Disruptive innovation

94:, rather than existing market-leading companies. The business environment of market leaders does not allow them to pursue disruptive innovations when they first arise, because they are not profitable enough at first and because their development can take scarce resources away from sustaining innovations (which are needed to compete against current competition). Small teams are more likely to create disruptive innovations than large teams. A disruptive process can take longer to develop than by the conventional approach and the risk associated to it is higher than the other more incremental, architectural or evolutionary forms of innovations, but once it is deployed in the market, it achieves a much faster penetration and higher degree of impact on the established markets. 640:

powerful computers "on every desk" (one person, one computer). This short transitional period was necessary for getting used to the new computing environment, but was inadequate from the vantage point of producing knowledge. Adequate knowledge creation and management come mainly from networking and distributed computing (one person, many computers). Each person's computer must form an access point to the entire computing landscape or ecology through the Internet of other computers, databases, and mainframes, as well as production, distribution, and retailing facilities, and the like. For the first time, technology empowers individuals rather than external hierarchies. It transfers influence and power where it optimally belongs: at the

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segment, it seeks to improve its profit margin. To get higher profit margins, the disruptor needs to enter the segment where the customer is willing to pay a little more for higher quality. To ensure this quality in its product, the disruptor needs to innovate. The incumbent will not do much to retain its share in a not-so-profitable segment, and will move up-market and focus on its more attractive customers. After a number of such encounters, the incumbent is squeezed into smaller markets than it was previously serving. And then, finally, the disruptive technology meets the demands of the most profitable segment and drives the established company out of the market.

436:(TSNs), which are thus forced to coevolve with it. New versions of the core are designed and fitted into an increasingly appropriate TSN, with smaller and smaller high-technology effects. High technology becomes regular technology, with more efficient versions fitting the same support net. Finally, even the efficiency gains diminish, emphasis shifts to product tertiary attributes (appearance, style), and technology becomes TSN-preserving appropriate technology. This technological equilibrium state becomes established and fixated, resisting being interrupted by a technological mutation; then new high technology appears and the cycle is repeated. 298:

just to stay still, and any break from the effort (such as complacency born of profitability) causes a rapid downhill slide. Christensen and colleagues have shown that this simplistic hypothesis is wrong; it doesn't model reality. What they have shown is that good firms are usually aware of the innovations, but their business environment does not allow them to pursue them when they first arise, because they are not profitable enough at first and because their development can take scarce resources away from that of sustaining innovations (which are needed to compete against current competition). In Christensen's terms, a firm's existing

371:"New market disruption" occurs when a product fits a new or emerging market segment that is not being served by existing incumbents in the industry. Some scholars note that the creation of a new market is a defining feature of disruptive innovation, particularly in the way it tend to improve products or services differently in comparison to normal market drivers. It initially caters to a niche market and proceeds on defining the industry over time once it is able to penetrate the market or induce consumers to defect from the existing market into the new market it created. 1327:. Quality and resolution are no longer major issues in the 2010s and shutter lag issues have been largely resolved. The convenience of small memory cards and portable hard drives that hold hundreds or thousands of pictures, as well as the lack of the need to develop these pictures, also helped make digital cameras the market leader. Digital cameras have a high power consumption (but several lightweight battery packs can provide enough power for thousands of pictures). 359:"Low-end disruption" occurs when the rate at which products improve exceeds the rate at which customers can adopt the new performance. Therefore, at some point the performance of the product overshoots the needs of certain customer segments. At this point, a disruptive technology may enter the market and provide a product that has lower performance than the incumbent but that exceeds the requirements of certain segments, thereby gaining a foothold in the market. 5618: 343: 5593: 583: 5850: 2317:. Schumpeter (1949) in one of his examples used "the railroadization of the Middle West as it was initiated by the Illinois Central". He wrote, "The Illinois Central not only meant very good business whilst it was built and whilst new cities were built around it and land was cultivated, but it spelled the death sentence for the agriculture of the West."Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave" 747:'s telephone patents for $ 100,000, their highest-profit market was long-distance telegraphy. Telephones were only useful at that time for very local calls. Short-distance telegraphy barely existed as a market segment, which explains Western Union's decision to not enter the emerging telephone market. Telephones quickly displaced telegraphs by offering much greater communication capacity. 22: 552:

information systems are still designed to improve the traditional hierarchy of command and thus preserve and entrench the existing TSN. The administrative model of management, for instance, further aggravates the division of task and labor, further specializes knowledge, separates management from workers, and concentrates information and knowledge in centers.

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technology tends to get ignored in favor of what’s currently popular with the best customers. But then another company steps in to bring the innovation to a new market. Once the disruptive technology becomes established there, smaller-scale innovation rapidly raise the technology’s performance on attributes that mainstream customers’ value.

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understanding of its unfolding and advance its manageability. Keeping in view the multidimensional nature of disruptive innovation a measurement framework has been developed by Guo to enable a systemic assessment of disruptive potential of innovations, providing insights for the decisions in product/service launch and resource allocation.

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or return on investment. Only within an unchanging and relatively stable TSN would such direct financial comparability be meaningful. For example, you can directly compare a manual typewriter with an electric typewriter, but not a typewriter with a word processor. Therein lies the management challenge of high technology.

172:, which he cowrote with Joseph Bower. The article is aimed at both management executives who make the funding or purchasing decisions in companies, as well as the research community, which is largely responsible for introducing the disruptive vector to the consumer market. He describes the term further in his book 4782: 531:. High technology therefore transforms the qualitative nature of the TSN's tasks and their relations, as well as their requisite physical, energy, and information flows. It also affects the skills required, the roles played, and the styles of management and coordination—the organizational culture itself. 1373:

also require less power (single phase 110 V AC and a few amps for high-performance CMOS, direct current 5V or 3.3V and two or three amps for low-power CMOS, vs. 240 V single- or three-phase at 20-50 A for film cameras). Continuing advances have overtaken 35 mm film and are challenging 70 mm

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and other early plastics had very limited use - their main advantages were electric insulation and low cost. New forms of plastic had advantages such as transparency, elasticity and combustibility. In the early 21st century, plastics can be used for many household items previously made of metal, wood

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CRT sets were very heavy, and the size and weight of the tube limited the maximum screen size to about 38 inches; in contrast, LCD and other flat-panel TVs are available in 40", 50", 60" and even bigger sizes, all of which weigh much less than a CRT set. CRT technologies did improve in the late 1990s

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In almost every market where high speed rail with journey times of two hours or less was introduced in competition with an air service, the air service was either greatly reduced within a few years or ceased entirely. Even in markets with longer rail travel times, airlines have reduced the number of

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As knowledge surpasses capital, labor, and raw materials as the dominant economic resource, technologies are also starting to reflect this shift. Technologies are rapidly shifting from centralized hierarchies to distributed networks. Nowadays knowledge does not reside in a super-mind, super-book, or

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Social media could be considered a disruptive innovation within sports. More specifically, the way that news in sports circulates nowadays versus the pre-internet era where sports news was mainly on TV, radio and newspapers. Social media has created a new market for sports that was not around before

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When the technology that has the potential for revolutionizing an industry emerges, established companies typically see it as unattractive: it’s not something their mainstream customers want, and its projected profit margins aren’t sufficient to cover big-company cost structure. As a result, the new

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In the late 1990s, the automotive sector began to embrace a perspective of "constructive disruptive technology" by working with the consultant David E. O'Ryan, whereby the use of current off-the-shelf technology was integrated with newer innovation to create what he called "an unfair advantage". The

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Early desktop-publishing systems could not match high-end professional systems in either features or quality, but their impact was felt immediately as they lowered the cost of entry to the publishing business. By the mid-1990s, DTP had largely replaced traditional tools in most prepress operations.

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s price of over $ 1000, its physical size of dozens of hard-bound volumes, its weight of over 100 pounds (45 kg), its number of articles (about 120,000) and its update cycles lasting a year or longer made it unable to compete with Knowledge, which provides free, online access to over 6 million

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illustrates how knowledge contributes to the ongoing technology innovation. The original centralized concept (one computer, many persons) is a knowledge-defying idea of the prehistory of computing, and its inadequacies and failures have become clearly apparent. The era of personal computing brought

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A proactive approach to addressing the challenge posed by disruptive innovations has been debated by scholars. Petzold criticized the lack of acknowledgment of underlying process of the change to study the disruptive innovation over time from a process view and complexify the concept to support the

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The effects of high technology always breaks the direct comparability by changing the system itself, therefore requiring new measures and new assessments of its productivity. High technology cannot be compared and evaluated with the existing technology purely on the basis of cost, net present value

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is that the business should originate on a) low-end or b) new-market footholds. Instead, Uber was launched in San Francisco, a large urban city with an established taxi service and did not target low-end customers or created a new market (from the consumer perspective). In contrast, UberSELECT, an

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This kind of technology core is different from regular technology core, which preserves the qualitative nature of flows and the structure of the support and only allows users to perform the same tasks in the same way, but faster, more reliably, in larger quantities, or more efficiently. It is also

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place insufficient value on the disruptive innovation to allow its pursuit by that firm. Meanwhile, start-up firms inhabit different value networks, at least until the day that their disruptive innovation is able to invade the older value network. At that time, the established firm in that network

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The 8 inch drives were not affordable for new desktop machines. The simple 5.25 inch drive, assembled from technologically inferior "off-the-shelf" components, was an "innovation" only in the sense that it was new. However, as this market grew and the drives improved, the companies that

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examines how technology shapes the relative demand for certain skills in labor markets and expands the reach of firms - robotics and digital technologies, for example, enable firms to automate, replacing labor with machines to become more efficient, and innovate, expanding the number of tasks and

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called the "technology mudslide hypothesis". This is the simplistic idea that an established firm fails because it doesn't "keep up technologically" with other firms. In this hypothesis, firms are like climbers scrambling upward on crumbling footing, where it takes constant upward-climbing effort

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Implementing high technology is often resisted. This resistance is well understood on the part of active participants in the requisite TSN. The electric car will be resisted by gas-station operators in the same way automated teller machines (ATMs) were resisted by bank tellers and automobiles by

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The technological changes that damage established companies are usually not radically new or difficult from a technological point of view. They do, however, have two important characteristics: First, they typically present a different package of performance attributes—ones that, at least at the

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Generally, disruptive innovations were technologically straightforward, consisting of off-the-shelf components put together in a product architecture that was often simpler than prior approaches. They offered less of what customers in established markets wanted and so could rarely be initially

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Not all modern technologies are high technologies, only those used and functioning as such, and embedded in their requisite TSNs. They have to empower the individual because only through the individual can they empower knowledge. Not all information technologies have integrative effects. Some

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In low-end disruption, the disruptor is focused initially on serving the least profitable customer, who is happy with a good enough product. This type of customer is not willing to pay premium for enhancements in product functionality. Once the disruptor has gained a foothold in this customer

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In keeping with the insight that a persuasive advertising campaign can be just as effective as technological sophistication at bringing a successful product to market, Christensen's theory explains why many disruptive innovations are not advanced or useful technologies, rather combinations of

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of high technology. For example, introducing electric cars disrupts the support network for gasoline cars (network of gas and service stations). Such disruption is fully expected and therefore effectively resisted by support net owners. In the long run, high (disruptive) technology bypasses,

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While Christensen argued that disruptive innovations can hurt successful, well-managed companies, O'Ryan countered that "constructive" integration of existing, new, and forward-thinking innovation could improve the economic benefits of these same well-managed companies, once decision-making

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that identifies the crucial idea that potentiates profound market success and subsequently serves as the disruptive vector. Comprehending Christensen's business model, which takes the disruptive vector from the idea borne from the mind of the innovator to a marketable product, is central to

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The floppy disk drive market has had unusually large changes in market share over the past fifty years. According to Clayton M. Christensen's research, the cause of this instability was a repeating pattern of disruptive innovations. For example, in 1981, the old 8 inch drives (used in

327:. He argued that disruptive innovations can hurt successful, well-managed companies that are responsive to their customers and have excellent research and development. These companies tend to ignore the markets most susceptible to disruptive innovations, because the markets have very tight 262:

Christensen continues to develop and refine the theory and has accepted that not all examples of disruptive innovation perfectly fit into his theory. For example, he conceded that originating in the low end of the market is not always a cause of disruptive innovation, but rather it fosters

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Christensen distinguishes between "low-end disruption", which targets customers who do not need the full performance valued by customers at the high end of the market, and "new-market disruption", which targets customers who have needs that were previously unserved by existing incumbents.

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explored the case of the disk drive industry (the disk drive and memory industry, with its rapid technological evolution, is to the study of technology what fruit flies are to the study of genetics, as Christensen was told in the 1990s) and the excavating and Earth-moving industry (where

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aircraft has so far been the only supersonic airliner in extensive commercial traffic. It catered to a small customer segment, which could later afford small private sub-sonic jets. The loss of speed was compensated by flexibility and a more direct routing (i.e. no need to go through a

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According to Christensen, "the term 'disruptive innovation' is misleading when it is used to refer to the derivative, or 'instantaneous value', of the market behavior of the product or service, rather than the integral, or 'sum over histories', of the product's market behavior."

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process or technology change as a whole had to be "constructive" in improving the current method of manufacturing, yet disruptively impact the whole of the business case model, resulting in a significant reduction of waste, energy, materials, labor, or legacy costs to the user.

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different from appropriate technology core, which preserves the TSN itself with the purpose of technology implementation and allows users to do the same thing in the same way at comparable levels of efficiency, instead of improving the efficiency of performance.

395:). Lepore questions whether the theory has been oversold and misapplied, as if it were able to explain everything in every sphere of life, including not just business but education and public institutions. W.Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, the authors of 1364:

were less sensitive, had lower resolution, and cameras based on them had less duration (record time). The advantage of rapid setup time, editing in the camera, and nearly-instantaneous review quickly eliminated 16 mm high speed film systems.

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For example, the automobile was high technology with respect to the horse carriage. It evolved into technology and finally into appropriate technology with a stable, unchanging TSN. The main high-technology advance in the offing is some form of

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option that provides luxurious cars such as limousine at a discounted price, is an example of disruption innovation because it originates from low-end customers segment - customers who would not have entered the traditional luxurious market.

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The first steamships were deployed on inland waters where sailing ships were less effective, instead of on the higher profit margin seagoing routes. Hence steamships originally only competed in traditional shipping lines' "worst" markets.

483:—whether the energy source is the sun, hydrogen, water, air pressure, or traditional charging outlet. Electric cars preceded the gasoline automobile by many decades and are now returning to replace the traditional gasoline automobile. The 510:

because BPR represents a direct assault on the support net (coordinative hierarchy) they thrive on. Teamwork and multi-functionality is resisted by those whose TSN provides the comfort of narrow specialization and command-driven

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software can run on many Internet-enabled devices. Since licensing deals between film studios and streaming providers have become standard, this has obviated the need for people to seek rentals at physically separate locations.

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Minicomputers were originally presented as an inexpensive alternative to mainframes and mainframe manufacturers did not consider them a serious threat in their market. Eventually, the market for minicomputers (led by Seymor

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areas, where they often replaced streetcars and industrial tracks. As highways expanded, medium- and later long-distance transports were relocated to road traffic, and some railways closed down. As rail traffic has a lower

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Smartphones were both a revolutionary (in the mobile phone industry) and disruptive innovation (displacing PDAs) as they were: generally more capable than earlier types of mobile phones, introduced and popularized entirely

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of the useful knowledge. Even though hierarchies and bureaucracies do not innovate, free and empowered individuals do; knowledge, innovation, spontaneity, and self-reliance are becoming increasingly valued and promoted.

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The introduction of rail transport completely destroyed horse-drawn transport especially for long distances and also freight transport by canal was nearly wiped out. Rail transport led to the introduction of the

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Traditional, for-profit general encyclopedias with articles written by paid experts have been displaced by Knowledge, an online encyclopedia which is written and edited by volunteer editors. Former market leader

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Hydraulic excavators were clearly innovative at the time of introduction but they gained widespread use only decades after. Cable-operated excavators are still used in some cases, mainly for large excavations.

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outset, are not valued by existing customers. Second, the performance attributes that existing customers do value improve at such a rapid rate that the new technology can later invade those established markets.

4773:. Note that Dvorák's definition of disruptive technology describes the low cost disruption model, above. He reveals the overuse of the term and shows how many disruptive technologies are not truly disruptive. 204:

understanding how novel technology facilitates the rapid destruction of established technologies and markets by the disruptor. Christensen and Mark W. Johnson, who cofounded the management consulting firm

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or enters at the bottom of an existing market and eventually displaces established market-leading firms, products, and alliances. The term, "disruptive innovation" was popularized by the American academic

1341:, one of the largest camera companies for decades, to declare bankruptcy in 2012. Despite inventing one of the first digital cameras in 1975, Kodak remained invested in traditional film until much later. 4734:

Weeks, Michael (2015). "Is disruption theory wearing new clothes or just naked? Analyzing recent critiques of disruptive innovation theory" Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 17:4, 417–428.

1031:(LCDs) were monochromatic and had low resolution. They were used in watches and other handheld devices, but during the early 2000s these (and other planar technologies) largely replaced the dominant 866:

integration into cars and mobile phones rendered the need for a separate car phone moot. A similar situation occurred once mobile phones gained the ability to play and store a significant number of

314:. He explained that the latter's goal is to improve existing product performance. On the other hand, he defines a disruptive innovation as a product or service designed for a new set of customers. 1541:) was the fastest and most cost-efficient means of land transportation for goods and passengers in industrialized countries. The first cars, buses and trucks were used for local transportation in 1506:

and also opened up new markets for wider fresh produce and perishable goods distribution. In communications, newspapers and postal services were able to offer daily services over long-distances.

101:, including economic and business-related aspects. Through identifying and analyzing systems for possible points of intervention, one can then design changes focused on disruptive interventions. 1219:

and acoustic pianos. In the 2010s, synthesizers are significantly cheaper than electric pianos and acoustic pianos, all while offering a much greater range of sound effects and musical sounds.

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The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the dominant semiconductor device up until the 1960s. In the 1970s, the MOSFET eventually replaced the BJT as the dominant semiconductor technology.

277:"Uber helped me realize that it isn’t that being at the bottom of the market is the causal mechanism, but that it’s correlated with a business model that is unattractive to its competitor". 4685:

Roy, Raja (2014). "Exploring the Boundary Conditions of Disruption: Large Firms and New Product Introduction With a Potentially Disruptive Technology in the Industrial Robotics Industry".

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Christensen also noted that products considered as disruptive innovations tend to skip stages in the traditional product design and development process to quickly gain market traction and

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and are too small to provide a good growth rate to an established (sizable) firm. Thus, disruptive technology provides an example of an instance when the common business-world advice to "

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market or enters at the bottom of an existing market by providing a different set of values, which ultimately (and unexpectedly) overtakes incumbents (e.g., the lower-priced, affordable

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Uber is not an example of disruption because it did not originate in a low-end or new market footholds. One of the conditions for the business to be considered disruptive according to

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Technology, being a form of social relationship, always evolves. No technology remains fixed. Technology starts, develops, persists, mutates, stagnates, and declines, just like living

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points out that some companies identified by the theory as victims of disruption a decade or more ago, rather than being defunct, remain dominant in their industries today (including

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Questioning the concept of a disruptive technology, Haxell (2012) questions how such technologies get named and framed, pointing out that this is a positioned and retrospective act.

3517: 3905: 3625: 3338:"A revised perspective on Disruptive Innovation – Exploring Value, Networks and Business models (Theisis submitted to Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden)" 379:

The extrapolation of the theory to all aspects of life has been challenged, as has the methodology of relying on selected case studies as the principal form of evidence.

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play an important role in long term sustainability of any firm and thus have been studied to have a proactive role in exploitation of the disruptive innovation process.

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article "Reinventing Your Business Model". The concept of disruptive technology continues a long tradition of identifying radical technological change in the study of

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horsewhip makers. Technology does not qualitatively restructure the TSN and therefore will not be resisted and never has been resisted. Middle management resists

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Roy, Raja; Cohen, S.K. (2015). "Disruption in the US machine tool industry: The role of inhouse users and pre-disruption component experience in firm response".

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with advances like true-flat panels and digital controls; these updates were not enough to prevent CRTs from being displaced by flat-panel LCD displays.

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The typewriter has been replaced with word processing software that has a wealth of functionality to stylize, copy and facilitate document production.

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was a development that changed the way that information was stored, transmitted, and replicated. This allowed empowered authors but it also promoted

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in the late 19th century were not a disruptive innovation, because early automobiles were expensive luxury items that did not disrupt the market for

4009: 2784: 5636: 5631: 3265: 5671: 3337: 1582:. For medium-distance trips, like between Beijing & Shanghai, the high speed rail and airlines often end up in extremely stiff competition. 4465: 3280: 899:

and increased computing power to connect to and use the internet to a greater extent than that of a typical PDA (which were usually reliant on

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described high technology as disruptive technology and raised the question of what is being disrupted. The answer, according to Zeleny, is the

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employed there. They offered a different package of attributes valued only in emerging markets remote from, and unimportant to, the mainstream.

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Weeks, Michael (2015), "Is disruption theory wearing new clothes or just naked? Analyzing recent critiques of disruptive innovation theory.",

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Bower, Joseph L. & Christensen, Clayton M. (1995). The concept of new technologies leading to wholesale economic change is an older idea;

432:. The evolutionary life cycle occurs in the use and development of any technology. A new high-technology core emerges and challenges existing 4317: 83:

automobile was a disruptive innovation, because it changed the transportation market, whereas the first thirty years of automobiles did not.

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used to dominate the European market for calculators, but did not adapt digital technology, and failed to compete with digital competitors.

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cost, but a higher investment and operating cost than road traffic, rail is still preferred for large-scale bulk cargo (such as minerals).

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Christensen, Clayton M., Baumann, Heiner, Ruggles, Rudy, & Sadtler, Thomas M. (2006). "Disruptive Innovation for Social Change"

3957: 3880: 3219:"The pursuit of disruptive innovations by middle managers: effects of the firm's customer orientation and mastery achievement goals" 4740:

Daub, Adrian. "WHAT TECH CALLS THINKING. An Inquiry Into the Intellectual Bedrock of Silicon Valley", 2020, also in: The Guardian,

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explained the process of how disruptive technology, through its requisite support net, dramatically transforms a certain industry.

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Durantin, Arnaud; Fanmuy, Gauthier; Miet, Ségolène; Pegon, Valérie (January 1, 2017). "Disruptive Innovation in Complex Systems".

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The current theoretical understanding of disruptive innovation is different from what might be expected by default, an idea that

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A LED is significantly smaller and less power-consuming than a light bulb. The first optical LEDs were weak, and only useful as

5704: 600: 4508: 4487: 4448: 4356: 4237: 3582: 2273: 1001: 718:, unlimited size and instant updates are some of the challenges faced by for-profit competition in the encyclopedia market. 199:

because he recognized that most technologies are not intrinsically disruptive or sustaining in character; rather, it is the

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Danneels, Erwin (2006). "From the Guest Editor: Dialogue on The Effects of Disruptive Technology on Firms and Industries".

3460: 2841: 782: 3984:"Smart City Tech to Drive Over 5% Incremental GDP, Trillions in Economic Growth Over the Next Decade Reports ABI Research" 2996:

Masaaki, Kotabe; Scott Swan (January 2007). "The role of strategic alliances in high-technology new product development".

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This low end disruption eventually undermined the sales of physical, high-cost recordings such as records, tapes and CDs.

5793: 5664: 5314: 5028: 3518:"13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History" 5578: 2904: 5023: 5016: 4999: 4878: 4868: 4850: 3754: 3468: 3435: 2824: 2621: 2569: 2527: 2504: 1406:, have improved in speed and quality, they have become increasingly useful for creating documents in limited issues. 1297:, a dominant company in this market, was cited as a significant threat to video stores when it first expanded beyond 622: 4777:"The Disruptive Potential of Game Technologies: Lessons Learned from its Impact on the Military Simulation Industry" 4160: 5250: 4567: 2800: 1166:

By using mostly locally available scrap and power sources these mills can be cost effective even though not large.

4264:"Evotec and Sanofi in exclusive talks to create an Evotec-led Infectious Disease open innovation R&D platform" 2520:

Marketplace Lending, Financial Analysis, and the Future of Credit: Integration, Profitability, and Risk Management

5359: 4186: 3687:"Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study" 2300:, p. xviii. Christensen describes as "revolutionary" innovations as "discontinuous" "sustaining innovations" 2288:

Acaroglu, L. (2014). Making change: Explorations into enacting a disruptive pro-sustainability design practice. .

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Knowledge not only disrupted printed paper encyclopedias; it also disrupted digital encyclopedias. Microsoft's

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proposes an end using the term, and similar related terms, suggesting that, as of 2014, it is overused jargon.

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manufactured them eventually triumphed while many of the existing manufacturers of 8 inch drives fell behind.

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is a technology core that changes the very architecture (structure and organization) of the components of the

62:'s book "Innovation: The Attacker's Advantage" and in the paper Strategic Responses to Technological Threats. 5896: 5854: 5820: 4440: 1964: 1676: 4754: 2657:. Published online June 17, 2014 under the headline 'What the Theory of “Disruptive Innovation” Gets Wrong'. 1305:

in 2000 trying to sell their company. Blockbuster declined and ultimately ceased operation ten years later.

1259:, leaving consumers with no means to purchase individual songs. This market was initially filled by illegal 5546: 5376: 5304: 5004: 4933: 4645: 3599: 3217:

Sadiq, Fawad; Hussain, Tasweer; Naseem, Afshan; Mirza, Muhammad Zeeshan; Syed, Ahsan Ali (March 10, 2021).

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Zeleny, Milan (September 2009). "Technology and High Technology: Support Net and Barriers to Innovation".

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super-database, but in a complex relational pattern of networks brought forth to coordinate human action.

5886: 5881: 1944: 1120: 1087:, leading to transistors replacing vacuum tubes as the dominant electronic technology by the late 1950s. 335:" (or "stay close to the customer", or "listen to the customer") can be strategically counterproductive. 2958:

Zeleny, Milan (January 2009). "Technology and High Technology: Support Net and Barriers to Innovation".

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Zeleny, Milan (2012). "High Technology and Barriers to Innovation: From Globalization to Localization".

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by economists, and its implementation and execution by its management at a corporate or policy level.

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An innovation that improves a product in an existing market in ways that customers are expecting (e.g.,

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Mountain, Darryl R (2006). "Disrupting conventional law firm business models using document assembly".

3385: 2015: 1999: 1578:(where no direct flights are available as of 2016) or the Paris–London connection after the opening of 885: 174: 4457:

Christensen, Clayton M. & Overdorf, Michael. (2000). "Meeting the Challenge of Disruptive Change"

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cited the theory for the idea that "the next big thing always starts out being dismissed as a 'toy'."

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An innovation that is unexpected, but nevertheless does not affect existing markets (e.g., the first

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Appetite for self-destruction : the spectacular crash of the record industry in the digital age

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provides a bound on the efficiency of car use, so rail is still used for urban passenger transport.

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slowly, yet eventually, displaced cable-actuated machinery). In his sequel with Michael E. Raynor,

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that were exclusive to smartphones, had a secondary function as a PDA, and could leverage existing

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Disruption is a process, not a product or service, that occurs from the nascent to the mainstream

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New firms don't catch on with mainstream customers until quality catches up with their standards

73:. The market for transportation essentially remained intact until the debut of the lower-priced 5783: 5778: 5751: 5471: 5456: 5416: 5188: 5011: 4540: 4428: 3830:"The Biggest Opportunity of our Generation: Asteroid Mining could be a $ 100 Trillion Industry" 3032: 1637: 1347: 1028: 1017: 649: 528: 440: 433: 294: 3881:"Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy" 3413: 714:

but was discontinued in 2009. Knowledge's free access, online accessibility on computers and

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Zeleny, Milan (2006). "Knowledge-information autopoietic cycle: towards the wisdom systems".

2229:

Assink, Marnix (2006). "Inhibitors of disruptive innovation capability: a conceptual model".

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Cameras for classic photography are stand-alone devices. In the same manner, high-resolution

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In the technology mudslide hypothesis, Christensen differentiated disruptive innovation from

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Originates in low-end (less demanding customers) or new market (where none existed) footholds

4238:"Lyft thinks we can end traffic congestion and save $ 1 trillion by selling our second cars" 143:

in the late 19th century, which were expensive luxury items, and as such very few were sold)

5756: 5719: 5699: 5483: 5426: 5329: 5309: 5267: 5183: 5178: 5153: 5078: 4845: 2921: 2179: 1929: 1592: 1158: 978: 710:, a 1993 entry into professionally edited digital encyclopedias, was once a major rival to 492: 466: 65:

Not all innovations are disruptive, even if they are revolutionary. For example, the first

4010:"AI will boost global GDP by nearly $ 16 trillion by 2030—with much of the gains in China" 332: 58:

and his collaborators beginning in 1995, but the concept had been previously described in

8: 5876: 5813: 5788: 5476: 5466: 5324: 5294: 5218: 5203: 5163: 5158: 5083: 4968: 2649:"Annals of enterprise: The disruption machine: What the gospel of innovation gets wrong." 2010: 2005: 1924: 1520: 1495: 1488: 1315: 1197: 516:

in the sense that players and fans have instant access to information related to sports.

397: 184: 70: 55: 26: 4565:; Anderson, P. (1986). "Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments". 3651:"Kodak and The Digital Revolution - Management of Innovation and Change — PRADEEP SINGH" 2614:

The Butterfly Effect in Competitive Markets: Driving Small Changes for Large Differences

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Anthony, Scott D.; Johnson, Mark W.; Sinfield, Joseph V.; Altman, Elizabeth J. (2008).

3760: 3571: 3246: 3199: 2864: 2765: 2699: 2211: 1974: 1954: 1939: 1903: 1697: 1551: 1411: 1337:, except for high-budget motion pictures and fine art. The rise of digital cameras led 830: 775: 636: 384: 97:

Beyond business and economics disruptive innovations can also be considered to disrupt

46: 3702: 2109: 5609: 5592: 5573: 5208: 5143: 5113: 4669: 4641: 4504: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4444: 4433: 4378: 4365: 4352: 4087:"The $ 12 Trillion Opportunity Ripe for Investing Dollars: Advancing Gender Equality" 3750: 3706: 3650: 3578: 3464: 3431: 3250: 3238: 3203: 3191: 3172:"Managers' disruptive innovation activities: the construct, measurement and validity" 3116: 2936: 2860: 2820: 2703: 2662: 2617: 2565: 2523: 2437: 2405: 2368:

Johnson, Mark, Christensen, Clayton, et al., 2008, "Reinventing Your Business Model,

2310: 2269: 2203: 2195: 2125: 2051: 2025: 1984: 1757: 1704: 1515: 1355: 1350: 817: 790: 566: 59: 4706: 4677: 4596: 4411: 3060:

Guo, Jianfeng; Pan, Jiaofeng; Guo, Jianxin; Gu, Fu; Kuusisto, Jari (February 2019).

2868: 2769: 2562:

Architecting Enterprise: Managing Innovation, Technology, and Global Competitiveness

2215: 2167: 1474:

Penny farthings were popular in the 1870s but rendered obsolete by safety bicycles.

1215:

Synthesizers were initially low-cost, low-weight alternatives to electronic organs,

119:

An innovation that does not significantly affect existing markets. It may be either:

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Silicon Surfaces and Formation of Interfaces: Basic Science in the Industrial World

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Christensen, Clayton (January 1995). "Disruptive Technologies Catching the Wave".

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attack with a me-too entry, for which survival (not thriving) is the only reward.

230:

existing off-the-shelf components, applied shrewdly to a fledgling value network.

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compared to computer printers, and superior quality. But as printers, especially

1389: 1370: 1302: 1289: 1279: 962: 957: 757: 752: 524: 79: 2801:

Assignments as Controversies: Digital Literacy and Writing in Classroom Practice

2428:

Christensen, Clayton M.; Raynor, Michael E.; McDonald, Rory (December 1, 2015).

2265: 1323:

Early digital cameras suffered from low picture quality and resolution and long

5803: 5599: 5551: 5506: 5299: 5235: 5148: 5108: 4948: 4908: 3234: 2731: 2653: 1994: 1989: 1979: 1797: 1524: 1479: 1469: 1464: 1443: 1256: 1252: 1216: 1206: 973: 881: 803: 676: 484: 126: 98: 4793: 4383:"Economic crisis and innovation: Is destruction prevailing over accumulation?" 3958:"The firms that trade stocks for mom and pop have a $ 22 trillion opportunity" 3487: 3046: 2761: 2242: 2191: 5891: 5870: 5835: 5411: 5381: 5319: 5120: 5068: 5063: 4973: 4758: 4698: 4318:"Americans Will Waste $ 2.8 Trillion on Traffic by 2030 If Gridlock Persists" 3710: 3242: 3218: 3195: 3120: 2441: 2409: 2199: 1547: 1403: 1395: 1338: 1330: 1237: 1130: 1103: 807: 740: 724: 687: 328: 50: 4382: 3488:"The Foundation of Today's Digital World: The Triumph of the MOS Transistor" 3187: 1570:

flights on offer and passenger numbers have gone down. Examples include the

405:, criticizing disruptive innovation for the social costs it tends to incur. 5739: 5371: 5230: 5168: 4903: 4779:, by Roger Smith in Research Technology Management (September/October 2006) 4554: 3095:"Disruptive innovation from a process view: A systematic literature review" 3009: 2463:

https://www.techrepublic.com/article/startup-jargon-10-terms-to-stop-using/

2207: 2101: 1969: 1959: 1579: 1499: 1453: 1284: 1264: 953: 921: 908: 848: 795: 785:

his minisupercomputers) became much larger than the market for mainframes.

770: 539: 498: 480: 414: 392: 304: 234: 154: 87: 74: 3155: 5734: 5729: 5406: 5103: 5073: 5058: 4923: 4918: 4479:

The innovator's solution : creating and sustaining successful growth

3626:"Inventor of digital camera says Kodak never let it see the light of day" 2644: 2500: 1934: 1663: 1603: 1587: 1361: 1324: 1310: 1298: 1054: 1044: 1005: 799: 380: 282: 255:

Success is not a requirement and some business can be disruptive but fail

5649: 4435:

The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail

168:

was coined by Clayton M. Christensen and introduced in his 1995 article

5694: 5339: 5334: 5279: 4943: 4913: 4895: 4588: 4061:"How advancing women's equality can add $ 12 trillion to global growth" 3805:"$ 100 Trillion by 2025: the Digital Dividend for Society and Business" 3111: 3094: 2905:"World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work" 1949: 1890: 1842: 1826: 1771: 1717: 1689: 1607: 1538: 1503: 1433: 1417: 1334: 1268: 1224: 1192: 1161: 1135: 1064: 1049: 983: 875: 734: 715: 607: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 488: 453: 388: 342: 215: 140: 130: 66: 42: 4783:

Diffusion of Innovations, Strategy and Innovations The D.S.I Framework

2476:"Clayton Christensen On What He Got Wrong About Disruptive Innovation" 5724: 5516: 4983: 4958: 4837: 4212: 3906:"These 7 Disruptive Technologies Could Be Worth Trillions of Dollars" 2749:

International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making

2314: 1448: 1399: 1143: 1138: 1097: 1068: 966: 892: 863: 853: 729: 681: 429: 205: 4621:"Disruptive Technology Reconsidered: A Critique and Research Agenda" 4580: 4369: 3136:"Exploring the Role of Managers in Nurturing Disruptive Innovations" 2168:"Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology" 924:) were "vastly superior" to the new 5.25 inch drives (used in 582: 208:, described the dynamics of "business model innovation" in the 2008 4371:

Blade Runner Economics: Will Innovation Lead the Economic Recovery?

4349:

Innovator's Guide to Growth - Putting Disruptive Innovation to Work

4291:"Cybercrime may cost the world $ 11.4 million every minute in 2021" 4036:"At Davos, bosses paint climate change as $ 7 trillion opportunity" 1598: 1379: 1179: 840: 764: 91: 4497:

Christensen, Clayton M.; Scott, Anthony D.; Roth, Erik A. (2004).

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The disruption con: why big tech's favourite buzzword is nonsense

3726:"Understanding Disruption: Insights From The History Of Business" 1606:). Supersonic flight is also banned above inhabited land, due to 1532: 1294: 1229: 1171: 1092: 707: 4736:

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14479338.2015.1061896

5493: 3932:"$ 22 trillion e-commerce opportunity for developing countries" 3170:

Sadiq, Fawad; Hussain, Tasweer; Naseem, Afshan (May 19, 2020).

2786:

Enactments of change: Becoming textually active at Youthline NZ

1542: 1115: 1009: 269: 3367: 3365: 2132: 1110:, as it was capable of the highest performance up until then. 258:

New firm's business model differs significantly from incumbent

4603:

Eric Chaniot (2007). "The Red Pill of Technology Innovation"

3281:"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" 3266:"Views from the front lines of the data-analytics revolution" 2350: 1484: 1210: 1188: 1072: 900: 4794:

Lecture (video), VoIP as an example of disruptive technology

4346: 3538: 3093:

Petzold, Neele; Landinez, Lina; Baaken, Thomas (June 2019).

3062:"Measurement framework for assessing disruptive innovations" 2816:

A New Theory of Serendipity: Nature, Emergence and Mechanism

2707:|Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 17:4, 417-428 2578: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2166:

Wu, Lingfei; Wang, Dashun; Evans, James A. (February 2019).

1035:(CRT) technology for computer displays and television sets. 86:

Disruptive innovations tend to be produced by outsiders and

21: 4138:"Waste to Wealth: Creating advantage in a circular economy" 3362: 2719:"Can Entrepreneurs Innovate Without Disrupting Industries?" 2616:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 108. 2564:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 201. 2149: 2147: 1835: 1819: 1806: 1528: 1366: 1301:

offerings. The Netflix co-founders approached rental chain

1083:

successfully commercialized the technology with the pocket

1080: 812:

Personal computers combined all functions into one device.

264: 4468:. (2000). "Will Disruptive Innovations Cure Health Care?" 2081:

Bower, Joseph L.; Christensen, Clayton M. (January 1995).

4785:

by Francisco Rodrigues Gomes, Academia.edu share research

2536: 2427: 2384:"Addressing Policy Challenges of Disruptive Technologies" 2052:"Emerging Technologies with Disruptive Effects: A Review" 1246: 1076: 867: 4377: 3855:"A world of free movement would be $ 78 trillion richer" 2338: 2144: 339:

management understood the systemic benefits as a whole.

4755:

chapter on Disruptive Innovation by Clayton Christensen

4533:

International Journal of Law and Information Technology

3216: 3025:

International Journal of Management and Decision Making

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technologies, and then by online retailers such as the

1242: 862:

The inherent portability of mobile phones and eventual

2842:"Opening up the innovation process: towards an agenda" 2522:. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. p. 70. 2505:"The next big thing will start out looking like a toy" 2291: 1537:

At the beginning of the 20th century, rail (including

4526:

Could New Technologies Cause Great Law Firms to Fail?

4419:

How to Identify and Build Disruptive New Businesses,

4113:"A Trade War on the World's Poorest by Bjørn Lomborg" 3307:"Victim Of Knowledge: Microsoft To Shut Down Encarta" 3092: 4496: 4476:

Christensen, Clayton M.; Raynor, Michael E. (2003).

4374:, Social Science Research Network, January 29, 2015. 3134:

Sadiq, Fawad; Hussain, Tasweer (December 10, 2018).

1102:

Up until the late 1950s, germanium was the dominant

704:

articles with most of them updated more frequently.

699:

ended its print production after 244 years in 2012.

501:

described the above phenomenon. He also wrote that:

422:

upgrades, or replaces the outdated support network.

4757:with public commentaries by notable designers like 3510: 4828: 4432: 4210: 4184: 4158: 3570: 3169: 538:On differences between high and low technologies, 4475: 3556: 2995: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2596: 2356: 2138: 5868: 4464:Christensen, Clayton M., Bohmer, Richard, & 3450: 2517: 2080: 4561: 3412:Dabrowski, Jarek; Müssig, Hans-Joachim (2000). 3411: 2789:(PhD). Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University. 2108:Cooper, Arnold; Schendel, Dan (February 1976). 439:Regarding this evolving process of technology, 4789:CREATING THE FUTURE: Building Tomorrow’s World 3600:"Blockbuster to remake itself under creditors" 2630: 2313:adapted the idea of creative destruction from 2110:"Strategic Responses to Technological Threats" 2107: 825:Equivalent computing performance and portable 635:In the practical world, the popularization of 5665: 4814: 3457:Silicon: Evolution and Future of a Technology 4381:; Filippetti, Andrea; Frenz, Marion (2013). 3742: 3133: 2518:Akkizidis, Ioannis; Stagars, Manuel (2016). 2083:"Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave" 136:Revolutionary (discontinuous but sustaining) 4687:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 4427: 3544: 3371: 3066:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 3059: 2888: 2584: 2547: 2499: 2344: 2332: 2297: 2165: 2153: 5849: 5672: 5658: 4821: 4807: 3482: 3480: 3405: 2675: 2461:Conner Forrest, May 1, 2014, 5:52 AM PST, 1616: 996:, and now several cities are switching to 519: 170:Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave 25:An 1880 penny-farthing (left), and a 1886 5679: 4544: 4288: 4262:Froville, Jean-Baptiste (March 8, 2018). 3335: 3304: 3154: 3110: 3077: 3036: 2730: 2611: 2559: 2399: 2231:European Journal of Innovation Management 2049: 1071:in 1947, but was initially overlooked by 1012:are also becoming competitive with LCDs. 623:Learn how and when to remove this message 4713: 4658:Journal of Product Innovation Management 4655: 4629:Journal of Product Innovation Management 4618: 4530: 4261: 3981: 3383: 2878:from the original on September 21, 2017. 2839: 2717:Carton, Guillaume (September 15, 2023). 2381: 408: 366: 341: 157:, which displaced horse-drawn carriages) 20: 4110: 4033: 3623: 3597: 3568: 3477: 3444: 3386:"Education and the Innovator's Dilemma" 2258:Complex Systems Design & Management 2050:Ab Rahman, Airini; et al. (2017). 903:and retained limited computing power). 346:How low-end disruption occurs over time 5869: 5705:Differential technological development 4289:Samartsev, Dmitry (December 7, 2020). 3498:from the original on December 11, 2021 3278: 3022: 2976: 2957: 2782: 2745: 2716: 2643: 2228: 1576:Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line 129:for gasoline engines, which displaced 5653: 4802: 4315: 3684: 3461:Springer Science & Business Media 3451:Heywang, W.; Zaininger, K.H. (2013). 3263: 2934: 2812: 2681: 2607: 2605: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2222: 1572:Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line 1000:. Incandescent light bulbs are being 559: 354: 3685:Geels, Frank W. (December 1, 2002). 3598:Spector, Mike (September 24, 2010). 3305:Tartakoff, Joseph (March 30, 2009). 3099:Creativity and Innovation Management 2723:Entrepreneur and Innovation Exchange 1856: 605:adding citations to reliable sources 576: 267:as an example. In an interview with 5794:Future-oriented technology analysis 5315:Digital media use and mental health 5029:Sociology of the history of science 4764:The Myth of Disruptive Technologies 4684: 4084: 3723: 3624:McAlone, Nathan (August 17, 2015). 3384:Kozinsky, Sieva (January 8, 2014). 263:competitive business models, using 13: 4612: 4316:McNew, Linsey (October 14, 2014). 4034:Whiting, Alex (January 26, 2018). 4007: 3749:. University of California Press. 2602: 2416: 1610:. Concorde service ended in 2003. 1360:When first introduced, high speed 14: 5908: 5024:Sociology of scientific ignorance 4869:History and philosophy of science 4851:Economics of scientific knowledge 4747: 4503:. Harvard Business School Press. 4351:. Harvard Business School Press. 4111:Lomborg, Bjørn (March 15, 2018). 2473: 2388:Journal of Economic Policy Reform 2159: 992:. Later models could be used for 948:5.25 inch floppy disk drive 401:, also published a book in 2023, 111:Christensen's Types of Innovation 5848: 5617: 5616: 5591: 4670:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2005.00174.x 4642:10.1111/j.0737-6782.2004.00076.x 4568:Administrative Science Quarterly 3336:Sandström, Christian G. (2010). 3279:Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). 2861:10.1111/j.1467-9310.2006.00437.x 2430:"What Is Disruptive Innovation?" 937:5.25 inch floppy disk drive 581: 191:, Christensen replaced the term 104: 4309: 4282: 4255: 4230: 4204: 4178: 4152: 4130: 4104: 4078: 4053: 4027: 4001: 3975: 3950: 3924: 3898: 3873: 3847: 3822: 3797: 3771: 3743:Schivelbusch, Wolfgang (2014). 3736: 3717: 3678: 3669: 3643: 3617: 3591: 3562: 3377: 3329: 3298: 3272: 3257: 3210: 3163: 3127: 3086: 3053: 3016: 2989: 2970: 2951: 2928: 2914: 2897: 2882: 2833: 2806: 2793: 2776: 2739: 2710: 2553: 2511: 2493: 2467: 2455: 2382:Taeihagh, Araz (July 3, 2023). 2375: 2362: 2303: 1512:Effects of the car on societies 1059:Vacuum tubes were the dominant 945:3.5 inch floppy disk drive 880:All prior types of rudimentary 592:needs additional citations for 4830:Science and technology studies 4439:. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 3143:Business & Economic Review 3079:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.015 2282: 2249: 2074: 2043: 1063:up until the 1950s. The first 940:8 inch floppy disk drive 668:Market disrupted by innovation 508:business process reengineering 303:can at best only fend off the 1: 5821:Technology in science fiction 4441:Harvard Business School Press 4339: 3703:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00062-8 3557:Christensen & Raynor 2003 2840:Gassmann, Oliver (May 2006). 2696:10.1080/14479338.2015.1061896 2597:Christensen & Raynor 2003 2401:10.1080/17487870.2023.2238867 2357:Christensen & Raynor 2003 2139:Christensen & Raynor 2003 2089:. Harvard Business Publishing 1965:List of emerging technologies 1079:up until the mid-1950s, when 913:8 inch floppy disk drive 240: 149:An innovation that creates a 5377:Normalization process theory 4934:Philosophy of social science 4728:10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.004 4404:10.1016/j.respol.2012.07.002 3779:"Concorde grounded for good" 3223:Review of Managerial Science 2998:Strategic Management Journal 2922:"HBS Faculty & Research" 2803:. New York, N.Y.: Routledge. 2126:10.1016/0007-6813(76)90024-0 1255:phased out the vinyl record 916:14 inch hard disk drive 822:3.5 standard calculator 7: 4421:MIT Sloan Management Review 2960:Advanced Management Systems 2783:Haxell, A. (October 2012). 2266:10.1007/978-3-319-49103-5_4 1945:Embrace, extend, extinguish 1917: 1394:Offset printing has a high 1121:Bipolar junction transistor 572: 462:The Changing Nature of Work 29:safety bicycle with gearing 10: 5913: 5826:Technology readiness level 5762:Technological unemployment 5000:construction of technology 4482:. Harvard Business Press. 4213:"Young Workers Index 2017" 3264:Brown, Brad (March 2014). 3235:10.1007/s11846-021-00456-x 2935:Bower, Joseph (May 2002). 2819:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 2813:Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2022). 2732:10.32617/939-65044516eeed5 2667:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2436:. No. December 2015. 2016:Robotic Process Automation 2000:Technology readiness level 374: 5844: 5809:Technological singularity 5769:Technological convergence 5687: 5587: 5532:Politicization of science 5492: 5278: 5047: 4982: 4894: 4859: 4836: 4040:The Sydney Morning Herald 3047:10.1504/IJMDM.2006.008168 2762:10.1142/S021962201240010X 2243:10.1108/14601060610663587 2192:10.1038/s41586-019-0941-9 1878:Drug resistant infections 1813:Workforce life extension 1745:Climate change mitigation 1442: 1378: 1309: 1261:peer-to-peer file sharing 1187: 1129: 1043: 972: 918: 907: 763: 723: 288: 4939:Philosophy of technology 4699:10.1109/tem.2013.2259590 4619:Danneels, Erwin (2004). 4211:PricewaterhouseCoopers. 4185:PricewaterhouseCoopers. 4159:PricewaterhouseCoopers. 3693:. NELSON + WINTER + 20. 3577:. New York: Free Press. 2037: 458:World Development Report 189:The Innovator's Solution 5774:Technological evolution 5747:Exploratory engineering 4519:Harvard Business Review 4470:Harvard Business Review 4459:Harvard Business Review 4429:Christensen, Clayton M. 4268:GlobeNewswire News Room 3988:GlobeNewswire News Room 3982:Van de Wille, Patrick. 3569:Knopper, Steve (2009). 3523:Computer History Museum 3492:Computer History Museum 3188:10.1108/MD-08-2019-1047 2941:Harvard Business Review 2891:Harvard Business Review 2434:Harvard Business Review 2370:Harvard Business Review 2323:, January–February 1995 2320:Harvard Business Review 2087:Harvard Business Review 2021:Artificial Intelligence 1732:Artificial intelligence 1677:Disruptive technologies 1617:Potential opportunities 1333:recording has replaced 1176:Metal, wood, glass etc. 1029:liquid-crystal displays 696:Encyclopædia Britannica 677:Printed reference works 520:High-technology effects 495:in writing technology. 434:technology support nets 211:Harvard Business Review 175:The Innovator's Dilemma 165:disruptive technologies 5784:Technology forecasting 5779:Technological paradigm 5752:Proactionary principle 5012:Sociology of knowledge 4065:McKinsey & Company 3885:McKinsey & Company 3010:10.1002/smj.4250160804 2979:Acta Mechanica Slovaca 1638:Digital transformation 1565:Short-distance flights 897:cellular data services 650:Clayton M. Christensen 549: 529:technology support net 513: 476: 450: 347: 321: 295:Clayton M. Christensen 279: 30: 5710:Disruptive innovation 5681:Emerging technologies 5579:Transition management 5569:Technology assessment 5537:Regulation of science 5512:Evidence-based policy 5397:Sociotechnical system 5246:Traditional knowledge 5126:Psychology of science 5099:Mapping controversies 5005:shaping of technology 4964:Social constructivism 4929:Philosophy of science 4886:History of technology 4524:Mountain, Darryl R., 4161:"Women in Work Index" 4148:on February 22, 2018. 3938:(in European Spanish) 3268:. McKinsey Quarterly. 1159:Vertically integrated 1108:semiconductor devices 1061:electronic technology 979:Light-emitting diodes 836:Mechanical calculator 745:Alexander Graham Bell 743:declined to purchase 665:Disruptive innovation 544: 503: 471: 445: 409:Disruptive technology 367:New market disruption 345: 333:focus on the customer 325:competitive advantage 316: 312:sustaining innovation 275: 197:disruptive innovation 193:disruptive technology 39:disruptive innovation 24: 5897:Technological change 5757:Technological change 5700:Collingridge dilemma 5484:Women in engineering 5330:Financial technology 5310:Digital anthropology 5079:Criticism of science 4992:Actor–network theory 4954:Religion and science 4846:Economics of science 4769:May 1, 2009, at the 4651:on January 12, 2006. 4555:10.1093/ijlit/eal019 3809:World Economic Forum 3453:"2.2. Early history" 3317:on February 28, 2012 1930:Creative destruction 1698:Developing countries 1593:Supersonic transport 1521:Horse-drawn vehicles 1489:Horse-drawn vehicles 1320:Chemical photography 1146:-operated excavators 893:new services/markets 601:improve this article 493:information overload 71:horse-drawn vehicles 16:Technological change 5814:Technology scouting 5789:Accelerating change 5325:Engineering studies 5295:Cyborg anthropology 5084:Demarcation problem 4969:Social epistemology 4461:, March–April 2000. 3765:10.1525/j.ctt6wqbk7 3746:The Railway Journey 3604:Wall Street Journal 3414:"6.1. Introduction" 3176:Management Decision 3156:10.22547/BER/10.4.5 2937:"Disruptive Change" 2503:(January 3, 2010). 2184:2019Natur.566..378W 2011:Creative disruption 2006:Technology strategy 1925:Blue Ocean Strategy 1862: 1622: 1496:joint-stock company 1374:film applications. 1316:Digital photography 1198:Digital synthesizer 1004:in many countries. 398:Blue Ocean Strategy 273:magazine he stated: 185:hydraulic actuation 180:Innovator's Dilemma 56:Clayton Christensen 45:that creates a new 5887:Technology by type 5882:Product management 5831:Technology roadmap 5605:History of science 5522:Funding of science 5392:Skunkworks project 5089:Double hermeneutic 4874:History of science 4500:Seeing What's Next 4379:Archibugi, Daniele 4187:"Golden Age Index" 3463:. pp. 26–28. 3285:The New York Times 3112:10.1111/caim.12313 2849:R&D Management 2799:Bhatt, I. (2017). 2612:Rajagopal (2015). 2560:Rajagopal (2014). 2260:. pp. 41–56. 1975:Pace of innovation 1955:Killer application 1940:Digital Revolution 1904:Traffic congestion 1861: 1621: 1552:Traffic congestion 1412:Desktop publishing 1351:CMOS image sensors 1251:In the 1990s, the 1075:companies such as 831:Digital calculator 791:Personal computers 637:personal computers 560:Proactive approach 385:Seagate Technology 355:Low-end disruption 348: 31: 5864: 5863: 5647: 5646: 5574:Technology policy 5305:Dematerialization 5114:black swan events 4510:978-1-59139-185-2 4489:978-1-57851-852-4 4472:, September 2000. 4450:978-0-87584-585-2 4366:Daniele Archibugi 4358:978-1-59139-846-2 4297:. Printline Media 4117:Project Syndicate 4085:McGrath, Maggie. 3584:978-1-4165-5215-4 3559:, pp. 37–39. 3547:, pp. 61–76. 3494:. July 13, 2010. 2647:(June 23, 2014), 2311:Joseph Schumpeter 2275:978-3-319-49102-8 2178:(7744): 378–382. 2114:Business Horizons 2056:PERINTIS eJournal 2026:Frugal Innovation 1985:Product lifecycle 1915: 1914: 1857:Potential threats 1854: 1853: 1705:Wealth management 1681:$ 14–33 trillion 1614: 1613: 1516:Mass automobility 1385:Computer printers 1356:Photographic film 998:LED street lights 926:desktop computers 818:Pocket calculator 633: 632: 625: 403:Beyond Disruption 233:Online news site 60:Richard N. Foster 5904: 5852: 5851: 5799:Horizon scanning 5715:Ephemeralization 5674: 5667: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5620: 5619: 5595: 5547:Right to science 5527:Horizon scanning 5502:Academic freedom 5402:Technical change 5263:Women in science 5258:Unity of science 5039:Strong programme 4823: 4816: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4731: 4722:(8): 1555–1565. 4710: 4681: 4652: 4650: 4644:. 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April 10, 2003 3775: 3769: 3768: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3724:Denning, Steve. 3721: 3715: 3714: 3697:(8): 1257–1274. 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3630:Business Insider 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3576: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3545:Christensen 1997 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3424:World Scientific 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3381: 3375: 3372:Christensen 1997 3369: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3343:. Archived from 3342: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3313:. 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June 16, 2017 3910:Singularity Hub 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3861:. July 13, 2017 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3722: 3718: 3691:Research Policy 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3657:. March 5, 2015 3649: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3526:. 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Innovation 1920: 1908:$ 2.8 trillion 1882:$ 100 trillion 1859: 1832:$ 1.2 trillion 1827:Young workforce 1789:$ 4.5 trillion 1655:$ 100 trillion 1651:Asteroid mining 1642:$ 100 trillion 1619: 1560:High speed rail 1502:and ultimately 1470:Penny-farthings 1465:Safety bicycles 1429:Word Processing 1398:, but very low 1390:Offset printing 1371:digital cameras 1303:Blockbuster LLC 1290:Video on demand 1280:Streaming video 1217:electric pianos 994:indoor lighting 963:Bernoulli drive 804:word processors 656: 629: 618: 612: 609: 598: 586: 575: 567:Middle managers 562: 525:High technology 522: 419:support network 411: 377: 369: 357: 291: 243: 160: 113: 107: 99:complex systems 17: 12: 11: 5: 5910: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5677: 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1801: 1798:Gender pay gap 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776:$ 11 trillion 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763:$ 12 trillion 1761: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723:$ 20 trillion 1721: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709:$ 22 trillion 1707: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1694:$ 22 trillion 1692: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668:$ 78 trillion 1666: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1535: 1525:Rail transport 1518: 1508: 1507: 1491: 1482: 1480:Rail transport 1476: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1444:Transportation 1440: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1404:laser printers 1392: 1387: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1358: 1353: 1344: 1343: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1253:music industry 1249: 1240: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1207:electric piano 1200: 1195: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1174: 1168: 1167: 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