): A Discovery Mission".

6537:"Deep Impact Extended Investigation (DIXI) and Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization (EPOCh)" 6172: 5841: 4567: 1543:

and the chemical processes at work in the unexplored lower atmosphere. Before it reaches the surface, the

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on July 3, 2005, and the impact occurred on July 4, 2005, releasing an energy equivalent of 4.7 tons of

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NASA made ion thruster technology available for proposals for the thirteenth Discovery Program mission.

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In the case of NEAR, a working group for the program recommended that the first mission should be to a

2136: 1704:(EPOCh) mission used the Deep Impact high-resolution camera in 2008 to better characterize known giant 830: 341: 8579: 7036: 6293: 5651: 3626:

This section includes an image of the Discovery missions' patches or logos, as well as the launch year

11473: 11391: 11386: 11060: 10515: 10473: 8422:"Science Analysis Support for NASA Discovery Program's Kepler Extended Mission | SETI Institute" 7684: 7116: 6434: 6233: 5942: 5201: 5173: 5146: 4898: 4800: 4725: 3158: 2430: 1819: 1287: 423: 8399: 8178: 7584: 7152: 175: 11586: 11510: 10784: 10360: 10123: 9669: 9600: 9513: 7920: 5947: 4968: 4147: 3819: 3484: 3416: 2973: 2726: 2695: 2111:, an asteroid rendezvous mission. This 1993 concept reviews possible targets for what became NEAR— 1902: 1891: 1886: 1847: 1792: 1783: 1724: 1693: 1468: 1025:

was the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies, the two most massive objects of the

917: 861: 572: 513: 233: 73: 9578: 6456: 6386: 4493: 1618: 40: 24: 11418: 11355: 11330: 11175: 11028: 10963: 10674: 10635: 10594: 10495: 9931: 9742: 9345: 8028: 7454: 7280: 6772: 6617: 5465: 5439: 5091: 4963: 4444: 3192: 2382: 2265: 1803: 1757:(NExT) was selected in July 2007 together with the EPOXI extension. It was a new mission for the 1383: 153:

which became the first launch in the Discovery Program on February 17, 1996. The second mission,

100: 95:

The Discovery Program was founded in 1990 to implement the policy of the then-NASA administrator

20: 5539: 5296:"NASA's Kepler Marks 1,000th Exoplanet Discovery, Uncovers More Small Worlds in Habitable Zones" 1818:(Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons) is an instrument planned to fly aboard the 702:

orbit on November 16, 2001, it collected solar wind for 850 days between 2001 and 2004. It left

11723: 11658: 11601: 11123: 11106: 11052: 11015: 10815: 10789: 10744: 10500: 10251: 10195: 9951: 9594: 9523: 8363: 7915: 7262: 5168: 4088: 3949:

This section includes an image of the Discovery missions' rockets, as well as the launch year.

3505: 3151: 2791: 2777: 1744: 1662: 1307:. It was intended to study the interior structure and composition of Mars as well as to detect 1115: 1064: 1003: 728: 116: 9291: 8545: 8514: 8314: 6890: 4720: 4208: 3067:, an orbiter to Jupiter to perform at least nine flybys of Jupiter's volcanically active moon 149:

The panel assessed several concepts that could be implemented as low-cost programs, selecting

11693: 11606: 11596: 11538: 11408: 11403: 11244: 10909: 10871: 10840: 10749: 10648: 10630: 10530: 10264: 10175: 10138: 9921: 9784: 9717: 9707: 9493: 8077:"Interlune-One: A Scientific Mission Across the Surface of the Moon (PDF Download Available)" 7485:

Feasibility of a Dragon-derived Mars lander for scientific and human-precursor investigations

6943:

Nelson, R. M.; Horn, L. J.; Weiss, J. R.; Smythe, W. D. (1994). "1994LPI 25..985N Page 985".

6177: 5557: 4293: 4045: 3717: 3382: 3222: 2616:, a comet sample-return mission, was selected in November 1995 over the two other finalists. 2611: 2568: 2154: 2102: 2073: 1983: 1968: 1893: 1796: 1759: 1646: 1627: 1238:

Middle school students) was an education related sub-program and instrument of this mission.

1160: 585: 525: 123: 85: 7962: 7539:"Robotics Institute: EXOMOON – A Discovery and Scout Mission Capabilities Expansion Concept" 1898: 11236: 10739: 10624: 10542: 10510: 10446: 10441: 9757: 9689: 9674: 9553: 9498: 8651: 7861: 7797: 7711: 7565: 7344: 7236: 7183: 7096: 6948: 6095: 5712: 5378: 5003:"Deep Impact Images Spectacular incoming Comet ISON – Curiosity & NASA Armada Will Try" 4977: 4199: 4106: 4056: 3932: 3728: 3608: 3393: 3258: 3138: 3103: 3090: 3074: 2967: 2961: 2817: 2654: 2626: 2049: 1993: 1973: 1839: 1559: 1419: 1102: 1040: 976: 928:

on January 12, 2005. The spacecraft released a 350 kg impactor into the path of comet

691: 636: 444: 130: 119:(PI) and may include contributions from industry, universities or government laboratories. 9315: 9303: 9139: 9060:"NASA Announcement: Release of the 2019 Announcement of Opportunity for Discovery Program" 7743: 7542: 6848: 5322: 2636:

as the next Discovery missions, out of 34 proposals that were submitted in December 1996.

1950: 8: 11523: 11489: 11020: 11001: 10590: 10378: 9936: 9893: 9732: 9684: 9652: 9546: 9406: 7613: 7310: 6228: 5897: 5876: 5739:"Earlier launch of NASA's Psyche mission touted as cost-saving measure – Spaceflight Now" 5629: 5295: 5036: 4545: 4234: 3910: 3841: 3586: 3164: 3113:, had been selected for development. The two missions will launch between 2031 and 2032. 3064: 3005: 2986: 2905: 2773: 2441: 2027: 2003: 1480: 1463: 1431: 1226: 1148: 1126:

in a heliocentric, Earth-trailing orbit tasked to explore the structure and diversity of

32: 9401: 9272: 8655: 7865: 7801: 7715: 7569: 7348: 7240: 7187: 7100: 6952: 6354: 6144: 5601: 4981: 4940: 4594: 2765: 1691:(EPOXI) was selected in July 2007. It was a series of two new missions for the existing 588:

was a mission to collect interstellar dust and dust particles from the nucleus of comet

11320: 10898: 10805: 10779: 10719: 10703: 10679: 10246: 10236: 9737: 9393: 8987: 8677: 7641: 7510: 7367: 6796: 5822: 3988: 3545: 3211:, and would answer some questions in planetary science, including planetary magnetism, 2319:

The Venus Multiprobe Mission involved sending 16 atmospheric probes into Venus in 1999.

2241: 1835: 1776: 1740: 1705: 1623: 1598: 899: 761: 108: 10060: 9342: 8102:"UA scientist seeking big bucks from NASA – Tucson Citizen Morgue, Part 2 (1993–2009)" 8056:"Discover 95: Mission to the Moon, Sun, Venus and a Comet Picked for Discovery – NASA" 8055: 8003: 7809: 6564:"University of Maryland Proposal for Deep Impact Extended Mission Clears Major Hurdle" 6429: 6091: 5349: 4747: 4124: 3961: 1735:(DIXI) mission used the Deep Impact spacecraft for a flyby mission to a second comet, 11284: 11168: 11128: 11088: 11008: 10968: 10825: 10573: 9814: 9539: 9518: 8829: 8669: 8551: 8153: 8076: 5814: 4323: 4223: 4158: 3899: 3830: 3575: 3495: 2997: 2979: 2825: 2804: 2785: 2144: 2088: 2069: 1978: 1788: 1375: 1359: 1325: 1119: 1021: 965: 953: 945: 609: 104: 8607:"NASA aiming to look inside the moon - Technology & science - Space - Space.com" 1052:

It entered Ceres's orbit on March 6, 2015, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a

11517: 11158: 10769: 10620: 10348: 10327: 10215: 9488: 9276: 9211:

Centaurus: Exploring Centaurs and More, Messengers from the Era of Planet Formation

9187: 8771: 8681: 8659: 8238:"NASA Selects Missions to Mercury and a Comet's Interior as Next Discovery Flights" 7925: 7805: 7202:"MUADEE: A Discovery-class mission for exploration of the upper atmosphere of Mars" 5826: 5804: 4035: 3707: 3372: 3212: 2705: 2594: 2517: 2120: 1680: 1547:

probe will take the first ever photos of the planet's intriguing, ridged terrain (“

1387: 794: 508: 466: 358: 126:. It can also be used to re-purpose an existing NASA spacecraft for a new mission. 96: 89: 9843: 9622: 8277: 2828:. The three finalists received US$ 450,000 to further mature the mission concept. 1229:

mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure. The two small spacecraft

11496: 11466: 10929: 10903: 10830: 10754: 10729: 10724: 10684: 10600: 10241: 10200: 10185: 10155: 9752: 9712: 9483: 9346:"THE ICEBREAKER LIFE MISSION TO MARS: A SEARCH FOR BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR LIFE" 8127: 6563: 4079: 4026: 3698: 3363: 3325: 3272: 3254: 3198: 2450: 2421: 2252: 2116: 1622:, an instrument designed to study the interaction between the solar wind and the 1601:, and the mantle processes responsible for them. The launch is planned for 2031. 1548: 1313: 1123: 1097: 703: 601: 567: 448: 436: 386: 158: 154: 56: 9191: 8452:"Announcement of Opportunity Discovery Program 2004 and Missions of Opportunity" 7910:

Landis, Geoffrey A.; LaMarre, Christopher; Colozza, Anthony (January 14, 2002).

7702:

Allen, M.; Chin, G.; VESPER Science Team (1998). "The VESPER Mission to Venus".

7660:"Deep Impact: Five Discovery Mission Proposals Selected for Feasibility Studies" 6536: 6260:"Announcement of Opportunity Discovery Program 2006 and Missions of Opportunity" 5150: 3979: 3676: 3554: 2856:(the eventual winner), OSIRIS, and VESPER. OSIRIS was very similar to the later 2311:, a double lander mission to better understand the Moon's evolution and geology. 1859:

was temporarily managed under the Discovery Program from the termination of the

84:. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's 11653: 11533: 11290: 10976: 10774: 10764: 10610: 10605: 10463: 10220: 10210: 10013: 9478: 7541:. Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. June 15, 2011. Archived from 6984: 6118:"Problems with NASA asteroid mission Psyche delay Venus probe's launch to 2031" 6002:"NASA's DAVINCI Mission To Take the Plunge Through Massive Atmosphere of Venus" 5401:"Kepler – NASA's planet-hunting spacecraft – retired after running out of fuel" 5007: 4017: 4006: 3689: 3354: 3035: 3015: 2466: 2416: 2248: 2245: 2140: 2031: 1772: 1540: 1399: 1395: 1379: 1332: 1304: 1139:. By 2015, the spacecraft had detected over 2,300 confirmed planets, including 1136: 756: 597: 537: 301: 150: 16:

Ongoing solar system exploration program by NASA, mission budgets up to $ 830 M

9280: 9086:"NASA Selects Four Possible Missions to Study the Secrets of the Solar System" 7659: 7509:

Duke, M. B.; Clark, B. C.; Gamber, T.; Lucey, P. G.; Ryder, G.; Taylor, G. J.

7256:"Merlin : Mars-Moon Exploration, Reconnaissance and Landed Investigation" 3434: 3219:

cycle. A proposal for Lunar Compass was not submitted to this Discovery round.

11712: 11681: 11663: 11558: 11548: 11480: 11325: 10958: 10689: 10468: 8364:"Space – NASA selects finalists for next Discovery mission – January 5, 2001" 5119: 3334: 3084: 2217: 2207: 1831: 1827: 1676: 1671: 1489: 1415: 1301:

Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport

1044: 1026: 605: 454:, weighing (10.5 kg), on the Martian surface on July 5, 1997, on Mars's 7395:

Landis, Geoffrey A.; Oleson, Steven J.; McGuire, Melissa (January 9, 2012),

7140:

Riedel, Joseph E.; Marrese-Reading, Colleen; Lee, Young H. (June 19, 2013).

4693: 3760: 3658: 2174: 1418:−Menoetius binary in 2033. It will also fly by the inner main-belt asteroid 920:

was a space probe launched with the goal to both flyby and impact the comet

778:

spacecraft due to plume heating during the Star-30 solid-rocket motor burn.

11528: 11095: 10051:

Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned

9807: 9647: 8673: 7281:"Phobos and Deimos: Robotic Exploration in Advance of Humans to mars Orbit" 6622: 6319: 5818: 3751: 3649: 3307: 3233: 3208: 2919: 2913: 2861: 2128: 2035: 2017: 2013: 1736: 1631: 1594: 1447: 1403: 1163:. The telescope was retired on October 30, 2018, after depleting its fuel. 1053: 1037: 941: 873: 825: 624:. Stardust did a final burn to deplete its remaining fuel on March 21, 2011 370: 362: 312: 182: 9249:

The Main-belt Asteroid and NEO Tour with Imaging and Spectroscopy (MANTIS)

6033:"NASA will send two missions to Venus for the first time in over 30 years" 3997: 3640: 2962:

Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging

2429:

was salvaged from the idea for a technology and EDL demonstrator from the

1532:

Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble Gases, Chemistry, and Imaging

608:

project, and in 2014, scientists announced the identification of possible

10490: 10366: 9318:

50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132).

8547:

Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part 4: The Modern Era 2004–2013

7825:"Venus Pathfinder: A Stand-Alone Long-Lived Venus Lander Mission Concept" 7585:"Concepts Leading to a Sustainable Architecture for Cislunar Development" 6655: 3970: 3237: 3216: 3098: 2893:

received US$ 3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept study:

2112: 2084: 1799: 1204: 1144: 1140: 1135:"Second Light" mission extension with reduced precision owing to failing 1030: 724: 455: 203: 112: 4419: 3787: 3452: 2888:

Artist's impression of proposed TiME lake lander for Saturn's moon Titan

2083:, a space observatory that would measure various properties of incoming 1414:

will arrive at the L5 Trojan cloud (trails behind Jupiter) to visit the

11221: 10923: 10916: 10431: 9821: 7929: 5793:"Five Solar System sights NASA should visit: Nature News & Comment" 5195:

Brown, Dwayne; Wendel, Joanna; McCartney, Gretchen (November 1, 2018).

4267: 3796: 3536: 3226: 2857: 2709: 2098: 2021: 1997: 1407: 949: 848: 711:

has met or anticipates meeting all of its baseline science objectives.

695: 643: 9370:

MAGIC, A Proposed Geophysical Mission to Jupiter's Icy Moon, Callisto.

8336: 7614:"Lunette: A Two-Lander Discovery-Class Geophysics Mission to the Moon" 6966: 3667: 3116:

Other proposal submissions for Discovery 15 and 16 missions included:

3101:

announced in his "State of NASA" address that the two Venus missions,

2661:

Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging mission (

2407:

rover taking its Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer measurement of the

2091:, to allow the elemental and even isotopic composition to be analyzed. 11638: 11611: 11459: 11371: 11231: 11200: 11193: 10990: 10888: 10642: 9508: 7762:"Venus Sample Return Missions – A Range of Science, A Range of Costs" 6921: 6917:"Lander Designed for Titan's Methane Seas Tests Tech on Chilean Lake" 6595: 6381: 6122: 6037: 5769: 4319:"Updated: NASA taps missions to tiny metal world and Jupiter Trojans" 4136: 3808: 3473: 3134:

via flybys as a way to learn about Solar System and planet formation.

3068: 3039: 2884: 2690: 2662: 2408: 2059: 2007: 1764: 1654: 1485: 1438: 1308: 1127: 1070: 787: 481: 8664: 8639: 8307:"2001 News Releases – JPL Asteroid Mission Gets Thumbs Up from NASA" 5809: 5792: 5491: 5294:

Clavin, Whitney; Chou, Felicia; Johnson, Michele (January 6, 2015).

4352:"A Look Back at the Beginning: How the Discovery Program Came to Be" 1688:

Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation

1591:

Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy

129:

As of June 2021, the most recently selected Discovery missions were

9878: 9868: 9009: 8983:"A Metal Ball the Size of Massachusetts That NASA Wants to Explore" 8611: 8270:"Five Discovery Mission Proposals Selected For Feasibility Studies" 5898:

Journey to a Metal World: Concept for a Discovery Mission to Psyche

4115: 3019: 2677: 2497:

FRESIP-A mission to Find the Frequency of Earth-sized Inner Planets

2445: 2124: 1186: 1079: 985: 944:. In 2012 it performed long-distance observations of comet Garradd 929: 921: 881: 868: 807: 736: 657: 613: 589: 549: 541: 532: 402: 374: 366: 320: 307: 61: 6816:"The Whipple Mission Exploring the Oort cloud and the Kuiper Belt" 5976:"NASA Selects 2 Missions to Study 'Lost Habitable' World of Venus" 5280: 3882: 3563: 2968:

Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR Topography and Spectroscopy

1989:

Additional examples of Discovery-class mission proposals include:

1719: 952:. Contact was abruptly lost in August 2013, later attributed to a 612:

particles. Meanwhile, the spacecraft was diverted for a flyby of

11153: 11143: 11046: 10485: 9664: 9560: 9533: 9503: 8929:"Selecting the Next Creative Idea for Exploring the Solar System" 8128:"NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) – Venus Multiprobe Mission" 8029:"NASA Glenn Participation in Mars Pathfinder Mission | NASA" 6703: 6099: 4187: 4067: 3921: 3861: 3739: 3597: 3524: 3461: 3443: 3404: 3298: 3109: 3080: 3058: 2929: 2898: 2813: 2647: 2632: 2132: 1802:

mission. Strofio will study the atoms and molecules that compose

1500: 1341: 1264: 1247: 1159:

detected over 3,600 unconfirmed planet candidates and over 2,000

1033: 971: 719: 134: 7455:"Mars Geoscience Imaging at Centimetre-Scale (MAGIC) from Orbit" 4097: 3873: 3343: 1976:, while a more extensive mission similar to INSIDE was flown as 11187: 11118: 10615: 10480: 7176: 7113: 5911:"Psyche mission launches as NASA's first trip to a metal world" 5514:"NASA Approves 2018 Launch of Mars InSight Mission | NASA" 4961: 2909: 2399: 2203: 2039: 1942: 8876:"NASA Selects Investigations for Future Key Planetary Mission" 8727:"NASA Selects Investigations For Future Key Planetary Mission" 8482:

Dolores, Beasley; Cook-Anderson, Gretchen (February 2, 2021).

6814:

Alcock, Charles; Brown, Michael; Tom, Gauron; Cate, Heneghan.

4962:

Farnham, Tony; Bodewits, D.; A'Hearn, M.F; Feaga, L.M (2012).

3778: 3425: 1876: 1810:

of Southwest Research Institute is the Principal Investigator.

11211: 10984: 10948: 10943: 10734: 10190: 9584: 9528: 8957:"NASA Selects Two Missions to Explore the Early Solar System" 7851: 7760:

Sweetser, Ted; Peterson, Craig; Nilsen, Erik; Gershman, Bob.

7666:. Press Releases. University of Maryland. November 12, 1998. 7368:"ALADDIN: Exploration and Sample Return of Phobos and Deimos" 7204:. Netherlands: Delft University of Technology. Archived from 6486: 6405:"NASA – NASA Gives Two Successful Spacecraft New Assignments" 4546:"U.S. space probe moving into lunar orbit – January 11, 1998" 3023: 2853: 2509:

Jovian Integrated Synoptic Telescope (IO Torus investigation)

2345: 2193: 2087:. The dust telescope would combine a trajectory sensor and a 1791:

that is a part of the SERENA instrument package on board the

1687: 1565: 1506: 1048: 937: 799: 593: 7701: 6677: 6591:"FAQ: Inside NASA's Valentine's Day Visit to Comet Tempel 1" 6294:"NASA – NASA Selects Moon Mapper for Mission of Opportunity" 5943:"Psyche Spacecraft Instruments & Science Investigations" 3769: 3316: 2315: 2119:. Other targets considered for an extended mission included 844:

Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging

10306: 10091: 9437: 9089: 9038: 9013: 8903:"NASA receives proposals for new planetary science mission" 8779: 8543: 8491: 8459: 7967: 7337: 6977: 6886: 6678:"MEGANE Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and Neutrons" 6650: 6541: 6514: 6324: 6238: 6204: 6149: 6006: 5979: 5900:. (PDF) 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014). 5871: 5708: 5602:"Mars: Nasa lands InSight robot to study planet's interior" 5565: 5434: 5300: 5276: 4964:"Deep Impact MRI Observations Of Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1)" 4805: 4755: 4698: 4498: 4449: 4263: 3207:

a rover designed to explore a nearside magnetic region and

2572:(Cometary/Interstellar Dust Return) – Discovery 4 finalist. 2299:, would use the Moon as an occulter to look for exoplanets. 2226:(M4), would conduct multiple landings on Phobos and Deimos. 1650: 1254: 1177: 472: 440: 392: 9436: 9140:"Exploring Triton With Trident: A Discovery-Class Mission" 9035:"NSPIRES: DRAFT Discovery AO (Solicitation: NNH19ZDA009J)" 8820:"NASA Discovery Program Draft Announcement of Opportunity" 7759: 2521:(Lunar Orbiter) – chosen in February 1995 for Discovery 3. 1946:

Possible configuration of a lunar sample return spacecraft

8951: 8949: 8874:

Brown, Dwayne C.; Cantillo, Laurie (September 30, 2015).

7991: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7733:"Venus Sample Targeting, Attainment, and Return (V-STAR)" 7226: 5920: 5915: 5427:"Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Launch" 3027: 1768: 1484:

is an orbiter that will travel to and study the asteroid

1303:

is a 358 kg lander reusing technology from the Mars

933: 698:

charged particles for analysis on Earth. After reaching L

373:

on June 27, 1997, and an Earth flyby in 1998. It flew by

64:

regolith, as viewed by Discovery's NEAR Shoemaker mission

8853:"NASA might pick two Discovery missions, but at a price" 7881: 7860:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: P31D–04. 7139: 2534:

Mars Upper Atmosphere Dynamics, Energetics and Evolution

10275: 10090: 9261:

Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance (HOVER)

9223:"Chimera: A Mission of Discovery to the First Centaur". 8232: 8230: 8228: 6318:

Nemiroff, Robert; Bonnell, Jerry (September 28, 2009).

5678:"NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Lucy Mission" 5139:"DAWN – A Journey to the Beginning of the Solar System" 1666:(M3) is a NASA-designed instrument placed on board the 137:, the fifteenth and sixteenth missions in the program. 9363: 8946: 7982: 7564:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: 03.05. 7511:"Sample Return Mission to the South Pole Aitken Basin" 7307: 6508:

Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Liz (January 13, 2010).

5587:"NASA Suspends 2016 Launch of InSight Mission to Mars" 5540:"New NASA Mission to Take First Look Deep Inside Mars" 4878:"NASA's Long-lived MESSENGER Probe Slams into Mercury" 3215:

physics, space weathering, planetary geology, and the

3150:, to study the evolutionary middle ground between the 115:. Selected missions are led by a scientist called the 36:

Header of the Discovery Program website (January 2016)

8802:"Boundaries for the Next Discovery Mission Selection" 8484:"NASA Selects Moon Mapper for Mission of Opportunity" 8386: 8384: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8258: 7710:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: 1106. 7343:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: 1111. 7311:"HALL: A Phobos and Deimos Sample and Return Mission" 7235:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: 4180. 6942: 6747: 6510:"NASA Goddard's Drake Deming Wins Astrophysics Award" 5765:"Falcon Heavy to launch NASA Psyche asteroid mission" 5699:

Dunbar, Brian (December 3, 2020). Hille, Karl (ed.).

2216:, a mission that would place a lander on Mars's moon 940:. On November 4, 2010, it performed a flyby of comet 9977: 9383: 9132: 8867: 8572:"NASA – NASA Announces Discovery Program Selections" 8544:

Paolo Ulivi; David M. Harland (September 16, 2014).

8481: 8225: 7912:

NASA TM-2002-0819 : Atmospheric Flight on Venus

7909: 7767:. California Institute of Technology. Archived from 7740:

2007 NASA Academy at the Goddard Space Flight Center

7182:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: 135. 7151:. California Institute of Technology. Archived from 7142:"A Low-Cost NEO Micro Hunter-Seeker Mission Concept" 7095:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: 435. 6947:. Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics: 985. 5194: 5115:"Dawn departs Vesta to become first asteroid hopper" 4913: 4911: 4899:

Farewell, MESSENGER! NASA Probe Crashes Into Mercury

4849: 4847: 4748:"Genesis Mishap Investigation Board Report Volume I" 4264:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

2802:

was similar to a later New Frontiers mission called

9326: 9324: 9179: 7936: 7832:

8th International Planetary Probe Workshop (IPPW-8)

7462:

Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)

7394: 7364: 7288:

Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration (2012)

6507: 6271:

National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program

5842:"Lucy: Surveying the Diversity of Trojan Asteroids" 5197:"NASA's Dawn Mission to Asteroid Belt Comes to End" 4260:"Discovery Program Official Website (January 2016)" 1966:, which was passed over in favor of the successful 1806:to reveal the composition of the planet's surface. 1702:

Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization

8564: 8381: 8300: 8298: 8255: 7621:42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2011) 7318:41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010) 7253: 7086: 6773:"Lunar Discovery & Exploration Program Status" 6320:"Astronomy Picture of the Day 2009 - September 28" 5732: 5730: 5323:"'Alien Earth' is among eight new far-off planets" 5087:"NASA's Dawn Spacecraft Orbits Dwarf Planet Ceres" 3240:, lunar magnetism, and small-scale magnetospheres. 2868:, a Venus orbiter mission. A previous proposal of 2559:(Solar Wind Sample Return) – Discovery 4 finalist. 2546:PELE: A Lunar Mission to Study Planetary Volcanism 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7905: 7903: 7834:. National Institute of Aerospace. Archived from 6111: 6109: 6026: 6024: 5867:"Lucy: The First Mission to the Trojan Asteroids" 5293: 4908: 4844: 4666: 4664: 4518: 4516: 3054:Finalists, announced on February 13, 2020, were: 3030:, orbiting either ahead of or behind the planet. 2470:Thorium concentrations on the Moon, as mapped by 2244:, a lander that would investigate the springtime 11710: 9321: 9254: 9111:Venus, Earth's Evil Twin, Beckons Space Agencies 8976: 8974: 7685:"NASA – Vesper Could Explore Earth's Fiery Twin" 7508: 7452: 6291: 5032:"NASA Declares End to Deep Impact Comet Mission" 3120:Asteroids, comets, Centaurs, interplanetary dust 2824:was a space telescope mission aimed to discover 1225:was a Moon orbiter that provided higher-quality 8295: 8146: 7279:Lee, Pascal; Hoftun, Christopher; Lorbe, Kira. 7149:Low-Cost Planetary Missions Conference, LCPM-10 6317: 6064:"The FY25 Presidential Budget Request for NASA" 6057: 6055: 5727: 3142:, a mission concept to orbit the highly active 3130:, a reconnaissance mission to explore multiple 3038:by orbiting and studying the metallic asteroid 2030:(TiME), a lander mission to explore one of the 1996:, a space-observatory to detect objects in the 8304: 7948: 7900: 7823:Lorenz, Ralph D.; Mehoke, Doug; Hill, Stuart. 7787: 7611: 7453:Ravine, M. A.; Malin, M. C.; Caplinger, M. A. 7388: 6840: 6813: 6402: 6106: 6021: 5131: 4661: 4513: 2860:mission, an asteroid sample-return mission to 2769:Scale comparison of Vesta, Ceres, and the Moon 596:. After a flyby of Earth and then of asteroid 10291: 10076: 9422: 8971: 8873: 8828:. SpaceRef. February 19, 2014. Archived from 7037:"NASA Announces Discovery Program Selections" 7010:"Cosmic Dust – Messenger from Distant Worlds" 6730:"LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) + LCROSS" 5652:"NASA InSight – Dec. 19, 2022 – Mars InSight" 5516:. Nasa.gov. September 2, 2016. Archived from 5369: 5367: 5287: 2843:were initially projected for launch in 2006. 2543:Origin of Asteroids, Comets and Life on Earth 1922: 248:InSight lander in assembly (April 2015, NASA) 78:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 9353:Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration 8754:"NASA will send robot drill to Mars in 2016" 8601: 8599: 8597: 8337:"NASA announces Discovery mission finalists" 7963:"Mars Pathfinder Frequently Asked Questions" 7822: 6967:"NASA announces Discovery mission finalists" 6959: 6799:. National Space Science Data Center, NASA. 6618:"Stardust NExT set to meet its second comet" 6351:Brown University Planetary Geosciences Group 6229:"NASA CONSIDERS DISCOVERY MISSION PROPOSALS" 6052: 5903: 5891: 4941:"Deep Impact probe hits comet – Jul 4, 2005" 2232:, a Phobos and Deimos sample return mission. 1733:Deep Impact eXtended Investigation of Comets 1488:, the most massive metallic asteroid in the 157:, launched on December 4, 1996, carried the 9402:Official NASA website for Discovery Program 8745: 8539: 8537: 8535: 6914: 6292:Beasley, Dolores; Cook-Anderson, Gretchen. 6061: 5670: 5250:"All About TESS, NASA's Next Planet Finder" 4828:"CONTOUR Mishap Investigation Board Report" 4382:. JHU – APL. March 12, 2014. Archived from 2757:were also finalists in the 1997 selection. 2579:Venus Environmental Satellite (Atmospheric) 1709:exoplanets. The Principal Investigator was 1539:'s measurements will reveal the history of 1392:formation and evolution of the Solar System 1043:. The spacecraft employed highly efficient 10670:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 10298: 10284: 10083: 10069: 9429: 9415: 9266: 9002: 8894: 7679: 7677: 7652: 7576: 7278: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7051: 7031: 7029: 6872: 6764: 6089: 5999: 5625:"First "Marsquake" Detected on Red Planet" 5490:. Sally Ride Science. 2010. Archived from 5364: 5347: 5106: 4313: 4311: 3232:NanoSWARM, a lunar orbiter to investigate 1929: 1915: 1607: 1378:is a space probe that will study multiple 355:Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker 111:on any science topic and assessed through 11564:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 9783: 9336: 8850: 8694: 8663: 8594: 7919: 7753: 7612:Neal, C. R.; Banerdt, W. B.; Alkalai, L. 7605: 7502: 7446: 7301: 7272: 7117:"The Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return" 6770: 5808: 5758: 5756: 5736: 5622: 5457: 5341: 5270: 4875: 4346: 4344: 4342: 2708:orbiter and mission to that planet since 1937: 1697:probe following its success at Tempel 1: 620:extension, to observe the crater left by 439:was a lander and rover designed to study 8532: 7783: 7781: 7642:"Discovery Missions Under Consideration" 7107: 7004: 7002: 6973:from the original on September 16, 2003. 6030: 5476:from the original on September 11, 2011. 5252:. Popularmechanics.com. October 30, 2013 4639:"NASA's Stardust: Good to the Last Drop" 3079:, a probe that would conduct a flyby of 2952:Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14 2941: 2883: 2772: 2764: 2700:as the next Discovery Program missions. 2676: 2525:Mainbelt Asteroid Exploration/Rendezvous 2465: 2398: 2367:, a Venus orbiter radar mapping mission. 2314: 2173: 1949: 1941: 1718: 1223:Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory 55: 39: 31: 11649:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 9993: 9799: 9147:Universities Space Research Association 9127:"Follow the Heat: Io Volcano Observer". 9010:"NASA SOMA: Discovery 2019 AO Homepage" 8154:"STARDUST Selected as Discovery Flight" 8050: 8048: 8046: 7896:from the original on February 27, 2014. 7877: 7875: 7727: 7725: 7674: 7404:50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Conference 7397:"Design Study for a Mars Geyser Hopper" 7384:from the original on September 5, 2004. 7327:from the original on February 27, 2014. 7075: 7064:. University of Arizona. Archived from 7026: 7022:from the original on February 24, 2014. 6807: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6062:Devarakonda, Yaswant (March 25, 2024). 5839: 5464:Harwood, William (September 10, 2011). 5463: 5271:Koch, David; Gould, Alan (March 2009). 5127:from the original on September 7, 2012. 5029: 4308: 3284: 2552:Rendezvous with a Comet Nucleus (RECON) 2500:Hermes Global Orbiter (Mercury Orbiter) 2491:Cometary Coma Chemical Composition (C4) 1865:Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program 11711: 10437:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 8751: 7742:. The Henry Foundation. 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Archived from 4617:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details" 4524:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details" 4472:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details" 4398:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details" 4339: 3045: 2957:further study and concept refinement. 2937: 2563:Small Missions to Asteroids and Comets 2415:The first two Discovery missions were 259:Standalone Discovery Program missions 253: 217:Animation of the rotation of 433 Eros. 11227:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 10279: 10064: 9976: 9782: 9452: 9451: 9410: 9180:Singer, Kelsi; S. Alan Stern (2019), 8980: 8900: 7943:Zephyr: A Landsailing Rover For Venus 7778: 7691:from the original on August 23, 2007. 7644:. Goddard Space Flight Centre, NASA. 7582: 6999: 6403:Hautaluoma, Grey; Thompson, Tabatha. 6398: 6396: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5762: 5579: 5546:from the original on August 22, 2012. 5162: 5160: 2760: 2668:Venus Environmental Satellite (VESAT) 2586:(Atmospheric) – Discovery 4 finalist. 2576:Venus Composition Probe (Atmospheric) 2417:Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) 2058:, a Mercury orbiter. (similar to the 1972:mission, but was eventually flown as 1834:launching in 2024. MEGANE includes a 1824:Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency 1723:Nucleus of Comet Hartley 2 imaged by 1426: 1320: 1242: 1167: 1060: 960: 956:-like integer overflow software bug. 856: 782: 715: 631: 520: 462: 382: 297: 232:imaging Mercury's surface hollows at 11689: 8926: 8901:Clark, Stephen (February 24, 2014). 8799: 8637: 8305:Susan Reichley (December 21, 2001). 8043: 7872: 7722: 7518:Workshop on New Views of the Moon II 6995:from the original on March 13, 2014. 6915:Taylor Redd, Nola (April 14, 2017). 6782: 6588: 6226: 5790: 5784: 5600:Amos, Jonathan (November 26, 2018). 5599: 5112: 5084: 4833:. NASA. May 21, 2003. Archived from 4799:Isbell, Douglas (October 20, 1997). 4439: 4437: 3620: 3097:On June 2, 2021, NASA administrator 2672: 2619: 2531:Mars Polar Pathfinder (Polar Lander) 2461: 2394: 2389: 2224:Mars Moons Multiple Landings Mission 25:CORONA (satellite) § Discoverer 8808:from the original on March 7, 2014. 8793: 8772:"InSight Mission Timeline Overview" 8615:. September 6, 2011. Archived from 8361: 7670:from the original on June 20, 2002. 7648:from the original on March 1, 2014. 7630:from the original on March 1, 2014. 7601:from the original on March 1, 2014. 7475: 7355: 7297:from the original on March 1, 2014. 7129:from the original on June 28, 2010. 7047:from the original on June 29, 2009. 6880:"Planetary Science Division Update" 6803:from the original on March 1, 2014. 5623:Alexandra, Witze (April 24, 2019). 5030:Vergano, Dan (September 20, 2013). 4721:"Genesis : Search for Origins" 2540:Near Earth Asteroid Returned Sample 2494:Diana (Lunar and Cometary Mission) 2206:, but directed towards Mars's moon 2151:Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return 2034:found in the north polar region of 1871: 1382:asteroids. Named after the hominin 13: 10343:National Aeronautics and Space Act 8981:Chang, Kenneth (January 6, 2017). 8578:. November 2, 2008. Archived from 7498:from the original on June 16, 2012 6393: 6385:. October 31, 2006. Archived from 6000:Neal Jones, Nancy (June 2, 2022). 5962: 5466:"NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes" 5224:"A mountain on dwarf planet Ceres" 5157: 4820: 4266:. January 15, 2016. Archived from 4207: 4198: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3881: 3872: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 2528:Mars Aerial Platform (Atmospheric) 2419:(later called Shoemaker NEAR) and 2269:, a Mars lander and sample return. 1390:in order to better understand the 1155:of their host stars. In addition, 14: 11735: 11297:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 10851:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 10119:Lunar Discovery & Exploration 10042:indicates active current missions 9441:Planetary Missions Program Office 9379: 8752:Vastag, Brian (August 20, 2012). 7623:. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 7594:. Lunar and Planetary Institute. 7520:. 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January 4, 2001. 6936: 6908: 6589:Wall, Mike (February 10, 2011). 6377:"Deep Impact Heads to New Comet" 6227:Heil, Martha (January 4, 2001). 5865:Garner, Rob (December 3, 2020). 5348:Wall, Mike (September 5, 2013). 5169:"Dawn Mission Extended at Ceres" 2503:Icy Moon Mission (Lunar Orbiter) 2323: 2273: 926:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station 241: 222: 210: 189: 174: 10811:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 10048:indicate missions yet to launch 8800:Kane, Van (February 20, 2014). 8640:"Venus scientists fear neglect" 7425:"Mars Geyser-Hopper (AIAA2012)" 6797:"3 Proposed Discovery Missions" 6755:"NASA FY 2019 Budget Estimates" 6722: 6696: 6670: 6638: 6610: 6582: 6556: 6529: 6501: 6474: 6449: 6422: 6369: 6339: 6311: 6285: 6252: 6220: 6192: 6165: 6137: 6083: 6031:Roulette, Joey (June 2, 2021). 5993: 5935: 5858: 5833: 5692: 5644: 5616: 5593: 5550: 5532: 5506: 5480: 5419: 5393: 5315: 5264: 5242: 5216: 5188: 5078: 5056: 5023: 4995: 4955: 4933: 4892: 4869: 4792: 4770: 4740: 4713: 4686: 4631: 4609: 4587: 4560: 4538: 4486: 3257:, a mission concept led by the 2879: 2846: 2624:In October 1997, NASA selected 2361:, a long-duration Venus lander. 2169: 1861:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 1747:was the Principal Investigator. 8927:Kane, Van (December 2, 2014). 6989:Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 6090:Jeff Foust (March 30, 2023). 5085:Hotz, Robert (March 6, 2015). 4595:"Lunar Prospector Information" 4464: 4412: 4390: 4368: 4282: 4252: 2293:investigation on Earth's Moon. 2016:(CHopper), a mission to comet 1850:is the Principal Investigator. 1779:is the Principal Investigator. 1: 9357:Lunar and Planetary Institute 8695:Jpl, Nasa (August 20, 2012). 7810:10.1016/s0094-5765(02)00151-0 7583:Klaus, K (October 24, 2012). 7406:, Glenn Research Center, NASA 6991:. The University of Arizona. 6850:The Io Volcano Observer (IVO) 6646:"Discovery Program – Strofio" 6069:American Astronomical Society 5974:Potter, Sean (June 2, 2021). 5840:Levison, Hal (January 2017). 5558:"Measuring the Pulse of Mars" 4573:Lunar and Planetary Institute 4568:"Prospector Mission Overview" 4246: 2831:In December 2001, Kepler and 2482:ASTER - Asteroid Earth Return 2433:program. One of the goals of 2279:Lunar sample return from the 1153:circumstellar habitable zones 1151:, and planets located in the 11629:Space program on U.S. stamps 11554:Gemini and Apollo medallions 11504:Solar System Family Portrait 11280:Joint Polar Satellite System 11149:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 10403:Vision for Space Exploration 10373:Space Exploration Initiative 8031:. Nasa.gov. December 4, 1996 7491:, SpaceX, October 31, 2011, 4876:Mike Wall (April 30, 2015). 4494:"In Depth | Mars Pathfinder" 4420:"Frequently Asked Questions" 4357:. NASA. 2010. Archived from 2688:In July 1999, NASA selected 2549:Planetary Research Telescope 2506:Interlune-One (Lunar Rovers) 2488:Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) 2251:found in regions around the 1856:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 1640:Southwest Research Institute 76:missions funded by the U.S. 7: 11624:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 11581:We choose to go to the Moon 11544:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 11102:International Space Station 11082:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 10821:Great Observatories program 10665:International Space Station 10643:Roscosmos State Corporation 10560:Science Mission Directorate 10506:Manned Space Flight Network 9192:10.6084/m9.figshare.9956210 8515:"Back to Venus with Vesper" 8207:"News from Space – LPIB 82" 7375:Lunar and Planetary Science 6461:NASA PDS: Small Bodies Node 4445:"In Depth | NEAR Shoemaker" 3944: 3034:will explore the origin of 2812:was a mission to asteroids 1763:spacecraft to fly by comet 1754:New Exploration of Tempel 1 1715:Goddard Space Flight Center 1047:, with just 425 kg of 167: 10: 11740: 11441:NASA cameras on spacecraft 11252:James Webb Space Telescope 11164:Solar Dynamics Observatory 10385:U.S. National Space Policy 7043:. NASA. October 30, 2006. 6200:"ASPERA-3: Next Stop Mars" 3279: 2949: 2916:with methane-ethane lakes. 2908:(TiME), a lake lander for 2658:(Solar wind sample return) 2196:of the Mars Scout program) 1863:until the creation of the 140: 18: 11672: 11572: 11449: 11364: 11309: 11272: 11071: 10881: 10868: 10798: 10712: 10702: 10657: 10583: 10572: 10516:Vehicle Assembly Building 10424: 10323: 10313: 10260: 10229: 10168: 10109: 10102: 10035: 9989: 9985: 9972: 9904: 9858: 9851: 9840: 9795: 9791: 9778: 9700: 9637: 9630: 9619: 9570: 9471: 9464: 9460: 9447: 9281:10.1109/AERO.2019.8741788 8550:. Springer. p. 349. 6435:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6267:Space Systems Engineering 6234:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 6173:"Mars Express operations" 5542:. NASA. August 20, 2012. 5202:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 5174:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 5147:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4726:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4380:MESSENGER Featured Images 4376:"High-resolution Hollows" 3954: 3633: 3291: 3159:interplanetary dust cloud 2639:The five finalists were: 2584:Venus Multi-Probe Mission 2431:Mars Environmental Survey 1820:Martian Moons Exploration 1793:Mercury Planetary Orbiter 1626:, is flying on board the 1589: 1555: 1530: 1496: 1478: 1374: 1348:1,550 kg (3,417 lb) 1299: 1221: 1114: 1019: 916: 842: 773: 694:was a mission to collect 690: 584: 507: 435: 353: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 11587:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 11511:The Day the Earth Smiled 10846:Solar Terrestrial Probes 10305: 10151:Ocean Worlds Exploration 10144:Solar System Exploration 7997:"02-0483D Farquhar.Indd" 7889:. Georgia Tech Library. 7854:Astrophysics Data System 7704:Astrophysics Data System 7558:Astrophysics Data System 7341:Astrophysics Data System 7229:Astrophysics Data System 7180:Astrophysics Data System 7089:Astrophysics Data System 7015:. University Stuttgart. 6945:Astrophysics Data System 6482:"EPOXI Mission Overview" 5680:. NASA. January 31, 2019 5350:"NASA Exoplanet archive" 4969:Astrophysics Data System 4694:"Genesis - Sun Missions" 2974:Near-Earth Object Camera 2684:impacted a comet nucleus 2485:Comet Nucleus Penetrator 1848:Johns Hopkins University 1410:. After an Earth flyby, 74:Solar System exploration 19:Not to be confused with 11644:Other primates in space 11356:Deep Space Atomic Clock 11176:Mars Science Laboratory 10964:Spitzer Space Telescope 10553:Lunar Sample Laboratory 10496:Launch Services Program 8701:Marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov 6985:"Space Missions Roster" 5791:jobs (March 16, 2015). 5092:The Wall Street Journal 4943:. CNN.com. July 4, 2005 4327:. AAAS. January 4, 2017 3152:Trans Neptunian Objects 2512:Lunar Discovery Orbiter 2281:South Pole–Aitken basin 2048:, similar to the later 1954:Mercury by Discovery's 1608:Missions of opportunity 924:. It was launched from 647:(collect at Sun–Earth L 288:Principal investigator 101:faster, better, cheaper 21:Space Shuttle Discovery 11659:National Astronaut Day 11602:The Astronaut Monument 11424:Space Shuttle missions 11124:Mars Exploration Rover 11107:Hubble Space Telescope 11016:Kepler space telescope 10816:Earth Observing System 10790:Mars Exploration Rover 10501:Mercury Control Center 9595:Moon Mineralogy Mapper 9062:. NASA. Archived from 8729:. NASA. Archived from 7432:NASA Technical Reports 7261:. SETI. Archived from 7059:"OSIRIS-REx Factsheet" 6847:McEwen, A. S. (2021). 4292:. NASA. Archived from 4212: 4203: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3886: 3877: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3148:Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 3022:which share Jupiter's 2947: 2889: 2792:Kepler space telescope 2781: 2778:Kepler space telescope 2770: 2685: 2474: 2448:on February 14, 2000. 2412: 2320: 2179: 2137:4015 Wilson–Harrington 1958: 1947: 1938:Proposals and concepts 1836:gamma-ray spectrometer 1745:University of Maryland 1727: 1663:Moon Mineralogy Mapper 1398:(with its satellite), 1161:eclipsing binary stars 1065:Kepler space telescope 1004:Christopher T. Russell 729:Schwassmann-Wachmann-3 117:principal investigator 65: 53: 37: 11607:Lunar sample displays 11597:Space Mirror Memorial 11539:Voyager Golden Record 11431:United States rockets 10623: (with the 10531:Launch Control Center 10265:List of NASA missions 10095:planetary exploration 9785:New Frontiers program 9708:Enceladus Life Finder 8158:Stardust.jpl.nasa.gov 7841:on February 27, 2014. 7545:on February 28, 2014. 7268:on February 28, 2014. 6430:"Deep Impact - EPOXI" 5488:"About GRAIL MoonKAM" 5143:Dawn Mission Timeline 5066:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4921:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4857:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4780:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4674:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4619:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4597:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4526:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4474:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4400:. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 4211: 4202: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3885: 3876: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 2945: 2887: 2780:, artist's impression 2776: 2768: 2680: 2469: 2402: 2318: 2177: 2143:visited 433 Eros and 2109:Small Body Grand Tour 2103:New Frontiers Program 2074:New Frontiers program 1984:New Frontiers program 1953: 1945: 1722: 1628:European Space Agency 666:(1,089 lb)(dry) 124:scientific instrument 59: 43: 35: 10625:Soviet space program 10543:Johnson Space Center 10511:Kennedy Space Center 10474:spinoff technologies 8832:on February 22, 2014 8432:on December 15, 2015 8402:on November 26, 2020 8283:on November 26, 2020 8213:. September 30, 2002 8009:on February 26, 2018 6896:on November 14, 2011 6389:on November 2, 2006. 5741:. Spaceflightnow.com 5589:. December 22, 2015. 5520:on December 30, 2019 5153:on October 19, 2013. 3285:Artists' impressions 3259:Ames Research Center 3236:, space weathering, 3205:Lunar Compass Rover, 2994:On January 4, 2017, 2646:Comet Nucleus Tour ( 1840:neutron spectrometer 1804:Mercury's atmosphere 1599:volcanic resurfacing 1420:52246 Donaldjohanson 1149:circumbinary planets 445:Mars Global Surveyor 11634:Apollo 17 Moon mice 11490:Pillars of Creation 11397:Space Shuttle crews 10875:(human and robotic) 10869:Individual featured 10452:Ranks and positions 9685:Io Volcano Observer 9653:Titan Mare Explorer 9115:Scientific American 9113:. By Shannon Hall, 9092:. February 13, 2020 8758:The Washington Post 8656:2011Natur.477..145H 8242:Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 8186:Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov 7866:2009AGUFM.P31D..04S 7802:2003AcAau..52..151K 7716:1998BAAS...30.1106A 7570:2003AAS...203.0305C 7349:1997LPI....28.1111P 7241:2012LPICo1679.4180C 7208:on February 4, 2015 7188:2000came.work..135H 7101:1993STIA...9581370F 6953:1994LPI....25..985N 6208:. December 18, 2003 6145:"Discovery Program" 5879:on December 6, 2020 5658:. December 19, 2022 5630:Scientific American 5445:on January 26, 2022 5405:NASASpaceflight.com 5381:on November 5, 2013 5037:National Geographic 4982:2012DPS....4450605F 4840:on January 3, 2006. 4296:on December 8, 2016 4270:on January 15, 2016 3065:Io Volcano Observer 3046:Discovery 15 and 16 2938:Discovery 13 and 14 2906:Titan Mare Explorer 2537:Mercury Polar Flyby 2442:near-Earth asteroid 2028:Titan Mare Explorer 2004:Io Volcano Observer 1464:Lindy Elkins-Tanton 1386:, it will tour six 1227:gravitational field 1183:September 10, 2011 982:September 27, 2007 260: 254:Standalone missions 80:(NASA) through its 11436:NASA cancellations 11331:Deep Space Network 11321:Near Earth Network 10806:Living With a Star 10780:Project Prometheus 10760:Planetary Observer 10247:Project Prometheus 10206:Planetary Observer 10129:Planetary Missions 9738:Mars Geyser Hopper 9681:Mission 15 and 16 9394:Spaceflight portal 8988:The New York Times 8804:. Future Planets. 8362:Stenger, Richard. 8108:. January 27, 1995 7930:10.2514/6.2002-819 7749:on March 15, 2012. 6626:. February 9, 2011 6570:. November 1, 2006 6347:"Carle M. Pieters" 5923:. October 13, 2023 5407:. October 30, 2018 5352:. TechMediaNetwork 5011:. February 6, 2013 4386:on March 14, 2014. 4290:"Daniel S. Goldin" 4213: 4204: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3955:Discovery Program 3887: 3878: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3634:Discovery Program 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3292:Discovery Program 2948: 2890: 2826:extrasolar planets 2782: 2771: 2761:Discovery 9 and 10 2686: 2592:In February 1995, 2475: 2413: 2403:Mars Pathfinder's 2321: 2253:Martian south pole 2242:Mars Geyser Hopper 2180: 2163:Micro Exo Explorer 2000:by transit method. 1964:Suess-Urey Mission 1959: 1948: 1777:Cornell University 1728: 1706:extrasolar planets 1624:atmosphere of Mars 1279:Completed in 2022 1201:Completed in 2012 1094:Completed in 2018 1000:Completed in 2018 896:Completed in 2013 822:Completed in 2015 775:Comet Nucleus Tour 672:Completed in 2004 616:comet, as part of 564:Completed in 2011 536:(sample collect), 495:Completed in 1999 417:Completed in 1998 335:Completed in 2001 317:February 17, 1996 258: 109:call for proposals 66: 54: 44:Depictions of the 38: 11719:Discovery Program 11704: 11703: 11617:stolen or missing 11414:uncrewed missions 11392:Apollo astronauts 11387:Gemini astronauts 11305: 11304: 11089:2001 Mars Odyssey 10864: 10863: 10740:Mars Surveyor '98 10698: 10697: 10641: (with 10574:Human spaceflight 10568: 10567: 10526:Launch Complex 48 10521:Launch Complex 39 10273: 10272: 10164: 10163: 10058: 10057: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10007:JUICE instruments 9968: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9838: 9837: 9774: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9766: 9765: 9660:Mission 13 and 14 9617: 9616: 9454:Discovery program 8959:. January 4, 2017 8933:Planetary Society 8882:. Washington, D.C 8855:. Spaceflight Now 8557:978-1-4614-4812-9 8343:. January 4, 2001 8106:Tucsoncitizen.com 7790:Acta Astronautica 7071:on July 22, 2013. 6357:on April 23, 2011 6273:. January 3, 2006 5978:(Press release). 5715:on April 23, 2022 5494:on April 27, 2010 5329:. January 7, 2015 5283:on March 6, 2014. 4422:. Near.jhuapl.edu 4364:on March 1, 2011. 4244: 4243: 3942: 3941: 3621:Mission insignias 3618: 3617: 3014:will fly by five 2673:Discovery 7 and 8 2620:Discovery 5 and 6 2462:Discovery 3 and 4 2395:Discovery 1 and 2 2390:Selection process 2309:Twin Lunar Lander 2305:, a lunar lander. 2089:mass spectrometer 1853:In addition, the 1844:David J. Lawrence 1795:component of the 1789:mass spectrometer 1605: 1604: 1444:October 13, 2023 1360:Harold F. Levison 1338:October 16, 2021 1120:space observatory 948:, and in 2013 of 878:January 12, 2005 669:December 3, 2001 610:interstellar dust 561:November 2, 2002 546:February 7, 1999 492:January 16, 1998 399:December 4, 1996 105:planetary science 70:Discovery Program 11731: 11692: 11691: 11680: 11679: 11518:Fallen Astronaut 11159:Van Allen Probes 10879: 10878: 10785:Mars Exploration 10710: 10709: 10581: 10580: 10349:Space Task Group 10321: 10320: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10277: 10276: 10124:Mars Exploration 10107: 10106: 10085: 10078: 10071: 10062: 10061: 9991: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9974: 9973: 9856: 9855: 9846: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9780: 9779: 9635: 9634: 9625: 9489:Lunar Prospector 9469: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9449: 9448: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9408: 9407: 9396: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9350: 9340: 9334: 9328: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9283: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9252: 9246: 9240: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9198: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9149:. March 23, 2019 9144: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8978: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8953: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8907:Space Flight Now 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8703:. Archived from 8692: 8686: 8685: 8667: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8619:on March 6, 2016 8603: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8582:on June 29, 2009 8568: 8562: 8561: 8541: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8488: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8463:. April 16, 2004 8456: 8448: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8428:. Archived from 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8398:. Archived from 8388: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8313:. Archived from 8302: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8276:. Archived from 8266: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8234: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8183: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8150: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8081:Researchgate.net 8073: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8052: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8036: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8002:. Archived from 8001: 7993: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7959: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7923: 7907: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7888: 7879: 7870: 7869: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7829: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7796:(2–6): 151–158. 7785: 7776: 7775: 7774:on May 26, 2010. 7773: 7766: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7737: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7618: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7589: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7535: 7529: 7528: 7526: 7515: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7490: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7459: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7429: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7401: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7383: 7372: 7362: 7353: 7352: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7315: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7285: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7260: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7158:on March 1, 2014 7157: 7146: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7121: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7084: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7063: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7033: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7014: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6895: 6889:. Archived from 6884: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6860:. Abstract #1352 6855: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6827: 6820: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6793: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6658:on March 1, 2011 6654:. Archived from 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6353:. Archived from 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6264: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6113: 6104: 6103: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6059: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5971: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5875:. Archived from 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5812: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5711:. Archived from 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5438:. Archived from 5431: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5377:. Archived from 5371: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5279:. Archived from 5273:"Kepler Mission" 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5230:. August 4, 2019 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5149:. Archived from 5135: 5129: 5128: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5044:on March 5, 2021 5040:. Archived from 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4915: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4752: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4256: 4036:Lunar Prospector 3952: 3951: 3708:Lunar Prospector 3631: 3630: 3373:Lunar Prospector 3289: 3288: 2926:In August 2012, 2902:, a Mars lander. 2608:Venus Multiprobe 2595:Lunar Prospector 2587: 2573: 2560: 2522: 2518:Lunar Prospector 2472:Lunar Prospector 2359:Venus Pathfinder 2330:Venus Multiprobe 2147:visited 4 Vesta) 2062:Mercury orbiter) 1931: 1924: 1917: 1872:Mission timeline 1826:(JAXA) probe to 1681:Brown University 1636:David Winningham 1388:Trojan asteroids 1283:W. Bruce Banerdt 1273:(1,590 lb) 1088:(2,319 lb) 994:(2,685 lb) 890:(1,430 lb) 816:(2,443 lb) 509:Lunar Prospector 478:January 7, 1998 467:Lunar Prospector 411:(1,960 lb) 359:Eugene Shoemaker 329:(1,800 lb) 261: 257: 245: 226: 214: 201: 193: 178: 97:Daniel S. Goldin 11739: 11738: 11734: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11729: 11728: 11709: 11708: 11705: 11700: 11668: 11568: 11559:Mission patches 11534:Pioneer plaques 11497:Mystic Mountain 11474:Family Portrait 11467:The Blue Marble 11451: 11445: 11419:Apollo missions 11360: 11312: 11301: 11268: 11073: 11067: 10904:Mercury-Atlas 6 10874: 10870: 10860: 10794: 10730:Mariner Mark II 10694: 10675:Commercial Crew 10653: 10576: 10564: 10548:Mission Control 10447:Astronaut Corps 10442:Chief Scientist 10420: 10325: 10309: 10304: 10274: 10269: 10256: 10242:Mariner Mark II 10225: 10181:Lunar Precursor 10160: 10098: 10089: 10059: 10054: 10019: 9981: 9956: 9900: 9847: 9834: 9787: 9762: 9753:Phobos Surveyor 9713:Icebreaker Life 9696: 9626: 9613: 9566: 9484:Mars Pathfinder 9456: 9443: 9435: 9392: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9377: 9368: 9364: 9348: 9341: 9337: 9329: 9322: 9314: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9290: 9286: 9271: 9267: 9259: 9255: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9196: 9194: 9178: 9174: 9166: 9162: 9152: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9117:. 12 June 2019. 9109: 9105: 9095: 9093: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9066:on May 10, 2019 9058: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9018: 9016: 9008: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8979: 8972: 8962: 8960: 8955: 8954: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8925: 8921: 8911: 8909: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8851:Stephen Clark. 8849: 8845: 8835: 8833: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8798: 8794: 8784: 8782: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8750: 8746: 8736: 8734: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8707:on June 4, 2016 8693: 8689: 8665:10.1038/477145a 8636: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8605: 8604: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8542: 8533: 8523: 8521: 8511: 8507: 8497: 8495: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8435: 8433: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8390: 8389: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8303: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8268: 8267: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8235: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8181: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8162: 8160: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8044: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8010: 8006: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7961: 7960: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7886: 7880: 7873: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7746: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7700: 7696: 7683: 7682: 7675: 7658: 7657: 7653: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7627: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7598: 7587: 7581: 7577: 7554: 7550: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7513: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7409: 7407: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7381: 7370: 7363: 7356: 7336: 7332: 7324: 7313: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7265: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7225: 7221: 7211: 7209: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7108: 7085: 7076: 7068: 7061: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7035: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7000: 6983: 6982: 6978: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6812: 6808: 6795: 6794: 6783: 6775: 6771:Clarke, Steve. 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6661: 6659: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6629: 6627: 6616: 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6480: 6479: 6475: 6465: 6463: 6457:"EPOXI Mission" 6455: 6454: 6450: 6440: 6438: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6401: 6394: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6290: 6286: 6276: 6274: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6153:. June 18, 2019 6143: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6114: 6107: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6060: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6029: 6022: 6012: 6010: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5972: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5810:10.1038/519274a 5803:(7543): 274–5. 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5761: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5737:Stephen Clark. 5735: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5570: 5568: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5375:"NASA – Kepler" 5373: 5372: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5292: 5288: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5165: 5158: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4909: 4905:April 30, 2015. 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4880:. Spacenews.com 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4649:on June 9, 2021 4637: 4636: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4228: 4192: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4152: 4141: 4072: 4061: 4050: 4039: 4030: 4027:Mars Pathfinder 4021: 3947: 3937: 3926: 3915: 3904: 3866: 3855: 3846: 3835: 3824: 3813: 3744: 3733: 3722: 3711: 3702: 3699:Mars Pathfinder 3693: 3623: 3613: 3602: 3591: 3580: 3529: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3489: 3478: 3409: 3398: 3387: 3376: 3367: 3364:Mars Pathfinder 3358: 3287: 3282: 3255:Icebreaker Life 3180:super-rotation. 3048: 3036:planetary cores 3016:Jupiter trojans 2954: 2940: 2882: 2849: 2763: 2675: 2622: 2590: 2582: 2566: 2555: 2515: 2464: 2451:Mars Pathfinder 2427:Mars Pathfinder 2422:Mars Pathfinder 2397: 2392: 2326: 2276: 2249:Martian geysers 2172: 2117:2019 Van Albada 1940: 1935: 1910: 1908: 1874: 1741:Michael A'Hearn 1711:L. Drake Deming 1610: 1580:In development 1521:In development 1466: 1362: 1344: 1333:Jupiter trojans 1314:Curiosity rover 1294: 1285: 1272: 1267: 1216: 1207: 1194: 1189: 1137:reaction wheels 1124:Johannes Kepler 1109: 1100: 1098:William Borucki 1087: 1082: 1014: 993: 988: 911: 902: 900:Michael A'Hearn 893:April 25, 2005 889: 884: 837: 828: 815: 810: 804:August 3, 2004 768: 759: 752: 744: 740: 704:Lissajous orbit 701: 685: 676: 675:Donald Burnett 665: 660: 654:August 8, 2001 650: 579: 570: 568:Donald Brownlee 557: 552: 502: 488: 484: 437:Mars Pathfinder 430: 421: 410: 405: 387:Mars Pathfinder 348: 339: 328: 323: 292: 256: 249: 246: 237: 234:Sholem Aleichem 227: 218: 215: 206: 199: 197:Mars Pathfinder 194: 185: 179: 170: 155:Mars Pathfinder 143: 72:is a series of 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11737: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11686: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11654:Astronauts Day 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11493: 11486: 11485: 11484: 11470: 11463: 11455: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11406: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11328: 11323: 11317: 11315: 11313:and navigation 11311:Communications 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11299: 11294: 11291:Europa Clipper 11287: 11282: 11276: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11249: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11183: 11173: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11077: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11050: 11043: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11018: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10994: 10987: 10982: 10974: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10885: 10883: 10876: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10802: 10800: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10745:New Millennium 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10716: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10699: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10659: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10651: 10646: 10633: 10628: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10587: 10585: 10578: 10570: 10569: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10466: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10412: 10406: 10400: 10394: 10388: 10382: 10376: 10370: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10346: 10340: 10333: 10331: 10318: 10311: 10310: 10303: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10280: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10252:Voyager (Mars) 10249: 10244: 10239: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10196:New Millennium 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10100: 10099: 10088: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10065: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10043: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10014:Europa Clipper 10010: 10003: 9997: 9995: 9983: 9982: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9862: 9860: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9803: 9801: 9789: 9788: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9761: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9650: 9641: 9639: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9574: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9565: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9479:NEAR Shoemaker 9475: 9473: 9466: 9458: 9457: 9445: 9444: 9434: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9381: 9380:External links 9378: 9376: 9375: 9362: 9335: 9320: 9308: 9296: 9284: 9265: 9253: 9241: 9227: 9215: 9203: 9172: 9160: 9131: 9119: 9103: 9077: 9051: 9026: 9001: 8970: 8945: 8919: 8893: 8866: 8843: 8811: 8792: 8763: 8744: 8733:on May 7, 2011 8718: 8687: 8630: 8593: 8563: 8556: 8531: 8519:Universe Today 8513:Cain, Fraser. 8505: 8474: 8443: 8413: 8380: 8354: 8341:Spacetoday.net 8328: 8317:on May 1, 2017 8294: 8254: 8224: 8198: 8170: 8145: 8134:. January 2001 8119: 8093: 8068: 8042: 8020: 7981: 7947: 7935: 7921:10.1.1.195.172 7899: 7871: 7844: 7815: 7777: 7752: 7721: 7694: 7673: 7651: 7633: 7604: 7575: 7548: 7530: 7501: 7482:"Red Dragon", 7474: 7445: 7416: 7387: 7354: 7330: 7300: 7271: 7246: 7219: 7193: 7169: 7132: 7106: 7074: 7050: 7025: 6998: 6976: 6958: 6935: 6907: 6871: 6839: 6806: 6781: 6763: 6746: 6721: 6695: 6669: 6637: 6609: 6581: 6555: 6528: 6500: 6473: 6448: 6421: 6392: 6368: 6338: 6310: 6284: 6251: 6219: 6191: 6164: 6136: 6105: 6098:) – via 6082: 6051: 6020: 5992: 5961: 5934: 5902: 5890: 5857: 5832: 5783: 5752: 5726: 5691: 5669: 5656:blogs.nasa.gov 5643: 5615: 5592: 5578: 5549: 5531: 5505: 5479: 5456: 5418: 5392: 5363: 5340: 5314: 5286: 5263: 5241: 5215: 5187: 5156: 5130: 5105: 5077: 5055: 5022: 5008:Universe Today 4994: 4954: 4932: 4907: 4891: 4868: 4843: 4819: 4791: 4769: 4739: 4712: 4685: 4660: 4630: 4608: 4586: 4559: 4537: 4512: 4485: 4463: 4433: 4411: 4389: 4367: 4338: 4307: 4281: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4230: 4218: 4217: 4205: 4195: 4194: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4154: 4143: 4131: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4075: 4074: 4063: 4052: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4018:NEAR Shoemaker 4013: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3917: 3906: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3869: 3868: 3857: 3848: 3837: 3826: 3815: 3803: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3724: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3690:NEAR Shoemaker 3685: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3636: 3635: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3604: 3593: 3582: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3532: 3531: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3491: 3480: 3468: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3412: 3411: 3400: 3389: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3355:NEAR Shoemaker 3350: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3294: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3230: 3220: 3202: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3095: 3094: 3088: 3072: 3062: 3047: 3044: 2992: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2950:Main article: 2939: 2936: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2903: 2881: 2878: 2848: 2845: 2800:INSIDE Jupiter 2796:INSIDE Jupiter 2762: 2759: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2740:INSIDE Jupiter 2737: 2730: 2723: 2704:was the first 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2659: 2651: 2644: 2621: 2618: 2589: 2588: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2564: 2561: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2463: 2460: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2380: 2377:Venus Aircraft 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2339: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2284: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2246:carbon dioxide 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2211: 2197: 2187: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2148: 2141:NEAR Shoemaker 2106: 2092: 2081:Dust Telescope 2077: 2066:INSIDE Jupiter 2063: 2053: 2043: 2025: 2011: 2001: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1911: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1851: 1811: 1780: 1773:Joseph Veverka 1750: 1749: 1748: 1729: 1684: 1659: 1643: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1541:water on Venus 1528: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1452:2,608 kg 1450: 1445: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1400:15094 Polymele 1396:3548 Eurybates 1380:Jupiter trojan 1372: 1371: 1368: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1305:Phoenix lander 1297: 1296: 1291: 1280: 1277: 1276:November 2018 1274: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1235:GRAIL B (Flow) 1219: 1218: 1213: 1202: 1199: 1198:March 7, 2012 1196: 1195:(677 lb) 1191: 1184: 1181: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1076:March 7, 2009 1074: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1001: 998: 995: 990: 983: 980: 969: 962: 958: 957: 914: 913: 908: 897: 894: 891: 886: 879: 876: 865: 858: 854: 853: 840: 839: 834: 823: 820: 817: 812: 805: 802: 791: 784: 780: 779: 771: 770: 765: 757:Joseph Veverka 754: 751:Disintegrated 749: 746: 745:(877 lb) 741: 734: 731: 722: 717: 713: 712: 699: 688: 687: 682: 673: 670: 667: 662: 655: 652: 648: 640: 633: 629: 628: 598:5535 Annefrank 582: 581: 576: 565: 562: 559: 558:(862 lb) 554: 547: 544: 538:5535 Annefrank 529: 522: 518: 517: 505: 504: 499: 496: 493: 490: 489:(653 lb) 485: 479: 476: 469: 464: 460: 459: 433: 432: 427: 418: 415: 412: 407: 400: 397: 389: 384: 380: 379: 351: 350: 345: 336: 333: 330: 325: 318: 315: 304: 302:NEAR Shoemaker 299: 295: 294: 293:(million USD) 289: 286: 283: 282:First science 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 240: 238: 228: 221: 219: 216: 209: 207: 195: 188: 186: 180: 173: 169: 166: 151:NEAR Shoemaker 142: 139: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11736: 11725: 11724:NASA programs 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11707: 11697: 11696: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11675: 11674: 11671: 11665: 11664:Nikon NASA F4 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11549:NASA insignia 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11529:Lunar plaques 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11515: 11513: 11512: 11508: 11506: 11505: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11482: 11481:Pale Blue Dot 11478: 11477: 11476: 11475: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11448: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11409:NASA missions 11407: 11405: 11404:NASA aircraft 11402: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11326:Space Network 11324: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11308: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11086: 11084: 11083: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11070: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11007: 11005: 11004: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10959:Space Shuttle 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10926: 10925: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10841:New Frontiers 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10801: 10797: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10750:Lunar Orbiter 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10691: 10690:Lunar Gateway 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10649:Constellation 10647: 10644: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10632: 10631:Space Shuttle 10629: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10596: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10469:NASA research 10467: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10374: 10371: 10368: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10353: 10350: 10347: 10344: 10341: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10301: 10296: 10294: 10289: 10287: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10259: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10176:Lunar Orbiter 10174: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:New Frontiers 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10096: 10093: 10086: 10081: 10079: 10074: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10050: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10016: 10015: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9850: 9845: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9777: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9699: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9624: 9610: 9609: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9432: 9427: 9425: 9420: 9418: 9413: 9412: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9395: 9384: 9371: 9366: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9332: 9327: 9325: 9317: 9312: 9305: 9300: 9293: 9288: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9257: 9250: 9245: 9237: 9231: 9224: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9184: 9176: 9169: 9164: 9148: 9141: 9135: 9128: 9123: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9015: 9011: 9005: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8977: 8975: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8934: 8930: 8923: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8881: 8877: 8870: 8854: 8847: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8796: 8781: 8777: 8776:mars.nasa.gov 8773: 8767: 8759: 8755: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8697:"Mars Mobile" 8691: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8650:(7363): 145. 8649: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8618: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8559: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8494: 8493: 8485: 8478: 8462: 8461: 8453: 8447: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8417: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8385: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8299: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8187: 8180: 8174: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8133: 8132:Ntrs.nasa.gov 8129: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8030: 8024: 8005: 7998: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7944: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7904: 7892: 7885: 7878: 7876: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7848: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7782: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7678: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7494: 7487: 7486: 7478: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7433: 7426: 7420: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7334: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7304: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7173: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7067: 7060: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7018: 7011: 7005: 7003: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6875: 6859: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6774: 6767: 6756: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6704:"MEGANE:Team" 6699: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6397: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6314: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6240: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6168: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6140: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6056: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5996: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5740: 5733: 5731: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5679: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5603: 5596: 5588: 5582: 5567: 5563: 5562:mars.nasa.gov 5559: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5428: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5351: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5251: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5120:New Scientist 5116: 5109: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5065: 5059: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4942: 4936: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4901:. Mike Wall. 4900: 4895: 4879: 4872: 4856: 4850: 4848: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4773: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4673: 4667: 4665: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4618: 4612: 4596: 4590: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4547: 4541: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4473: 4467: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4421: 4415: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4300:September 18, 4295: 4291: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083:and its moon 3082: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2692: 2683: 2679: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2585: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2446:asteroid Eros 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324:Venus focused 2317: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274:Lunar focused 2268: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2202:, similar to 2201: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121:Encke's comet 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032:methane lakes 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1957: 1952: 1944: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677:Carle Pieters 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:asteroid belt 1487: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1416:617 Patroclus 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1231:GRAIL A (Ebb) 1228: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1091:May 12, 2009 1090: 1086:1,052 kg 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1045:ion thrusters 1042: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1027:asteroid belt 1024: 1023: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 992:1,218 kg 991: 987: 984: 981: 979: 978: 973: 970: 968: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 909: 906: 901: 898: 895: 892: 887: 883: 880: 877: 875: 871: 870: 866: 864: 863: 859: 855: 850: 845: 841: 835: 832: 827: 824: 821: 818: 814:1,108 kg 813: 809: 806: 803: 801: 797: 796: 792: 790: 789: 785: 781: 776: 772: 766: 763: 758: 755: 753:after launch 750: 747: 742: 738: 735: 733:July 3, 2002 732: 730: 726: 723: 721: 718: 714: 710: 705: 697: 693: 689: 683: 680: 674: 671: 668: 663: 659: 656: 653: 646: 645: 641: 639: 638: 634: 630: 627: 623: 619: 618:Stardust-NExT 615: 611: 607: 606:Stardust@home 603: 599: 595: 592:for study on 591: 587: 583: 577: 574: 569: 566: 563: 560: 555: 551: 548: 545: 543: 539: 535: 534: 530: 528: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 506: 500: 497: 494: 491: 486: 483: 480: 477: 475: 474: 470: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 451: 446: 442: 438: 434: 428: 425: 419: 416: 414:July 4, 1997 413: 408: 404: 401: 398: 395: 394: 390: 388: 385: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357:(named after 356: 352: 346: 343: 338:Andrew Cheng 337: 334: 331: 326: 322: 319: 316: 314: 310: 309: 305: 303: 300: 296: 262: 244: 239: 235: 231: 225: 220: 213: 208: 205: 198: 192: 187: 184: 177: 172: 171: 165: 163: 161: 156: 152: 147: 138: 136: 132: 127: 125: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 91: 87: 86:New Frontiers 83: 79: 75: 71: 63: 58: 51: 47: 42: 34: 30: 26: 22: 11706: 11694: 11682: 11516: 11509: 11503: 11495: 11488: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11289: 11238:Perseverance 11237: 11199: 11192: 11169: 11129: 11112: 11096:New Horizons 11094: 11087: 11080: 11053: 11045: 11021: 11009: 11002: 10989: 10977: 10969: 10930: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10835: 10637: 10621:Apollo–Soyuz 10133: 10045: 10039: 10012: 10005: 9827: 9820: 9813: 9808:New Horizons 9806: 9648:Comet Hopper 9606: 9599: 9577: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9453: 9365: 9352: 9338: 9311: 9299: 9287: 9268: 9256: 9244: 9230: 9218: 9206: 9195:, retrieved 9186:, Figshare, 9182: 9175: 9163: 9151:. 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( 2129:1036 Ganymed 2108: 2094: 2080: 2065: 2055: 2045: 2038:, a moon of 2018:46P/Wirtanen 2014:Comet Hopper 1988: 1977: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1854: 1813: 1808:Stefano Livi 1782: 1758: 1752: 1732: 1701: 1692: 1686: 1661: 1653: 1632:Mars Express 1617: 1611: 1595:spectroscopy 1590: 1564: 1544: 1536: 1531: 1505: 1479: 1458: 1448:Falcon Heavy 1437: 1430: 1411: 1404:11351 Leucus 1354: 1331: 1324: 1300: 1261:May 5, 2018 1253: 1246: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1176: 1156: 1145:super-Earths 1141:hot Jupiters 1132: 1122:named after 1054:dwarf planet 1038:dwarf planet 1020: 997:May 3, 2011 975: 964: 874:103P/Hartley 872:(impactor), 867: 860: 843: 826:Sean Solomon 819:August 2005 793: 786: 774: 708: 642: 635: 625: 621: 531: 524: 498:Alan Binder 471: 449: 420:Joseph Boyce 391: 371:253 Mathilde 363:253 Mathilde 354: 313:253 Mathilde 306: 279:Launch mass 273:Launch date 229: 196: 183:253 Mathilde 159: 148: 144: 128: 121: 94: 69: 67: 49: 45: 29: 11524:Deep fields 11452:and artwork 11450:NASA images 11022:Opportunity 10491:NASA Social 10317:and history 9644:Mission 12 9571:Opportunity 9514:Deep Impact 8859:January 11, 8711:January 11, 8623:January 11, 8586:January 11, 8524:January 11, 8436:January 11, 8406:January 11, 8373:January 17, 8347:January 11, 8321:January 11, 8287:January 11, 8247:January 11, 8217:January 11, 8191:January 11, 8163:January 11, 8138:January 11, 8112:January 11, 8086:January 11, 7664:Deep Impact 6864:February 9, 6414:January 17, 6303:January 17, 6129:November 5, 5927:October 13, 5850:February 1, 5797:Nature News 5684:January 23, 5411:October 31, 4274:January 15, 4148:Deep Impact 3820:Deep Impact 3485:Deep Impact 3238:lunar water 3217:lunar water 3099:Bill Nelson 3026:around the 2727:Deep Impact 2697:Deep Impact 2682:Deep Impact 2113:4660 Nereus 2085:cosmic dust 1800:BepiColombo 1725:Deep Impact 1694:Deep Impact 1672:Chandrayaan 1355:Operational 1271:721 kg 1205:Maria Zuber 1193:307 kg 1069:transiting 1031:protoplanet 918:Deep Impact 888:650 kg 862:Deep Impact 743:398 kg 664:494 kg 622:Deep Impact 556:391 kg 487:296 kg 456:Ares Vallis 409:890 kg 327:800 kg 204:Ares Vallis 113:peer review 11713:Categories 11612:Moon rocks 11372:Astronauts 11365:NASA lists 11222:OSIRIS-REx 11056:helicopter 10924:Pioneer 11 10917:Pioneer 10 10720:Hitchhiker 10595:suborbital 10432:Space Race 10237:Grand Tour 9905:Candidates 9890:Mission 4 9875:Mission 3 9865:Mission 2 9822:OSIRIS-REx 9743:Moon Diver 9701:Candidates 9197:October 8, 8994:January 7, 8963:January 4, 8886:October 1, 5333:January 7, 5307:January 6, 4976:: 506.05. 4903:Space News 4331:January 4, 4247:References 3927:2031–2032 3603:2031–2032 3194:Moon Diver 2858:OSIRIS-REx 2710:Mariner 10 2604:Suess-Urey 2557:Suess-Urey 2435:Pathfinder 2266:Red Dragon 2099:OSIRIS-REx 2046:Suess-Urey 2022:outgassing 1998:Oort cloud 1713:of NASA's 1512:2031–2032 1408:21900 Orus 1309:Marsquakes 1190:7920H-10C 950:Comet ISON 849:Mariner 10 811:7925H-9.5 696:solar wind 644:Solar wind 332:June 1997 311:(lander), 202:s view of 11639:Moon tree 11460:Earthrise 11335:Goldstone 11232:Mars 2020 11201:Voyager 2 11194:Voyager 1 11130:Curiosity 11074:operating 11072:Currently 11054:Ingenuity 10991:MESSENGER 10970:Sojourner 10899:Mercury 3 10889:Apollo 11 10836:Discovery 10826:Explorers 10415:Augustine 10379:Augustine 10230:Cancelled 10169:Completed 10134:Discovery 10040:Underline 9859:Finalists 9852:Proposals 9829:Dragonfly 9638:Finalists 9631:Proposals 9509:MESSENGER 9153:March 26, 8880:NASA News 8061:April 28, 8035:April 28, 8013:April 28, 7916:CiteSeerX 6922:Space.com 6710:. 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NASA 6708:MEGANE 6682:MEGANE 6277:May 8, 6244:May 8, 5825: 5817: 5745:May 2, 5524:May 2, 5256:May 2, 5070:May 2, 4947:May 2, 4925:May 2, 4884:May 2, 4861:May 2, 4784:May 2, 4678:May 2, 4623:May 2, 4530:May 2, 4478:May 2, 4426:May 2, 4404:May 2, 4235:Psyche 4169:Kepler 3911:Psyche 3842:Kepler 3587:Psyche 3506:Kepler 3165:MANTIS 3085:Triton 3032:Psyche 3006:Psyche 2988:Psyche 2910:Saturn 2870:Vesper 2866:Vesper 2864:, and 2837:Kepler 2822:Kepler 2820:, and 2794:, and 2745:Vesper 2606:, and 2411:(1997) 2383:Zephyr 2342:V-STAR 2336:Vesper 2297:PSOLHO 2218:Deimos 2214:Merlin 2208:Phobos 2204:LCROSS 2200:PCROSS 2190:MUADEE 2184:Pascal 2135:, and 2123:(2P), 2095:OSIRIS 2056:Hermes 2040:Saturn 1838:and a 1832:Deimos 1828:Phobos 1815:MEGANE 1481:Psyche 1432:Psyche 1406:, and 1268:(401) 1157:Kepler 1118:was a 1116:Kepler 1029:: the 989:7925H 50:Psyche 11285:NISAR 11240:rover 11212:MAVEN 11132:rover 11113:Swift 11024:rover 10985:LADEE 10980:rover 10972:rover 10949:GRAIL 10944:GALEX 10735:MESUR 10680:Orion 10481:NASA+ 10457:Chief 10355:Paine 10191:MESUR 9927:ELSAH 9748:PADME 9585:EPOXI 9529:GRAIL 9373:2019. 9349:(PDF) 9143:(PDF) 8678:S2CID 8487:(PDF) 8455:(PDF) 8281:(TXT) 8182:(TXT) 8007:(PDF) 8000:(PDF) 7894:(PDF) 7887:(PDF) 7839:(PDF) 7828:(PDF) 7772:(PDF) 7765:(PDF) 7747:(PDF) 7736:(PDF) 7628:(PDF) 7617:(PDF) 7599:(PDF) 7588:(PDF) 7525:(PDF) 7514:(PDF) 7496:(PDF) 7489:(PDF) 7469:(PDF) 7458:(PDF) 7428:(PDF) 7400:(PDF) 7382:(PDF) 7371:(PDF) 7325:(PDF) 7314:(PDF) 7295:(PDF) 7284:(PDF) 7266:(PDF) 7259:(PDF) 7156:(PDF) 7145:(PDF) 7127:(PDF) 7120:(PDF) 7069:(PDF) 7062:(PDF) 7020:(PDF) 7013:(PDF) 6894:(PDF) 6883:(PDF) 6854:(PDF) 6826:(PDF) 6819:(PDF) 6776:(PDF) 6758:(PDF) 6487:EPOXI 6263:(PDF) 6096:Tweet 5845:(PDF) 5823:S2CID 5604:. 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