35:
887:
860:
981:
953:
1434:
1424:
824:
878:, equipped with four Francis turbines with a combined installed capacity of 160 MW. The average water fall is 112 m and the maximum water discharge is 168 m/s. The water processed by the Orphey HPP enters the bed of the Vacha river, which in an 840 m section of length has been corrected with a reverse slope, so that the pumping unit of the power plant may use water returned from the Krichim Reservoir downstream.
967:
70:
769:
677:
112:
98:
84:
42:
56:
710:. With a territory of 22.1 km and a total volume of 449 million m, it is one of the largest in Bulgaria and serves as a multiannual leveler of the whole cascade. It has a stone dam with a clay core, reaching a height of 60.5 m and a length of 230 m, located at an altitude of 1,200.5 m.
803:
The water of the reservoir is directed to the main pressure derivation of the Devin HPP, which also receives inflow from the rivers
Trigradska reka (3.7 m/s) and Muglenska reka (3.3 m/s) through a 970 m tunnel. The derivation itself includes a 27.4 m high water tower in the dam, a
940:
by the Vacha Water Union. It was commission in 1933 with two turbine units, with another two added in 1949. It is powered by water from the Vacha 2 HPP supplied via a derivation, which begins from the equalizer and flows through a 4.8 km pressure tunnel and a 196 m long above-ground steel
924:
The
Krichim HPP was commissioned in 1973 and is linked to the reservoir through a derivation which begins from a water tower, passes through a 3.8 km pressure tunnel with a 4.4 m diameter to an open underground water tower with a height of 50 m, and from there it is fed to the engine
850:
The homonymous HPP is powered by a water quantity of 69.5 m/s. It has two
Francis turbines with a total installed capacity of 86.4 MW and a projected annual production of 198 GWh. It is fed with waters from the reservoir from an open intake in its arm in the former bed of the Gashnya
740:
The main pressure derivation of the Teshel HPP begins from a water tower behind the left side of the Dospat dam and continues with a 732 m overground pipeline, a 16 km pressure tunnel, a 110 m high underground water tower with an engine room chamber and ends with a 522 m long
905:
drainage. Its dam was constructed in 1963–1972 in concrete and has a height of 104.5 m and a length of 270 m. It forms a lake with an area of 0.8 km and a volume of 20.3 million m that winds for 4 km along the narrow canyon-like valley of the Vacha river.
928:
The Vacha 2 HPP was put into operation in 1972 to utilize the fall between the then-newly built
Krichim Reservoir upstream and the old equalizer reservoir of the Vacha 1 HPP downstream. It is located between the two reservoirs, in the territory of the village of
933:. There are two Francis turbines with a combined installed power capacity of 7 MW, an average fall of 82 m and a capacity of 9.2 m/s. The water supply from the Krichim Reservoir is via an underground pressure pipeline with a length of 420 m.
851:
river, from where they are directed through a 600 m underground pressure steel pipeline. During the construction of the plant, a correction was made to the bed of the Vacha river below it, which further increased the water fall by 10 meters.
871:, which is an annual leveler. It spans a territory of 5 km and contains 226.2 million m of water. Its dam is the highest in Bulgaria, reaching 144.5 m, and is a concrete gravity structure. Its length is 420 m.
925:
room of the power plant via a pressure pipeline. It has two
Francis turbines with a total installed capacity of 80 MW. The average water fall is 162 m and the maximum water discharge capacity is 60 m/s.
804:
145 m tunnel, a 335 m open pressure pipeline, an 8.5 km pressure tunnel, a 51 m high open top underground water tower and a 356 m underground pressure pipeline leading the power plant.
800:’s main stem the Buynovska reka via a derivation with a capacity of 6 m/s. The dam is 30 m high and 200 m long and forms a lake with an area of 0.1 km and a volume of 1.4 million m.
760:
with a total installed capacity of 60 MW and was put into operation in 1972. Its utilized water from flows directly into its lower equalizer, which forms part of the second level of the cascade.
725:
at an altitude of 1,240 m; it has a length of 18 km and flows into Dospat upstream of the reservoir; the catchment area is 146 m and the maximum water discharge is 12.22 m/s;
921:
to the west. The water from the second route was also intended to be utilized for irrigation but the required irrigation system was never built and is currently viable only during high water.
737:, which gathers water from the river Osina at an altitude of 1,210 m; it has a length of 12.2 km; the catchment area is 49 m and the maximum water discharge is 1.6 m/s.
847:, the first on Bulgaria of this type, reaching a height of 130.5 m and a length of 486 m. It forms a lake with an area of 3.3 km and a volume of 110.9 million m.
733:
and
Velichka at an altitude of 1,205 m; it has a length of 9.8 km; the catchment area is 46 m and the maximum water discharge is 3.12 m/s; and finally
941:
pressure pipeline. The Vacha 1 HPP has four
Francis turbines with a total installed capacity of 15.4 MW, an average fall of 83 m and a capacity of 20 m/s.
1341:Мичев (Michev), Николай (Nikolay); Михайлов (Mihaylov), Цветко (Tsvetko); Вапцаров (Vaptsarov), Иван (Ivan); Кираджиев (Kiradzhiev), Светлин (Svetlin) (1980).
1413:
1545:
913:
and another to the Vacha 1 and 2 Hydro Power Plants. The main output flows through the former and are later discharged to an irrigation system in the
1816:
1563:
34:
1406:
631:, it is among Bulgaria's most complex hydropower systems. The cascade receives water from several river drainages, mostly from the
1633:
796:. It was inaugurated in 1984 and serves as a daily equalizer. Apart from the waters of the Teshel HPP, it receives inflow from
1391:
1356:Теми по физическа и социално-икономическа география на България (Topics on Physical and Social-Economic Geography of Bulgaria)
1619:
1382:
901:
The reservoir receives water from the dams upstream, as well as from the derivation of
Churenska reka from the neighbouring
1667:
1605:
1399:
1690:
1576:
875:
663:
and Vacha 1 and 2, with a combined installed capacity of 500.2 MW, producing an average of 871 GWh annually.
656:
1363:
815:
with a total installed capacity of 80 MW initially, later increased to 88 MW. It was inaugurated in 1984.
1744:
1702:
1584:
832:
652:
1503:
1485:
1473:
936:
The Vacha 1 HPP and its upper equalizer reservoir are the oldest part of the cascade, constructed during the
707:
1626:
1448:
999:
1559:
1555:
1455:
1811:
1708:
1588:
910:
660:
1714:
1660:
1599:
1592:
1551:
1004:
918:
695:
644:
713:
Apart from the homonymous river, the Dospat
Reservoir gathers water from three derivations —
1696:
1613:
1609:
1580:
1527:
986:
785:
648:
623:
With catchment area of 2,083 km spanning from an altitude of 2,191 m at the summit of
1497:
1421:
1515:
1509:
1491:
1009:
914:
741:
underground pipeline to power station. En route, it receives water from the derivations of
8:
1653:
937:
609:
994:
789:
589:
559:
496:
433:
368:
305:
240:
1754:
1521:
1479:
1378:
1359:
1014:
895:
894:
The
Krichim junction is the lowest and final part of the cascade and consists of the
844:
730:
628:
597:
1739:
1734:
902:
812:
781:
757:
698:
and a system of derivations. The dam of the reservoir was constructed on the river
691:
680:
613:
605:
160:
150:
146:
1645:
1354:Дончев (Donchev), Дончо (Doncho); Каракашев (Karakashev), Христо (Hristo) (2004).
1092:
1749:
958:
868:
808:
717:, which gathers water from several right tributaries of the Mesta, including the
277:
1770:
722:
699:
636:
632:
624:
569:
506:
443:
378:
315:
250:
1805:
1780:
1775:
836:
797:
640:
972:
788:. The reservoir is located on the territory of the village of Borino and
718:
127:
Locations of the Dospat–Vacha Hydropower Cascade power plants in Bulgaria
886:
831:
The water from the Devin TPP flows through the Vacha riverbed until the
1349:] (in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Наука и култура (Nauka i kultura).
1060:
1058:
1056:
930:
859:
867:
The water from the Tsankov Kamak HPP flows through the river bed the
620:. The cascade was constructed between 1963 and 2010 by "Hydrostroy".
1053:
980:
823:
745:(catchment area of 39 m; water discharge of 7.75 m/s) and
1433:
1428:
1423:
601:
136:
909:
Its waters are diverted via two separate routes — one to the
643:. It includes five reservoirs and seven hydro power plants —
1786:
1340:
1301:
1248:
1064:
966:
840:
617:
405:
188:
752:
Teshel HPP itself is located on the territory of the village of
749:(catchment area of 26 m; water discharge of 1.5 m/s).
793:
753:
703:
212:
1377:(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Гея Либрис (Tangra TanNakRa).
768:
676:
843:. Constructed in 2010, Tsankov Kamak has a double curvature
811:. It is an above-ground derivation powerplant, with two
1097:
State Official Site of the National Electricity Company
1375:Електроенергетиката на България (Energy in Bulgaria)
948:
835:, where the Vacha receives its left tributaries the
1675:
1353:
1803:
807:The power plant is located close to the town of
702:in 1963–1969 on the territory of the towns of
1661:
1407:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1031:
1029:
1373:Набатов (Nabatov), Никита (Nikita) (2011).
1668:
1654:
1414:
1400:
1278:
1431:with more than 100 MW installed capacity
1026:
818:
671:
20:Dam in Plovdiv Province, Smolyan Province
1817:Hydroelectric power stations in Bulgaria
885:
858:
822:
767:
675:
1372:
1325:
1313:
1289:
1272:
1260:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1047:
1035:
876:Orphey Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant
874:Within the dam wall is constructed the
1804:
1358:(in Bulgarian). София (Sofia): Ciela.
1302:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980
1249:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980
1065:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria 1980
729:, which gathers water from the rivers
1649:
1395:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
69:
881:
13:
1070:
763:
586:Dospat–Vacha Hydroelectric Cascade
14:
1828:
1347:Geographic Dictionary of Bulgaria
854:
111:
1546:Belmeken–Sestrimo–Chaira Cascade
1432:
1422:
979:
965:
951:
110:
96:
82:
68:
54:
40:
33:
1677:Dospat–Vacha Hydropower Cascade
1319:
1307:
1295:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
97:
23:Dospat–Vacha Hydropower Cascade
1720:Vacha 1 and 2 HPP (21 MW)
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1041:
917:that also uses water from the
898:and three hydro power plants.
83:
41:
1:
1343:Географски речник на България
1334:
596:) is situated in the western
55:
1020:
1000:Hydroelectricity in Bulgaria
666:
618:National Electricity Company
189:National Electricity Company
7:
944:
792:upstream of the village of
776:The main facilities of the
10:
1833:
604:, on the territory of the
1763:
1727:
1683:
1537:
1466:
1441:
911:Krichim Hydro Power Plant
593:
578:
568:
558:
553:
545:
537:
529:
519:
515:
505:
495:
490:
482:
474:
466:
456:
452:
442:
432:
427:
419:
411:
401:
391:
387:
377:
367:
362:
354:
346:
338:
328:
324:
314:
304:
299:
291:
283:
273:
263:
259:
249:
239:
234:
226:
218:
208:
198:
194:
184:
176:
168:
156:
142:
132:
28:
18:
1005:Batak Hydropower Cascade
919:Batak Hydropower Cascade
696:Teshel Hydro Power Plant
1745:Tsankov Kamak Reservoir
987:Renewable energy portal
833:Tsankov Kamak Reservoir
786:Devin Hydro Power Plant
560:Installed capacity
497:Installed capacity
434:Installed capacity
369:Installed capacity
306:Installed capacity
241:Installed capacity
177:Construction began
891:
864:
828:
819:Tsankov Kamak junction
773:
688:Dospat–Teshel junction
683:
672:Dospat–Teshel junction
570:Annual generation
507:Annual generation
444:Annual generation
379:Annual generation
316:Annual generation
251:Annual generation
1010:Geography of Bulgaria
889:
862:
826:
771:
679:
627:to 420 m at the
616:. It is owned by the
594:Каскада "Доспат–Въча"
1571:Dospat–Vacha Cascade
1467:Thermal power plants
1442:Nuclear power plants
1093:"Hydro Power Plants"
915:Upper Thracian Plain
1538:Hydro power plants
995:Energy in Bulgaria
892:
865:
829:
774:
715:Vishteritsa–Kanina
684:
1797:
1796:
1703:Tsankov Kamak HPP
1643:
1642:
1384:978-954-378-081-5
1015:Rhodope Mountains
896:Krichim Reservoir
890:Krichim Reservoir
827:Tsankov Kamak Dam
731:Chechka Bistritsa
629:Krichim Reservoir
614:Plovdiv Provinces
598:Rhodope Mountains
582:
581:
546:Opening date
524:Vacha 1 and 2 HPP
483:Opening date
420:Opening date
355:Opening date
333:Tsankov Kamak HPP
292:Opening date
227:Opening date
1824:
1812:Dams in Bulgaria
1670:
1663:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1436:
1427:Power plants in
1426:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1369:
1350:
1329:
1328:, pp. 80–81
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1276:
1275:, pp. 83–84
1270:
1264:
1263:, pp. 82–83
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1239:, pp. 81–82
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1215:, pp. 77–79
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1191:, pp. 74–75
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:, pp. 73–74
1162:
1156:
1155:, pp. 72–73
1150:
1144:
1143:, pp. 71–72
1138:
1132:
1131:, pp. 70–71
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1089:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
989:
984:
983:
975:
970:
969:
961:
956:
955:
954:
903:Parvenetska reka
882:Krichim junction
813:Francis turbines
782:Teshel Reservoir
772:Teshel Reservoir
758:Francis turbines
692:Dospat Reservoir
681:Dospat Reservoir
595:
161:Hydroelectricity
151:Smolyan Province
147:Plovdiv Province
114:
113:
100:
99:
86:
85:
72:
71:
58:
57:
44:
43:
37:
16:
15:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1764:Drainage basins
1759:
1723:
1693:(164.8 MW)
1679:
1674:
1644:
1639:
1533:
1504:Maritsa Iztok 1
1486:Maritsa Iztok 3
1474:Maritsa Iztok 2
1462:
1437:
1420:
1385:
1366:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1071:
1063:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1023:
985:
978:
971:
964:
959:Bulgaria portal
957:
952:
950:
947:
938:Interwar period
884:
869:Vacha Reservoir
857:
821:
778:Teshel junction
766:
764:Teshel junction
674:
669:
525:
522:
462:
459:
397:
394:
334:
331:
269:
266:
204:
201:
163:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
115:
107:
106:
105:
101:
93:
92:
91:
87:
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78:
77:
73:
65:
64:
63:
59:
51:
50:
49:
45:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:(86.4 MW)
1700:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1596:
1567:
1564:Momina Klisura
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
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1452:
1445:
1443:
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1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1370:
1364:
1351:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1069:
1052:
1040:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
976:
962:
946:
943:
883:
880:
856:
855:Vacha junction
853:
820:
817:
765:
762:
747:Beldonovo dere
673:
670:
668:
665:
625:Golyam Perelik
580:
579:
576:
575:
572:
566:
565:
562:
556:
555:
551:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
521:Dam in Krichim
520:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
480:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
464:
463:
460:
458:Dam in Krichim
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
425:
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
395:
393:Dam in Krichim
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
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344:
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340:
336:
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329:
326:
325:
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321:
318:
312:
311:
308:
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301:
297:
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293:
289:
288:
285:
281:
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271:
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261:
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237:
236:
232:
231:
228:
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216:
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210:
206:
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199:
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158:
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144:
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117:
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109:
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102:
95:
94:
89:
88:
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67:
66:
61:
60:
53:
52:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
25:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1829:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1781:Devinska reka
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
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1726:
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1716:
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1710:
1707:
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1701:
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1686:
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1678:
1671:
1666:
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1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1600:Batak Cascade
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:Tsankov Kamak
1582:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
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837:Devinska reka
834:
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805:
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795:
791:
787:
783:
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770:
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756:. It has two
755:
750:
748:
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743:Karadzha dere
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
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716:
711:
709:
705:
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697:
693:
690:includes the
689:
682:
678:
664:
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658:
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653:Tsankov Kamak
650:
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621:
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554:Power Station
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548:
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494:
491:Power Station
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
455:
451:
447:
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438:164.8 MW
437:
435:
431:
428:Power Station
426:
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363:Power Station
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300:Power Station
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235:Power Station
233:
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200:Dam in Teshel
197:
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145:
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138:
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76:Tsankov Kamak
36:
27:
17:
1799:
1785:
1779:
1717:(60 MW)
1711:(80 MW)
1699:(88 MW)
1684:Power plants
1676:
1625:
1598:
1570:
1569:
1544:
1454:
1374:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1326:Nabatov 2011
1321:
1316:, p. 88
1314:Nabatov 2011
1309:
1297:
1292:, p. 87
1290:Nabatov 2011
1273:Nabatov 2011
1268:
1261:Nabatov 2011
1256:
1251:, p. 17
1244:
1237:Nabatov 2011
1232:
1227:, p. 79
1225:Nabatov 2011
1220:
1213:Nabatov 2011
1208:
1203:, p. 76
1201:Nabatov 2011
1196:
1189:Nabatov 2011
1184:
1179:, p. 74
1177:Nabatov 2011
1172:
1165:Nabatov 2011
1160:
1153:Nabatov 2011
1148:
1141:Nabatov 2011
1136:
1129:Nabatov 2011
1124:
1119:, p. 70
1117:Nabatov 2011
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1050:, p. 68
1048:Nabatov 2011
1043:
1038:, p. 69
1036:Nabatov 2011
973:Water portal
935:
927:
923:
908:
900:
893:
873:
866:
849:
830:
806:
802:
777:
775:
751:
746:
742:
739:
734:
726:
714:
712:
687:
685:
622:
600:of southern
585:
583:
511:256 GWh
448:154 GWh
383:187 GWh
373:86.4 MW
330:Dam in Devin
320:145 GWh
265:Dam in Devin
255:100 GWh
1709:Krichim HPP
1634:Ivailovgrad
1558:- 375 MW,
1528:Sofia Iztok
719:Vishteritsa
574:29 GWh
541:Operational
478:Operational
461:Krichim HPP
415:Operational
350:Operational
287:Operational
222:Operational
172:Operational
1806:Categories
1728:Reservoirs
1715:Teshel HPP
1691:Orphey HPP
1627:Gorna Arda
1608:- 136 MW,
1579:- 165 MW,
1562:- 240 MW,
1554:- 840 MW,
1548:- 1,575 MW
1498:Ruse Iztok
1482:- 1,260 MW
1476:- 1,470 MW
1459:- 2,000 MW
1451:- 3,760 MW
1335:References
1102:5 December
931:Zhrebichko
610:Pazardzhik
564:21 MW
501:80 MW
396:Orphey HPP
310:88 MW
245:60 MW
203:Teshel HPP
164:Irrigation
1697:Devin HPP
1620:Kardzhali
1612:- 71 MW,
1591:- 80 MW,
1587:- 86 MW,
1583:- 88 MW,
1566:- 120 MW)
1516:Republika
1510:Maritsa 3
1492:Bobov Dol
1021:Citations
863:Vacha Dam
727:Bistritsa
667:Structure
590:Bulgarian
268:Devin HPP
118:Vacha 1/2
1636:- 110 MW
1630:- 160 MW
1622:- 170 MW
1616:- 47 MW)
1606:Peshtera
1602:- 254 MW
1595:- 60 MW)
1573:- 500 MW
1560:Sestrimo
1556:Belmeken
1530:- 100 MW
1524:- 130 MW
1518:- 180 MW
1512:- 240 MW
1506:- 500 MW
1500:- 600 MW
1494:- 630 MW
1488:- 900 MW
1449:Kozloduy
1429:Bulgaria
945:See also
845:arch dam
839:and the
790:Yagodina
780:are the
721:and the
708:Sarnitsa
639:and the
602:Bulgaria
530:Location
467:Location
402:Location
339:Location
274:Location
209:Location
185:Owner(s)
143:Location
137:Bulgaria
1787:Gashnya
1755:Krichim
1589:Krichim
841:Gashnya
661:Krichim
606:Smolyan
533:Krichim
470:Krichim
406:Krichim
157:Purpose
133:Country
104:Krichim
1771:Dospat
1740:Teshel
1735:Dospat
1593:Teshel
1577:Orphey
1552:Chaira
1456:Belene
1381:
1362:
794:Teshel
784:, the
754:Borino
723:Kanina
704:Dospat
700:Dospat
694:, the
657:Orphey
645:Teshel
637:Dospat
635:, the
538:Status
475:Status
412:Status
347:Status
284:Status
219:Status
213:Teshel
169:Status
90:Orphey
48:Teshel
1776:Vacha
1750:Vacha
1614:Batak
1610:Aleko
1581:Devin
1522:Sofia
1480:Varna
1345:[
809:Devin
798:Vacha
735:Osina
649:Devin
641:Vacha
633:Mesta
342:Devin
278:Devin
62:Devin
1379:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1104:2023
706:and
686:The
612:and
584:The
549:1933
486:1973
423:1975
358:2010
295:1984
230:1972
180:1963
1808::
1784:,
1280:^
1095:.
1072:^
1055:^
1028:^
659:,
655:,
651:,
647:,
608:,
592::
149:,
1790:)
1778:(
1669:e
1662:t
1655:v
1604:(
1575:(
1550:(
1415:e
1408:t
1401:v
1387:.
1368:.
1106:.
588:(
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