657:, MA). Specifically, doxacurium was first synthesized in 1980. Early structure-activity studies had confirmed that the bulky nature of the "benzylisoquinolinium" entity provided a non-depolarizing mechanism of action. Partial saturation of the benzylisoquinoline ring to the tetrahydroisoquinoline ring provided an even further increase in potency of the molecules without detrimental effects to other pharmacological properties: this key finding led to the rapid adoption of the tetrahydroisoquinolinium structures as a standard building block (along with a 1-benzyl attachment), and it is the primary reason why the continued unwarranted reference to "benzylisoquinolinium" is a complete misnomer for all clinically introduced and currently used neuromuscular blocking agents in this class because they are all, in fact, tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. By definition, therefore, there has never been, in the history of clinical anesthetic practice, the use of a
339:
40:
685:. In the 1950s and 1960s, the present-day concept of a neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid onset and an ultra-short duration of action had not taken root: researchers and clinicians were still on the quest for potent but non-depolarizing replacements devoid of the histamine release and the dreaded "recurarizing" effects seen with tubocurarine and, more importantly, the absence of a depolarizing mechanism of action as seen with
422:
464:
InChI=1S/C56H78N2O16.2ClH/c1-57(23-19-37-33-45(65-7)53(69-11)55(71-13)49(37)39(57)27-35-29-41(61-3)51(67-9)42(30-35)62-4)21-15-25-73-47(59)17-18-48(60)74-26-16-22-58(2)24-20-38-34-46(66-8)54(70-12)56(72-14)50(38)40(58)28-36-31-43(63-5)52(68-10)44(32-36)64-6;;/h29-34,39-40H,15-28H2,1-14H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2/t39-,40+,57-,58+;;
664:
The heritages of doxacurium and mivacurium hark back to the synthesis of numerous compounds following structure-activity relationships that drove researchers to find the ideal replacement for succinylcholine (suxamethonium). Both doxacurium and mivacurium are descendants of early vigorous attempts to
555:
of the nicotinic type. The drug is marketed worldwide under the tradename of
Nuromax, and it is classified as a long-duration non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent in a class of compounds commonly and most erroneously referred to as "benzylisoquinolines" when, in fact, it is a
616:
Doxacurium is available worldwide although, for a number of years, its use has not been popular because of considerably long duration of action. Its decline from clinical use was even further hastened when the sister molecule,
1398:
637:
in a long lineage of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists synthesized by Mary M. Jackson and James C. Wisowaty, PhD (both chemists within the
Chemical Development Laboratories at
2041:
2477:
1391:
1601:
2472:
64:
1384:
1746:
480:
1726:
1903:
1681:
625:
is its superior cardiovascular profile, with particular reference to the lack of histamine release when administered as a rapid bolus dose.
2341:
1651:
436:
2036:
1476:
1471:
702:
Martinez E, Wooldridge A, Hartsfield S, Mealey K (1998). "Neuromuscular effects of doxacurium chloride in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs".
1606:
751:
665:
synthesize potent non-depolarizing agents with pharmacophoric elements derived from cross-combinations of the non-depolarizing agent,
1883:
1826:
1791:
1766:
1671:
1496:
1491:
1908:
2181:
621:, was introduced into the clinic very shortly after doxacurium's debut. The only perceived advantage of doxacurium over that of
2498:
560:
benzyltetrahydroisoquinolinium agent. The pharmaceutical preparation comprises the three trans-trans isomers (a meso structure
487:
834:
444:..O=C(OCCC2(C)(c1c(OC)c(OC)c(OC)cc1CC2)Cc3cc(OC)c(OC)c(OC)c3)CCC(=O)OCCC5((c4c(cc(OC)c(OC)c4OC)CC5)Cc6cc(OC)c(OC)c(OC)c6)C
794:
528:. Unlike a number of other related skeletal muscle relaxants, it is rarely used adjunctively to facilitate endotracheal
1418:
677:). Ironically, laudexium itself was invented by a cross-combination between the prototypical non-depolarizing agent,
456:
1407:
956:
2533:
819:
645:) in collaboration with John J. Savarese MD (who at the time was an anesthesiologist in the Dept. of Anesthesia,
136:
94:
2508:
1841:
1437:
744:
650:
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784:
774:
634:
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238:
307:
1531:
318:
2518:
1855:
1581:
1451:
642:
17:
2528:
2503:
1263:
737:
2441:
334:
1571:
552:
52:
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1860:
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931:
926:
881:
646:
638:
525:
1376:
1013:
287:
2426:
2375:
2336:
1357:
1188:
941:
824:
227:
2421:
2286:
2266:
2106:
2051:
1966:
1756:
1218:
921:
911:
866:
856:
845:
779:
247:
162:
8:
2436:
2321:
2306:
2241:
1836:
916:
876:
861:
814:
618:
548:
338:
153:
2523:
2356:
2296:
2206:
2131:
2026:
2011:
2001:
1410:
1129:
896:
891:
886:
715:
2446:
2166:
2046:
1926:
719:
1945:
1941:
1869:
187:
31:
2316:
2126:
2021:
1893:
1456:
1432:
1328:
711:
355:
110:
77:
729:
1971:
1197:
1183:
1147:
999:
761:
686:
670:
517:
505:
118:
1873:
1865:
2151:
1801:
1596:
1541:
1076:
678:
1877:
2492:
2431:
2261:
2231:
2171:
2121:
2116:
2006:
1976:
1922:
1751:
1566:
1501:
1293:
1283:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1099:
1056:
1041:
1022:
981:
690:
682:
674:
541:
2346:
2276:
2271:
2186:
1996:
1986:
1937:
1918:
1716:
1636:
1626:
1343:
1202:
1173:
1036:
1031:
765:
72:
723:
547:
The pharmacological action of doxacurium is a function of its competitive
2451:
2416:
2396:
2311:
2301:
2256:
2236:
2156:
2086:
2076:
2066:
2061:
2031:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1741:
1706:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1616:
1591:
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1506:
1338:
1323:
1313:
1273:
1268:
1253:
1248:
1165:
1137:
1051:
1046:
633:
Doxacurium represents the second generation of tetrahydroisoquinolinium
207:
2411:
2391:
2351:
2326:
2291:
2281:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2176:
2141:
2096:
2091:
2071:
2056:
2016:
1981:
1913:
1898:
1888:
1641:
1631:
1576:
1536:
1521:
1365:
1333:
1303:
1288:
1278:
1258:
1119:
1109:
1094:
1084:
622:
529:
513:
394:
218:
144:
bis- 3,4-dihydro-1H- isoquinolin-2-yl] propyl] butanedioate dichloride
39:
2251:
2246:
2221:
2196:
2191:
2161:
2111:
2101:
2081:
1951:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1546:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1466:
1243:
1114:
1104:
1061:
666:
173:
2405:
2331:
2146:
2136:
1956:
1711:
1701:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1611:
1561:
1556:
1461:
1308:
1298:
1223:
1155:
1089:
1066:
806:
267:
198:
701:
421:
2401:
2381:
1961:
1932:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1665:
1551:
1486:
1481:
1318:
965:
521:
540:
Doxacurium is a symmetrical molecule because it is a diester of
1991:
1811:
1621:
1406:
803:
654:
298:
2361:
412:
278:
500:
chloride (formerly recognized as BW938U80 or BW A938U) is a
323:
258:
1419:
1842:
1438:
759:
2490:
186:
802:
161:
2337:Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
2478:Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
1392:
745:
2473:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
102:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
1399:
1385:
752:
738:
337:
226:
1424:Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
669:, and the well-known depolarizing agent,
246:
1967:Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
333:
206:
14:
2491:
1847:Tooltip negative allosteric modulators
1443:Tooltip positive allosteric modulators
1380:
733:
576:-doxacurium and an enantiomeric pair
306:
286:
508:in the category of non-depolarizing
76:
266:
177:
24:
716:10.1111/j.1532-950X.1998.tb00127.x
25:
2545:
2052:Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
1408:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
378:
372:
366:
38:
2432:Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
1757:Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
1752:Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
611:
469:Key:APADFLLAXHIMFU-LGIHQUBZSA-L
661:neuromuscular blocking agent.
651:Massachusetts General Hospital
384:
360:
13:
1:
2499:Quaternary ammonium compounds
2468:Receptor/signaling modulators
2122:Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
696:
681:and the depolarizing agent,
635:neuromuscular blocking drugs
535:
510:neuromuscular-blocking drugs
7:
2202:Methorphan (racemethorphan)
1532:Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
502:neuromuscular-blocking drug
10:
2550:
1582:Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
643:Research Triangle Park, NC
628:
350:Chemical and physical data
2460:
2374:
1835:
1431:
1417:
1356:
1211:
1182:
1164:
1146:
1128:
1075:
1021:
1012:
990:
979:Polyalkylene derivatives:
955:
833:
793:
773:
477:
452:
432:
410:
393:
354:
349:
317:
297:
277:
257:
237:
217:
197:
172:
152:
132:
127:
117:
109:
93:
88:
63:
51:
46:
37:
2442:Phosphatidylethanolamine
506:skeletal muscle relaxant
2222:Morphanol (racemorphan)
2162:Laudexium (laudolissin)
1572:Desformylflustrabromine
553:acetylcholine receptors
512:, used adjunctively in
2534:Neuromuscular blockers
992:ACh release inhibitors
874:intermediate duration:
647:Harvard Medical School
639:Burroughs Wellcome Co.
526:mechanical ventilation
2509:Nicotinic antagonists
2427:Glycerophosphocholine
843:ultra-short duration:
2514:Norsalsolinol ethers
2422:Dimethylethanolamine
2287:Rapacuronium bromide
2267:Pipecuronium bromide
2107:Gantacurium chloride
2067:Dizocilpine (MK-801)
1652:MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
1602:Ethoxysebacylcholine
1219:Arbaclofen placarbil
912:Dimethyltubocurarine
820:Dimethyltubocurarine
2437:Phosphatidylcholine
2322:Threohydrobupropion
2307:Stercuronium iodide
2242:Pancuronium bromide
966:Choline derivatives
775:Peripherally acting
619:mivacurium chloride
34:
32:Doxacurium chloride
27:Pharmaceutical drug
2357:Vecuronium bromide
2297:Rocuronium bromide
2207:Methyllycaconitine
2132:Hydroxynorketamine
2027:Dextropropoxyphene
2012:Dehydronorketamine
2002:Dacuronium bromide
1130:Nonbenzodiazepines
835:4° ammonium agents
659:benzylisoquinoline
520:relaxation during
30:
2519:Pyrogallol ethers
2486:
2485:
2447:Phosphorylcholine
2385:
2370:
2369:
2167:Levacetylmethadol
2047:Dihydrochandonium
1927:sodium thiopental
1597:Ethanol (alcohol)
1374:
1373:
1352:
1351:
1008:
1007:
973:(Succinylcholine)
951:
950:
495:
494:
423:Interactive image
319:CompTox Dashboard
16:(Redirected from
2541:
2529:Succinate esters
2504:Muscle relaxants
2379:
2317:Thiocolchicoside
2127:Hydroxybupropion
2022:Dextromethorphan
1894:Allopregnanolone
1848:
1844:
1747:Suberyldicholine
1457:6-Chloronicotine
1444:
1440:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1329:Thiocolchicoside
1184:Anticholinergics
1148:Thienodiazepines
1019:
1018:
1014:Centrally acting
944:(Hexafluorenium)
800:
799:
795:Non-depolarizing
791:
790:
762:muscle relaxants
754:
747:
740:
731:
730:
727:
592:-doxacurium and
491:
490:
483:
425:
405:
403:
386:
380:
374:
368:
362:
342:
341:
327:
325:
310:
290:
270:
250:
230:
210:
190:
180:
179:
165:
80:
42:
35:
33:
29:
21:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2456:
2378:
2366:
1972:Chlorisondamine
1846:
1839:
1831:
1442:
1435:
1423:
1413:
1405:
1375:
1370:
1358:Directly acting
1348:
1207:
1198:Cyclobenzaprine
1189:Antimuscarinics
1186:
1178:
1160:
1142:
1124:
1077:Benzodiazepines
1071:
1004:
1000:Botulinum toxin
986:
947:
829:
783:
777:
769:
758:
699:
687:succinylcholine
671:succinylcholine
631:
614:
538:
518:skeletal muscle
486:
484:
481:(what is this?)
478:
473:
470:
465:
460:
459:
448:
445:
440:
439:
428:
401:
399:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
345:
321:
313:
293:
273:
253:
233:
213:
193:
176:
168:
148:
145:
140:
139:
119:Bioavailability
111:Pharmacokinetic
105:
84:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Kynurenic acid
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1946:κ-bungarotoxin
1942:α-bungarotoxin
1935:
1930:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1880:, many others)
1870:α-bungarotoxin
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1802:Tribendimidine
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Sebacylcholine
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Butyrylcholine
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
975:
974:
961:
959:
953:
952:
949:
948:
946:
945:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:long duration:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
870:
869:
864:
859:
853:short duration
849:
848:
839:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
822:
817:
811:
809:
797:
788:
771:
770:
757:
756:
749:
742:
734:
698:
695:
679:d-tubocurarine
630:
627:
613:
610:
537:
534:
493:
492:
475:
474:
472:
471:
468:
466:
463:
455:
454:
453:
450:
449:
447:
446:
443:
435:
434:
433:
430:
429:
427:
426:
418:
416:
408:
407:
397:
391:
390:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
358:
352:
351:
347:
346:
344:
343:
330:
328:
315:
314:
312:
311:
303:
301:
295:
294:
292:
291:
283:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
263:
261:
255:
254:
252:
251:
243:
241:
235:
234:
232:
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223:
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215:
214:
212:
211:
203:
201:
195:
194:
192:
191:
183:
181:
170:
169:
167:
166:
158:
156:
150:
149:
147:
146:
143:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
107:
106:
104:
103:
99:
97:
91:
90:
86:
85:
83:
82:
69:
67:
61:
60:
57:
55:administration
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2546:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Phencyclidine
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Nitrous oxide
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Levomethadone
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Hexafluronium
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:Decamethonium
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Cisatracurium
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:Bungarotoxins
1936:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:pentobarbital
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:α-Neurotoxins
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Decamethonium
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Acetylcholine
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Methocarbamol
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Mephenoxalone
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Chlorzoxazone
1237:
1235:
1234:Chlorphenesin
1232:
1230:
1229:Chlormezanone
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Flunitrazepam
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:Phenprobamate
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:Difebarbamate
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:Carbamic acid
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
993:
989:
983:
982:Hexamethonium
980:
977:
976:
972:
971:Suxamethonium
969:
967:
963:
962:
960:
958:
954:
943:
942:Hexafluronium
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
902:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:Cisatracurium
880:
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
854:
851:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
838:
836:
832:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
812:
810:
808:
805:
801:
798:
796:
792:
789:
786:
781:
780:antinicotinic
776:
772:
767:
763:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
735:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
710:(3): 279–83.
709:
705:
694:
692:
691:decamethonium
688:
684:
683:decamethonium
680:
676:
675:suxamethonium
672:
668:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
620:
609:
608:-doxacurium)
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
550:
545:
543:
542:succinic acid
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
489:
482:
476:
467:
462:
461:
458:
451:
442:
441:
438:
431:
424:
420:
419:
417:
414:
409:
398:
396:
392:
359:
357:
353:
348:
340:
336:
335:DTXSID7022962
332:
331:
329:
320:
316:
309:
308:ChEMBL1200753
305:
304:
302:
300:
296:
289:
285:
284:
282:
280:
276:
269:
265:
264:
262:
260:
256:
249:
245:
244:
242:
240:
236:
229:
225:
224:
222:
220:
216:
209:
205:
204:
202:
200:
196:
189:
185:
184:
182:
175:
171:
164:
160:
159:
157:
155:
151:
142:
141:
138:
131:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
101:
100:
98:
96:
92:
87:
79:
74:
71:
70:
68:
66:
62:
58:
56:
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
19:
2347:Tubocurarine
2277:Promegestone
2272:Progesterone
2187:Mecamylamine
1997:Cyclopropane
1987:Coronaridine
1919:Barbiturates
1904:Anatruxonium
1874:α-cobratoxin
1717:Sazetidine A
1637:JNJ-39393406
1627:Ispronicline
1344:Zoxazolamine
1203:Orphenadrine
1174:Methaqualone
1166:Quinazolines
1037:Cyclarbamate
1032:Carisoprodol
978:
964:
957:Depolarizing
938:
922:Pipecuronium
906:
903:
873:
857:Rapacuronium
852:
842:
825:Tubocurarine
707:
703:
700:
663:
658:
632:
615:
612:Availability
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
546:
539:
497:
496:
485:
479:
95:Legal status
89:Legal status
2452:Pirisudanol
2417:Cyprodenate
2397:Adafenoxate
2312:Surugatoxin
2302:Sevoflurane
2257:Pentolinium
2237:Norketamine
2157:Laudanosine
2087:Erythravine
2077:Encenicline
2062:Dipyrandium
2032:Dextrorphan
1878:α-conotoxin
1837:Antagonists
1822:WAY-317,538
1817:Varenicline
1807:Tropisetron
1797:Tebanicline
1742:SSR-180,711
1707:Rivanicline
1697:Pozanicline
1692:PNU-282,987
1687:PNU-120,596
1682:PHA-709,829
1677:PHA-543,613
1617:Galantamine
1592:Epiboxidine
1587:Epibatidine
1507:Altinicline
1339:Tolperisone
1324:Silperisone
1314:Promoxolane
1274:Lanperisone
1269:Inaperisone
1254:Flopropione
1249:Fenyramidol
1138:Eszopiclone
1052:Meprobamate
1047:Febarbamate
917:Pancuronium
846:Gantacurium
778:(primarily
516:to provide
406: g·mol
288:CHEBI:59819
128:Identifiers
2493:Categories
2412:Citicoline
2392:Acetyl-coA
2376:Precursors
2352:Vanoxerine
2342:Tropeinium
2327:Toxiferine
2292:Reboxetine
2282:Radafaxine
2227:Neramexane
2217:Mivacurium
2212:Metocurine
2177:Malouetine
2142:Isoflurane
2097:Fazadinium
2092:Esketamine
2072:Doxacurium
2057:Dioscorine
2017:Desflurane
1982:Coclaurine
1914:Atracurium
1899:Amantadine
1889:Alcuronium
1642:Levamisole
1632:Ivermectin
1577:Dianicline
1537:Butinoline
1522:Anatoxin-a
1411:modulators
1366:Dantrolene
1334:Tizanidine
1304:Pregabalin
1289:Metaxalone
1279:Mephenesin
1259:Gabapentin
1120:Tetrazepam
1110:Nitrazepam
1095:Clonazepam
1085:Bromazepam
907:Doxacurium
897:Vecuronium
892:Rocuronium
887:Fazadinium
877:Atracurium
867:Chandonium
862:Mivacurium
815:Alcuronium
697:References
623:mivacurium
549:antagonism
530:intubation
514:anesthesia
498:Doxacurium
411:3D model (
395:Molar mass
248:M78TVM3G5Z
219:ChemSpider
163:83348-52-1
154:CAS Number
137:IUPAC name
18:Doxacurium
2524:Chlorides
2252:Pentamine
2247:Pempidine
2197:Methadone
2192:Memantine
2112:Halothane
2102:Gallamine
2082:Enflurane
2037:Diadonium
1952:Bupropion
1737:SIB-1553A
1732:SIB-1508Y
1722:SB-206553
1547:Carbachol
1527:AR-R17779
1517:Anatabine
1512:Anabasine
1477:A-867,744
1472:A-582,941
1467:A-366,833
1244:Eperisone
1115:Temazepam
1105:Lorazepam
1062:Styramate
939:unsorted:
932:Gallamine
927:Laudexium
807:alkaloids
785:NMJ block
760:Skeletal
667:laudexium
536:Chemistry
123:100% (IV)
53:Routes of
2464:See also
2406:lecithin
2382:prodrugs
2332:Tramadol
2182:ME-18-MC
2147:Ketamine
2137:Ibogaine
1957:BW284C51
1712:RJR-2429
1702:Pyrantel
1662:Nicotine
1657:Morantel
1647:Lobeline
1612:EVP-6124
1607:EVP-4473
1562:Cytisine
1557:Cotinine
1462:A-84,543
1433:Agonists
1309:Pridinol
1299:Phenibut
1224:Baclofen
1156:Etizolam
1090:Diazepam
1067:Tybamate
704:Vet Surg
488:(verify)
199:DrugBank
65:ATC code
2402:Choline
1962:BW-A444
1940:(e.g.,
1933:BNC-210
1921:(e.g.,
1884:ABT-126
1868:(e.g.,
1827:XY-4083
1792:TC-6683
1787:TC-5619
1782:TC-5214
1777:TC-2216
1772:TC-1827
1767:TC-1734
1762:TC-1698
1672:NS-1738
1666:tobacco
1552:Choline
1497:ABT-894
1492:ABT-560
1487:ABT-418
1482:ABT-202
1319:Quinine
724:9605239
649:at the
629:History
522:surgery
356:Formula
228:4447606
208:DB01135
188:5284551
174:PubChem
81:)
75: (
73:M03AC07
59:IV only
1992:Curare
1909:AQW051
1856:18-MAC
1812:UB-165
1622:GTS-21
1452:5-HIAA
1420:nAChRs
1025:esters
804:Curare
722:
655:Boston
437:SMILES
299:ChEMBL
268:D00760
2380:(and
2362:Xenon
1861:18-MC
1840:(and
1436:(and
1212:Other
457:InChI
413:JSmol
279:ChEBI
2042:DHβE
1843:NAMs
1439:PAMs
720:PMID
689:and
259:KEGG
239:UNII
113:data
1264:GHB
766:M03
712:doi
558:bis
551:to
524:or
504:or
404:.14
402:106
324:EPA
178:CID
78:WHO
2495::
1944:,
1925:,
1876:,
1872:,
855::
718:.
708:27
706:.
693:.
653:,
641:,
544:.
532:.
388:16
373:Cl
370:78
364:56
2408:)
2404:(
2384:)
1948:)
1929:)
1849:)
1668:)
1664:(
1445:)
1400:e
1393:t
1386:v
1191:)
1187:(
968::
787:)
782:,
768:)
764:(
753:e
746:t
739:v
726:.
714::
673:(
606:R
604:,
602:S
600:-
598:R
596:,
594:S
590:S
588:,
586:R
584:-
582:S
580:,
578:R
574:R
572:,
570:S
568:-
566:S
564:,
562:R
415:)
400:1
385:O
382:2
379:N
376:2
367:H
361:C
326:)
322:(
20:)
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