1070:, one takes this story with a pinch of salt and either wonders what fourth century point the author was attempting to make of a third-century incident or whether he merely attributed to Aurelian a good story that seemed appropriate to that man's reputation. On the other hand, the imposition of cruel and unusual penalties to maintain discipline among the brutalised soldiery in the chaotic conditions of the north European provinces in the mid-third century was a necessity for the maintenance of effective command.
574:), was a chaplet of common oak leaves woven to form a crown. During the Roman Republic, and the subsequent Principate, it was regarded as the second highest military decoration a citizen could aspire to (the Grass Crown being held in higher regard) and was rewarded for saving the lives of fellow Roman citizens (cives) or for standing one's ground in war. Since Augustus, only the princeps was eligible for this decoration. It may have been identical to the Crown of the Preserver mentioned below.
35:
542:
475:
1084:– a form of extreme military discipline used by officers in the Roman Army to punish mutinous or cowardly soldiers in exceptional cases. A cohort selected for punishment by decimation was divided into groups of ten; each group cast lots, and the soldier on whom the lot fell was executed by his nine comrades, often by stoning or clubbing. The remaining soldiers were given rations of
836:
and were usually the name of the enemy defeated by the commander. Hence, names like
Africanus ("the African"), Numidicus ("the Numidian"), Isauricus ("the Isaurian"), Creticus ("the Cretan"), Gothicus ("the Goth"), Germanicus ("the German") and Parthicus ("the Parthian"), seemingly out of place for
1100:
gladiator rebellion in 72 BC, when two of his legions disobeyed his direct orders not to engage the enemy. As a result, they suffered a terrible defeat. Crassus's response to the disobedience was brutal: he assembled the two legions and pulled out every 10th man as he walked across the ranks, and
627:
Crown of the
Preserver – awarded to "those who have shielded and saved any of the citizens or allies" – Polybius relates that the crown is presented by those civilians the soldier saved and adds that "the man thus preserved also reverences his preserver as a father all through his life, and must
968:– a less-honored form of the Roman triumph. Ovations were granted when war was not declared between enemies on the level of states, when an enemy was considered basely inferior (slaves, pirates), and when the general conflict was resolved with little to no bloodshed or danger to the army itself.
853:
Polybius writes that "After a battle in which some of them have distinguished themselves, the general calls an assembly of the troops, and bringing forward those whom he considers to have displayed conspicuous valour, first of all speaks in laudatory terms of the courageous deeds of each and of
1061:
the future
Emperor Aurelian once ordered a man who was convicted of raping the wife of the man on whom he had been billeted to be attached to two trees drawn together so that when the restraining ropes were cut, they sprang apart and the unfortunate victim was torn asunder. The author of the
1053:
Another punishment in the Roman
Military only applied to people involved in the prison system; this rule was that if a prisoner died due to the punishment inflicted by Roman legionaries, unless he was given the death penalty, then the leader of the troops would be given the same punishment.
844:
The practice continued in the Roman Empire, although it was subsequently amended by some Roman
Emperors who desired to emphasise the totality of their victories by adding Maximus ("the Greatest") to the victory title (e.g., Parthicus Maximus, "the Greatest Parthian").
995:
Polybius divides the punishments inflicted by a commander on one or more troops into punishments for military crimes, and punishments for "unmanly acts", although there seems to be little difference in the harsh nature of the punishment between the two classes.
608:), also referred to as the "walled crown", this was a golden crown, or circle of gold intended to resemble a battlement, bestowed upon the first soldier who climbed the wall of a besieged city and to successfully place the standard of the attacking army upon it.
1016:— Following a court-martial sentence for desertion or dereliction of duty, the soldier would be stoned, or beaten to death by cudgels, in front of the assembled troops, by his fellow soldiers, whose lives had been put in danger. Soldiers under sentence of
991:
stated that he would fulfill his conditions of service on pain of punishment up to and inclusive of death. Discipline in the army was extremely rigorous by modern standards, and the general had the power to summarily execute any soldier under his command.
1220:
The soldier in question was a billetee – i.e. not living in one of the Roman Army's permanent cantonments. This suggests that his unit was on detached service – always a recipe for relaxed discipline and undesirable interaction with the civilian
1024:
is "also inflicted on those who steal anything from the camp; on those who give false evidence; on young men who have abused their persons; and finally on anyone who has been punished thrice for the same
900:"horse trappings" – presented to a cavalryman "who has slain and stripped an enemy" not in the normal melee of battle but voluntarily in single combat after throwing themselves into danger
1057:
It would seem that in the later Empire independent commanders were given considerable latitude in the crimes they chose to punish and the penalties they inflicted. According to the
780:, "Supreme Pontiff" or "Chief Priest" (lit. "Greatest Bridgemaker"); a title and office of Republican origin – could not be used by Christian Emperors, while by that time only the
897:
a cup – presented to an infantryman "who has slain and stripped an enemy" not in the normal melee of battle but voluntarily in single combat after throwing themselves into danger
584:), was a gold crown awarded to the first man who boarded an enemy ship during a naval engagement. In style, the crown was made of gold and surmounted with the beaks of ships.
1101:
each man who was pulled out was to be beaten to death by his preceding nine comrades. Some scholars say that Julius Caesar joined these two legions to form his legendary "
1118:
revived this punishment to deal with a contingent of rebellious soldiers who confronted him as he entered Rome at the
Milvian Bridge in autumn of 68 AD. Dio states that
564:), was the highest and rarest of all military decorations. It was presented only to a general, commander, or officer whose actions saved the legion or the entire army.
1066:
comments that
Aurelian rarely punished twice for the same offence. However, even by Roman standards his justice was considered particularly harsh. As always with the
1092:
and forced to sleep outside of the Roman encampment. This punishment was forgotten over time since the early
Republic, but the ancient punishment was resurrected by
3285:
503:
841:, who for his great victories in the Second Punic War was awarded by the Roman Senate the title "Africanus" and is thus known to history as "Scipio Africanus".
1448:
739:
591:), was awarded to both centurions and potentially some principales, for killing an enemy in single combat and holding the ground to the end of the battle.
1190:
1177:
1029:
837:
ardently patriotic Romans, are in fact expressions of Roman superiority over these peoples. The most famous grantee of
Republican victory title was
598:) of an entrenchment or turrets of a city. It was awarded to the first soldier or centurion to mount the wall or palisade of an enemy town or camp.
1063:
1335:
1877:
1128:
887:
or Arrow without a Head- a ceremonial silver spear awarded to "the man who has wounded an enemy". The use of this decoration is not clear.
3280:
1919:
1907:
496:
281:
177:
1049:
For treason or theft, the punishment would most probably be being placed in a sack of snakes and thrown into a nearby river or lake.
805:
Restitor Orbis, "Restorer of the World"; a title granted to
Aurelian for his role in helping to end the Crisis of the Third Century.
1882:
69:
3254:
1892:
235:
3199:
1887:
1621:
489:
155:
854:
anything else in their previous conduct which deserves commendation". Only after this are the military decorations presented:
3169:
1994:
1521:
827:
3259:
3134:
2287:
707:" or "Nobilissimus Caesar"), "Caesar" or "Most Noble Caesar"; an honorific name later used to identify an Emperor-designate
1840:
1155:), or "short whip" — a much more brutal punishment than simple flogging. The "short whip" was used for slave volunteers,
1511:
3179:
1939:
1506:
1501:
1477:
1328:
43:
3194:
1867:
1516:
1443:
381:
59:
1460:
1393:
137:
2214:
2139:
1897:
251:
212:
163:
17:
2710:
1122:
ordered this punishment because "he did not believe that an emperor should submit to compulsion in anything."
875:
867:
367:
300:
88:
2550:
2154:
1606:
1321:
3249:
3174:
2933:
1989:
1872:
1418:
1020:
who escaped were not pursued, but lived under sentence of banishment from Rome. Polybius writes that the
690:, popularly used in the east to refer to the emperor; a formal title of the Roman emperor beginning with
3209:
2873:
2765:
2535:
2307:
2129:
2037:
1902:
1845:
958:– a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly honour the military commander (
186:
3229:
2322:
2277:
2204:
2124:
2072:
2062:
2014:
1361:
545:
796:
Princeps Iuventatis, "First of Youth"; an honorific title awarded to a presumptive Emperor-designate
762:"; absolute power to a degree greater than any other, including power of enacting capital punishment
2830:
2740:
2249:
2229:
2224:
2209:
2162:
2102:
2057:
1859:
396:
51:
3239:
3219:
3159:
3149:
3139:
2545:
2234:
2134:
2114:
2029:
2019:
1724:
1664:
1644:
1356:
1080:
790:, "First Citizen" or "Leading Citizen"; an honorific title denoting the status of the emperor as
719:, the highest magistracy of the Roman republic with a one-year term and one coequal officeholder
3244:
3234:
3184:
3164:
2978:
2953:
2918:
2800:
2525:
2172:
1934:
1465:
977:
When the Roman soldier enrolled in service to the state, he swore a military oath known as the
263:
112:
962:) of a notably successful foreign war or campaign and to display the glories of Roman victory.
3214:
3144:
2968:
2720:
2520:
2515:
2312:
2219:
2144:
2107:
2092:
2067:
2047:
1949:
362:
98:
3224:
3189:
2878:
2745:
2645:
2570:
2435:
2398:
1774:
1438:
352:
294:
2868:
622:), a golden crown which was ornamented with the palisades used in forming an entrenchment.
8:
3154:
3003:
2805:
2675:
2625:
1944:
1541:
479:
203:
3204:
2928:
2735:
2590:
2530:
2450:
2393:
2257:
1493:
1472:
1043:
979:
791:
448:
2843:
722:
Dominus, "Lord" or "Master"; an honorific title popular in the Empire's middle history
2838:
2690:
2445:
2405:
2383:
1591:
1184:
1168:
1138:
Reduction of rations, or to be forced to eat barley instead of the usual grain ration
1102:
743:
455:
321:
310:
2903:
2863:
2795:
2730:
2655:
2650:
2422:
2345:
2292:
2087:
2082:
1971:
1830:
1779:
1739:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1611:
1558:
1551:
1536:
1531:
1455:
1383:
1058:
838:
799:
777:
643:
432:
421:
336:
55:
672:, (lit. "Self-ruler"); Greek title equivalent to imperator i.e. Commander-in-Chief
2998:
2810:
2790:
2750:
2685:
2635:
2630:
2505:
2455:
2363:
2197:
2177:
2097:
1546:
1371:
1163:
426:
404:
347:
1042:"demanding sureties", including the re-taking of the military oath known as the
3053:
2695:
2430:
2378:
2350:
2297:
2282:
2262:
2077:
2052:
2009:
1999:
1825:
1799:
1729:
1714:
1679:
1639:
1400:
1093:
924:
879:– gold, silver, or bronze sculpted disks worn on the breastplate during parades
729:
698:
441:
411:
372:
774:
Pius Felix, "Pious and Blessed" (lit. "Dutiful and Happy"); an honorific title
132:
3274:
2585:
2555:
2470:
2004:
1981:
1794:
1649:
1634:
1581:
1388:
955:
768:
594:
Battlement crowns – These were made of gold and decorated with the uprights (
541:
416:
388:
316:
3063:
2923:
2368:
2317:
2272:
2267:
2119:
1929:
1815:
1759:
1754:
1526:
1410:
1344:
938:
716:
710:
2858:
2480:
2302:
2192:
1586:
1111:
732:
taken on accession to the purple and after a major military victory; the
601:
577:
567:
553:
326:
217:
713:, a Republican office with a five-year term and one coequal officeholder
3083:
3023:
2988:
2780:
2715:
2705:
2600:
2485:
2373:
1956:
1924:
1669:
1596:
1428:
1423:
1006:
883:
667:
611:
357:
122:
78:
1313:
3113:
3108:
3068:
2993:
2963:
2943:
2820:
2760:
2670:
2620:
2615:
2540:
2500:
2388:
2358:
2167:
2042:
1835:
1719:
1694:
1573:
1097:
1012:
802:, "First Man of the Senate" a Republican office with a five-year term
747:
733:
725:
691:
342:
3073:
3058:
3048:
3033:
2948:
2938:
2908:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2785:
2700:
2580:
2565:
2495:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2440:
2239:
1820:
1784:
1674:
1601:
1433:
1036:
943:
891:
787:
754:
677:
659:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3043:
3038:
3028:
2973:
2958:
2775:
2770:
2755:
2725:
2680:
2660:
2640:
2595:
2327:
2182:
1961:
1769:
1764:
1654:
1143:
965:
814:
809:
687:
107:
1307:, translated by Dennison, (London: Atlantic Books, 2012), p. 207
3103:
2983:
2913:
2853:
2848:
2815:
2575:
2560:
2510:
2490:
1912:
1789:
1684:
1085:
197:
2888:
2610:
2337:
1629:
1119:
1115:
1089:
913:
part of the loot and spoils after a conquest including slaves
702:
675:
665:
653:
647:
1211:
Some sources call it a civilian award. See the main article.
1114:
as re-told by Matthew Dennison, the newly-appointed emperor
3098:
2665:
2605:
2187:
1563:
984:
859:
781:
1659:
959:
531:
784:
had a claim on the title of highest religious authority.
742:, "Destined to be Emperor"; heir apparent, used by
637:
890:a small silver replica of a standard or flag (the
848:
1173:Loss of advantages gained from length of service.
3272:
1132:– being hit by the centurion with his staff or
771:, "Father of the Fatherland"; an honorific title
3286:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome
1073:
524:for military gallantry and likewise a range of
1329:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1033:– fines or deductions from the pay allowance.
497:
987:, later to the general and the emperor. The
658:"), "Majestic" or "Venerable"; an honorific
1181:– relegation to inferior service or duties.
765:Invictus, "Unconquered"; an honorific title
1336:
1322:
1235:
1039:in front of the century, cohort or legion.
504:
490:
999:
728:, "Commander" or "Commander-in-Chief"; a
540:
1343:
813:, "tribunician power"; the powers of a
548:memorial showing two awards he received
516:As with most other military forces the
14:
3273:
628:treat him in every way like a parent."
532:Decorations, awards and victory titles
1317:
832:Victory titles were treated as Latin
828:List of Roman imperial victory titles
817:including sacrosanctity and the veto
949:
904:
24:
3281:Ancient Roman military punishments
632:
25:
3297:
917:
821:
473:
33:
849:Decorations (medal equivalents)
1298:
1286:
1274:
1261:
1214:
1205:
972:
13:
1:
1228:
528:for military transgressions.
520:adopted an extensive list of
368:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
1908:Frontiers and fortifications
1074:Punishments for unmanly acts
282:Frontiers and fortifications
7:
1967:Decorations and punishments
94:Decorations and punishments
10:
3302:
2874:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1449:historiography of the fall
825:
703:
676:
666:
654:
648:
3255:External wars and battles
3122:
3016:
2829:
2421:
2414:
2336:
2248:
2153:
2028:
1980:
1858:
1808:
1747:
1738:
1620:
1572:
1492:
1409:
1379:
1370:
1352:
932:
662:exclusive to the emperor
546:Tiberius Claudius Maximus
536:
1198:
839:Publius Cornelius Scipio
397:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
382:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
52:Military of ancient Rome
27:Roman military behaviors
3250:Roman–Iranian relations
1725:Optimates and populares
985:Senate and Roman People
686:), Greek title meaning
480:Ancient Rome portal
3260:Civil wars and revolts
2526:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2173:Conflict of the Orders
1532:Legislative assemblies
1000:Punishments for crimes
736:of most Roman emperors
638:Synonyms for "Emperor"
549:
2969:Simplicius of Cilicia
2721:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1950:Siege in Ancient Rome
1559:Executive magistrates
928:– honorable discharge
815:tribune of the people
587:Gold crown – (Latin:
544:
363:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
178:Technological history
2979:Stephanus Byzantinus
2884:Eusebius of Caesaria
2746:Sidonius Apollinaris
2436:Ammianus Marcellinus
1775:Tribune of the plebs
1134:animadversio fustium
983:: originally to the
740:Imperator Destinatus
353:Lower Germanic Limes
252:Strategy and tactics
187:Military engineering
89:Unit types and ranks
3155:Distinguished women
2806:Velleius Paterculus
2646:Nicolaus Damascenus
2626:Marcellus Empiricus
2015:Republican currency
1194:– additional duties
810:Tribunicia potestas
558:corona obsidionalis
348:Lauter Valley Limes
2929:Phlegon of Tralles
2736:Seneca the Younger
2210:Naming conventions
1940:Personal equipment
1473:Later Roman Empire
1305:The Twelve Caesars
1141:Whipping with the
792:first among equals
550:
449:Limes Tripolitanus
70:Structural history
3268:
3267:
3230:Pontifices maximi
3012:
3011:
2869:Diogenes Laërtius
2691:Pliny the Younger
2446:Asconius Pedianus
2406:Romance languages
2278:Civil engineering
2020:Imperial currency
1893:Political control
1854:
1853:
1488:
1487:
1185:Summary execution
1169:reduction in rank
744:Septimius Severus
620:corona castrensis
514:
513:
465:
464:
456:Limes Mauretaniae
311:Limes Britannicus
272:
271:
236:Political history
226:
225:
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
3293:
3220:Magistri equitum
3135:Cities and towns
3128:
3054:Constantinopolis
2864:Diodorus Siculus
2796:Valerius Maximus
2731:Seneca the Elder
2651:Nonius Marcellus
2419:
2418:
1972:Hippika gymnasia
1935:Infantry tactics
1841:Consular tribune
1831:Magister equitum
1780:Military tribune
1745:
1744:
1705:Pontifex maximus
1700:Princeps senatus
1690:Magister militum
1456:Byzantine Empire
1377:
1376:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1191:munerum indictio
1178:militiae mutatio
1103:Legio X Equitata
1068:Historia Augusta
1059:Historia Augusta
950:Imperial parades
910:monetary bonuses
905:Financial awards
800:Princeps Senatus
778:Pontifex Maximus
706:
705:
681:
680:
671:
670:
657:
656:
651:
650:
506:
499:
492:
478:
477:
476:
337:Limes Germanicus
287:
286:
264:Infantry tactics
257:
256:
213:Triumphal arches
183:
182:
164:Wars and battles
156:Campaign history
75:
74:
37:
36:
30:
29:
21:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3008:
2844:Aëtius of Amida
2825:
2811:Verrius Flaccus
2791:Valerius Antias
2751:Silius Italicus
2686:Pliny the Elder
2631:Marcus Aurelius
2506:Cornelius Nepos
2456:Aurelius Victor
2410:
2332:
2244:
2178:Secessio plebis
2149:
2024:
1976:
1850:
1804:
1734:
1616:
1568:
1484:
1405:
1366:
1348:
1342:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1164:gradus deiectio
1076:
1030:Pecunaria multa
1002:
975:
952:
935:
920:
907:
871:– gold armbands
851:
830:
824:
640:
635:
633:Imperial titles
616:corona vallaris
562:corona graminea
539:
534:
510:
474:
472:
467:
466:
461:
433:Limes Sarmatiae
427:Anastasian Wall
405:Pannonian Limes
284:
274:
273:
268:
254:
244:
243:
242:
238:
228:
227:
222:
208:
180:
170:
169:
168:
158:
148:
147:
142:
117:
103:
72:
62:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Pomponius Mela
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Aelius Donatus
2427:
2425:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:Ecclesiastical
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:Toys and games
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1680:Vigintisexviri
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1640:Cursus honorum
1637:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1439:Western Empire
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1281:Vita Aureliani
1273:
1260:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1160:
1139:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1107:
1106:
1094:Marcus Crassus
1075:
1072:
1064:Vita Aureliani
1051:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1001:
998:
974:
971:
970:
969:
963:
951:
948:
947:
946:
941:
934:
931:
930:
929:
925:missio honesta
919:
918:Service awards
916:
915:
914:
911:
906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
895:
888:
880:
872:
864:
863:– gold necklet
850:
847:
826:Main article:
823:
822:Victory titles
820:
819:
818:
806:
803:
797:
794:
785:
775:
772:
766:
763:
755:Imperium maius
751:
737:
723:
720:
714:
708:
696:
695:
694:
673:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
625:
624:
623:
609:
606:corona muralis
592:
585:
582:corona navalis
575:
565:
538:
535:
533:
530:
518:Roman military
512:
511:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
483:
482:
469:
468:
463:
462:
460:
459:
452:
445:
442:Limes Arabicus
437:
436:
429:
424:
419:
414:
412:Limes Alutanus
408:
407:
401:
400:
392:
391:
385:
384:
378:
377:
376:
375:
373:Wetterau Limes
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
322:Hadrian's Wall
319:
306:
305:
304:
303:
290:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
269:
267:
266:
260:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
223:
221:
220:
215:
209:
207:
206:
201:
193:
190:
189:
181:
176:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:
160:
159:
154:
153:
150:
149:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
129:
126:
125:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
82:
81:
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
18:Dona militaria
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Julius Paulus
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Fabius Pictor
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Amphitheatres
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Deforestation
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Siege engines
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Establishment
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:Extraordinary
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Promagistrate
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Twelve Tables
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1293:Roman History
1289:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1269:The Histories
1264:
1257:
1256:The Histories
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:According to
1109:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
981:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
953:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
927:
926:
922:
921:
912:
909:
908:
899:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
855:
846:
842:
840:
835:
829:
816:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:Pater Patriae
767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
738:
735:
731:
730:victory title
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
700:
697:
693:
689:
685:
679:
674:
669:
664:
663:
661:
645:
642:
641:
626:
621:
617:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
573:
572:corona civica
569:
566:
563:
559:
555:
552:
551:
547:
543:
529:
527:
523:
519:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
487:
485:
484:
481:
471:
470:
458:
457:
453:
451:
450:
446:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
434:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Trajan's Wall
420:
418:
417:Limes Moesiae
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
402:
399:
398:
394:
393:
390:
389:Norican Limes
387:
386:
383:
380:
379:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
334:
333:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Antonine Wall
315:
314:
313:
312:
308:
307:
302:
299:
298:
297:
296:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
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265:
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237:
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219:
216:
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211:
210:
205:
204:Siege engines
202:
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185:
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139:
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61:
57:
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50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
19:
3200:Institutions
3064:Leptis Magna
3017:Major cities
2924:Philostratus
2711:Quadrigarius
2531:Rufus Festus
2394:Contemporary
2115:Romanization
2038:Architecture
1966:
1645:Collegiality
1494:Constitution
1345:Ancient Rome
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1263:
1255:
1216:
1207:
1189:
1176:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1079:
1067:
1056:
1052:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1005:
994:
988:
978:
976:
939:Spolia opima
923:
882:
874:
866:
858:
852:
843:
833:
831:
808:
759:
753:
683:
619:
615:
605:
595:
589:corona aurea
588:
581:
571:
561:
557:
525:
521:
517:
515:
454:
447:
440:
431:
395:
335:
309:
293:
196:
93:
3195:Geographers
2879:Dioscorides
2859:Cassius Dio
2481:Cassiodorus
2384:Renaissance
1990:Agriculture
1962:Auxiliaries
1903:Engineering
1740:Magistrates
1592:Citizenship
1587:Mos maiorum
1522:Late Empire
1221:population.
1112:Cassius Dio
1096:during the
1088:instead of
1044:sacramentum
989:sacramentum
980:sacramentum
973:Punishments
758:, "greater
602:Mural crown
578:Naval crown
568:Civic crown
554:Grass crown
526:punishments
522:decorations
327:Saxon Shore
3275:Categories
3084:Mediolanum
3024:Alexandria
2989:Themistius
2954:Porphyrius
2781:Tertullian
2716:Quintilian
2706:Propertius
2601:Lactantius
2551:Fulgentius
2486:Censorinus
2308:Sanitation
2293:Metallurgy
2250:Technology
2215:Demography
2163:Patricians
2130:Spectacles
2088:Literature
2083:Hairstyles
1920:Technology
1670:Praefectus
1622:Government
1612:Litigation
1597:Auctoritas
1542:Centuriate
1429:Principate
1424:Pax Romana
1384:Foundation
1267:Polybius,
1254:Polybius,
1229:References
1129:Castigatio
1022:fustuarium
1018:fustuarium
1007:Fustuarium
884:Hasta pura
668:Αὐτοκράτωρ
614:– (Latin:
612:Camp crown
604:– (Latin:
580:– (Latin:
570:– (Latin:
556:– (Latin:
358:Main Limes
3240:Quaestors
3170:Empresses
3160:Dynasties
3150:Dictators
3125:and other
3114:Volubilis
3109:Vindobona
3069:Londinium
2994:Theodoret
2964:Procopius
2944:Polyaenus
2919:Pausanias
2821:Vitruvius
2766:Symmachus
2761:Suetonius
2671:Petronius
2656:Obsequens
2621:Macrobius
2616:Lucretius
2541:Frontinus
2516:Eutropius
2501:Columella
2451:Augustine
2441:Appuleius
2389:Neo-Latin
2364:Classical
2355:Versions
2263:Aqueducts
2205:Patronage
2125:Sexuality
2098:Mythology
2073:Education
2063:Cosmetics
1888:Campaigns
1883:Structure
1836:Decemviri
1695:Imperator
1394:overthrow
1149:flagellum
1098:Spartacus
1081:Decimatio
1013:bastinado
834:cognomina
748:Caracalla
734:praenomen
726:Imperator
692:Heraclius
688:sovereign
649:Αὔγουστος
343:Alb Limes
3245:Tribunes
3235:Praetors
3185:Generals
3165:Emperors
3074:Lugdunum
3059:Eboracum
3049:Carthage
3034:Aquileia
2949:Polybius
2939:Plutarch
2909:Libanius
2899:Josephus
2894:Herodian
2786:Tibullus
2701:Priscian
2676:Phaedrus
2636:Manilius
2581:Jordanes
2566:Hydatius
2496:Claudian
2476:Catullus
2466:Boëthius
2461:Ausonius
2379:Medieval
2351:Alphabet
2323:Theatres
2298:Numerals
2283:Concrete
2273:Circuses
2240:Bagaudae
2230:Adoption
2225:Marriage
2198:Assembly
2103:Religion
2078:Folklore
2058:Clothing
2053:Calendar
2010:Currency
2000:Commerce
1898:Strategy
1860:Military
1846:Triumvir
1826:Dictator
1821:Interrex
1800:Governor
1785:Quaestor
1748:Ordinary
1730:Province
1720:Tetrarch
1710:Augustus
1675:Vicarius
1665:Officium
1602:Imperium
1552:Plebeian
1512:Republic
1434:Dominate
1401:Republic
1362:Timeline
1283:, VII.4.
1271:, III.37
1258:, III.39
1153:flagella
1037:Flogging
944:Tropaion
892:vexillum
876:Phalerae
868:Armillae
788:Princeps
760:imperium
684:Basileus
678:Βασιλεύς
660:cognomen
655:Σεβαστός
644:Augustus
138:Admirals
113:Generals
44:a series
42:Part of
3215:Legions
3175:Fiction
3145:Consuls
3140:Climate
3094:Ravenna
3089:Pompeii
3079:Lutetia
3044:Bononia
3039:Berytus
3029:Antioch
3004:Zosimus
2999:Zonaras
2974:Sozomen
2959:Priscus
2934:Photius
2776:Terence
2771:Tacitus
2756:Statius
2741:Servius
2726:Sallust
2681:Plautus
2661:Orosius
2641:Martial
2596:Juvenal
2571:Hyginus
2556:Gellius
2415:Writers
2346:History
2328:Thermae
2318:Temples
2268:Bridges
2235:Slavery
2183:Equites
2155:Society
2135:Theatre
2108:Deities
2068:Cuisine
2048:Bathing
2030:Culture
2005:Finance
1982:Economy
1873:Borders
1868:History
1770:Tribune
1765:Praetor
1655:Legatus
1650:Emperor
1537:Curiate
1507:Kingdom
1502:History
1478:History
1461:decline
1419:History
1389:Kingdom
1372:History
1357:Outline
1157:volones
1144:flagrum
1025:fault."
966:Ovation
956:Triumph
701:(also "
646:(also "
108:Auxilia
99:Legions
3225:Nomina
3210:Legacy
3190:Gentes
3127:topics
3123:Lists
3104:Smyrna
2984:Strabo
2914:Lucian
2904:Julian
2854:Arrian
2849:Appian
2839:Aelian
2816:Vergil
2591:Justin
2576:Jerome
2561:Horace
2546:Fronto
2536:Florus
2511:Ennius
2491:Cicero
2471:Caesar
2369:Vulgar
2193:Tribes
2120:Romans
1930:Legion
1913:castra
1790:Aedile
1760:Censor
1755:Consul
1715:Caesar
1685:Lictor
1607:Status
1547:Tribal
1527:Senate
1517:Empire
1411:Empire
1347:topics
1295:64.3.2
1086:barley
933:Trophy
717:Consul
711:Censor
704:Καίσαρ
699:Caesar
652:" or "
537:Crowns
241:
198:Castra
133:Fleets
60:AD 476
56:753 BC
46:on the
2889:Galen
2831:Greek
2801:Varro
2611:Lucan
2423:Latin
2338:Latin
2313:Ships
2303:Roads
2288:Domes
2220:Women
2168:Plebs
2093:Music
1635:Forum
1630:Curia
1199:Notes
1120:Galba
1116:Galba
1090:wheat
596:valli
301:Walls
295:Limes
218:Roads
3205:Laws
3180:Film
3099:Roma
2666:Ovid
2606:Livy
2374:Late
2188:Gens
2145:Wine
1957:Navy
1925:Army
1564:SPQR
1466:fall
1444:fall
1167:– a
860:Torc
782:pope
746:for
123:Navy
79:Army
2359:Old
2043:Art
1816:Rex
1660:Dux
1574:Law
1010:or
960:dux
618:or
560:or
3277::
1237:^
1151:,
1105:".
894:).
58:–
1337:e
1330:t
1323:v
1159:.
1147:(
1046:.
750:.
682:(
505:e
498:t
491:v
20:)
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