42:
31:
20:
57:
549:
485:. Raising the temperature makes it easier for magnesium to shed its hydration shell, and dolomite can be precipitated from seawater at temperatures in excess of 60 °C (140 °F). Protodolomite also rapidly converts to dolomite at temperatures of 250 °C (482 °F) or higher. The high temperatures necessary for the formation of dolomite helps explain the rarity of Cenozoic dolomites, since Cenozoic seawater temperatures seldom exceeded 40 °C.
481:
ion to shed its hydration shell and bind to a growing crystal. It is also more difficult to nucleate a seed crystal of ordered dolomite than disordered high-magnesium calcite. As a result, attempts to precipitate dolomite from seawater precipitate high-magnesium calcite instead. This substance, which has an excess of calcium over magnesium and lacks calcium-magnesium ordering, is sometimes called
141:. The "dolomite problem" refers to the vast worldwide depositions of dolomite in the past geologic record in contrast to the limited amounts of dolomite formed in modern times. Recent research has revealed sulfate-reducing bacteria living in anoxic conditions precipitate dolomite which indicates that some past dolomite deposits may be due to microbial activity.
291:. This texture contrasts with limestone, which is usually a mixture of grains, micrite (very fine-grained carbonate mud) and sparry cement. The optical properties of calcite and mineral dolomite are difficult to distinguish, but calcite almost never crystallizes as regular rhombs, and calcite is stained by
314:
The texture of dolomite often shows that it is secondary, formed by replacement of calcium by magnesium in limestone. The preservation of the original limestone texture can range from almost perfectly preserved to completely destroyed. Under a microscope, dolomite rhombs are sometimes seen to replace
117:
rock beds (beds less than about 66 million years in age). One of the first geologists to distinguish dolomite from limestone was DĂ©odat Gratet de
Dolomieu; a French mineralogist and geologist whom it is named after. He recognized and described the distinct characteristics of dolomite in the late 18th
510:
inhibits dolomite nucleation. Later laboratory experiments suggest bacteria can precipitate dolomite independently of the sulfate concentration. With time other pathways of interaction between microbial activity and dolomite formation have been added to the discord regarding their role in modulation
452:
Regardless of the mechanism of dolomitization, the tendency of carbonate rock to be either almost all calcite or almost all dolomite suggests that, once the process is started, it completes rapidly. The process likely occurs at shallow depths of burial, under 100 meters (330 ft), where there is
394:
contains sufficient dissolved magnesium to cause dolomitization. However, because of the very slow rate of diffusion of ions in solid mineral grains at ordinary temperatures, the process can occur only by simultaneous dissolution of calcite and crystallization of dolomite. This in turn requires that
480:
when dissolved in water. In other words, the magnesium ion is surrounded by a clump of water molecules that are strongly attracted to its positive charge. Calcium is a larger ion and this reduces the strength of binding of its hydration shell, so it is much easier for a calcium ion than a magnesium
464:
Dolomite is supersaturated in normal seawater by a factor of greater than ten, but dolomite is not seen to precipitate in the oceans. Likewise, geologists have not been successful at precipitating dolomite from seawater at normal temperatures and pressures in laboratory experiments. This is likely
250:
of magnesium to calcium. It is distinct from high-magnesium limestone in that the magnesium and calcium form ordered layers within the individual dolomite mineral grains, rather than being arranged at random, as they are in high-magnesium calcite grains. In natural dolomite, magnesium is typically
319:
or skeletal particles of the original limestone. There is sometimes selective replacement of fossils, with the fossil remaining mostly calcite and the surrounding matrix composed of dolomite grains. Sometimes dolomite rhombs are seen cut across the fossil outline. However, some dolomite shows no
267:
is dropped on it. This distinguishes dolomite from limestone, which is also soft but reacts vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid. Dolomite usually weathers to a characteristic dull yellow-brown color due to the presence of ferrous iron. This is released and oxidized as the dolomite weathers.
639:
etc., can also form in caves within dolomite rock. âDolomite is a common rock type, but a relatively uncommon mineral in speleothemsâ. Both the 'Union
Internationale de Spéléologie' (UIS) and the American 'National Speleological Society' (NSS), extensively use in their publications, the terms
453:
an inexhaustible supply of magnesium-rich seawater and the original limestone is more likely to be porous. On the other hand, dolomitization can proceed rapidly at the greater temperatures characterizing deeper burial, if a mechanism exists to flush magnesium-bearing fluids through the beds.
357:, the process remains poorly understood. There are also fine-grained dolomites showing no textural indications that they formed by replacement, and it is uncertain whether they formed by replacement of limestone that left no textural traces or are true primary dolomites. This
441:
has been attributed to this process. However, this model has been heavily criticized, with one 2004 review paper describing it bluntly as "a myth". A 2021 paper argued that the mixing zone serves as domain of intense microbial activity which promotes dolomitization.
1646:
Li, Weiqiang; Bialik, Or M.; Wang, Xiaomin; Yang, Tao; Hu, Zhongya; Huang, Qingyu; Zhao, Shugao; Waldmann, Nicolas D. (April 2019). "Effects of early diagenesis on Mg isotopes in dolomite: The roles of Mn(IV)-reduction and recrystallization".
948:
Petrash, Daniel A.; Bialik, Or M.; Bontognali, Tomaso R.R.; Vasconcelos, CrisĂłgono; Roberts, Jennifer A.; McKenzie, Judith A.; Konhauser, Kurt O. (August 2017). "Microbially catalyzed dolomite formation: From near-surface to burial".
692:, coralloids, powder, spar and rafts. Although there are reports of dolomite speleothems known to exist in a number of caves around the world, they are usually in relatively small quantities and form in very fine-grained deposits.
523:
within the porewater. Meanwhile, a contrary view held by other researchers is that microorganisms precipitate only high-magnesium calcite but leave open the question of whether this can lead to precipitation of dolomite.
402:, with the limestone often interbedded with the dolomite. According to this model, dolomitization takes place in a closed basin where seawater is subject to high rates of evaporation. This results in precipitation of
1508:
SĂĄnchez-RomĂĄn, MĂłnica; McKenzie, Judith A.; de Luca
Rebello Wagener, Angela; Rivadeneyra, Maria A.; Vasconcelos, CrisĂłgono (July 2009). "Presence of sulfate does not inhibit low-temperature dolomite precipitation".
1461:
255:
typically substitutes for magnesium, particularly in more ancient dolomites. Carbonate rock tends to be either almost all calcite or almost all dolomite, with intermediate compositions being quite uncommon.
807:"Dolomite: the mineral that shouldn't exist - Scientists have never been able to make dolomite in the way the mineral forms naturally. Theories have come and gone, but the mystery of its origins remains"
1546:
Zhang, F.; Xu, H.; Konishi, H.; Shelobolina, E. S.; Roden, E. E. (1 April 2012). "Polysaccharide-catalyzed nucleation and growth of disordered dolomite: A potential precursor of sedimentary dolomite".
445:
A third model postulates that normal seawater is the dolomitizing fluid, and the necessary large volumes are flushed through the dolomitizing limestone through tidal pumping. Dolomite formation at
353:
Many dolomites show clear textural indications that they are secondary dolomites, formed by replacement of limestone. However, although much research has gone into understanding this process of
1345:
Petrash, Daniel A.; Bialik, Or M.; Staudigel, Philip T.; Konhauser, Kurt O.; Budd, David A. (August 2021). "Biogeochemical reappraisal of the freshwaterâseawater mixingâzone diagenetic model".
984:
Mckenzie, Judith A.; Vasconcelos, Crisogono (January 2009). "Dolomite
Mountains and the origin of the dolomite rock of which they mainly consist: historical developments and new perspectives".
456:
Mineral dolomite has a 12% to 13% smaller volume than calcite per alkali cation. Thus dolomitization likely increases porosity and contributes to the sugary texture of dolomite.
342:
with limestone. There is no consistent trend in its abundance with age, but most dolomite appears to have formed at high stands of sea level. Little dolomite is found in
449:, Florida, may be an example of this process. A similar process might occur during rises in sea level, as large volumes of water move through limestone platform rock.
433:
mixes with seawater already present in the pore space, increasing the chemical activity of magnesium relative to calcium and causing dolomitization. The formation of
398:
The hypersaline model (also known as the evaporative reflux model) is based on the observation that dolomite is very commonly found in association with limestone and
395:
large volumes of magnesium-bearing fluids are flushed through the pore space in the dolomitizing limestone. Several processes have been proposed for dolomitization.
263:
by their softness (mineral dolomite has a Mohs hardness of 4 or less, well below common silicate minerals) and because dolomite bubbles feebly when a drop of dilute
894:; Bernasconi, Stefano; Grujic, Djordje; Tiens, Albert J. (1995). "Microbial mediation as a possible mechanism for natural dolomite formation at low temperatures".
540:, and dedolomitization is thought to occur at very shallow depths through infiltration of surface water with a very high ratio of calcium to magnesium.
410:, raising the magnesium to calcium ratio of the remaining brine. The brine is also dense, so it sinks into the pore space of any underlying limestone (
287:, with considerable pore space. As a result, subsurface dolomite is generally more porous than subsurface limestone and makes up 80% of carbonate rock
418:
of North
America has been put forward as an example of an environment in which this process took place. A variant of this model has been proposed for
1918:"By-product materials related to H2S-H2SO4-influenced speleogenesis of Carlsbad, Lechuguilla, and other caves of the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico"
311:
dolomite. The latter likely forms by recrystallization of existing dolomite at elevated temperature (over 50 to 100 °C (122 to 212 °F)).
41:
346:
beds (beds less than 65 million years old), which has been a time of generally low sea levels. Times of high sea level also tend to be times of a
251:
between 44 and 50 percent of total magnesium plus calcium, indicating some substitution of calcium into the magnesium layers. A small amount of
2781:
488:
It is possible that microorganisms are capable of precipitating primary dolomite. This was first demonstrated in samples collected at
1805:
334:
Dolomite is widespread in its occurrences, though not as common as limestone. It is typically found in association with limestone or
536:
of mineral dolomite that have been replaced with calcite. Dedolomitized limestone is typically associated with gypsum or oxidized
1899:
White W.B and Culver D.C., (2005) Chapter "Caves, Definitions of", Encyclopedia of Caves, edited by Culver D.C and White W.B.,
1591:
Daye, Mirna; Higgins, John; Bosak, Tanja (1 June 2019). "Formation of ordered dolomite in anaerobic photosynthetic biofilms".
422:
environments in which brine is sucked up into the dolomitizing limestone by evaporation of capillary fluids, a process called
185:
refers to both the calcium-magnesium carbonate mineral and to sedimentary rock formed predominantly of this mineral. The term
30:
532:
Dolomitization can sometimes be reversed, and a dolomite bed converted back to limestone. This is indicated by a texture of
2046:
1511:
891:
588:. It cannot substitute for limestone in chemical processes that require a high-calcium limestone, such as manufacture of
1049:
1838:
2003:
1981:
1956:
1904:
1888:
1850:
767:
730:
681:
295:
while dolomite grains are not. Dolomite rock consisting of well-formed grains with planar surfaces is described as
197:
was first applied to the rock during the late 18th century and thus has technical precedence. The use of the term
1649:
1099:
1074:
1883:
Hill, C A and Forti, P, (1997). Cave
Minerals of the World, Second editions. pp 14, 142, 143, 144 & 150,
415:
206:
1692:
Vandeginste, Veerle; Snell, Oliver; Hall, Matthew R.; Steer, Elisabeth; Vandeginste, Arne (December 2019).
746:
Chilingar, George V.; Bissell, Harold J.; Wolf, Karl H. (1967). "Chapter 5 Diagenesis of
Carbonate Rocks".
640:"dolomite" or "dolomite rock" when referring to the natural bedrock containing a high percentage of CaMg(CO
175:
19:
1753:"Mineralogy, nucleation and growth of dolomite in the laboratory and sedimentary environment: A review"
1457:"Oxygen isotope composition of the Phanerozoic ocean and a possible solution to the dolomite problem"
497:
303:
dolomite, while dolomite consisting of poorly-formed grains with irregular surfaces is described as
3050:
684:
form of calcite. Speleothem types known to have a dolomite constituent include: coatings, crusts,
3055:
2111:
2079:
2039:
613:
2531:
565:
2496:
1698:
1548:
832:"The dolomite problem; control of precipitation kinetics by temperature and saturation state"
568:; in agriculture to neutralize soil acidity and supply calcium and magnesium; as a source of
1524:
1707:
1658:
1602:
1557:
1520:
1311:
993:
958:
903:
843:
597:
247:
2019:
616:
by weak carbonic acid. Caves can also, less commonly, form through dissolution of rock by
189:
was introduced in 1948 to avoid confusion between the two. However, the usage of the term
56:
8:
1302:
Machel, Hans G. (2004). "Concepts and models of dolomitization: a critical reappraisal".
585:
288:
1711:
1662:
1606:
1561:
1315:
997:
962:
907:
847:
350:, and it is possible that greenhouse conditions are the trigger for dolomite formation.
2327:
2032:
1774:
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1507:
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869:
806:
577:
243:
94:
35:
1751:
Gregg, Jay M.; Bish, David L.; Kaczmarek, Stephen E.; Machel, Hans G. (October 2015).
759:
676:. Hence, the most common speleothem (secondary deposit) in caves within dolomite rock
612:, natural caves and solution tubes typically form in dolomite rock as a result of the
2287:
1999:
1977:
1952:
1917:
1900:
1884:
1846:
1778:
1733:
1678:
1632:
1593:
1577:
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1331:
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919:
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763:
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621:
466:
387:
269:
264:
970:
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1723:
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1618:
1610:
1565:
1528:
1480:
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1354:
1319:
1069:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 160â161.
1001:
966:
931:
911:
851:
755:
589:
347:
236:
84:
1323:
1044:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 189.
16:
Sedimentary carbonate rock that contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite
2791:
2404:
656:
Both calcium and magnesium go into solution when dolomite rock is dissolved. The
573:
512:
477:
2984:
2826:
2419:
2342:
2104:
1991:
1719:
1532:
1462:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
673:
596:, and is used as a magnesium supplement. It is also used in the manufacture of
569:
489:
430:
329:
292:
239:
134:
122:
87:
1670:
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3029:
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2909:
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2322:
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923:
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The magnesium ion is a relatively small ion, and it acquires a tightly bound
446:
361:
was first recognized over two centuries ago but is still not fully resolved.
149:
126:
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284:
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Dolomite is used for many of the same purposes as limestone, including as
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2734:
2714:
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2631:
2581:
2506:
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2175:
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2133:
2084:
1623:
1569:
533:
507:
434:
339:
156:
1094:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 510â511.
414:), flushing out the existing pore fluid and causing dolomitization. The
163:) over time. Dolomite rock can act as an oil and natural gas reservoir.
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2969:
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260:
172:
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Most dolomite was formed as a magnesium replacement of limestone or of
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1358:
61:
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3014:
3004:
2989:
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407:
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textural indications that it was formed by replacement of limestone.
224:
219:
110:
106:
45:
1951:
Encyclopedia of Caves, (2005). Edited by Culver D.C and White W.B.,
2999:
2974:
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2739:
2719:
2616:
2591:
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2187:
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2128:
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889:
685:
553:
391:
343:
114:
49:
24:
947:
784:"Dolomite. A sedimentary rock known as dolostone or dolomite rock"
592:. Dolomite is used for production of magnesium chemicals, such as
3019:
2949:
2914:
2889:
2821:
2656:
2596:
2536:
2501:
2394:
2242:
2202:
2170:
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557:
438:
145:
130:
91:
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of dolomite usually show individual grains that are well-shaped
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2389:
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Neuendorf, K.K.E.; Mehl, J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005).
537:
493:
419:
403:
316:
178:(1750â1801), who was one of the first to describe the mineral.
153:
2894:
2816:
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2516:
2511:
1397:
1230:
677:
273:
160:
1414:
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or be unbedded. It is less soluble than limestone in weakly
2666:
2611:
2526:
2458:
1137:
1135:
609:
520:
213:
1090:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
1026:
Saussure le fils, M. de (1792): "Analyse de la dolomite".
429:
Another model is the mixing-zone or Dorag model, in which
1694:"Acceleration of dolomitization by zinc in saline waters"
1691:
1545:
1409:
1266:
1162:
1120:
1108:
1750:
1424:
1373:
1283:
1242:
1132:
113:, though it is less abundant than limestone and rare in
1220:
1218:
648:
in which natural caves or solution tubes have formed.
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
171:
Dolomite takes its name from the 18th-century French
1893:
1845:. Vol. 38. John Wiley & Sons. p. 119.
1791:
1442:
1391:
1260:
1215:
1203:
1197:
1179:
1156:
1089:
1039:
830:
Arvidson, Rolf S.; Mackenzie, Fred T. (1999-04-01).
745:
246:. Dolomite is characterized by its nearly ideal 1:1
1947:
1945:
1943:
983:
268:Dolomite is usually granular in appearance, with a
227:-deficient dolomites or magnesium-rich limestones.
1866:
34:Erosion of dolomite over weaker shale created the
885:
883:
829:
3042:
1974:Petrology; Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
1940:
1645:
1590:
1501:
1304:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
580:in fertilizers and other products; as a flux in
1915:
880:
720:
159:, but it can still develop solution features (
105:. It occurs widely, often in association with
2040:
943:
941:
1916:Polyak, Victor J.; Provencio, Paula (2000).
1836:
1067:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy
1033:
390:of about -2.2 kcal/mol. In theory, ordinary
118:century, differentiating it from limestone.
1990:
1295:
2047:
2033:
1971:
1418:
1403:
1277:
1236:
1173:
1126:
1114:
938:
680:, is calcium carbonate in the most stable
216:publications, dolomite was referred to as
129:. The geological process of conversion of
1843:Raw Materials for Refractories Conference
1813:Illinois State Geological Survey Circular
1768:
1727:
1622:
1484:
1474:
1455:Ryb, Uri; Eiler, John M. (11 June 2018).
855:
603:
460:The dolomite problem and primary dolomite
137:and any intermediate product is known as
1972:Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J. (1996).
1454:
547:
323:
259:Dolomite outcrops are recognized in the
55:
48:fossil preserved as an internal cast in
40:
29:
18:
721:Zenger, D. H.; Mazzullo, S. J. (1982).
651:
386:is thermodynamically favorable, with a
90:that contains a high percentage of the
3043:
1301:
804:
776:
2028:
1998:. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
1803:
1430:
1379:
1289:
1248:
1224:
1209:
1185:
1141:
1064:
627:(secondary deposits) in the forms of
1839:"Refractory Dolomite Raw Materials"
1837:Clancy, T.A.; Benson, D.J. (2009).
1512:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
527:
193:is controversial, because the name
52:dolomite from southwestern Ohio, US
13:
2054:
1965:
1792:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1443:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1392:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1261:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1198:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
1157:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
805:Fowles, Julian (25 October 1991).
506:), leading to the hypothesis that
242:composed of more than 50% mineral
14:
3067:
2013:
1922:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
1806:"Uses of limestone and dolomite"
1006:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01027.x
1976:(2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman.
1909:
1830:
1797:
1744:
1685:
1650:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1639:
1584:
1539:
1448:
1338:
1083:
1058:
971:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.015
1020:
977:
823:
798:
739:
714:
230:
60:Erosion of dolomitic rocks in
23:Triassic dolomitic rocks from
1:
1324:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.235.01.02
760:10.1016/S0070-4571(08)70844-6
748:Developments in Sedimentology
707:
207:American Geological Institute
2020:What is Dolomitic Limestone?
364:The dolomitization reaction
235:Dolomite rock is defined as
7:
1092:Origin of sedimentary rocks
836:American Journal of Science
695:
660:precipitation sequence is:
201:was not recommended by the
10:
3072:
1720:10.1038/s41467-019-09870-y
1533:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.003
552:Cutting dolomite in 1994.
327:
223:, a term now reserved for
2852:
2690:
2477:
2060:
1671:10.1016/j.gca.2019.01.029
498:sulfate-reducing bacteria
176:DĂ©odat Gratet de Dolomieu
144:Dolomite is resistant to
1994:; V. P., Wright (1990).
890:Vasconcelos, Crisogono;
133:to dolomite is known as
2112:Basaltic trachyandesite
2080:Alkali feldspar granite
1996:Carbonate Sedimentology
1525:2009E&PSL.285..131S
1476:10.1073/pnas.1719681115
1030:, vol. 40, pp. 161â173.
543:
166:
148:and can either contain
1419:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1404:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1278:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1237:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1174:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1127:Blatt & Tracy 1996
1115:Blatt & Tracy 1996
604:Caves in dolomite rock
566:construction aggregate
561:
473:crystals of dolomite.
279:Under the microscope,
65:
53:
38:
27:
2497:Banded iron formation
1699:Nature Communications
1549:American Mineralogist
951:Earth-Science Reviews
857:10.2475/ajs.299.4.257
551:
324:Occurrence and origin
272:resembling grains of
59:
44:
33:
22:
1804:Lamar, J.E. (1961).
1570:10.2138/am.2012.3979
652:Dolomite speleothems
598:refractory materials
496:in association with
289:petroleum reservoirs
248:stoichiometric ratio
1794:, pp. 531â532.
1712:2019NatCo..10.1851V
1663:2019GeCoA.250....1L
1607:2019Geo....47..509D
1562:2012AmMin..97..556Z
1445:, pp. 510â511.
1433:, pp. 182â183.
1406:, pp. 322â323.
1394:, pp. 517â518.
1382:, pp. 186â187.
1316:2004GSLSP.235....7M
1292:, pp. 185â186.
1263:, pp. 518â519.
1251:, pp. 187â188.
1239:, pp. 317â318.
1200:, pp. 512â513.
1159:, pp. 529â530.
1144:, pp. 167â168.
1065:Boggs, Sam (2006).
1042:Glossary of Geology
1028:Journal de Physique
998:2009Sedim..56..205M
963:2017ESRv..171..558P
908:1995Natur.377..220V
892:McKenzie, Judith A.
848:1999AmJS..299..257A
725:. Hutchinson Ross.
586:glass manufacturing
465:due to a very high
424:evaporative pumping
203:Glossary of Geology
139:dolomitic limestone
2853:Specific varieties
608:As with limestone
562:
511:and generation of
437:dolomite reefs in
338:beds and is often
66:
54:
39:
36:Niagara Escarpment
28:
3038:
3037:
2288:Nepheline syenite
1770:10.1111/sed.12202
1469:(26): 6602â6607.
1359:10.1111/sed.12849
902:(6546): 220â222.
622:Calcium carbonate
467:activation energy
412:seepage refluxion
388:Gibbs free energy
265:hydrochloric acid
205:published by the
64:, HĂ©rault, France
3063:
2980:Rapakivi granite
2692:Metamorphic rock
2479:Sedimentary rock
2348:Quartz monzonite
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2009:
1987:
1959:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1763:(6): 1749â1769.
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1615:10.1130/G45821.1
1588:
1582:
1581:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1519:(1â2): 131â139.
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1478:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1353:(5): 1797â1830.
1342:
1336:
1335:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1017:
981:
975:
974:
945:
936:
935:
916:10.1038/377220a0
887:
878:
877:
859:
827:
821:
820:
818:
817:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
780:
774:
773:
743:
737:
736:
718:
590:sodium carbonate
528:Dedolomitization
382:
373:+ Mg â CaMg(CO
359:dolomite problem
348:greenhouse Earth
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3051:Dolomite (rock)
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
2848:
2792:Pseudotachylite
2686:
2473:
2405:Tephriphonolite
2056:
2053:
2016:
2006:
1984:
1968:
1966:Further reading
1963:
1962:
1950:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1910:
1898:
1894:
1882:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1749:
1745:
1690:
1686:
1644:
1640:
1589:
1585:
1544:
1540:
1506:
1502:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1343:
1339:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
982:
978:
946:
939:
888:
881:
828:
824:
815:
813:
803:
799:
789:
787:
782:
781:
777:
770:
744:
740:
733:
719:
715:
710:
698:
654:
647:
643:
606:
574:dimension stone
546:
530:
513:polysaccharides
478:hydration shell
462:
380:
376:
372:
368:
332:
326:
233:
169:
104:
100:
71:(also known as
17:
12:
11:
5:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3056:Dolomite group
3053:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2985:Rhomb porphyry
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2827:Talc carbonate
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2420:Trachyandesite
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Quartz diorite
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:Picrite basalt
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:Types of rocks
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:External links
2012:
2011:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1982:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1939:
1908:
1892:
1865:
1851:
1829:
1796:
1784:
1743:
1684:
1638:
1601:(6): 509â512.
1583:
1556:(4): 556â567.
1538:
1500:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1421:, p. 323.
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1337:
1294:
1282:
1280:, p. 321.
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 182.
1214:
1212:, p. 169.
1202:
1190:
1188:, p. 168.
1178:
1176:, p. 319.
1161:
1146:
1131:
1129:, p. 295.
1119:
1117:, p. 318.
1107:
1100:
1082:
1075:
1057:
1051:978-0922152896
1050:
1032:
1019:
992:(1): 205â219.
976:
937:
879:
842:(4): 257â288.
822:
797:
775:
768:
738:
731:
723:Dolomitization
712:
711:
709:
706:
705:
704:
697:
694:
674:hydromagnesite
664:, Mg-calcite,
653:
650:
645:
641:
605:
602:
570:carbon dioxide
545:
542:
529:
526:
490:Lagoa Vermelha
461:
458:
431:meteoric water
384:
383:
378:
374:
370:
355:dolomitization
330:Dolomitization
325:
322:
293:Alizarin Red S
240:carbonate rock
232:
229:
168:
165:
135:dolomitization
102:
98:
88:carbonate rock
81:dolomitic rock
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3068:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Litchfieldite
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Hyaloclastite
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Litchfieldite
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Phonotephrite
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2228:Hyaloclastite
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2100:Alkali basalt
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2005:0-632-01472-5
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Tucker, M. E.
1989:
1985:
1983:0-7167-2438-3
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1958:
1957:0-12-406061-7
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1905:0-12-406061-7
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:1-879961-07-5
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1852:9780470320488
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:Sedimentology
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:1721.1/126802
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:Sedimentology
1341:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:Sedimentology
980:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
942:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
884:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
812:
811:New Scientist
808:
801:
786:. Geology.com
785:
779:
771:
769:9780444533449
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
734:
732:0-87933-416-9
728:
724:
717:
713:
703:
700:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
649:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
618:sulfuric acid
615:
611:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
559:
555:
550:
541:
539:
535:
525:
522:
518:
514:
509:
505:
504:
503:Desulfovibrio
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:protodolomite
479:
474:
472:
468:
457:
454:
450:
448:
447:Sugarloaf Key
443:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:Permian Basin
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
367:
366:
365:
362:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
331:
321:
318:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:thin sections
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
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196:
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158:
155:
151:
150:bedded layers
147:
142:
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132:
128:
127:lithification
124:
119:
116:
112:
108:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:dolomite rock
70:
63:
58:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
26:
21:
2955:Luxullianite
2935:Lapis lazuli
2880:Blue Granite
2807:Serpentinite
2782:Metapsammite
2551:
2532:Conglomerate
2454:Trondhjemite
2432:Trachybasalt
2373:Pantellerite
2278:Monzogranite
2223:Hornblendite
2208:Granodiorite
2062:Igneous rock
1995:
1973:
1930:. Retrieved
1925:
1921:
1911:
1895:
1858:14 September
1856:. Retrieved
1842:
1832:
1822:15 September
1820:. Retrieved
1816:
1812:
1799:
1787:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1654:
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1641:
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1466:
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1340:
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1256:
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1181:
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1110:
1091:
1085:
1066:
1060:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1022:
989:
985:
979:
954:
950:
899:
895:
839:
835:
825:
814:. Retrieved
810:
800:
788:. Retrieved
778:
751:
747:
741:
722:
716:
655:
607:
563:
534:pseudomorphs
531:
501:
487:
482:
475:
463:
455:
451:
444:
428:
423:
411:
397:
385:
363:
358:
354:
352:
333:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
278:
258:
253:ferrous iron
234:
217:
211:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
180:
173:mineralogist
170:
143:
138:
120:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
2844:Whiteschist
2735:Greenschist
2715:Cataclasite
2705:Amphibolite
2632:Phosphorite
2582:Itacolumite
2507:Calcarenite
2353:Quartzolite
2293:Nephelinite
2263:Lamprophyre
2218:Harzburgite
2176:Napoleonite
2149:Charnockite
2144:Carbonatite
2134:Blairmorite
2085:Anorthosite
1706:(1): 1851.
1310:(1): 7â63.
957:: 558â582.
633:stalagmites
629:stalactites
625:speleothems
614:dissolution
508:sulfate ion
435:Pleistocene
340:interbedded
237:sedimentary
231:Description
157:groundwater
125:mud before
85:sedimentary
3045:Categories
3010:Teschenite
2995:Shonkinite
2970:Pietersite
2965:Novaculite
2875:Borolanite
2860:Adamellite
2777:Metapelite
2745:Calcflinta
2710:Blueschist
2700:Anthracite
2682:Wackestone
2662:Travertine
2607:Lumachelle
2587:Jaspillite
2542:Diamictite
2464:Websterite
2449:Troctolite
2425:Benmoreite
2385:Shonkinite
2358:Rhyodacite
2338:Pyroxenite
2313:Peridotite
2273:Lherzolite
2248:Kimberlite
2238:Ignimbrite
2233:Icelandite
2213:Granophyre
2122:Shoshonite
1928:(1): 23â32
1431:Boggs 2006
1380:Boggs 2006
1290:Boggs 2006
1249:Boggs 2006
1225:Boggs 2006
1210:Boggs 2006
1186:Boggs 2006
1142:Boggs 2006
1101:0136427103
1076:0131547283
816:2021-05-31
708:References
702:Diagenesis
658:speleothem
594:Epsom salt
582:metallurgy
471:nucleating
400:evaporites
328:See also:
218:magnesian
111:evaporites
3025:Variolite
3015:Theralite
3005:Tachylite
2990:Rodingite
2960:Mangerite
2940:Larvikite
2925:Jasperoid
2920:Jadeitite
2885:Epidosite
2839:Tectonite
2832:Soapstone
2797:Quartzite
2767:Migmatite
2752:Itabirite
2730:Granulite
2672:Turbidite
2652:Sylvinite
2647:Siltstone
2637:Sandstone
2622:Oil shale
2602:Limestone
2577:Gritstone
2572:Greywacke
2567:Geyserite
2557:Evaporite
2547:Diatomite
2522:Claystone
2487:Argillite
2400:Tachylyte
2368:Comendite
2318:Phonolite
2308:Pegmatite
2283:Monzonite
2258:Lamproite
2253:Komatiite
2193:Foidolite
2154:Enderbite
2117:Mugearite
1779:130135125
1679:134838668
1633:146426700
1578:101903513
1367:234012426
1332:131159219
1014:128666364
924:1476-4687
866:0002-9599
690:flowstone
682:polymorph
666:aragonite
637:flowstone
584:; and in
517:manganese
408:aragonite
336:evaporite
309:xenotopic
305:nonplanar
301:idiotopic
225:magnesium
220:limestone
199:dolostone
191:dolostone
187:dolostone
181:The term
107:limestone
97:, CaMg(CO
77:dolostone
46:Trilobite
3000:Taconite
2975:Pyrolite
2900:Ganister
2870:Aphanite
2865:Appinite
2787:Phyllite
2772:Mylonite
2740:Hornfels
2720:Eclogite
2617:Mudstone
2592:Laterite
2552:Dolomite
2469:Wehrlite
2444:Trachyte
2437:Hawaiite
2415:Tonalite
2410:Tephrite
2363:Rhyolite
2328:Porphyry
2303:Obsidian
2188:Essexite
2139:Boninite
2129:Basanite
2075:Andesite
1738:31015437
1657:: 1â17.
1495:29891710
874:49341088
696:See also
686:moonmilk
554:Saaremaa
392:seawater
344:Cenozoic
244:dolomite
195:dolomite
183:dolomite
115:Cenozoic
95:dolomite
69:Dolomite
50:Silurian
25:Slovakia
3020:Unakite
2950:Llanite
2915:Ijolite
2890:Felsite
2822:Suevite
2657:Tillite
2597:Lignite
2537:Coquina
2502:Breccia
2395:Syenite
2243:Ijolite
2203:Granite
2171:Diorite
2166:Diabase
2070:Adakite
1932:4 April
1729:6478858
1708:Bibcode
1659:Bibcode
1603:Bibcode
1594:Geology
1558:Bibcode
1521:Bibcode
1486:6042145
1312:Bibcode
994:Bibcode
959:Bibcode
932:4371495
904:Bibcode
844:Bibcode
790:20 June
754:: 314.
670:huntite
662:calcite
576:; as a
558:Estonia
439:Jamaica
317:oolites
270:texture
212:In old
146:erosion
131:calcite
92:mineral
83:) is a
62:MourĂšze
2930:Kenyte
2905:Gossan
2802:Schist
2762:Marble
2725:Gneiss
2627:Oolite
2492:Arkose
2390:Sovite
2380:Scoria
2333:Pumice
2298:Norite
2268:Latite
2198:Gabbro
2183:Dunite
2161:Dacite
2095:Basalt
2090:Aplite
2002:
1980:
1955:
1903:
1887:
1849:
1777:
1736:
1726:
1677:
1631:
1576:
1493:
1483:
1365:
1330:
1098:
1073:
1048:
1012:
930:
922:
896:Nature
872:
864:
766:
729:
578:filler
538:pyrite
494:Brazil
420:sabkha
404:gypsum
297:planar
285:rhombs
154:acidic
2895:Flint
2817:Slate
2812:Skarn
2677:Varve
2642:Shale
2562:Flint
2517:Chert
2512:Chalk
1809:(PDF)
1775:S2CID
1675:S2CID
1629:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1363:S2CID
1328:S2CID
1010:S2CID
928:S2CID
870:S2CID
678:karst
610:caves
572:; as
369:2CaCO
274:sugar
261:field
161:karst
2667:Tufa
2612:Marl
2527:Coal
2459:Tuff
2000:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1934:2020
1901:ISBN
1885:ISBN
1860:2021
1847:ISBN
1824:2021
1734:PMID
1491:PMID
1096:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1046:ISBN
920:ISSN
862:ISSN
792:2014
764:ISBN
727:ISBN
672:and
544:Uses
521:zinc
519:and
469:for
406:and
381:+ Ca
214:USGS
167:Name
123:lime
109:and
3030:Wad
1817:321
1765:doi
1724:PMC
1716:doi
1667:doi
1655:250
1619:hdl
1611:doi
1566:doi
1529:doi
1517:285
1481:PMC
1471:doi
1467:115
1355:doi
1320:doi
1308:235
1002:doi
967:doi
955:171
912:doi
900:377
852:doi
840:299
756:doi
307:or
299:or
79:or
3047::
1942:^
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1920:.
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