338:, where he gained considerable skill and an abiding interest in practical calculation and numerical methods for differential equations, executing most of his own work with pencil and paper. According to Hill, writing in Hartree's obituary, āQuietly one day he improvised a long-base height-finder out of some wires, posts, and a steel tapeā. This became known as the Hartree height-finder and was used extensively by British Anti-Aircraft troops until better optical height-finders were introduced. Its advantage was said to be that the height can be calculated from the observed quantities āvery rapidly by the use of nothing but simple arithmeticā. It was also cheap to manufacture and easy to use.
418:
519:. The work was done for the Committee for the Co-ordination of the Valve Development assisting the development of radar. A differential analyser could have been used if more integrators had been available, so Hartree set up his group as three "CPUs" to work on mechanical desk calculators in parallel. For a method of solution, he selected what is now a classical particle simulation. Hartree never published any of his magnetron research findings in journals though he wrote numerous highly technical secret reports during the war.
2223:
511:
support of the national war effort. In time, the group consisted of four members (Jack
Howlett, Nicholas R. Eyres, J. G. L. Michel, Douglas Hartree, and Phyllis Lockett Nicolson). Problems were submitted to the group without information about the source but included the automatic tracking of targets, radio propagation, underwater explosions, heat flow in steel, and the diffusion equation later found to be for isotope separation. The second group was the magnetron research group of
2195:
629:
had done on it. Even in 1946, two years before stored programming electronic computing became a reality, Hartree saw the need for the use of sub-routines. His inaugural lecture ended with a look at what computers might do. He said: "..there are, I understand many problems of economic, medical and sociological interest and importance awaiting study which at present cannot be undertaken because of the formidable load of computing involved."
638:, having interviewed Hartree, quoted him as saying: "The implications of the machine are so vast that we cannot conceive how they will affect our civilisation. Here you have something which is making one field of human activity 1,000 times faster. In the field of transportation, the equivalent to ACE would be the ability to travel from London to Cambridge ... in five seconds as a regular thing. It is almost unimaginable."
307:. Douglas Hartree was the oldest of three sons that survived infancy. A brother and sister died in infancy when he was still a child, but his two brothers would later also die. Hartree's 7-year-old brother John Edwin died when Hartree was 17, and Hartree's 22-year-old brother Colin William died from meningitis in February 1920 when Hartree was 23. His maternal cousin was the geologist
2235:
526:(NPL). In October this recommendation was put into effect with its first two objectives being the investigation of the possible adaptation of automatic telephone equipment to scientific equipment and the development of electronic computing devices suitable for rapid computing. One suspects that some members already knew of the
628:
Hartree returned to
Cambridge to take up the post of Plummer professor of mathematical physics in 1946. In October he gave an inaugural lecture entitled "Calculating Machines: Recent and Prospective Developments and their impact on Mathematical Physics". This described ENIAC and the work that Hartree
694:
Outside of his professional life, Douglas
Hartree was passionate about music, having an extensive knowledge of orchestral and chamber music. He played piano and was conductor of an amateur orchestra. This passion for music was perhaps what brought him together with his wife, Elaine Charlton, who was
662:
Hartree's last famous contribution to computing was an estimate in 1950 of the potential demand for computers, which was much lower than turned out to be the case: "We have a computer here in
Cambridge, one in Manchester and one at the . I suppose there ought to be one in Scotland, but that's about
510:
as a "job shop" for the solution of differential equations. At the outbreak of World War II, the differential analyser at the
University of Manchester was the only full-size (eight integrator) differential analyser in the country. Arrangements were made to have the machine available for work in
654:
in
Princeton who wrote to Hartree telling him of their search. As soon as he received this letter, Hartree wrote and invited representatives of Lyons to come to Cambridge for a meeting with him and Wilkes. This led to the development of a commercial version of EDSAC developed by Lyons, called
645:
in London heard of the ENIAC and sent a small team in the summer of that year to study what was happening in the US, because they felt that these new computers might be of assistance in the huge amount of administrative and accounting work which the firm had to do. The team met with Col.
605:
as an evaluation of its applicability to a broad range of science, when he became the first civilian to program it. For this he selected a problem involving the flow of a compressible fluid over a surface, such as air over the surface of a wing travelling faster than the speed of sound.
625:, which was to become operational in May 1949. Hartree worked closely with Wilkes in developing use of the machine for a wide range of problems and, most importantly, showed users from a number of areas in the university how they could use it in their research work.
468:. He spent the rest of the decade applying the differential analyser to find solutions of differential equations arising in physics, including control theory and laminar boundary layer theory in fluid dynamics, making significant contributions to each of the fields.
659:, the first computer used for commercial business applications. After Hartree's death, the headquarters of LEO Computers was renamed Hartree House. This illustrates the extent to which Lyons felt that Hartree had contributed to their new venture.
1595:
401:. These are considerably more demanding computationally even with the efficient methods Hartree proposed for the calculation of exchange contributions. Today, the Hartree-Fock equations are of great importance to the field of
621:(the builders of ENIAC) to attend a course on electronic computers. Before leaving for this, Hartree was able to brief him more fully on ENIAC. It was on the boat home that Wilkes planned the original design of
1378:
1048:
1602:
457:. Seeing the potential for further exploiting his numerical methods using the machine, he persuaded Sir Robert McDougall to fund a more robust machine, which was built in collaboration with
1371:
679:
40:
1570:
1364:
1387:
1566:
2300:
385:
for the distribution of electrons in an atom and proposed the self-consistent field method for their solution. The wavefunctions from this theory did not satisfy the
2325:
1588:
342:
1226:
817:
2121:
2275:
2310:
983:
Van der Kloot(2011). "Mirrors and smoke: A. V. Hill, his brigands, and the science of anti-aircraft gunnery in world war I. ." Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond.
683:
479:. In 1935, his father, William Hartree, offered to do calculations for him. Results with exchange soon followed. Douglas recognised the importance of
2173:
434:
1088:
695:
an accomplished pianist. Their marriage resulted in two sons, Oliver and John
Richard, and one daughter, Margaret. He died of heart failure in
483:
that he referred to as "superposition of configurations". The first multiconfiguration
HartreeāFock results were published by father, son, and
2198:
1611:
1338:
622:
523:
494:
in 1935. With
Hartree's advice, the first relativistic calculations (without exchange) were reported in 1940 by A. O. Williams, a student of
2285:
783:
Calculating
Machines: Recent and prospective developments and their impact on Mathematical Physics and Calculating Instruments and Machines
538:
bĆŖte noire) was the first Director. In February 1945 he went on a two-month tour of computing installations in the US, including visiting
1046:
Hartree, D. R.; Ingham J. (1938ā1939). "Note on the application of the differential analyser to the calculation of train running times".
422:
105:
506:
During the Second World War Hartree supervised two computing groups. The first group, for the Ministry of Supply, has been described by
475:
publication pre-empted Hartree's work on equations with exchange, Hartree turned his research to radio-wave propagation that led to the
2315:
296:
2305:
1220:
882:
618:
2255:
1243:
1182:
442:
465:
1957:
617:
on the comparative developments in computing in the USA which he had seen. Wilkes, then received an invitation from the
578:, Director of the NPL, to advise them. Hartree recommended the grant but Darwin opposed it on the grounds that Turing's
1303:
464:
The first application of the machine, reflecting Hartree's enthusiasm for railways, was calculating timetables for the
430:
1409:
921:
378:
175:
2295:
1820:
641:
Hartree's fourth and final major contribution to British computing started in early 1947 when the catering firm of
2320:
323:
92:
2270:
522:
In April 1944 a committee which included Hartree recommended that a mathematical section be set up within the
1468:
1454:
860:
476:
110:
1020:
1783:
1067:
742:
651:
785:. The Charles Babbage Institute reprint series for the History of Computing. Vol. 6. Cambridge, USA:
2290:
2280:
1778:
247:
144:
29:
1356:
1285:
490:
At Hartree's suggestion, Bertha Swirles proceeded to derive equations with exchange for atoms using the
2213:
748:
579:
938:
1854:
1675:
1666:
1198:
696:
663:
all." Such underestimates of the number of computers that would be required were common at the time.
582:
at NPL would be sufficient to serve the needs of the country. But Hartree's view won the day and the
480:
406:
386:
1307:
909:
887:
671:
571:
213:
997:
877:
760:
614:
417:
402:
398:
288:
260:
183:
131:
1580:
366:
2137:
1868:
1809:
1435:
1092:
674:, became known for the development and implementation of the multi-configuration HartreeāFock (
370:
409:
programs used for electronic structure calculations of molecules and condensed phase systems.
2227:
1889:
1767:
1755:
1737:
1714:
1553:
812:
575:
550:
report. About two months later Hartree also went over to see ENIAC, not then publicly known.
471:
The differential analyser was not suitable for the solution of equations with exchange. When
446:
335:
268:
115:
2265:
2260:
2142:
2045:
1884:
1849:
1773:
1761:
1743:
1731:
1708:
950:
583:
495:
458:
315:
308:
304:
8:
1988:
1921:
1445:
1296:
873:
634:
601:
for calculating ballistics tables. In the summer of 1946 Hartree made his second trip to
954:
299:
and first woman to be mayor of the city of Cambridge. One of his great-grandfathers was
2017:
1965:
1899:
1859:
1720:
1549:
1543:
1464:
1439:
834:
374:
256:
179:
161:
962:
341:
After the end of World War I, Hartree returned to Cambridge graduating in 1922 with a
2040:
1929:
1876:
1699:
1419:
1395:
1239:
1178:
1130:
966:
917:
642:
563:
531:
527:
362:
330:
interrupted. He (and his father and brother) joined a group working on anti-aircraft
838:
2239:
1952:
1793:
1691:
1478:
1474:
1460:
1429:
1317:
1231:
958:
826:
647:
594:
543:
512:
382:
223:
190:
126:
1260:
2152:
1947:
1905:
1804:
1788:
1657:
1640:
1539:
1523:
1493:
1425:
1415:
773:
195:
1913:
1814:
1798:
1749:
1725:
1235:
723:
716:
656:
610:
590:
491:
484:
390:
319:
264:
165:
1221:"Hartree, Douglas Rayner (1897ā1958), mathematician and theoretical physicist"
1152:
2249:
2088:
2028:
1894:
1484:
970:
709:
567:
516:
472:
438:
394:
300:
228:
208:
1049:
Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
856:
2011:
1979:
1942:
1686:
1529:
1519:
1499:
1450:
1405:
1348:
830:
507:
1068:"Excerpt from letter to Jim Hailstone from Jack Howlett, 11 November 1995"
570:
for funds to start the task of building a general-purpose computer at the
2147:
1841:
1825:
1681:
1513:
1504:
1386:
535:
327:
292:
251:(27 March 1897 ā 12 February 1958) was an English mathematician and
2157:
1509:
1489:
559:
450:
358:
354:
331:
218:
786:
361:
of the atom, for which he obtained his PhD in 1926 ā his advisor was
287:, England. His father, William, was a lecturer in engineering at the
284:
252:
64:
682:
and for her theoretical prediction concerning the existence of the
39:
1703:
1610:
454:
272:
120:
357:
to Cambridge inspired Hartree to apply his numerical skills to
303:; another was the marine engineer William Hartree, partner of
602:
598:
547:
539:
369:
in the same year, Hartree was able to apply his knowledge of
405:, and are applied and solved numerically within most of the
675:
542:(still not complete). He became acquainted with drafts of
1279:
Douglas Rayner Hartree: His life in science and computing
914:
Douglas Rayner Hartree: His Life in Science and Computing
667:
609:
At the end of 1945 or very early in 1946 Hartree briefed
574:. The Royal Society referred the request to Hartree and
421:
Differential analyser designed by Douglas Hartree, at
2211:
1388:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
1045:
397:
published the "equations with exchange" now known as
818:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1567:
List of scientists whose names are used as SI units
322:, returning to Cambridge for his degree studies at
2301:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
1230:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
1219:
393:showed that determinantal functions are required.
871:
2247:
899:Richard Hartree, John Penn and Sons of Greenwich
348:
998:"Density functional theory/HartreeāFock method"
916:. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 14ā15.
1613:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1276:
908:
453:, he set about building his own analyser from
2326:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
1596:
1372:
1339:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
593:and was involved in the early application of
1177:. Manchester University Press. p. 104.
815:(1958). "Douglas Rayner Hartree 1897-1958".
278:
2276:History of computing in the United Kingdom
1603:
1589:
1379:
1365:
943:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
852:
850:
848:
297:National Council of Women of Great Britain
38:
1172:
1114:Buneman, Oscar (1990). Nash S. G. (ed.).
597:, advising the US military on the use of
416:
1325:Professional and academic associations
1227:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1113:
883:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
865:
845:
780:
767:
754:
736:
2311:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
2248:
936:
811:
619:Moore School of Electrical Engineering
553:
429:In 1929, Hartree was appointed to the
1953:Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster
1584:
1360:
807:
805:
803:
702:
443:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2041:Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell
1286:The Manchester differential analyser
770:The calculation of Atomic Structures
739:Calculating Instruments and Machines
584:Manchester developments in computing
466:London, Midland and Scottish Railway
2286:20th-century English mathematicians
1128:
1018:
501:
412:
255:most famous for the development of
16:British mathematician and physicist
13:
1304:Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics
1277:Froese Fischer, Charlotte (2003).
1270:
1153:"Pioneer Profile: Douglas Hartree"
1118:. New York: ACM Press. p. 57.
937:Varker, W. John (1 January 2005).
800:
699:, Cambridge, on 12 February 1958.
566:) submitted an application to the
431:Beyer Chair of Applied Mathematics
14:
2337:
2316:People educated at Bedales School
1410:Newtonian constant of gravitation
1116:A History of Scientific Computing
1027:. Georgia Institute of Technology
939:"Dorothy Helen Rayner, 1912ā2003"
445:and learned first hand about his
2306:John Humphrey Plummer Professors
2233:
2221:
2194:
2193:
1914:Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg
1150:
689:
2181:Who's Who of Greater Manchester
1890:Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers
1212:
1191:
1166:
1144:
1122:
1107:
1081:
1060:
1039:
487:(later Lady Jeffreys) in 1939.
449:. Immediately on his return to
1970:Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables
1885:Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith
1850:Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins
1281:. Singapore: World Scientific.
1012:
990:
977:
930:
902:
893:
562:(who had been involved in the
423:Museum of Science and Industry
1:
1906:Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie
963:10.1016/S0016-7878(05)80019-7
861:Mathematics Genealogy Project
794:
680:atomic structure calculations
349:Atomic structure calculations
2256:Fellows of the Royal Society
2008:Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty
1966:Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson
1938:Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree
1930:Prof. Reginald William James
1869:Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss
1784:Robert Dukinfield Darbishire
1261:UK public library membership
743:University of Illinois Press
652:Institute for Advanced Study
589:Hartree did further work in
524:National Physical Laboratory
345:degree in natural sciences.
324:St John's College, Cambridge
283:Douglas Hartree was born in
93:St John's College, Cambridge
7:
1779:William Crawford Williamson
1131:"Faster, Faster: The ENIAC"
1021:"Density Functional Theory"
259:and its application to the
145:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
2342:
2089:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
2085:Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman
2029:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
2012:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
1980:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
1958:Dr Eric John Francis James
1025:Notes on Quantum Chemistry
749:Cambridge University Press
365:. With the publication of
267:and the construction of a
2189:
2166:
2130:
2111:
2060:
2050:Prof. Alexander Donnachie
1943:Prof. Herbert John Fleure
1922:Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones
1877:Prof. Sydney John Hickson
1834:
1805:Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster
1650:
1627:
1620:
1563:
1469:StefanāBoltzmann constant
1455:StefanāBoltzmann constant
1394:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1301:
1293:
1173:Lavington, Simon (1980).
910:Froese Fischer, Charlotte
481:configuration interaction
477:AppletonāHartree equation
407:density functional theory
387:Pauli exclusion principle
237:
201:
189:
171:
157:
150:
140:
111:AppletonāHartree equation
98:
88:
72:
46:
37:
23:
1918:Charles Edmond Stromeyer
1900:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
1860:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
1855:Sir William Henry Bailey
1774:Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe
1308:University of Manchester
888:University of St Andrews
730:
672:Charlotte Froese Fischer
572:University of Manchester
513:Phyllis Lockett Nicolson
435:University of Manchester
279:Early life and education
176:University of Manchester
2296:Mathematical physicists
2175:Memoirs and Proceedings
2046:Dr Edward Fletcher Cass
2005:Dr Edward Noah Abrahart
1815:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1799:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1750:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1726:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
1175:Early British Computers
781:Hartree, D. R. (1984).
768:Hartree, D. R. (1957).
761:Oxford University Press
755:Hartree, D. R. (1952).
737:Hartree, D. R. (1949).
615:University of Cambridge
403:computational chemistry
295:, was president of the
289:University of Cambridge
184:University of Cambridge
2321:Computational chemists
2025:Dr Lionel J. R. Postle
1999:Dr George N. Burkhardt
1436:Johann Josef Loschmidt
1236:10.1093/ref:odnb/33743
831:10.1098/rsbm.1958.0010
717:Hartree unit of energy
697:Addenbrooke's Hospital
670:student at Cambridge,
437:. In 1933, he visited
426:
399:HartreeāFock equations
371:differential equations
367:Schrƶdinger's equation
261:HartreeāFock equations
244:Douglas Rayner Hartree
83:Cambridge, England, UK
51:Douglas Rayner Hartree
2271:People from Cambridge
2034:Dr Brian S. H. Rarity
2002:Dr George James Kynch
1948:Prof. Michael Polanyi
1842:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
1826:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
1768:Edward William Binney
1756:Edward William Binney
1738:Edward William Binney
1721:Dr Robert Angus Smith
1715:Edward William Binney
1700:Sir William Fairbairn
1554:von Klitzing constant
447:differential analyser
420:
269:differential analyser
116:Differential analyser
1993:Horace Hayhurst (II)
1934:Robert Henry Clayton
1895:Thomas Alfred Coward
1762:James Prescott Joule
1744:James Prescott Joule
1732:James Prescott Joule
1709:James Prescott Joule
1332:Robert Henry Clayton
1095:on 24 September 2006
874:Robertson, Edmund F.
515:, David Copely, and
459:Metropolitan-Vickers
353:In 1921, a visit by
309:Dorothy Helen Rayner
2118:Honorary Membership
1989:Margaret Pilkington
1962:Horace Hayhurst (I)
1821:James Cosmo Melvill
1446:Johann Jakob Balmer
1349:Herbert John Fleure
1297:Edward Arthur Milne
1019:Sherill, C. David.
955:2005PrGA..116...69V
872:O'Connor, John J.;
726:is named after him.
719:is named after him.
635:The Daily Telegraph
632:On 7 November 1946
554:Later life and work
318:in Cambridge, then
132:HartreeāFock method
2291:Numerical analysts
2281:English physicists
2097:Dr Susan R. Hilton
2094:Dr Diana M. Leitch
2082:David J. Higginson
2079:Mary, Lady Mallick
2076:Vivienne Blackburn
2070:Angus G. D. Yeaman
2018:Harry M. Fairhurst
1910:Herbert Levinstein
1658:Dr Thomas Percival
1641:Dr Thomas Percival
1550:Klaus von Klitzing
1544:Josephson constant
1465:Boltzmann constant
1440:Loschmidt constant
757:Numerical Analysis
703:Honours and awards
643:J. Lyons & Co.
558:In February 1946,
427:
375:numerical analysis
257:numerical analysis
180:Ministry of Supply
162:numerical analysis
2209:
2208:
2107:
2106:
2067:Iain E. Gillespie
2037:Philip G. Livesey
1873:Francis Nicholson
1578:
1577:
1420:Avogadro constant
1355:
1354:
1346:Succeeded by
1337:President of the
1315:Succeeded by
1259:(Subscription or
1245:978-0-19-861412-8
1184:978-0-7190-0810-8
1129:Ceruzzi, Paul E.
878:"Douglas Hartree"
595:digital computers
564:Colossus computer
546:famous June 1945
532:John R. Womersley
528:Colossus computer
383:Hartree equations
381:. He derived the
363:Ernest Rutherford
316:St Faith's School
314:Hartree attended
241:
240:
214:Charlotte Fischer
202:Doctoral students
152:Scientific career
2333:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2073:Keith D. Buckley
1794:Osborne Reynolds
1692:Eaton Hodgkinson
1634:Peter Mainwaring
1625:
1624:
1614:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1479:Rydberg constant
1475:Johannes Rydberg
1461:Ludwig Boltzmann
1430:Faraday constant
1381:
1374:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1330:Preceded by
1318:Sydney Goldstein
1294:Preceded by
1291:
1290:
1282:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1199:"Hartree Center"
1195:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1091:. Archived from
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
994:
988:
981:
975:
974:
934:
928:
927:
906:
900:
897:
891:
890:
869:
863:
854:
843:
842:
809:
790:
777:
774:Wiley & Sons
764:
746:
684:negative calcium
648:Herman Goldstine
502:Second World War
413:Manchester years
291:and his mother,
250:
224:Phyllis Nicolson
191:Doctoral advisor
127:Hartree equation
123:(unit of energy)
79:
76:12 February 1958
60:
58:
42:
32:
21:
20:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2185:
2162:
2126:
2103:
2056:
2022:David G. Wilson
1881:William Thomson
1830:
1789:Balfour Stewart
1687:Dr Edward Holme
1646:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1579:
1574:
1559:
1540:Brian Josephson
1535:Douglas Hartree
1524:Hubble constant
1494:Planck constant
1426:Michael Faraday
1416:Amedeo Avogadro
1397:
1390:
1385:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1320:
1311:
1299:
1273:
1271:Further reading
1268:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:Rope, Crispin.
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
996:
995:
991:
982:
978:
935:
931:
924:
907:
903:
898:
894:
870:
866:
857:Douglas Hartree
855:
846:
810:
801:
797:
733:
705:
692:
666:Hartree's last
591:control systems
556:
504:
415:
351:
328:first World War
281:
246:
233:
196:Ralph H. Fowler
182:
178:
164:
136:
89:Alma mater
84:
81:
77:
68:
62:
56:
54:
53:
52:
33:
28:
26:
25:Douglas Hartree
17:
12:
11:
5:
2339:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2228:United Kingdom
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:Charles Bailey
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1458:
1448:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1244:
1211:
1190:
1183:
1165:
1143:
1121:
1106:
1089:"Jack Howlett"
1080:
1059:
1038:
1011:
989:
976:
929:
922:
901:
892:
864:
844:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
778:
765:
752:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:Hartree Centre
720:
713:
708:Fellow of the
704:
701:
691:
688:
678:) approach to
611:Maurice Wilkes
586:were started.
555:
552:
503:
500:
492:Dirac equation
485:Bertha Swirles
425:in Manchester.
414:
411:
379:quantum theory
350:
347:
320:Bedales School
280:
277:
265:atomic physics
239:
238:
235:
234:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
205:
203:
199:
198:
193:
187:
186:
173:
169:
168:
166:atomic physics
159:
155:
154:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
124:
118:
113:
108:
102:
100:
99:Known for
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
82:
80:(aged 60)
74:
70:
69:
63:
50:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:Dianne Wilson
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1996:Brian Rodgers
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:Leonard Cohen
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:Francis Jones
1864:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1663:George Walker
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:J. J. Thomson
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1154:
1147:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1015:
999:
993:
986:
980:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
925:
923:9789812795014
919:
915:
911:
905:
896:
889:
885:
884:
879:
875:
868:
862:
858:
853:
851:
849:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
813:Darwin, C. G.
808:
806:
804:
799:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
766:
762:
758:
753:
750:
747:(also (1950)
744:
740:
735:
734:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
710:Royal Society
707:
706:
700:
698:
690:Personal life
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
658:
653:
649:
644:
639:
637:
636:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:Royal Society
565:
561:
551:
549:
545:
544:von Neumann's
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
517:Oscar Buneman
514:
509:
499:
497:
496:R. B. Lindsay
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:Vannevar Bush
436:
432:
424:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Bohr's theory
356:
346:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
301:Samuel Smiles
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
236:
230:
229:Cicely Ridley
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Oscar Buneman
207:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
133:
130:
128:
125:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
75:
71:
67:, England, UK
66:
61:27 March 1897
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
22:
19:
2180:
2174:
2167:Publications
2122:Dalton Medal
2061:21st Century
1973:Dr F. C. Toy
1937:
1835:20th Century
1676:Thomas Henry
1672:Dr John Hull
1667:Thomas Henry
1651:19th Century
1637:James Massey
1628:18th Century
1571:non SI units
1565:
1534:
1530:Hugo Tetrode
1520:Edwin Hubble
1500:Wilhelm Wien
1451:Josef Stefan
1406:Isaac Newton
1336:
1302:
1278:
1249:. Retrieved
1225:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1193:
1174:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1093:the original
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1024:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
992:
984:
979:
949:(1): 69ā70.
946:
942:
932:
913:
904:
895:
881:
867:
822:
816:
782:
772:. New York:
769:
756:
738:
693:
665:
661:
640:
633:
631:
627:
608:
588:
557:
521:
508:Jack Howlett
505:
489:
470:
463:
428:
352:
343:Second Class
340:
326:, which the
313:
282:
243:
242:
172:Institutions
151:
78:(1958-02-12)
18:
2266:1958 deaths
2261:1897 births
2100:Ian Cameron
1976:C. E. Young
1810:Henry Wilde
1682:John Dalton
1514:Bohr radius
1505:Otto Sackur
1204:18 November
1000:. Wikibooks
825:: 102ā116.
576:C.G. Darwin
377:to the new
2250:Categories
2158:Manchester
1926:John Allan
1696:John Moore
1621:Presidents
1510:Niels Bohr
1490:Max Planck
1312:1929ā1937
1263:required.)
987:: 393ā410.
795:References
741:. Urbana:
560:Max Newman
451:Manchester
389:for which
355:Niels Bohr
336:A. V. Hill
332:ballistics
293:Eva Rayner
219:Aaron Klug
57:1897-03-27
2240:Biography
1398:constants
1396:Physical
1136:1 January
1099:1 January
1073:1 January
971:0016-7878
787:MIT Press
305:John Penn
285:Cambridge
253:physicist
65:Cambridge
2200:Category
2153:Percival
2131:Lectures
1343:1939ā40
1251:6 August
1031:22 April
1004:22 April
912:(2003).
839:58228579
536:Turing's
2214:Portals
1056:: 1ā15.
951:Bibcode
859:at the
650:at the
613:of the
455:Meccano
441:at the
433:at the
395:V. Fock
273:Meccano
121:Hartree
2148:Dalton
2112:Awards
1257:
1242:
1181:
1158:7 July
969:
920:
837:
712:(1932)
473:Fock's
391:Slater
334:under
271:using
158:Fields
141:Awards
2143:Joule
2138:Wilde
1801:(III)
1758:(III)
1746:(III)
835:S2CID
731:Books
686:ion.
623:EDSAC
603:ENIAC
599:ENIAC
548:EDVAC
540:ENIAC
2091:(II)
2014:(II)
1902:(II)
1817:(IV)
1770:(IV)
1764:(IV)
1752:(II)
1740:(II)
1734:(II)
1678:(II)
1660:(II)
1569:and
1253:2022
1240:ISBN
1206:2021
1179:ISBN
1160:2012
1138:2010
1101:2010
1075:2010
1033:2020
1006:2020
967:ISSN
918:ISBN
722:The
715:The
676:MCHF
373:and
106:MCHF
73:Died
47:Born
2031:(I)
1982:(I)
1862:(I)
1728:(I)
1717:(I)
1711:(I)
1669:(I)
1643:(I)
1306:at
1232:doi
959:doi
947:116
827:doi
668:PhD
657:LEO
580:ACE
263:of
248:FRS
30:FRS
2252::
1704:Bt
1702:,
1467:,
1238:.
1224:.
1054:83
1052:.
1023:.
985:65
965:.
957:.
945:.
941:.
886:,
880:,
876:,
847:^
833:.
821:.
802:^
759:.
530:.
498:.
461:.
311:.
275:.
2216::
1604:e
1597:t
1590:v
1556:)
1552:(
1546:)
1542:(
1526:)
1522:(
1516:)
1512:(
1496:)
1492:(
1481:)
1477:(
1471:)
1463:(
1457:)
1453:(
1442:)
1438:(
1432:)
1428:(
1422:)
1418:(
1412:)
1408:(
1380:e
1373:t
1366:v
1255:.
1234::
1208:.
1187:.
1162:.
1140:.
1103:.
1077:.
1035:.
1008:.
973:.
961::
953::
926:.
841:.
829::
823:4
789:.
776:.
763:.
751:)
745:.
534:(
59:)
55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
