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moves down into small fissures in limestone. This carbonic acid gradually dissolves limestone thereby enlarging the fissures. The enlarged fissures allow a larger quantity of water to enter which leads to a progressive enlargement of openings. Abundant small openings store a large quantity of water.
1323:
Groundwater flow rate in karst aquifers is much more rapid than in porous aquifers. For example, in the Barton
Springs Edwards aquifer, dye traces measured the karst groundwater flow rates from 0.5 to 7 miles per day (0.8 to 11.3 km/d). The rapid groundwater flow rates make karst aquifers much
1122:
of recently formed limestones took place during periods of non-deposition within the early part of the period. Sedimentation resumed and further limestone strata were deposited on an irregular karst surface, the cycle recurring several times in connection with fluctuating sea levels over prolonged
1100:
Karst areas tend to have unique types of forests. The karst terrain is difficult for humans to traverse, so that their ecosystems are often relatively undisturbed. The soil tends to have a high pH, which encourages growth of unusual species of orchids, palms, mangroves, and other plants.
1363:
Farming in karst areas must take into account the lack of surface water. The soils may be fertile enough, and rainfall may be adequate, but rainwater quickly moves through the crevices into the ground, sometimes leaving the surface soil parched between rains.
509:, and where rainfall is moderate to heavy. This contributes to rapid downward movement of groundwater, which promotes dissolution of the bedrock, whereas standing groundwater becomes saturated with carbonate minerals and ceases to dissolve the bedrock.
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Paleokarst or palaeokarst is a development of karst observed in geological history and preserved within the rock sequence, effectively a fossil karst. There are for example palaeokarst surfaces exposed within the
Clydach Valley Subgroup of the
1286:, measurement of spring discharges, and analysis of water chemistry. U.S. Geological Survey dye tracing has determined that conventional groundwater models that assume a uniform distribution of porosity are not applicable for karst aquifers.
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is frequently unseen until the roof of a cavern suddenly collapses. Such events have swallowed homes, cattle, cars, and farm machinery. In the United States, sudden collapse of such a cavern-sinkhole swallowed part of the collection of the
1744:
Billi, Andrea; De
Filippis, Luigi; Poncia, Pier Paolo; et al. (February 2016). "Hidden sinkholes and karst cavities in the travertine plateau of a highly-populated geothermal seismic territory (Tivoli, central Italy)".
2581:
Renken, R.; Cunningham, K.; Zygnerski, M.; Wacker, M.; Shapiro, A.; Harvey, R.; Metge, D.; Osborn, C.; Ryan, J. (November 2005). "Assessing the
Vulnerability of a Municipal Well Field to Contamination in a Karst Aquifer".
505:, because chalk is highly porous rather than dense, so the flow of groundwater is not concentrated along fractures. Karst is also most strongly developed where the water table is relatively low, such as in uplands with
1410:
1316:. Locating a well in a fracture trace or intersection of fracture traces increases the likelihood to encounter good water production. Voids in karst aquifers can be large enough to cause destructive collapse or
2688:; Mace, Robert; Barrett, Michael; Smith, Brian (2003). "Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system using equivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, USA".
434:
greatly advanced the knowledge of karst regions to the point where he became known as the "father of karst geomorphology". Primarily discussing the karst regions of the
Balkans, CvijiÄ's 1893 publication
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is covered (perhaps by debris) or confined by one or more superimposed non-soluble rock strata, distinctive karst features may occur only at subsurface levels and can be totally missing above ground.
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1090:
and without strong fluvial erosion processes. This terrain is found in Cuba, Jamaica, Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Puerto Rico, southern China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
1282:. Conventional hydrogeologic methods such as aquifer tests and potentiometric mapping are insufficient to characterize the complexity of karst aquifers, and need to be supplemented with
2351:
937:
The karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large- or small-scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include
1355:
Geologists are concerned with these negative effects of human activity on karst hydrology which, as of 2007, supplied about 25% of the global demand for drinkable water.
3588:
1030:
Calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide. Rivers which emerge from springs may produce
2993:
Vermeulen, J.J., Whitten, T., "Biodiversity and
Cultural Property in the Management of Limestone Resources in East Asia: Lessons from East Asia", The World Bank, 1999,
1003:, produces karst topography that includes a sharp makatea surface above the normal reach of the sea, and undercuts that are mostly the result of biological activity or
198:
in the late 19th century, which entered German usage much earlier, to describe a number of geological, geomorphological, and hydrological features found within the
2527:
Delineation of ground-water basins and recharge areas for municipal water-supply springs in a karst aquifer system in the
Elizabethtown area, Northern Kentucky
2811:
1367:
The karst topography also poses peculiar difficulties for human inhabitants. Sinkholes can develop gradually as surface openings enlarge, but progressive
4427:
2134:
1229:
is a unique type of seasonal lake found in Irish karst areas which are formed through the annual welling-up of water from the underground water system.
1522:(also known as a "karst fenster"), a feature where a spring emerges briefly, with the water discharge then abruptly disappearing into a nearby sinkhole
1175:
938:
154:
1709:
Doerr, S. H. (18 March 1999). "Karst-like landforms and hydrology in quartzites of the
Venezuelan Guyana shield: Pseudokarst or "real" karst?".
2445:
1334:
as surface streams, because Karst formations are cavernous and highly permeable, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminant filtration.
4375:
1586:, a collection of multiple smaller individual sinkholes that coalesce into a compound sinkhole. The term derives from South Slavic languages.
1193:
Rivers in karst areas may disappear underground a number of times and spring up again in different places, even under a different name, like
1340:
may also be unsafe as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a
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terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time. In caves, a variety of features collectively called
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1046:
Interstratal karst is a karst landscape which is developed beneath a cover of insoluble rocks. Typically this will involve a cover of
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4207:
2358:
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684:)-rich surface waters seep into deep anoxic karst systems, they bring oxygen, which reacts with sulfide present in the system (
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emerged as a discipline in the late 1950s and the early 1960s in France. Previously, the activities of cave explorers, called
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1500:, a deep sinkhole, characteristic of Mexico, resulting from collapse of limestone bedrock that exposes groundwater underneath
1853:
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overlying limestone strata undergoing solution. In the United
Kingdom for example extensive doline fields have developed at
1131:
Pseudokarsts are similar in form or appearance to karst features but are created by different mechanisms. Examples include
2472:
1071:
3037:â Citizens of the Karst, a non profit NGO dedicated to the protection of the Puerto Rican Karst (English site available)
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4202:
4588:
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4412:
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3092:
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700:). Sulfuric acid then reacts with calcium carbonate, causing increased erosion within the limestone formation. This
545:. Some of the dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with the water to form a weak carbonic acid solution, which dissolves
1506:, also sink or sinkhole, is a closed depression draining underground in karst areas. The name "doline" comes from
4407:
4172:
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1097:
is undergoing solution underground. It can lead to surface depressions and collapses which present a geo-hazard.
4422:
4390:
4340:
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239:
980:, and karst valleys. Mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in
639:
In very rare conditions, oxidation can play a role. Oxidation played a major role in the formation of ancient
134:
Subterranean drainage may limit surface water, with few to no rivers or lakes. In regions where the dissolved
4578:
3847:
1534:, a landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles an artificial pavement
1212:, the river flows into a cave in a formation known as the Madison Limestone and then rises again 800 m (
4117:
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3822:
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1494:, a vertical shaft in karst that may be very deep and usually opens into a network of subterranean passages
409:
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begins. The karst zone is at the northwesternmost section, described in early topographical research as a
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4212:
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to European scholars in 1689 to describe the phenomenon of underground flows of rivers in his account of
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4167:
4162:
4152:
4107:
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1437:, Northwest Territories contains areas of karst sinkholes. Mexico hosts important karst regions in the
1434:
2886:"Unidades geomorfolĂłgicas de la cuenca del RĂo Grande de ComitĂĄn, Lagos de Montebello, Chiapas-MĂ©xico"
4132:
3175:
950:
2604:
2223:
1487:, entering scientific vocabulary through early research in the Western Balkan Dinaric Alpine karst.
4498:
4370:
3510:
3471:
2209:
Davis, D.G. (2000). "Extraordinary features of Lechuguilla Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico".
1373:
303:
3011:
Speleogenesis Network, a communication platform for physical speleology and karst science research
1918:
1312:
Linear alignment of surface features such as straight stream segments and sinkholes develop along
1186:(karst window) occurs when an underground stream emerges onto the surface between layers of rock,
1082:
Kegelkarst is a type of tropical karst terrain with numerous cone-like hills, formed by cockpits,
3984:
3857:
3604:
3503:
2812:"Austin Peay State University : Harned Bowl work not to blame for new sinkhole, say experts"
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1209:
1205:
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322:
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1636: â Irregular land surface of marshy hollows and small hummocks formed when permafrost thaws
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3549:
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2218:
1484:
533:), which readily dissolves in the water. Once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through
279:
20:
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1948:(Volume 9/1 ed.). Zagreb: JAZU Jugoslovenska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti. p. 29.
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4142:
3517:
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2044:
Scientific accounts of a vanishing lake: Janez Valvasor, Lake Cerknica and the New Philosophy
1615:
1564:, sink or sinkhole in South Slavic languages, where surface flow enters an underground system
522:
1247:
Water in karst aquifers flows through open conduits where water flows as underground streams
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4320:
4305:
4285:
4269:
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2533:. Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4254. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey.
1754:
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146:
2554:"Hydrogeologic characterization and methods used in the investigation of karst hydrology."
1438:
8:
4503:
4227:
4222:
4112:
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3539:
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2163:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section
1606: â Natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone
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1187:
63:
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2595:
2492:. Springer Series in Physical Environment. Vol. 4. Berlin: Springer. pp. 2â3.
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295:
199:
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CvijiÄ, Jovan (1918). "Hydrographie souterraine et Ă©volution morphologique du Karst".
4443:
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2863:. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Remote Sensing Center. Alberta Environment. p. 81.
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2501:
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2401:
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2183:
2106:
2026:
1859:
1806:
1689:
1612: â Karst landscape that was glaciated during the cold periods of the Pleistocene
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1341:
1059:
989:
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landscapes. Beneath the surface, complex underground drainage systems (such as karst
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and their associated watercourses were, from a scientific perspective, understudied.
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Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water
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of the ground surface that can initiate a catastrophic release of contaminants.
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collectively called karren or lapiez. Medium-sized surface features may include
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in the eastern United States is at the second-highest risk of karst sinkholes.
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39:
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The larger openings form a conduit system that drains the aquifer to springs.
1182:
Karst formations have unique hydrology, resulting in many unusual features. A
462:, had been dismissed as more of a sport than a science and so the underground
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518:
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351:
28:
3048:- an open-access digital library linking scientists, managers, and explorers
1959:
1785:
Ford, Derek (2007). "Jovan CvijiÄ and the founding of karst geomorphology".
1550:(karst polje, karst field), a large flat specifically karst plain. The word
1352:
in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels.
1038:
are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals.
4448:
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3223:
1525:
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1016:
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549:. The primary reaction sequence in limestone dissolution is the following:
479:
459:
219:
203:
169:
58:
2158:"Karst Features and the Dissolution of Carbonate Rocks in Crawford County"
2069:
1528:, a spring emerging from karst, originating a flow of water on the surface
965:(inverted funnel shaped sinkholes), disappearing streams, and reappearing
4530:
4515:
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981:
654:
1688:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
1426:. Slovenia has the world's highest risk of sinkholes, while the western
1266:
Characterization of karst aquifers requires field exploration to locate
4542:
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96:
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2420:"Halite karst geohazards (natural and man-made) in the United Kingdom"
2127:"Karst Landscapes of Illinois: Dissolving Bedrock and Collapsing Soil"
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Landforms of Alberta interpreted from airphotos and satellite imagery
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some distance, and then disappears back down, often into a sinkhole.
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1047:
455:
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origin. It has also been suggested that the word may derive from the
178:
174:
128:
104:
2756:
2563:. Techniques and Methods 4âD2. U.S. Geological Survey. p. 107.
923:
403:
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3415:
3405:
3400:
3290:
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3228:
2733:"Natural and anthropogenic hazards in karst areas: an introduction"
1630: â River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface
1503:
1345:
1267:
1162:
1012:
954:
413:
243:
116:
43:
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more sensitive to groundwater contamination than porous aquifers.
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3744:
3635:
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3203:
2269:
Galdenzi, S.; Cocchioni, M.; Morichetti, L.; et al. (2008).
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1368:
1243:
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1024:
1000:
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211:
173:
Global distribution of major outcrops of carbonate rocks (mainly
135:
123:
underground. There is some evidence that karst may occur in more
3031:â research papers and reviews in all the fields related to karst
2519:
2517:
2467:. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. p. 118.
2446:"Karst forests: the labyrinthian wildlands of green and bedrock"
2268:
1394:
676:
can also be one of the corrosion factors in karst formation. As
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1011:. Some of the most dramatic of these formations can be seen in
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231:
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47:
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2271:"Sulfidic ground water chemistry in the Frasassi Cave, Italy"
1603:
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1513:
1087:
977:
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502:
444:
335:, first attested in the 18th century, and the adjective form
207:
112:
1822:
2002. Vol. 1, AâM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 1481.
1510:, meaning "valley", and derives from South Slavic languages.
1077:
521:
that causes karst features is formed as rain passes through
81:
4034:
3739:
3662:
3082:
2490:
Processes in karst systems: physics, chemistry, and geology
1743:
1472:
1344:. Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community
1306:
1132:
1094:
1093:
Salt karst (or 'halite karst') is developed in areas where
1031:
993:
930:
534:
483:
120:
2652:
Assaad, Fakhry; LaMoreaux, Philip; Hughes, Travis (2004).
1570:, porous irregular karst landscape in a region of England.
282:, all variations of the word are derived from a Romanized
3445:
2787:"Mood somber, repairs uncertain as Corvette museum opens"
1576:(turlach), a type of disappearing lake characteristic of
341:
in the 16th century. As a proper noun, the Slovene form
307:
2684:
2645:
2083:
Gilli, Ăric; Mangan, Christian; Mudry, Jacques (2012).
2656:. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2240:"Gypsum deposits in the Frasassi Caves, central Italy"
2058:
Recueil des travaux de l'institut de géographie alpine
3034:
2651:
1838:
Kluge Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache
1418:
Drone video of Kostivere karst area in Estonia (2021)
161:, and much of this is found in porous karst systems.
84:
78:
2087:. Translated by Fandel, Choél. CRC Press. p. 7.
360:
330:
87:
4428:
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
2838:"What is Karst topography and why should you care?"
1422:The world's largest limestone karst is Australia's
2884:Mora, L.; Bonifaz, R.; LĂłpez-MartĂnez, R. (2016).
2133:. Illinois State Geological Survey. Archived from
2105:(2d ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 303â344.
1842:, 23rd edition. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, p. 429.
2096:
2094:
1960:"karst | Search Online Etymology Dictionary"
1070:, the last-named locality having been declared a
4560:
2737:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2654:Field methods for geologists and hydrogeologists
2082:
1665:. The University of Texas at Austin. 16 May 2006
1618: â Links to Knowledge articles on landforms
1166:Features typical of well-developed karst terrain
706:
559:
2237:
2085:Hydrogeology: Objectives, Methods, Applications
999:Erosion along limestone shores, notably in the
2091:
1919:"Veliki krĆĄ oko krĆĄa u jeziku - Geografija.hr"
1600: â Limestone-based biological environment
366:'rock'. The name may also be connected to the
3589:
3067:
2631:. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill. pp. 294â295.
2312:"A conceptual view of carbonate island karst"
2309:
2025:(Karst in Slovenia in space and time), 2003,
2020:
2005:
1851:
1358:
1305:in eastern France at the source of the river
342:
336:
206:, stretching from the northeastern corner of
2551:
1831:
1222: mi) down the canyon in a placid pool.
193:
4403:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
1780:
1778:
1776:
1469:provinces is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
512:
501:. Karst is not typically well developed in
447:. In a 1918 publication, CvijiÄ proposed a
378:
4376:History of hard rock miners' organizations
3596:
3582:
3074:
3060:
3041:The Virtual Cave's page on karst landforms
2730:
2319:Karst Waters Institute Special Publication
2022:Kras v Sloveniji â v prostoru in casu
1858:(in Slovenian). ZaloĆŸba ZRC. p. 142.
489:Karst is most strongly developed in dense
3025:â a large glossary of Karst related terms
2901:
2890:BoletĂn de la Sociedad GeolĂłgica Mexicana
2784:
2603:
2487:
2222:
2100:
2000:
1998:
1624: â Science of cave and karst systems
1078:Kegelkarst, salt karst, and karst forests
246:. Languages preserving this form include
4361:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
4208:North American Aerospace Defense Command
2584:Environmental and Engineering Geoscience
2181:
1773:
1684:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Karst".
1473:List of terms for karst-related features
1404:
1393:
1288:
1242:
1208:, where, at a site named "The Sinks" in
1169:
1161:
922:
653:
551:
473:
390:
168:
57:
38:
27:
2731:Parise, M.; Gunn, J. (1 January 2007).
2462:
2188:Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science
1982:
1980:
1683:
111:. It is characterized by features like
99:formed from the dissolution of soluble
16:Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
4561:
2626:
2552:Taylor, Charles; Greene, Earl (2008).
2523:
2382:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2055:
2010:, vol. 2, KâO. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 82.
1995:
1943:
1885:
1330:in karst areas is also just as easily
153:because as much as 50% of the world's
3577:
3055:
2858:
2570:from the original on 2 November 2008.
2443:
2208:
2155:
1916:
1708:
1483:Many karst-related terms derive from
1041:
412:, a pioneer of the study of karst in
2922:Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology
2785:Patterson, Thom (13 February 2014).
2310:Mylroie, J.E.; Vacher, H.L. (1999).
2007:EtimoloĆĄki slovar slovenskega jezika
1986:
1977:
1888:"KrĆĄ ili kras? KrĆĄ! - Geografija.hr"
1886:Ć egota, Tomislav (25 January 2009).
1784:
1554:derives from South Slavic languages.
1516:, an inverted funnel-shaped sinkhole
493:, such as limestone, that is thinly
439:describes landforms such as karren,
1991:. Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 318.
1258:. Surface water containing natural
1072:site of special scientific interest
13:
4301:Journey to the Center of the Earth
4203:Naples underground geothermal zone
2952:, 2nd Printing, Cave Books, 2009,
2924:, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2007,
2914:
2417:
2332:from the original on 29 April 2021
2238:Galdenzi, S.; Maruoka, T. (2003).
2156:Grove, Glenn E. (September 2003).
1142:âfor example, Labertouche Cave in
961:(closed basins), vertical shafts,
14:
4600:
4418:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
4413:International Union of Speleology
3093:Glossary of caving and speleology
3004:
2278:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
2244:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
2211:Journal of Cave and Karst Studies
1820:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
1176:Puerto Princesa Underground River
1062:in South Wales across a cover of
972:Large-scale features may include
451:for karst landscape development.
3016:Speleogenesis and Karst Aquifers
2400:. London: Penguin, 1984, p 292.
2398:Dictionary of Physical Geography
840:(calcium carbonate dissolution)
386:
115:above and drainage systems with
74:
4408:Institution of Mining Engineers
4173:Underground Great Wall of China
3603:
3482:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
3081:
2877:
2852:
2830:
2804:
2778:
2724:
2678:
2620:
2574:
2545:
2481:
2456:
2444:Evans, Monica (15 April 2020).
2437:
2411:
2390:
2344:
2303:
2262:
2231:
2202:
2175:
2149:
2119:
2076:
2049:
2036:
2013:
1952:
1937:
1910:
1663:Environmental Science Institute
1348:. Overloaded or malfunctioning
1200:Another example of this is the
1154:are an example of pseudokarst.
870:(formation of calcium sulfate)
647:and is presently active in the
556:Kostivere karst area in Estonia
218:along the coast of the eastern
4423:Society of Economic Geologists
4391:National Speleological Society
4341:Wonderland (fictional country)
2696:(1â4). Elsevier Science: 142.
2465:British Regional Geology:Wales
2184:"Dissolution: Carbonate rocks"
2101:Thornbury, William D. (1969).
1879:
1845:
1825:
1813:
1767:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.12.011
1737:
1711:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Geomorphologie
1702:
1677:
1648:
1453:, a karst limestone area. The
1383:
1254:aquifers typically develop in
1197:, the "river of seven names".
1126:
1118:which developed as sub-aerial
469:
420:, London, introduced the word
1:
3848:Subterranean rivers of London
2814:. 22 May 2014. Archived from
2710:10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00064-7
1894:(in Croatian). Archived from
1641:
1104:
996:and cavern systems may form.
918:
790:(sulfuric acid dissociation)
4381:National Mine Map Repository
3823:Jewel Cave National Monument
3535:List of UK caving fatalities
2938:, 2nd ed., Blackwell, 1985,
2488:Dreybrodt, Wolfgang (1988).
2182:Wolfgang, Dreybrodt (2004).
2004:Bezlaj, France (ed.). 1982.
1855:GeoloĆĄki terminoloĆĄki slovar
1157:
672:leading to the formation of
410:Johann Weikhard von Valvasor
377:, and perhaps also to Latin
347:was first attested in 1177.
306:from the reconstructed form
164:
131:given the right conditions.
7:
4386:National Mining Association
4213:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
2590:(4). GeoScienceWorld: 320.
2284:(2): 94â107. Archived from
2103:Principles of geomorphology
1989:Slovenski etimoloĆĄki slovar
1917:Matas, Mate (7 June 2004).
1590:
1232:
537:that provides additional CO
478:A limestone deposit in the
350:Ultimately, the word is of
326:
10:
4605:
4326:Tunnels in popular culture
4168:Underground City, Montreal
4163:Underground City (Beijing)
4108:816 Nuclear Military Plant
3838:Mammoth Cave National Park
2920:Ford, D.C., Williams, P.,
2131:Prairie Research Institute
1544:in South Slavic languages.
1476:
1435:Wood Buffalo National Park
1387:
1359:Effects of karst hydrology
911:This reaction chain forms
692:) to form sulfuric acid (H
361:
18:
4436:
4353:
4278:
4257:
4250:
4133:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
4100:
3877:
3870:
3800:
3618:
3611:
3558:
3527:
3495:
3454:
3339:
3184:
3099:
3090:
3035:CDK Citizens of the Karst
2662:10.1007/978-3-662-05438-3
2498:10.1007/978-3-642-83352-6
1832:
1799:10.1007/s00254-006-0379-x
1066:which overlies concealed
893:
867:
782:
728:
581:
127:-resistant rocks such as
46:fengcong (cone karst) in
4589:Dinaric karst formations
4499:Underground construction
4371:Cave Research Foundation
3511:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
3046:Karst Information Portal
2903:10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a1
2627:Fetter, Charles (1988).
2524:Taylor, Charles (1997).
1374:National Corvette Museum
1278:in addition to studying
513:Chemistry of dissolution
3985:Missile launch facility
3858:Wind Cave National Park
3504:Diving into the Unknown
2450:Global Landscapes Forum
1378:Bowling Green, Kentucky
1210:Sinks Canyon State Park
1206:Fremont County, Wyoming
1112:Carboniferous Limestone
1068:Carboniferous Limestone
663:Dent de Crolles, France
309:
299:
62:Karst formation of the
4138:Chicago Tunnel Company
3777:Subterranean waterfall
3550:Tham Luang cave rescue
3545:Riesending cave rescue
2979:van Beynen, P. (Ed.),
2396:Whittow, John (1984).
2021:
2006:
1944:RogliÄ, Josip (1974).
1852:Jernej PavĆĄiÄ (2006).
1485:South Slavic languages
1419:
1402:
1309:
1248:
1179:
1167:
934:
905:(formation of gypsum)
665:
557:
486:
406:
379:
343:
337:
331:
318:
291:
280:South Slavic languages
272:
264:
251:
194:
182:
66:
55:
36:
21:Karst (disambiguation)
4153:KĆbĂĄnya cellar system
4143:Houston tunnel system
4123:Almadén Mercury Mines
4118:The Caves of ĂgissĂĂ°a
3518:The Underground Eiger
2463:Howells, M.F (2007).
2070:10.3406/rga.1918.4727
1787:Environmental Geology
1731:10.1127/zfg/43/1999/1
1616:Glossary of landforms
1417:
1397:
1292:
1246:
1173:
1165:
1007:at or a little above
949:(clints and grikes),
926:
657:
555:
477:
394:
172:
145:(buried karst in the
61:
42:
31:
4579:Limestone formations
4548:Subterranean warfare
4321:Subterranea (comics)
4306:Moria (Middle-earth)
4286:Allegory of the cave
4270:Subterranean fiction
2859:Smith, D.G. (1987).
2690:Journal of Hydrology
1987:Snoj, Marko (2003).
1457:in the provinces of
739:(sulfide oxidation)
416:and a fellow of the
155:hydrocarbon reserves
147:stratigraphic column
19:For other uses, see
4504:Tunnel construction
4228:Subterranean Toledo
4223:Subterranean London
4113:Caves of Maastricht
3540:Alpazat cave rescue
3185:Types and formation
2969:, Macmillan, 1973,
2936:Karst Geomorphology
2749:2007GSLSP.279....1P
2702:2003JHyd..276..137S
2596:2005EEGeo..11..319R
2418:Cooper, Anthony H.
2364:on 20 November 2015
1759:2016Geomo.255...63B
1723:1999ZGm....43....1D
1686:Glossary of geology
1540:, sinking river or
1390:List of karst areas
1268:sinkholes, swallets
1144:Victoria, Australia
974:limestone pavements
941:(or rillenkarren),
643:in the US state of
356:Proto-Indo-European
313:into forms such as
64:Serra de Tramuntana
4526:Mining engineering
4511:Underground living
4336:Underland (Narnia)
4251:Fictional features
4030:Underground hangar
3772:Subterranean river
3767:Subterranean fauna
3467:Cave-dwelling Jews
3214:Estavelle/Inversac
3021:2010-04-23 at the
2983:, Springer, 2011,
2840:. 25 February 2009
2190:. pp. 295â298
2137:on 2 December 2020
1964:www.etymonline.com
1898:on 3 November 2018
1628:Subterranean river
1532:Limestone pavement
1420:
1403:
1399:Lunan Stone Forest
1310:
1249:
1180:
1168:
1074:in respect of it.
1042:Interstratal karst
947:limestone pavement
935:
702:chain of reactions
666:
659:Limestone pavement
558:
523:Earth's atmosphere
507:entrenched valleys
487:
407:
242:between Italy and
210:above the city of
189:was borrowed from
183:
149:) is important in
67:
56:
37:
4556:
4555:
4444:Cave conservation
4349:
4348:
4246:
4245:
4092:Ventilation shaft
3871:Man-made features
3866:
3865:
3571:
3570:
3349:(Cave formations)
3112:Cave conservation
2999:978-0-821345-08-5
2989:978-94-007-1206-5
2958:978-0-939748-66-2
2930:978-0-470-84996-5
2671:978-3-540-40882-6
2638:978-0-675-20887-1
2629:Applied Hydrology
2539:10.3133/wri964254
2507:978-3-642-83354-0
1865:978-961-6568-84-5
1455:South China Karst
1439:YucatĂĄn Peninsula
1415:
1060:Mynydd Llangynidr
909:
908:
668:The oxidation of
637:
636:
547:calcium carbonate
437:Das KarstphÀnomen
371:Kar(u)sĂĄdios oros
185:The English word
151:petroleum geology
52:South China Karst
4596:
4521:Mine exploration
4296:Greek Underworld
4255:
4254:
4233:Turda Salt Mines
4218:Shanghai tunnels
4082:Smuggling tunnel
4025:Underground base
4020:Underground city
3935:Dugout (shelter)
3885:Air raid shelter
3875:
3874:
3833:Lechuguilla Cave
3813:Castellana Caves
3782:Underground lake
3616:
3615:
3612:Natural features
3598:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3194:Anchihaline cave
3176:Caves by country
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3029:Acta Carsologica
2981:Karst management
2934:Jennings, J.N.,
2908:
2907:
2905:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2686:Scanlon, Bridget
2682:
2676:
2675:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2614:10.2113/11.4.319
2607:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2357:. Archived from
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1771:
1770:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1660:
1656:"What is Karst?"
1652:
1416:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1056:Mynydd Llangatwg
992:) and extensive
933:plug in Ethiopia
777:
776:
775:
707:
690:hydrogen sulfide
641:Lechuguilla Cave
633:
632:
631:
560:
543:soil respiration
382:
364:
363:
346:
340:
334:
312:
259:
216:Balkan peninsula
197:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4432:
4345:
4274:
4242:
4148:Kosvinsky Kamen
4096:
3955:Fallout shelter
3925:Crypt Mausoleum
3862:
3853:Veryovkina Cave
3843:Reed Flute Cave
3796:
3703:Solutional cave
3651:Communal burrow
3607:
3602:
3572:
3567:
3554:
3523:
3496:Popular culture
3491:
3450:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3281:Solutional cave
3186:
3180:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3023:Wayback Machine
3007:
2967:Karst Landforms
2917:
2915:Further reading
2912:
2911:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2757:10.1144/SP279.1
2729:
2725:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2625:
2621:
2605:10.1.1.372.1559
2579:
2575:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2530:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2474:978-085272584-9
2461:
2457:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2412:
2395:
2391:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2352:"Archived copy"
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2291:on 4 March 2016
2288:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2224:10.1.1.521.9303
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2099:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:KrĆĄ Jugoslavije
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1783:
1774:
1742:
1738:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1593:
1481:
1475:
1447:West of Ireland
1424:Nullarbor Plain
1405:
1401:, Yunnan, China
1392:
1386:
1361:
1314:fracture traces
1272:sinking streams
1235:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1202:Popo Agie River
1160:
1129:
1107:
1080:
1064:Twrch Sandstone
1044:
986:haystack/eggbox
939:solution flutes
921:
901:
897:
887:
878:
863:
854:
836:
827:
823:
807:
798:
786:
774:
771:
770:
769:
767:
760:
751:
747:
736:
732:
723:
713:
699:
695:
683:
630:
627:
626:
625:
623:
610:
606:
597:
589:
585:
576:
566:
540:
532:
515:
472:
402:de Sauveterre,
389:
286:base (yielding
255:
228:North Macedonia
167:
101:carbonate rocks
77:
73:
50:as part of the
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4494:Trench warfare
4491:
4489:Tunnel network
4486:
4484:Tunnel warfare
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4437:Related topics
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:Mount Yamantau
4190:
4185:
4183:Mines of Paris
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4052:
4050:Secret passage
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Hang SÆĄn ÄoĂČng
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3725:Lava tree mold
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3578:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
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3525:
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3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:Cave monastery
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Speleoseismite
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
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3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3199:Breathing cave
3196:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
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3141:
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3134:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
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3097:
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3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3006:
3005:External links
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2977:
2963:Sweeting, M.M.
2960:
2948:Palmer, A.N.,
2946:
2932:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2896:(3): 377â394.
2892:(in Spanish).
2876:
2869:
2851:
2829:
2818:on 22 May 2014
2803:
2777:
2723:
2677:
2670:
2644:
2637:
2619:
2573:
2544:
2513:
2506:
2480:
2473:
2455:
2436:
2410:
2389:
2343:
2302:
2261:
2230:
2217:(2): 147â157.
2201:
2174:
2148:
2118:
2111:
2090:
2075:
2064:(4): 375â426.
2048:
2035:
2012:
1994:
1976:
1951:
1936:
1909:
1878:
1864:
1844:
1834:Seebold, Elmar
1824:
1812:
1793:(5): 675â684.
1772:
1736:
1701:
1694:
1676:
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1565:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1495:
1474:
1471:
1388:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1360:
1357:
1342:porous aquifer
1299:Jura mountains
1234:
1231:
1159:
1156:
1128:
1125:
1106:
1103:
1079:
1076:
1052:Cefn yr Ystrad
1043:
1040:
1009:mean sea level
920:
917:
907:
906:
903:
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765:
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741:
740:
737:
734:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
711:
697:
693:
681:
649:Frasassi Caves
635:
634:
628:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
590:
587:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
564:
538:
530:
527:carbon dioxide
514:
511:
491:carbonate rock
471:
468:
449:cyclical model
404:LozĂšre, France
388:
385:
323:Serbo-Croatian
166:
163:
159:carbonate rock
157:are hosted in
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4601:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Geomorphology
4582:
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4572:
4570:
4567:
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4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Civil defense
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Cave painting
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
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4364:
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4358:
4356:
4354:Organisations
4352:
4342:
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4332:
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4319:
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4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Mustang Caves
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
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4119:
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4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Semi-basement
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Subway system
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Utility vault
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:Rock-cut tomb
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Passage grave
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3945:Earth shelter
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Blast shelter
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
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3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:Kazumura Cave
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Volcanic pipe
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Maternity den
3733:
3731:
3730:Magma chamber
3728:
3726:
3723:
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3718:
3716:
3713:
3709:
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3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:Burrow fossil
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3576:
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3560:
3557:
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3530:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
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3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
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3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
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3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Dogtooth spar
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Calcite rafts
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3327:
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3316:
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3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
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3279:
3277:
3274:
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3255:
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3217:
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3207:
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3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Speleogenesis
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Cave painting
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Biospeleology
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3058:
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3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2975:0-231-03623-X
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:0-631-14032-8
2941:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2870:0-919975-10-0
2866:
2862:
2855:
2839:
2833:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2766:
2762:
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2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
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2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
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2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2406:0-14-051094-X
2403:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2379:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2159:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2060:(in French).
2059:
2052:
2045:
2042:Paul Larsen,
2039:
2032:
2031:961-6500-46-5
2028:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1925:(in Croatian)
1924:
1923:Geografija.hr
1920:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1892:Geografija.hr
1889:
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1792:
1788:
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1748:
1747:Geomorphology
1740:
1732:
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1569:
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1559:
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1539:
1538:Losing stream
1536:
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1321:
1319:
1315:
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1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:geologic maps
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1260:carbonic acid
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1239:Aquifer#Karst
1237:Main Article
1230:
1228:
1223:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:karst fenster
1178:, Philippines
1177:
1172:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:paleocollapse
1145:
1141:
1138:
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1117:
1113:
1102:
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1002:
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987:
983:
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968:
964:
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956:
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916:
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883:
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873:
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832:
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819:
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800:
794:
793:
789:
779:
766:
763:
756:
753:
743:
742:
738:
725:
719:
716:
709:
708:
705:
703:
691:
687:
679:
675:
674:sulfuric acid
671:
664:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
621:
618:
615:
612:
602:
599:
593:
592:
578:
572:
569:
562:
561:
554:
550:
548:
544:
536:
528:
524:
520:
519:carbonic acid
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
485:
484:Sinj, Croatia
481:
476:
467:
465:
461:
460:speleologists
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
427:
426:Lake Cerknica
423:
419:
418:Royal Society
415:
411:
405:
401:
397:
393:
387:Early studies
384:
381:
376:
372:
369:
365:
357:
353:
352:Mediterranean
348:
345:
339:
333:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:In the local
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Ć ar Mountains
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
214:, across the
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
180:
176:
171:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:The study of
139:
137:
132:
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122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
92:
71:
65:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
34:
33:Ć kocjan Caves
30:
26:
22:
4449:Cave dweller
4311:Nome Kingdom
4265:Hollow Earth
4178:Maginot Line
4077:Storm cellar
3895:Burial vault
3757:Rock shelter
3719:
3668:Glacier cave
3516:
3509:
3502:
3462:Cave dweller
3376:Cave popcorn
3315:Underground
3234:Karst spring
3224:Glacier cave
3160:
2980:
2966:
2950:Cave Geology
2949:
2935:
2921:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:the original
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2740:
2736:
2726:
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2413:
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2359:the original
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2322:
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2286:the original
2281:
2277:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2250:(2): 111â125
2247:
2243:
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2204:
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2187:
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2139:. Retrieved
2135:the original
2130:
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2084:
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2061:
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2051:
2043:
2038:
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1967:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1922:
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1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1891:
1881:
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1854:
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1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1662:
1650:
1551:
1526:Karst spring
1520:Karst window
1507:
1482:
1432:
1428:Highland Rim
1421:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:septic tanks
1336:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1295:karst spring
1265:
1251:
1250:
1236:
1224:
1199:
1192:
1181:
1130:
1114:sequence of
1108:
1099:
1092:
1081:
1045:
1029:
1017:Phangnga Bay
998:
982:karst towers
971:
936:
910:
667:
638:
541:produced by
516:
488:
480:Dinaric Alps
453:
436:
432:Jovan CvijiÄ
430:
421:
408:
370:
359:
349:
304:metathesized
277:
230:, where the
204:Dinaric Alps
186:
184:
142:
140:
133:
69:
68:
25:
4531:Mole people
4516:Mine rescue
4464:Cave rescue
4454:Cave diving
4198:Mogao Caves
4128:Coober Pedy
4087:Spider hole
4065:Septic tank
4005:Root cellar
3656:Paleoburrow
3605:Subterranea
3341:Speleothems
3254:Exploration
3154:Troglofauna
3122:Cave survey
3100:Main topics
2844:31 December
2822:31 December
2336:26 December
2295:29 November
2254:24 February
2194:26 December
2167:26 December
2141:26 December
1969:31 December
1717:(1): 1â17.
1669:25 December
1634:Thermokarst
1610:Glaciokarst
1449:is home to
1433:In Canada,
1384:Karst areas
1346:trash dumps
1328:Groundwater
1195:Ljubljanica
1127:Pseudokarst
1116:South Wales
1036:speleothems
525:picking up
497:and highly
470:Development
464:karst caves
380:Carusardius
4563:Categories
4543:Speleology
4536:in fiction
4316:Pellucidar
4158:Kome Caves
3808:Balve Cave
3752:Pit crater
3708:Talus cave
3631:Ant colony
3477:Kome Caves
3441:Stalagnate
3436:Stalagmite
3431:Stalactite
3421:Soda straw
3411:Shelfstone
3371:Cave pearl
3346:Speleogens
3311:Talus cave
3244:Ley tunnel
3171:Speleology
3149:Stygofauna
2743:(1): 1â3.
2425:. BGS/NERC
2112:0471861979
2019:Gams, I.,
1929:30 October
1902:30 October
1695:0922152349
1642:References
1622:Speleology
1560:, same as
1479:Speleothem
1477:See also:
1451:The Burren
1338:Well water
1318:subsidence
1284:dye traces
1150:features.
1135:caves and
1120:weathering
1105:Paleokarst
1021:Halong Bay
1005:bioerosion
951:kamenitzas
919:Morphology
651:of Italy.
645:New Mexico
179:evaporites
143:paleokarst
125:weathering
97:topography
35:, Slovenia
4574:Landforms
4459:Cave gate
4331:Underdark
4279:Exemplars
4101:Exemplars
4040:Wine cave
3915:Catacombs
3801:Exemplars
3698:Show cave
3688:Lava tube
3683:Lava cave
3528:Incidents
3455:Dwellings
3396:Helictite
3391:Frostwork
3386:Flowstone
3356:Anthodite
3329:Waterfall
3301:Suffosion
3286:Show cave
3271:Salt cave
3239:Lava cave
3187:processes
3137:Equipment
2796:26 August
2770:9 October
2765:130950517
2600:CiteSeerX
2429:9 October
2325:: 48â57.
2219:CiteSeerX
1807:129378021
1753:: 63â80.
1562:estavelle
1542:ponornica
1380:in 2014.
1256:limestone
1158:Hydrology
1152:Mud Caves
1123:periods.
1048:sandstone
955:sinkholes
499:fractured
456:hydrology
373:cited by
302:), later
296:Dalmatian
257:âčSee Tfdâș
177:, except
175:limestone
165:Etymology
129:quartzite
117:sinkholes
105:limestone
4072:Stepwell
4060:Sewerage
3970:Hypogeum
3950:Erdstall
3940:Dry well
3920:Casemate
3900:Borehole
3890:Basement
3762:Sinkhole
3693:Pit Cave
3678:Ice cave
3563:Category
3416:Snottite
3406:Rimstone
3401:Moonmilk
3291:Sinkhole
3276:Sea cave
3261:Pit cave
3229:Ice cave
3019:Archived
2718:16046040
2565:Archived
2378:cite web
2327:Archived
1836:. 1999.
1591:See also
1574:Turlough
1332:polluted
1233:Aquifers
1227:turlough
1188:cascades
1013:Thailand
990:aquifers
670:sulfides
414:Slovenia
284:Illyrian
269:Albanian
244:Slovenia
220:Adriatic
109:dolomite
103:such as
4366:Bergamt
4291:Batcave
4238:Yaodong
3975:Manhole
3965:Foxhole
3930:Dungeon
3636:Aquifer
3487:Yaodong
3361:Boxwork
3204:Cave-in
2745:Bibcode
2698:Bibcode
2592:Bibcode
2368:3 March
2046:, 2003.
1871:15 June
1755:Bibcode
1719:Bibcode
1463:Guangxi
1459:Guizhou
1443:Chiapas
1369:erosion
1297:in the
1276:springs
1217:⁄
1137:granite
1084:mogotes
1025:Vietnam
1019:and at
1001:tropics
967:springs
959:cenotes
943:runnels
928:Rubaksa
441:dolines
398:in the
375:Ptolemy
315:Slovene
248:Italian
240:plateau
234:of the
212:Trieste
202:of the
136:bedrock
95:) is a
44:Lijiang
4474:Caving
4396:Grotto
4010:Tunnel
3995:Quarry
3905:Bunker
3792:Warren
3715:Cenote
3673:Grotto
3641:Burrow
3626:Alcove
3296:Spring
3209:Cenote
3132:Diving
3127:Caving
3085:topics
2997:
2987:
2973:
2956:
2942:
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1580:karst.
1568:Scowle
1508:dolina
1504:Doline
1498:Cenote
1467:Yunnan
1465:, and
1445:. The
1303:Ouhans
1274:, and
1088:poljes
1086:, and
978:poljes
913:gypsum
686:pyrite
678:oxygen
495:bedded
454:Karst
445:poljes
400:causse
396:Doline
368:oronym
362:karra-
338:kraĆĄki
300:carsus
292:carsus
273:karsti
267:, and
261:German
232:massif
224:Kosovo
191:German
113:poljes
48:Guilin
4569:Karst
4258:Types
3960:Fogou
3878:Types
3720:Karst
3619:Types
3324:River
3266:Ponor
3219:Foiba
3161:Karst
3144:Fauna
2761:S2CID
2714:S2CID
2568:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2423:(PDF)
2362:(PDF)
2355:(PDF)
2330:(PDF)
2315:(PDF)
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2274:(PDF)
2161:(PDF)
1803:S2CID
1659:(PDF)
1604:Gryke
1598:Alvar
1584:Uvala
1578:Irish
1558:Ponor
1552:polje
1548:Polje
1514:Foibe
1492:AbĂźme
1301:near
1252:Karst
1146:âand
994:caves
984:, or
963:foibe
898:· 2 H
503:chalk
482:near
422:karst
358:root
344:Grast
310:korsŃ
308:*
288:Latin
265:Karst
252:Carso
208:Italy
200:range
195:Karst
187:karst
121:caves
70:Karst
4035:Well
3980:Mine
3740:Nest
3663:Cave
3344:and
3319:Lake
3306:Sump
3249:Mine
3083:Cave
2995:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2940:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2865:ISBN
2846:2019
2824:2019
2798:2019
2772:2021
2666:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2469:ISBN
2431:2022
2402:ISBN
2384:link
2370:2013
2338:2020
2297:2012
2256:2021
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2169:2020
2143:2020
2107:ISBN
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1931:2018
1904:2018
1873:2020
1860:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1671:2020
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1095:salt
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