Dreyfus affair - Knowledge

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frame discussion on issues such as immigration, religious freedom, minority rights, and the French Republic itself. In recent years, the Dreyfus affair has also been used to draw attention to the resurgence of antisemitism in Europe, and to advocate for legislation that would protect minority rights across the continent. In recent years, there has been a significant push to create legislation to protect minority rights throughout Europe, with the Dreyfus affair serving as an important reference point. In France, lawmakers have proposed a number of bills that would extend protections to minority communities, such as prohibiting discrimination based on ethnicity or religion, and providing additional resources for victims of hate crimes. On a broader European level, the European Union has implemented a variety of measures, such as a hate crime reporting system and a program of positive discrimination to ensure that minority communities are not disproportionately affected by social and economic policies. Additionally, the European Commission has set up a coordinating body to ensure that member states are upholding their obligations to protect minority rights.

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the streets, the crowd chanted "Death to Judas, death to the Jew." Witnesses report the dignity of Dreyfus, who continued to maintain his innocence while raising his arms: "Innocent, Innocent! Vive la France! Long live the Army". The Adjutant broke his sword on his knee and then the condemned Dreyfus marched at a slow pace in front of his former companions. An event known as "the legend of the confession" took place before the degradation. In the van that brought him to the military school, Dreyfus is said to have confided his treachery to Captain Lebrun-Renault. It appears that this was merely self-promotion by the captain of the Republican Guard, and that in reality Dreyfus had made no admission. Due to the affair's being related to national security, the prisoner was then held in solitary confinement in a cell awaiting transfer. On 17 January 1895, he was transferred to the prison on

3722:. A banker, Castro, formally identified the writing as that of Esterhazy, who was his debtor, and told Mathieu. On 11 November 1897, the two paths of investigation met during a meeting between Scheurer-Kestner and Mathieu Dreyfus. The latter finally received confirmation that Esterhazy was the author of the note. Based on this, on 15 November 1897 Mathieu Dreyfus made a complaint to the minister of war against Esterhazy. The controversy was now public and the army had no choice but to open an investigation. At the end of 1897, Picquart returned to Paris and made public his doubts about the guilt of Dreyfus because of his discoveries. Collusion to eliminate Picquart seemed to have failed. The challenge was very strong and turned to confrontation. To discredit Picquart, Esterhazy sent, without effect, letters of complaint to the president of the republic. 3873:, Esterhazy was set to appear before a military court on 10 January 1898. A "delayed" closed court trial was pronounced. Esterhazy was notified of the matter on the following day, along with guidance on the defensive line to take. The trial was not normal: the civil trial Mathieu and Lucy Dreyfus requested was denied, and the three handwriting experts decided the writing in the bordereau was not Esterhazy's. The accused was applauded and the witnesses booed and jeered. Pellieux intervened to defend the General Staff without legal substance. The real accused was Picquart, who was dishonoured by all the military protagonists of the affair. Esterhazy was acquitted unanimously the next day after just three minutes of deliberation. With all the cheering, it was difficult for Esterhazy to make his way toward the exit, where some 1,500 people were waiting. 4384:, the new minister of war and a fierce supporter of anti-revisionism, definitely wanted to prove the guilt of Dreyfus and from there "wring the neck" of Esterhazy, whom he considered "a pathological liar and blackmailer". He was absolutely convinced of Dreyfus's guilt, a conviction reinforced by the legend of the confession (after meeting the main witness, Captain Lebrun-Renault). Cavaignac had the honesty of a doctrinaire intransigent, but absolutely did not know the depths of the affair—the General Staff had kept him in the dark. He was surprised to learn that all the documents on which the prosecution was based had not been expertly appraised and that Boisdeffre had "absolute confidence" in Henry. Cavaignac decided to investigate—in his office, with his assistants—and retrieved the secret file, which now contained 365 items. 3371:, made a theatrical statement in open court. He argued that leaks betraying the General Staff had been suspected to exist since February 1894 and that "a respectable person" accused Captain Dreyfus. He swore on oath that the traitor was Dreyfus, pointing to the crucifix hanging on the wall of the court. Dreyfus was apoplectic with rage and demanded to be confronted with his anonymous accuser, which was rejected by the General Staff. The incident had an undeniable effect on the court, which was composed of seven officers who were both judges and jury. However, the outcome of the trial remained uncertain. The conviction of the judges had been shaken by the firm and logical answers of the accused. The judges took leave to deliberate, but the General Staff still had a card in hand to tip the balance decisively against Dreyfus. 5039:

1906 that the Court of Cassation unanimously cancelled the judgment without reference to the military trial at Rennes in 1899 and pronounced "the end of the rehabilitation of Captain Dreyfus". The anti-Dreyfusards protested at this hasty rehabilitation. The goal was obviously political: it was to finish and finally turn the page. Nothing could dent the conviction of the opponents of Dreyfus. This method was the most direct and most definitive. What was annulled not only put a stop to Rennes, but the entire chain of prior acts, beginning with the arraignment order given by General Saussier in 1894. The Court focused on the legal aspects only and observed that Dreyfus did not have a duty to be returned before a Military Court for the simple reason that it should never have taken place due to the total absence of charges:

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emotions ran high. His physical appearance disturbed his supporters and some of his opponents. Despite his deteriorated physical condition, he had a complete mastery of the files acquired in only a few weeks. All the General Staff testified against Dreyfus without providing any proof. They stubbornly considered null and void the confessions of Henry and Esterhazy. The trial even tended to go out of control to the extent that the decisions of the Supreme Court were not taken into account. They discussed in particular the bordereau, which was the proof of guilt of Esterhazy. Nevertheless Mercier was booed at the end of the hearing. The nationalist press and the anti-Dreyfusards could only speculate on his silence about the "conclusive evidence" (the pseudo-note annotated by

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Scheurer-Kestner and Lazare, who advocated patience and reflection. Thanks to the national and international success of Zola's article, a trial became inevitable. From that critical moment the case followed two parallel paths. On one hand, the state used its apparatus to impose a limitation on the trial, restricting it to one of simple libel so as to separate the Dreyfus and Esterhazy cases, which had already been adjudicated. On the other hand, conflicting camps of opinion tried to influence judges and the government—one side pushed to obtain a review and the other to convict Zola. But Zola achieved his aim: the opening of a public debate at the

3971: 4186:, while insults to private figures—such as journalists and intellectuals—uttered by the nationalist and antisemitic press were limited to the civil adversarial system. (The taxpayer is at risk in the first case, while only the plaintiff is at risk in the second.) The minister referred to only three passages of Zola's article, eighteen lines out of hundreds. He accused Zola of having written that the court martial had committed "unlawful acts ... by order". The trial opened in an atmosphere of extreme violence—Zola had been the object of "the most shameful attacks" as well as important support and congratulations. (On 2 February, 3822: 2869:. While neither had anything to do with Dreyfus, their intimate and erotic correspondence (e.g. "Don't exhaust yourself with too much buggery."), which was obtained by the authorities, lent an air of truth to other documents that were forged by prosecutors to lend retroactive credibility to Dreyfus's conviction as a spy. Some of these forgeries referred to the real affair between the two officers; in one, Alessandro supposedly informed his lover that if "Dreyfus is brought in for questioning", they must both claim that they "never had any dealings with that Jew. ... Clearly, no one can ever know what happened with him." 1665: 29: 2886: 3406:, to the Italian military attaché, Lieutenant Colonel Alessandro Panizzardi, intercepted by the SR. The letter was supposed to accuse Dreyfus definitively since, according to his accusers, it was signed with the initial of his name. In reality, the Statistics Section knew that the letter could not be attributed to Dreyfus and if it was, it was with criminal intent. Colonel Maurel confirmed in the second Dreyfus trial that the secret documents were not used to win the support of the judges of the Military Court. He contradicted himself, however, by saying that he read only one document, "which was enough". 2766: 3047:. In fact the SR suspected that there had been leaks since the beginning of 1894 and had been trying to find the perpetrator. The minister had been harshly attacked in the press for his actions, which were deemed incompetent, and appears to have sought an opportunity to enhance his image. He immediately initiated two secret investigations, one administrative and one judicial. To find the culprit, using simple though crude reasoning, the circle of the search was arbitrarily restricted to suspects posted to, or former employees of, the General Staff – necessarily a trainee artillery officer. 3352:

bordereau showed that Captain Dreyfus could not be the author. At the same time the accused himself protested his innocence and defended himself point by point with energy and logic. Moreover, his statements were supported by a dozen defence witnesses. Finally, the absence of motive for the crime was a serious thorn in the prosecution case. Dreyfus was indeed a very patriotic officer highly rated by his superiors, very rich and with no tangible reason to betray France. The fact of Dreyfus's Jewishness, which was used extensively by the right-wing press, was not openly presented in court.

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to find logical reasons for the guilt and conviction of Dreyfus but was not silent on this discovery. A board of inquiry was formed to investigate Esterhazy, before which he panicked and confessed his secret reports to Major du Paty de Clam. Collusion between the General Staff and the traitor was revealed. On 30 August 1898 Cavaignac resigned himself to demanding explanations from Colonel Henry in the presence of Boisdeffre and Gonse. After an hour of questioning by the minister himself, Henry broke down and made a full confession. He was placed under arrest at the

5183:. In the short term, progressive political forces from the elections of 1893 and confirmed in 1898 as a result of the Dreyfus affair disappeared in 1899. The shock trials of Esterhazy and Zola created a dreyfusian politics whose aim was to develop a republican consciousness and to fight against authoritarian nationalism, which expressed itself during the affair. For the uninhibited growth of populist nationalism was another major result of the event in French politics even though it did not originate from the Dreyfus affair. It grew out of the 4295: 3856: 3222:, reluctantly gave the order for an enquiry. He had the power to stop the process but did not, perhaps because of an exaggerated confidence in military justice. Major Besson d'Ormescheville, the recorder for the Military Court, wrote an indictment in which "moral elements" of the charge (which gossiped about the habits of Dreyfus and his alleged attendance at "gambling circles", his knowledge of German, and his "remarkable memory") were developed more extensively than the "material elements", which are rarely seen in the charge: 4620:

recorder for the consideration of the application for review. He took on the legal files and decided on a further investigation. Ten additional witnesses were interviewed, which further weakened the version of the General Staff. In the final discussion, President Ballot-Beaupré demonstrated the inanity of the bordereau, which was the only evidence against Dreyfus. The prosecutor Manau echoed the views of the President. Mornard who represented Lucie Dreyfus argued without any difficulty or opposition from the prosecution.

3726: 4148:. Anti-intellectualism became a major theme of right-wing intellectuals, who accused the Dreyfusards of failing to put the nation's interests first, an argument that continued throughout the years that followed and which became the basis of the public debate: a choice between justice and truth on the one hand, and the defense of the nation, preservation of society, and superiority of the state on the other. At first, the political left did not echo this mobilization of intellectuals—on 19 January 1898 Socialist 4041:). With a typical circulation of 30,000, the newspaper distributed nearly 300,000 copies that day. This article had the effect of an explosion. The article was a direct attack, explicit and clear, and named names. It denounced all those who had conspired against Dreyfus, including the minister of war and the General Staff. The article contained numerous errors, exaggerating or minimizing the roles of one or another of the figures involved (the role of General Mercier was greatly underestimated, for instance). 3852:, asked, "Who protects Major Esterhazy? The law must stop sucking up to this ineffectual Prussian disguised as a French officer. Why? Who trembles before Esterhazy? What occult power, why shamefully oppose the action of justice? What stands in the way? Why is Esterhazy, a character of depravity and more than doubtful morals, protected while the accused is not? Why is an honest soldier such as Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart discredited, overwhelmed, dishonoured? If this is the case we must speak out!" 4444: 4904: 3248: 61: 4669:

confidential. At the end of 1898, he learned with astonishment the actual size of the affair, about which he knew nothing: the accusation by his brother against Esterhazy, the acquittal of the traitor, Henry's confession and suicide, and the reading of the record of investigations of the Supreme Court, which he received two months after its publication. On 5 June 1899, Alfred Dreyfus was notified of the decision of the Supreme Court on the judgement of 1894. On 9 June 1899, he left

5155: 3515: 5054: 4729:, sent respectful word to Major Louis Carrière, the government commissioner. He asked him to act in the spirit of the revised judgment of the Supreme Court. The officer pretended not to understand the allusion and helped the nationalist lawyer Auffray to make the indictment against Dreyfus. The defence needed to make a decision because the outcome of the case looked bad, despite evidence of the absence of charges against the accused. On behalf of the president of the council, 5321: 3167: 4279: 1611: 5256: 3697:. The doubts of the General Staff regarding the innocence of Dreyfus flew out the window. With this discovery the General Staff decided to protect Esterhazy and persecute Colonel Picquart, "who did not understand anything". Picquart, who knew nothing of the "faux Henry", quickly felt isolated from his fellow soldiers. Major Henry accused Picquart of embezzlement and sent him a letter full of innuendo. He protested in writing and returned to Paris. 3003: 4784: 3104: 240: 4569: 3488: 2496: 3953: 4725:

returned. Incidents between the two lawyers for Dreyfus multiplied. Labori reproached Demange about his excessive caution. The government, in the face of the military hardening stance, still had two ways to influence events: call for testimony from Germany or abandon the charge. These negotiations in the background, however, had no result. The German Embassy sent a polite refusal to the government. The Minister of War, General

3889:, did not give up and involved himself further in the affair. When Mathieu thanked him, he replied curtly that he was "doing his duty". Esterhazy benefited from special treatment by the upper echelons of the army, which was inexplicable except for the General Staff's desire to stifle any inclination to challenge the verdict of the court martial that had convicted Dreyfus in 1894. The army declared Esterhazy unfit for service. 4690: 5577: 4366: 3082: 3029: 12067: 4800:

this extremely long and controversial affair. Also there were very few demonstrations in the provinces while agitation persisted somewhat in Paris. In the military world appeasement was also essential. Two of the seven judges voted for acquittal. They refused to yield to the implied military order. This was also clearly seen. In an apostrophe for the army, Galliffet announced: "The incident is closed".

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became convinced of his innocence. Moved by his discovery, Picquart diligently conducted an enquiry in secret without the consent of his superiors. The enquiry demonstrated that Esterhazy had knowledge of the elements described by the "bordereau" and that he was in contact with the German Embassy. It was established that the officer sold the Germans many secret documents, whose value was quite low.

4733:, aided by Zola and Jaurès, Labori was convinced to give up his argument so as not to offend the military. They decided to risk conciliation in exchange for the acquittal that seemed to be promised by the government. Mr. Demange, alone and without illusions, continued the defence of Dreyfus in an atmosphere of civil war. In Paris, the antisemitic and nationalist agitators of Auteuil were arrested. 4746: 3620: 3380: 4020:, he said at his trial, "I ask General Pellieux if there are not many ways to serve France? It can be served by the sword or by the pen. General Pellieux has probably won great victories! I have won mine, too. By my work the French language has been brought into the world. I have my victories! I bequeath to posterity the name of General Pellieux and that of Émile Zola: history will choose! 5079:(French Action) not only to disrupt the ceremony for the "two traitors" Zola and Dreyfus, but also to remake the Dreyfus trial through a new trial, a revenge of some sort. The trial was at the Assises of the Seine, where Grégori was acquitted – the latest in a long series of judicial misconducts. It was an occasion for new antisemitic riots that the government suppressed half-heartedly. 4931: 4706: 4236:

fear the worst excesses if the jury acquitted Mr. Zola". However, the Zola trial was rather a victory for the Dreyfusards. Indeed, the affair and its contradictions had been widely discussed throughout the trial, especially by the military. In addition, the violent attacks against Zola and the injustice of the conviction of Dreyfus reinforced the commitment of the Dreyfusards.

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on the defensive and just get the acquittal of Dreyfus. Labori, a brilliant lawyer who was just 35 years old, wanted to take the offensive, to aim higher and defeat and publicly humiliate the General Staff. Mathieu Dreyfus imagined a complementarity between the two lawyers. The conduct of the trial revealed the disunity that served the prosecution with a defence so impaired.

3100:. On being shown some letters by Dreyfus and the bordereau on 5 October, du Paty concluded immediately who had written the two writings. After a day of additional work he provided a report that, despite some differences, the similarities were sufficient to warrant an investigation. Dreyfus was therefore "the probable author" of the bordereau in the eyes of the General Staff. 9017:: "Without doubt, I am also more firmly than ever the enemy of the death penalty. But it can never be understood by the public that the state a few weeks ago has shot an unfortunate child 20 years old who was guilty of throwing a button of his tunic at the head of the President of a Military Court, while the traitor Dreyfus will soon leave for l'île de Nou (sic) 4422:(deputies) gave him an ovation and voted to display copies of the three documents in the 36,000 communes of France. The anti-Dreyfusards had triumphed, but Cavaignac implicitly recognized that the Dreyfus's defence had not had access to all the evidence. The application for annulment made by Lucie Dreyfus became admissible. The next day, Picquart declared in 3055:

favoured by France for their knowledge of the German language and culture. There was also antisemitism in the offices of the General Staff, and it fast became central to the affair by filling in the credibility gaps in the preliminary enquiry. In particular, Dreyfus was at that time the only Jewish officer to be recently passed by the General Staff.

4475:"). In December the same newspaper launched a subscription, in favour of his widow, to erect a monument to Henry. Each gift was accompanied by pithy, often abusive, remarks on Dreyfus, the Dreyfusards, and the Jews. Some 14,000 subscribers, including 53 deputies, sent 131,000 francs. On 3 September 1898, Brisson, the president of the council, urged 3507:. Indeed, during the deportation of Adjutant Lucien Châtelain, sentenced for conspiring with the enemy in 1888, the facilities did not provide the required conditions of confinement and detention conditions were considered too soft. On 21 February 1895, Dreyfus embarked on the ship Ville de Saint-Nazaire. The next day the ship sailed for 5000:. The court identified three events (grounds) for review, the demonstration of the falsification of the Panizzardi telegram, demonstration of a date change on a document in the 1894 trial (April 1895 changed to April 1894) and demonstration of the fact that Dreyfus had not removed the minutes related to heavy artillery in the army. 5062:

that his five years of imprisonment were not taken into account for the reconstruction of his career and that his promotion to major was back-dated only to 10 July 1903. This decision blocked any hope of a career worthy of his past successes before his arrest in 1894. After serving for a year as commander of the artillery depot at

5644:). The interest of the book focuses on a strictly factual relating of the story with documented facts and multifaceted reflection on the different aspects of the event. The book also revealed for the first time the existence of homosexual correspondence in the prosecution case. Expanding on a 2008 article they published in 3708:, like Dreyfus), who was in turn infected by doubts. Without citing Picquart, the senator revealed the affair to the highest people in the country. The General Staff, however, still suspected Picquart of causing leaks. This was the beginning of the Picquart affair, a new conspiracy by the General Staff against an officer. 4587:. On 26 September 1898, after a Cabinet vote, the Minister of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court. On 29 October 1898, after the submission of the report from the recorder Alphonse Bard, the Criminal Chamber of the Court stated that "the application is admissible and will proceed with a supplementary investigation". 3395:. Recent research indicates the existence of numbering which suggests the presence of a dozen documents. Among these letters were some of an erotic homosexual nature (the Davignon letter among others) raising the question of the tainted methods of the Statistics Section and the objective of their choice of documents. 3867:. This convinced the Office of the General Staff to find a way to stop the questions, doubts, and the beginnings of demands for justice. The idea was to require Esterhazy to demand a trial and be acquitted, to stop the noise and allow a return to order. Thus, to finally exonerate him, according to the old rule 3759:, which was the first article in a series of three. Faced with threats of massive cancellations from its readers, the paper's editor stopped supporting Zola. Gradually, from late-November through early-December 1897, a number of prominent people got involved in the fight for retrial. These included the authors 11400:"Dreyfus Unaware to End He Had Been Victim of Plot; Was Instrument of Conspiracy to Destroy the French Republic, Documents Disclose -- Likened to Nazi Movement in Reich. Enemies of Dreyfus Left a Trail of Forgeries, Perjuries and Murders Zola's 'J' Accuse' Led to the Undoing of the 'Outrageous Judicial Crime'" 4261:

that should have made the complaint. Prosecutor-General Manau supported a review of the Dreyfus trial and strongly opposed the antisemites. The judges of the military court, whom Zola had challenged, therefore opened a new suit against him for libel. The case was brought before the Assizes of Seine-et-Oise in

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localities, and associated them with "the campaign undertaken in favor of ex-Captain Dreyfus", or with the "intervention by M. Zola", or the Zola trial itself, which "seems to have aroused the antisemitic demonstrations". In Paris, demonstrations around the Zola trial were frequent and sometimes violent.

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The publication of notes by Schwartzkoppen in 1930 shed light on the guilty role of Esterházy in the affair and exonerated Alfred Dreyfus at the same time, if such vindication was needed. The extreme right questioned the value of this testimony but most historians hold it to be a valid source despite

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refused to display it there. Hernu claimed that this was because the École Militaire is not open to the public, but it was widely believed that this was done to avoid provoking the army. Mitterrand did not override his minister and the statue was instead installed at Boulevard Raspail, No. 116–118 at

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Though Alfred Dreyfus was eventually exonerated of all charges, the scandal and its aftermath had lasting repercussions in French society. In the 21st century, the Dreyfus affair remains an important part of French history and has been the focus of much public debate. The controversy has been used to

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of Vienna and was present at the degradation of Dreyfus in 1895. "The catalyst for Herzl's 'conversion' is usually seen as the Dreyfus affair, which made him realise the impossibility of Jewish existence in Europe", although some scholars believe that Herzl may have exaggerated the influence that the

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Dreyfus was reinstated in the army with the rank of artillery major by law on 13 July 1906. This reflected the rank to which he could reasonably have been expected to have risen had his career not been interrupted by the false charges against him. However, Dreyfus and his supporters were disappointed

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On 9 March 1905, Attorney-General Baudouin delivered an 800-page report in which he demanded the convictions be quashed without further reference to another court and denounced the army. He began a divestiture of the military justice system, which did not conclude until 1982. It was not until 12 July

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It was in this spirit that on 17 November 1899, Waldeck-Rousseau filed an amnesty law covering "all criminal acts or misdemeanours related to the Dreyfus affair or that have been included in a prosecution for one of these acts" excluding only Alfred Dreyfus himself who was instead pardoned to be able

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to the council president, "I am in a position to establish before a court of competent jurisdiction that the two documents bearing the date of 1894 could not be attributed to Dreyfus and that the one that bears the date of 1896 had all the characteristics of a fake", which earned him eleven months in

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was responsible for conducting an investigation. It was brief, thanks to the General Staff's skillful manipulation of the investigator. The real culprit, they said, was Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart. The investigation was moving towards a predictable conclusion until Esterhazy's former mistress, Madame

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The nationalist press launched a violent campaign against the burgeoning Dreyfusards. In counter-attack, the General Staff discovered and revealed the information hitherto ignored in the "secret file". Doubt began to surface, and figures in the artistic and political spheres asked questions. Picquart

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from 1877 to 1880. A man with a personality disorder, a sulphurous reputation and crippled by debt, he was considered by Picquart to be a traitor driven by monetary reasons to betray his country. Picquart communicated the results of his investigation to the General Staff, which opposed him under "the

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who was not an expert in handwriting, was presented as a scholar of the first importance. He advanced the theory of "autoforgery" during the trial and accused Dreyfus of imitating his own handwriting, explaining the differences in writing by using extracts of writing from his brother Matthieu and his

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The letters, real and fake, provided a convenient excuse for placing the entire Dreyfus dossier under seal, given that exposure of the liaison would have 'dishonoured' Germany and Italy's military and compromised diplomatic relations. As homosexuality was, like Judaism, then often perceived as a sign

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Faced with the evidence that the identity of the writer of the bordereau was Esterházy, the General Staff had spread the rumour that the bordereau was in fact copied from a note that was even commented in the handwriting of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. This allowed the people behind the rumours to

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by "Henri-Dutrait Crozon", a pseudonym of Colonel Larpent, is the basis of all anti-Dreyfusard literature after the affair to the present time. The author develops the theory of conspiracy, fueled by Jewish finance, to push Esterhazy to accuse himself of crime. Under a scientific exterior there will

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and assisted by judges. The investigation was conducted by Captain Antoine Louis Targe, aide to the minister. During searches of the Statistics Section he discovered numerous documents, most of which were obviously fabricated. In November 1903 a report was submitted to the Minister of Justice by the

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On the evening of 13 August 1898, Louis Cuignet, who was attached to the cabinet of Cavaignac, was working by the light of a lamp and observed that the colour of the lines on the "faux Henry" paper header and footer did not correspond with the central part of the document. Cavaignac was still trying

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On 2 April 1898, an application to the Supreme Court received a favourable response. This was the court's first intervention in the affair. The court upheld the appeal, on the formal grounds that as the alleged libel was against the military court, rather than the minister, it was the military court

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in Paris. While the drums rolled, Dreyfus was accompanied by four artillery officers, who brought him before an officer of the state who read the judgment. A Republican Guard adjutant tore off his badges, thin strips of gold, his stripes, cuffs and sleeves of his jacket. As he was paraded throughout

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Mrs. Dreyfus was informed of the arrest the same day by a police raid to search their apartment. She was terrorized by Du Paty, who ordered her to keep the arrest of her husband secret and even said, "One word, one single word and it will be a European war!" Illegally, Dreyfus was placed in solitary

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The opposition of the Radicals and Socialists resulted in a centrist government with policies oriented towards economic protectionism, a certain indifference to social issues, a willingness to break international isolation, the Russian alliance, and development of the colonial empire. These centrist

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Another social consequence was the enhanced role of the press. For the first time it exerted an important influence on French political life. It was possible to speak of a fourth estate since it could act the part of all state organs. Especially as the high editorial quality of the press was mainly

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The enduring significance of the Dreyfus Affair ... lies in its manifest embodiment of multiple narratives and multiple strands of historical causality. It shows how longstanding beliefs and tensions can be transformed ... into a juggernaut that alters the political and cultural landscape

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This judicial conclusion also had an unfortunate consequence for the relationship between the Dreyfus family and the branch of Ultra-Dreyfusards. Fernand Labori, Jaures, and Clemenceau, with the consent of Picquart openly accused Alfred Dreyfus of accepting the pardon and only gently protesting the

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The day after the verdict, Alfred Dreyfus, after much hesitation, filed an appeal for a retrial. Waldeck-Rousseau, in a difficult position, tackled for the first time the possibility of a pardon. Dreyfus had to accept guilt. Exhausted, having been away from his family for too long, he accepted. The

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On 9 September 1899, the court rendered its verdict: Dreyfus was convicted of treason, but "with extenuating circumstances" (by five votes to two) and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and a further degradation. Contrary to appearances, this verdict was on the verge of acquittal by one vote. The

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General Mercier, champion of the anti-Dreyfusards, intervened constantly in the press to confirm the accuracy of the first judgement: Dreyfus was surely guilty. Immediately, however, dissent emerged in the defence of Dreyfus. His two lawyers actually had opposing strategies. Demange wanted to stand

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On 3 June 1899, the joint chambers of the Supreme Court overturned the judgment of 1894 in a formal hearing. The case was referred to the Military Court of Rennes. By that judgment, the Supreme Court imposed itself as an absolute authority capable of standing up to military and political power. For

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accused of being a deserter and tainted by the Prussians. Despite the compliant silence of Mercier, Billot, Zurlinden, and Roget, who hid behind the authority of "already judged" and "state secret", understanding of the affair increased. Cavaignac made a statement two days long, but failed to prove

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Zola was sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of 3,000 francs, which was the maximum penalty. This harshness was due to the atmosphere of violence surrounding the trial. "The excitement of the audience and the exasperation of the crowd in front of the courthouse were so violent that one could

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was assigned to be head of the staff of the Military Intelligence Service (SR) in July 1895, following the illness of Colonel Sandherr. In March 1896, Picquart, who had followed the Dreyfus affair from the outset, now required to receive the documents stolen from the German Embassy directly without

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The jousting of the columnists took place within a broader debate about the issue of a closed court. For Ranc and Cassagnac, who represented the majority of the press, the closed court was a low manoeuvre to enable the acquittal of Dreyfus, "because the minister is a coward". The proof was "that he

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to justify their previous campaigns against the presence of Jews in the army on the theme "You have been told!" This long delay above all enabled the General Staff to prepare public opinion and to put indirect pressure on the judges. On 8 November 1894, General Mercier declared Dreyfus guilty in an

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The operation of military counterintelligence, alias the "Statistics Section" (SR), should be noted. Spying as a tool for secret war was a novelty as an organised activity by governments in the late 19th century. The Statistics Section was created in 1871 but consisted of only a handful of officers

2795:

of 27 August 1892 was signed, although some opponents thought it "against nature". The army had recovered from the defeat, but many of its officers were aristocrats and monarchists. Cult of the flag and contempt for the parliamentary republic prevailed in the army. The Republic celebrated its army;

5376:

image, which made it appear a shelter from extremist excess. He had originally been a fanatic supporter for assimilation of Jews into European Gentile society. The Dreyfus affair shook Herzl's view on the world, and he became completely enveloped in a tiny movement calling for the restoration of a

5303:

who attacked ferociously. This being said the role of the press was limited by the size of circulation, influential in Paris but to a lesser extent nationwide. The entire run of the national press appeared to revolve around four and a half million copies whose real influence was relatively strong.

5131:

published a feature by Walter Littlefield headlined “Dreyfus Unaware to End He Had Been Victim of Plot…” The piece fills 2 full pages and leads with the statement that the truth could not be published during Dreyfus' lifetime “because while he lived this would have caused him pain and resentment.”

5034:

who "reasoned badly on forged documents". The report showed that the writing was certainly by Esterhazy and that the latter had also confessed subsequently. Finally the Court demonstrated by a comprehensive and skilled analysis of the bordereau the futility of this purely intellectual construction

4825:

superiors, they accorded too much importance to fragile allegations that were only made against the accused." Thus he concluded: "For surely it might have been predicted with certainty that, if the revision trial had taken place before the Cour de cassation ... Dreyfus would now be a free man.

4799:

Reactions in France were strong, consisting of "shock and sadness" in the revisionist camp. Still other reactions tended to show that the "verdict of appeasement" made by the judges was understood and accepted by the population. The Republicans sought above all social peace and to turn the page on

4598:

Picquart then demonstrated all the workings of the error, then the conspiracy. In a decision dated 8 December 1898 in response to his divestiture announcement, Picquart was protected from the military court by the Criminal Division of the Supreme Court. This was a new obstacle to the wishes of the

4516:

was appointed in place of Brisson. In 1894 he had covered the actions of General Mercier at the beginning of the Dreyfus affair, and four years later he announced that he would follow the judgment of the Supreme Court, thus blocking the road for those who wanted to stifle the review and divest the

4500:

who succeeded him and was influenced by the General Staff, delivered a negative opinion at the review on 10 September 1898 comforting the extremist press by saying that, "a review means war". The obstinacy of the government, who voted to revert to the Supreme Court on 26 September 1898, led to the

4304:

Antisemitic disturbances and riots broke out in 1898 in cities across Metropolitan France, mostly in January and February. Antisemitic riots predated the Dreyfus affair, and were almost a tradition in the East, which "the Alsatian people observed upon the outbreak of any revolution in France". But

4265:

where the public was considered more favourable to the army and more nationalistic. On 23 May 1898, at the first hearing, Mr. Labori appealed to the Supreme Court regarding the change of jurisdiction, which adjourned the trial and postponed the hearing to 18 July 1898. Labori advised Zola to leave

4231:

This trial was also the scene of a real legal battle in which the rights of the defence were constantly violated. Many observers were aware of the collusion between France's political and military worlds. Evidently the court received instructions not to raise the subject of former judicial errors.

3711:

Major Henry, although deputy to Picquart, was jealous and fostered his own malicious operation to compromise his superior. He engaged in various malpractices (making a letter and designating it as an instrument of a "Jewish syndicate", wanting to help Dreyfus to escape, rigging the "petit bleu" to

3648:

On seeing letters from Esterhazy, Picquart realized with amazement that his writing was exactly the same as that on the "bordereau", which had been used to incriminate Dreyfus. He procured the "secret file" given to the judges in 1894 and was astonished by the lack of evidence against Dreyfus, and

5363:

f France – bastion of emancipation, progress and universal socialism – get caught up in a maelstrom of antisemitism and let the Parisian crowd chant 'Kill the Jews!' Where can they be safe once again – if not in their own country? Assimilation does not solve the problem because the Gentile world

5043:

Whereas in the final analysis of the accusation against Dreyfus nothing remains standing and setting aside the judgment of the Military Court leaves nothing that can be considered to be a crime or misdemeanour; therefore by applying the final paragraph of Article 445 no reference to another court

4824:

The Military judges were not familiar with the law or criminal proceedings. They lacked the experience and skill that can see the evidence behind the evidence. They were drowning in prejudice and they acted according to what they saw as the honour of the army. Impressed, full of respect for their

4697:

The trial opened on 7 August 1899 in an atmosphere of extreme tension. Rennes was in a state of siege. The judges of the court-martial were under pressure. Esterházy, who admitted authorship of the bordereau, was in exile in England. He and du Paty were both excused. On the appearance of Dreyfus,

4524:

A new crisis arose at the same time in the heart of the Supreme Court, since Quesnay de Beaurepaire, president of the Civil Chamber, accused the Criminal Chamber of Dreyfusism in the press. He resigned on 8 January 1899 as a hero of the nationalist cause. This crisis led to the divestiture of the

3533:

on 14 April 1895. Apart from his guards, he was the only inhabitant of the island and he stayed in a stone hut 4 by 4 metres (13 ft × 13 ft). Haunted by the risk of escape, the commandant of the prison sentenced him to a hellish life, even though living conditions were already very

3205:

On 1 November 1894, Alfred's brother, Mathieu Dreyfus, became aware of the arrest after being called urgently to Paris. He became the architect of the arduous fight for the liberation of his brother. Without hesitation, he began looking for a lawyer, and retained the distinguished criminal lawyer

3015:

The staff of the Military Intelligence Service (SR) worked around the clock to spy on the German Embassy in Paris. They had managed to get a French housekeeper named "Madame Bastian" hired to work in the building and spy on the Germans. In September 1894, she found a torn-up note which she handed

2925:

accused Jewish officers of "betraying their birth", the officers challenged the editors. Captain Crémieu-Foa, a Jewish Alsatian graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique, fought unsuccessfully against Drumont and against M. de Lamase, who was the author of the articles. Captain Mayer, another Jewish

4482:

France was thoroughly divided into two, but several things remain clear: the Jewish community had little involvement, intellectuals were not all Dreyfusards, the Protestants were divided, and Marxists refused to support Dreyfus. The split transcended religion and social background, as shown in a

3596:

The campaign for the review, relayed little by little into the leftist anti-military press, triggered a return of a violent yet vague antisemitism. France was overwhelmingly anti-Dreyfusard; Major Henry from the Statistics Section in turn was aware of the thinness of the prosecution case. At the

3058:

In fact, the reputation of Dreyfus as a cold and withdrawn or even haughty character, as well as his "curiosity", worked strongly against him. These traits of character, some false, others natural, made the charges plausible by turning the most ordinary acts of everyday life in the ministry into

5843:

These are treated in the single penultimate paragraph in one sentence: "The material elements consist of the incriminating letter including review by the majority of experts as well as by us and by the witnesses who have seen it until now except for those who wilfully see differences, showing a

5290:

in 1886. It was then greatly amplified by various legal episodes and press campaigns for nearly fifteen years. Antisemitism was from then on official and was espoused in numerous settings including the working classes. Candidates for the legislative elections took advantage of antisemitism as a

4619:

On 28 February 1899, Waldeck-Rousseau spoke to the Senate on the floor and denounced "moral conspiracy" within the government and in the street. The review was no longer avoidable. On 1 March 1899, Alexis Ballot-Beaupré, the new president of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court, was appointed

3390:

Military witnesses at the trial alerted high command about the risk of acquittal. For this eventuality the Statistics Section had prepared a file containing, in principle, four "absolute" proofs of the guilt of Captain Dreyfus accompanied by an explanatory note. The contents of this secret file

3123:

Meanwhile, several parallel sources of information were opening up, some on the personality of Dreyfus, others to ensure the truth of the identity of the author of the bordereau. The expert Gobert was not convinced and found many differences. He even wrote that "the nature of the writing on the

4615:

On 9 February 1899, the Criminal Division submitted its report by highlighting two important facts: it was certain Esterhazy used the same paper as the bordereau and the secret file was completely void. These two major events alone destroyed all proceedings against Alfred Dreyfus. In parallel,

4495:

Henry was dead, Boisdeffre had resigned, Gonse had no more authority, and du Paty had been severely compromised by Esterhazy: for the conspirators it was a débâcle. The government was now caught between two fires: the nationalist pressure on the street and the higher command. Cavaignac, having

3149:

On the morning of 15 October 1894, Captain Dreyfus underwent this ordeal but admitted nothing. Du Paty even tried to suggest suicide by placing a revolver in front of Dreyfus, but he refused to take his life, saying he "wanted to live to establish his innocence". The hopes of the military were

2756:

as prime minister. His government faced the opposition of the left and of some Republicans (including the Progressive Union) and made sure to keep the support of the right. He sought to appease religious, social, and economic tensions and conducted a fairly conservative policy. He succeeded in

7933:

About the other points: 2) "A note upon the 'troupes de couverture' (some modifications will be carried out)"; 3) "A note concerning a modification in the formations of artillery"; 4) "A note relative to Madagascar" ; 5) "The proposed 'manual de tir' of field artillery (March 14, 1894)" in J.

4321:

appeared on 13 January, and most historians suggest that the riots were spontaneous reactions to its publication, and to the subsequent Zola trial. The press reported that "tumultuous demonstrations broke out nearly every day". Prefects or police in various towns noted demonstrations in their

3351:

were present at certain proceedings in violation of the law. The closed court allowed the military to avoid disclosing the emptiness of their evidence to the public and to stifle debate. As expected, the emptiness of their case appeared clearly during the hearings. Detailed discussions on the

3054:

and an artillery officer, of the Jewish faith and of Alsatian origin, coming from the republican meritocracy. At the beginning of the case, the emphasis was rather on the Alsatian origins of Dreyfus than on his religion. These origins were not, however, exceptional because these officers were

4724:

On 14 August 1899, Labori was on his way to court when he was shot in the back by an extremist who escaped and was never found. The lawyer was missing from discussions for over a week at the decisive moment of the examination of witnesses. On 22 August 1899, his condition had improved and he

4047:

provided for the first time a compilation of all existing data on the affair in one place. Zola's goal was to make himself a target, to force the authorities to prosecute him. His trial forced a new public review of both the Dreyfus and Esterhazy affairs. Here he went against the strategy of

3841:

in which ten years earlier Esterhazy had expressed violently his hatred for France and his contempt for the French army. The militarist press rushed to the rescue of Esterhazy with an unprecedented antisemitic campaign. The Dreyfusard press replied with strong new evidence in its possession.

3398:

The secret file was illegally submitted at the beginning of the deliberations by the President of the Military Court, Colonel Émilien Maurel, by order of the Minister of War, General Mercier. Later at the Rennes trial of 1899, General Mercier explained (falsely) the nature of the prohibited

3238:

On 4 December 1894, Dreyfus was referred to the first Military Court with this dossier. The secrecy was lifted and Demange could access the file for the first time. After reading it the lawyer had absolute confidence, as he saw the emptiness of the prosecution's case. The prosecution rested

3111:

General Mercier believed he had the guilty party, but he exaggerated the value of the affair, which took on the status of an affair of state during the week preceding the arrest of Dreyfus. The Minister did consult and inform all the authorities of the State, yet despite prudent counsel and

2915:

Antisemitism did not spare the military, which practised hidden discrimination with the "cote d'amour" (a subjective assessment of personal acceptability) system of irrational grading, encountered by Dreyfus in his application to the Bourges School. However, while prejudices of this nature

4373:

The acquittal of Esterhazy, the convictions of Émile Zola and of Georges Picquart, and the continued presence of an innocent man in prison had a considerable national and international effect. France was exposed as an arbitrary state, which contradicted its founding republican principles.

4668:

Alfred Dreyfus was in no way aware of what was happening thousands of kilometres from him. Neither was he aware of the schemes hatched to guarantee that he could never return, or the commitment of countless men and women to his cause. The prison administration filtered information deemed

4313:

from 18–25 January. Demonstrators at these disturbances threw stones, chanted slogans, attacked Jewish property and sometimes Jewish people, and resisted police efforts to stop them. Mayors called for calm, and troops including cavalry were called in an attempt to quell the disturbances.

5404:

The Dreyfus affair also marked a turning point in the lives of many Jews from Western and Central Europe, as the pogroms of 1881–1882 had done for the Jews of Eastern Europe, as many Jews had believed that they were Frenchmen first. Yet Jews, despite the state-sanctioned efforts of the

3876:

By error an innocent person was convicted, but on order the guilty party was acquitted. For many moderate Republicans it was an intolerable infringement of the fundamental values they defended. The acquittal of Esterhazy therefore brought about a change of strategy for the Dreyfusards.

4841:

regretted that the innocence of Dreyfus was not recognized, the normalization of future Franco-German relations was seen as a welcome relaxation. Diplomacy between the three powers with the help of England sought to relax in an atmosphere that deteriorated again on the eve of the

4624:

many Dreyfusards, this ruling was the prelude to the acquittal of the captain; they forgot to consider that it was again the army who would judge. The court, in overturning the judgement, believed in the legal autonomy of the military court without taking into account the laws of

2916:

undoubtedly existed within the confines of the General Staff, the French Army as a whole was relatively open to individual talent. At the time of the Dreyfus affair there were an estimated 300 Jewish officers in the army (about 3 per cent of the total), of whom ten were generals.

3558:, the elder brother of Alfred, was convinced of his innocence. He was the chief architect of the rehabilitation of his brother and spent his time, energy and fortune to gather an increasingly powerful movement for a retrial in December 1894, despite the difficulties of the task: 4868:

on 19 September 1899 after much hesitation. Dreyfus was not found innocent. The rehabilitation process was not completed until six years later, when passions had cooled. Many books appeared during this period. In addition to the memoires of Alfred Dreyfus, Reinach published his

3542:, forcing him to stay in bed motionless with his ankles shackled. This measure was the result of false information of his escape revealed by a British newspaper. For two long months, Dreyfus was plunged into deep despair, convinced that his life would end on this remote island. 2933:

Hatred of Jews was now public and violent, driven by a firebrand (Drumont) who demonized the Jewish presence in France. Jews in metropolitan France in 1895 numbered about 80,000 (40,000 in Paris alone), who were highly integrated into society; an additional 45,000 Jews lived in

5175:

The Dreyfus affair brought the confrontation between two sides of France to life. However, according to most historians, this opposition served the republican order. There was indeed a strengthening of parliamentary democracy and a failure of monarchist and reactionary forces.

4345:, antisemitic posters appeared in the streets, and riots followed soon after. At Saint-Etienne, posters read, "Imitate your brothers of Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Toulouse ... join with them in demonstrating against the underhand attacks being made on the Nation." In 3452:

For the authorities, the press and the public, doubts had been dispelled by the trial and his guilt was certain. Right and left regretted the abolition of the death penalty for such a crime. Antisemitism peaked in the press and occurred in areas so far spared. Socialist leader

2613:, a Dreyfusard declaration that rallied many intellectuals to Dreyfus's cause. France became increasingly divided over the case, and the issue continued to be hotly debated until the end of the century. Antisemitic riots erupted in more than twenty French cities, and riots in 5522:

where Capitaine Dreyfus had been officially stripped of his officer's rank. Chirac stated that "the combat against the dark forces of intolerance and hate is never definitively won", and called Dreyfus "an exemplary officer" and a "patriot who passionately loved France". The

3141:

On 13 October 1894, without any tangible evidence and with an empty file, General Mercier summoned Captain Dreyfus for a general inspection in "bourgeois clothing", i.e. in civilian clothes. The purpose of the General Staff was to obtain the perfect proof under French law: a

3132:

but no handwriting expert. He was initially no more positive than Gobert but he did not exclude the possibility of its being the writing of Dreyfus. Later, under pressure from the military, he argued that Dreyfus had autocopied it and developed his theory of "autoforgery".

3663:". After this, everything was done to oust him from his position, with the help of his own deputy, Major Henry. It was primarily the upper echelons of the Army that did not want to admit that Dreyfus's conviction could be a grave miscarriage of justice. For Mercier, then 3537:

Dreyfus was allowed to write on paper numbered and signed. He underwent censorship by the commandant even when he received mail from his wife Lucie, whereby they encouraged each other. On 6 September 1896, the conditions of life for Dreyfus worsened again; he was chained

4962:

was re-elected and he revived the affair on 7 April 1903 while France thought the affair buried forever. In a speech Jaurès evoked the long list of falsehoods peppering the Dreyfus case, and placed particular emphasis on two things. First, the letter of resignation from

4308:

There were three waves of unrest in 55 localities: the first ending the week of 23 January; the second wave in the week following; and the third wave from 23–28 February; these waves and other incidents totaled 69 riots or disturbances across the country. Additionally,

5299:

derived from the work of writers and novelists who used newspapers as a revolutionary way of expression. The power of the press certainly brought politicians to action, an example of which was Mercier, who appeared to have pushed at the Dreyfus trial in 1894 to please

4643:

was what "united the disrupted country, turned parliament in favor of a retrial and eventually reconciled disparate elements" of France in a way "Clemenceau's daily editorials, Zola's pathos, Jaurès' speeches and popular hatred of the clergy and aristocracy" had not.

5824:

The documents could come from 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th offices – only a trainee appeared able to offer such a variety of documents as they passed from one office to another to complete their training. This was the reasoning of Lieutenant-Colonel d'Aboville, which proved

4395:, the first of four documents, that were of critical importance in exposing Esterhazy's guilt, and enabled the Dreyfusard cause to regain the initiative it had lost with Zola's conviction. The secret information had been provided by Zola, who had received it from 2603:, of the same. In the same month, Mathieu complained about Esterhazy to the Ministry of War. In January 1898 two events raised the case to national prominence: Esterhazy was acquitted of treason charges (subsequently shaving his moustache and fleeing France), and 5656:). Their research enabled the original contents of the secret file to be established. Their thesis was that historians had neglected the correspondence of Schwartzkoppen and Panizzardi, and that homosexuality played a central role in the slandering of Dreyfus. 3884:

Flush with victory, the General Staff arrested Picquart on charges of violation of professional secrecy following the disclosure of his investigation through his lawyer, who revealed it to Senator Scheurer-Kestner. The colonel, although placed under arrest at

3063:

From this first hour the phenomenon occurred that will dominate the whole affair. It is no longer controlled by facts and circumstances carefully examined which will constitute a belief; it is the irresistible cavalier conviction which distorts the facts and

3016:

over to her employers at the Military Intelligence Service. This note later became known as "the bordereau". This piece of paper, torn into six large pieces, unsigned and undated, was addressed to the German military attaché stationed at the German Embassy,

4244:

wrote in his diary: "From tonight I hold on to the Republic that inspires respect in me, a tenderness in me that I do not know. I declare that Justice is the most beautiful word in the language of men and I must cry if men no longer understand it". Senator

4232:

President Delegorgue, on the pretext of the long duration of the hearings, juggled the law incessantly to ensure that the trial dealt only with the alleged defamation by Zola. Delegorgue's phrase "the question will not be put" was repeated dozens of times.

5517:

held an official state ceremony marking the centenary of Dreyfus's official rehabilitation. This was held in the presence of the living descendants of both Émile Zola and Alfred Dreyfus. The event took place in the same cobblestone courtyard of Paris's

4616:

President Mazeau conducted an inquiry by the Criminal Division, which led to divestiture thereof "to not only leave it to bear alone all responsibility for the final decision", so protecting the Criminal Division from actions arising from its report.

2390:. High-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, and a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after a trial lasting only two days. The Army laid additional charges against Dreyfus, based on forged documents. Subsequently, writer 4517:

Court. On 5 December 1898 in the shadow of a debate in the House on the transmission of the "secret file" to the Supreme Court the tension rose another notch. Insults, invective, and other nationalistic violence gave way to threats of an uprising.

2987:

depicts the corpse of Dreyfus himself as it dangles from a noose. Large noses, money, and Lenepveu's general tendency to illustrate subjects with bodies of animals likely contributed to the dissemination of antisemitism in French popular culture.

4374:

Antisemitism made considerable progress and riots were common throughout the year 1898. However politicians were still in denial about the affair. In April and May 1898, they were mostly concerned with elections, in which Jaurès lost his seat of

3806:, a petition calling for a retrial, but Barrès refused, broke with Zola and Blum in early-December, and began to popularize the term "intellectuals". This first break was the prelude to a division among the educated elite after 13 January 1898. 3683:

At this moment Major Henry chose to take action. On 1 November 1896, he created a false document, subsequently called the "faux Henry" , keeping the header and signature of an ordinary letter from Panizzardi, and wrote the central text himself:

3688:

I read that a deputy will call on Dreyfus. If you ask further explanations from Rome, I would say that I never had relations with the Jew. That is understood. If asked, speak like that, because that person should never know what happened with

4440:, forced him to resign. Despite his apparently entirely involuntary role in the revision of the 1894 trial Cavaignac remained convinced that Dreyfus was guilty and made a statement disparaging and offensive to Dreyfus at the Rennes trial. 2912:. Tensions were high in all strata of society, fueled by an influential press, which was virtually free to write and disseminate any information even if offensive or defamatory. Legal risks were limited if the target was a private person. 5197:, among others. On that occasion many republicans rallied to Vichy, without which the operation of the State would have been precarious, which showed the fragility of the republican institution in extreme circumstances. Upon liberation, 3641:

any intermediary. He discovered a document called the "petit bleu": a telegram that was never sent, written by von Schwarzkoppen and intercepted at the German Embassy at the beginning of March 1896. It was addressed to a French officer,

3189:

confinement in prison, where Du Paty interrogated him day and night in order to obtain a confession, which failed. The captain was morally supported by the first Dreyfusard, Major Forzinetti, commandant of the military prisons of Paris.

3059:

proof of espionage. From the beginning a biased and one-sided multiplication of errors led the State to a false position. This was present throughout the affair, where irrationality prevailed over the positivism in vogue in that period:

4548:. These provocations plus permanent demonstrations from the extreme right, although it never actually put the Republic in danger, created a burst of Republicanism leading to the formation of a "government of republican defence" around 11571:, "L'Áffaire Dreyfus nelle relazioni Franco-Italiane" (in Italian), in: Comune di Forlì – Comune di Roma, Dreyfus. L'Áffaire e la Parigi fin de siècle nelle carte di un diplomatico italiano, Edizioni Lavoro, Roma 1994, pp. 23–36. (It) 2846:. One of the missions of the section was to spy on the German Embassy at Rue de Lille in Paris to thwart any attempt by the French to transmit important information to the Germans. This was especially critical since several cases of 5291:

watchword in parliamentary elections. This antisemitism was reinforced by the crisis of the separation of church and state in 1905, which probably led to its height in France. Antisemitic actions were permitted on the advent of the

2876:

Since early 1894, the Statistics Section had investigated traffic in master plans for Nice and the Meuse conducted by an officer whom the Germans and Italians nicknamed Dubois. This is what led to the origins of the Dreyfus affair.

4762:

on 19 September 1899 and Dreyfus was released on 21 September 1899. Many Dreyfusards were frustrated by this final act. Public opinion welcomed this conclusion indifferently. France wanted civil peace and harmony on the eve of the

3715:

Parallel to the investigations of Picquart, the defenders of Dreyfus were informed in November 1897 that the identity of the writer of the "bordereau" was Esterhazy. Mathieu Dreyfus had a reproduction of the bordereau published by

3425:

On 22 December 1894, after several hours of deliberation, the verdict was reached. Seven judges unanimously convicted Alfred Dreyfus of collusion with a foreign power, to the maximum penalty under section 76 of the Criminal Code:

4435:

fortress, where he killed himself the next day by cutting his own throat with a razor. The request for review filed by Lucie Dreyfus could not be rejected. Yet Cavaignac said "less than ever!", but the president of the council,

4677:

on the Quiberon peninsula in the greatest secrecy, "a clandestine and nocturnal return". After five years of imprisonment, he was on his native soil, but he was immediately locked up from 1 July 1899 in the military prison in

4611:

The work of the investigation was still to be taken back by the Criminal Division. The "secret file" was analyzed from 30 December 1898 and the Criminal Division requested disclosure of diplomatic records, which was granted.

2720:

were focused on the "social question" and resulted in a Republican victory (just under half the seats) against the conservative right, and the reinforcement of the Radicals (about 150 seats) and Socialists (about 50 seats).

5073:, Alfred Dreyfus was the target of an attack. Louis Grégori, an extreme right-wing journalist and assistant of Drumont, fired two shots from a revolver and wounded Dreyfus slightly in the arm. He was driven to do this for 4971:

dupes people without honour can no longer rely on the trust of subordinates, without which command is impossible. For my side I can not trust any of my chiefs who have been working on falsehoods, I ask for my retirement.

8785:

See the demonstrations of Meyer, Giry, Henri Poincaré, Appel, and Darboux, handwriting experts and mathematicians, during their testimony at the second review in 1904. They destroyed forever the Bertillon system. Thomas,

8949:

It was actually a man named Dubois who had already been identified by the Statistics Section for a year. See also Pierre Milza, "The Dreyfus Affair nelle relazioni Franco-Italiane", in: Comune di Forlì – Comune di Roma,

5527:

also held a memorial ceremony of the centennial marking the end of the affair. This was held in remembrance of the 1906 laws that had reintegrated and promoted both Dreyfus and Picquart at the end of the Dreyfus affair.

4775:

to still seek acquittal. Many Dreyfusards protested as this indemnified not only Zola and Picquart against (further) punishment but also protected the real culprits. Despite these massive protests the bill was passed.

5688:" drew inspiration from Devil's Island and the debate about justice and punishment the Dreyfus affair provoked in French society. Marcel Proust devoted significant passages of his second, third and fourth volumes of 4811:

cancelled his concerts in France in protest. The British, as legalists, focused on espionage and challenged rather strongly this conviction devoid of positive arguments in its construction. As such the report of the

5098:

at the time of his reinstatement in 1906, Dreyfus was promoted to the rank of officer of the Legion of Honour in 1919. His son, Pierre Dreyfus, also served in World War I as an artillery officer and was awarded the

3534:

painful. The temperature reached 45 °C, he was underfed or fed contaminated food and hardly had any treatment for his many tropical diseases. Dreyfus became sick and shaken by fevers that got worse every year.

5469: 2560:

and a Jew of Alsatian origin, was accused of handing secret documents to the Imperial German military. After a closed trial, he was found guilty of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was deported to

2628:

in 1899. Dreyfus was convicted again and sentenced to ten years of hard labour, though the sentence was commuted due to extenuating circumstances. Dreyfus accepted the presidential pardon granted by President

5536: 5244:. Those who at the end of the century could weigh heavily on the events of the affair had now disappeared giving way to new men whose ambition was to reform and correct the errors and injustices of the past. 8468:

in 1870. A specialist in criminal law, he was recognized by his peers and elected member of the Council of the Bar from 1888 to 1892. In an historical irony, it was Demange who obtained the acquittal of the

5806:

means simply a note or slip of paper and can be applied to any note. In French, many documents in the case were called bordereaux; however, in this translation the term bordereau is used only for this note.

9550:

Henry aspired to be Sandherr's successor, having been his assistant for many years, but Picquart was appointed head of the SR. The dismissal of Picquart would allow Henry to satisfy his ambition (Bredin,

2640:

The implications of this case were numerous and affected all aspects of French public life. It was regarded as a vindication of the Third Republic (and became a founding myth), but it led to a renewal of

5425:

in the northwestern suburbs of Paris. He said that nothing could repair the humiliations and injustices Dreyfus had suffered, and "let us not aggravate it by forgetting, deepening or repeating them".

3676:

tried to convince his seniors to react in favour of Dreyfus, but the General Staff seemed deaf. An investigation was started against him, he was monitored when he was in the east, then transferred to

3150:

crushed. Nevertheless Du Paty de Clam still arrested the captain, accused him of conspiring with the enemy, and told him that he would be brought before a court-martial. Dreyfus was imprisoned at the

2413:

In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial. The intense political and judicial scandal that ensued divided French society between those who supported Dreyfus, the "Dreyfusards" such as

5145:

for decades. In the interest of increasing our understanding ... the complexities of that transformation should be recognized and analyzed rather than packaged for moral or political usefulness.

7925:

The only important information in the document was a note on the 120 C Baquet gun, an artillery piece that represented only 1.4% of modern French artillery in 1914 and 0.6% of all artillery. Doise,

3593:. This publication had little influence on the political and intellectual world, but it contained so much detail that the General Staff suspected that Picquart, the new head of SR, was responsible. 3399:

disclosure of the documents submitted in the courtroom. This file contained, in addition to letters without much interest, some of which were falsified, a piece known as the "Scoundrel D ...".

3749:, informed in mid-November 1897 by Scheurer-Kestner with documents, was convinced of the innocence of Dreyfus and undertook to engage himself officially. On 25 November 1897 the novelist published 5204:

The other result was an intellectual mutation of socialism. Jaurès was a late Dreyfusard (January 1898) and was persuaded by revolutionary socialists. His commitment became unwavering alongside

5565:

The period of the occupation throws a veil over the case. The liberation and the revelation of the Holocaust brought a deep reflection on all of the Dreyfus affair. Jacques Kayser (1946) then

5409:, were never truly accepted into society and were often deemed aliens and outsiders, even when they showed extreme devotion by fighting courageously in the wars of their respective countries. 7787: 4326:

reported that "Individuals with Jewish features were grabbed, surrounded, and roughed up by delirious youths who danced round them, brandishing flaming torches, made from rolled-up copies of

4270:

before the end of the trial, which the writer did, departing for a one-year exile in England. The defendants were convicted again. As for Colonel Picquart, he found himself again in prison.

5240:

The final consequence on the political scene at the turn of the century saw a profound renewal of political personalities with the disappearance of great republican figures beginning with

4820:, on 16 September 1899, was a symbol of the global effect of the affair in the United Kingdom. Russell, who went as an observer to Rennes, criticised the weaknesses of the Military Court: 5140:

For some the Dreyfus affair marked French society as a tortured society. All sections of society were affected; some were devastated. According to Katrin Schultheiss, a modern historian:

9073:

It seems that the correct spelling is Captain Lebrun Renaud, but all of the historical literature takes the form of the text, and it is therefore the most common. See the testimony from

3020:. It stated that confidential French military documents regarding the newly developed "hydraulic brake of 120, and the way this gun has worked" were about to be sent to a foreign power. 2464:. The affair divided France into pro-republican, anticlerical Dreyfusards and pro-Army, mostly Catholic anti-Dreyfusards, embittering French politics and encouraging radicalisation. The 8917:

In French military law at the time, all the evidence of guilt must be available to the defence in order to be subject to examination. This was not required for ordinary justice. Doise,

3231:

After the news broke on Dreyfus' arrest, many journalists flocked to the story and flooded the story with speculations and accusations. The renowned journalist and antisemitic agitator

2865:, who developed a policy of infiltration that appears to have been effective. In the 1880s Schwartzkoppen had begun an affair with an Italian military attaché, Lieutenant Colonel Count 2983:

was a collection of anti-Dreyfus posters illustrated by Victor Lenepveu during the Dreyfus affair. Lenepveu caricatured "prominent Jews, Dreyfus supporters, and Republican statesman".

5599:

in two volumes a complete review of the history of the affair supported by all available public and private archives. His work is the foundation of all subsequent historical studies.

5231:, the first modern political party, conceived as an electoral machine of the republican group. It had a permanent structure and relied on networks of Dreyfusards. The creation of the 2652:

The affair engendered numerous antisemitic demonstrations, which in turn affected sentiment within the Jewish communities of Central and Western Europe. At the same time, Jews in the

2633:. In 1906 his innocence was officially established by an irrevocable judgement of the Supreme Court. Dreyfus was reinstated in the army with the rank of Major and participated in the 4992:

Minister of War. This was in compliance with the regulations since the Minister found an error committed by the Military Court. This was the beginning of a new review led by lawyer

4418:

Cavaignac reported three items "overwhelming among a thousand", two of which had no connection with the case. The other was the "faux Henry". Cavaignac's speech was effective: the

5107:), the secrets of which Dreyfus was accused of revealing to the Germans, was among those used in blunting the early German offensives. He ended his military career as a colonel. 8410:

No defendant could be held incommunicado under any law of the time. The risk of leakage was limited by the fact that lawyers are subject to professional secrecy. Supreme Court,

4768: 4479:

to file an application for review of the military court of 1894. The government transferred the case to the Supreme Court for its opinion on the past four years of proceedings.

4224:

notes verbatim of the debates every day to build support in the population. These notes were, for the Dreyfusards, an essential tool for later debates. The nationalists, behind

3461:

and wrote, "A soldier has been sentenced to death and executed for throwing a button in the face of his corporal. So why leave this miserable traitor alive?" Radical Republican

8635:

Three denials, very brief and ambiguous, were published by the Havas agency in November and December 1894 in order to clarify the responsibility of the German Embassy. Bredin,

7609: 5247:

The Dreyfus affair created difficulties and blocked the way for improved relations between France and Italy after the customs war as Italy was Europe's most Dreyfusard nation.

5998:

explain the secrecy surrounding the whole affair, and the transmission of the "secret file" in 1894. Evidently, nobody ever found any evidence of these convenient assertions.

2843: 4893:

and the first of the intellectual Dreyfusards, died, asphyxiated by fumes from his chimney. His wife, Alexandrine, narrowly escaped. It was a shock for the Dreyfusard clan.

4996:, the founder of the League of Human Rights, with a thorough investigation to run over two years. The years 1904 and 1905 were devoted to different legal phases before the 3202:. This marked the beginning of a very brutal press campaign until the trial. This event put the affair in the field of antisemitism where it remained until its conclusion. 3484:

where he was held for over a month. He had the right to see his wife twice a week in a long room, each of them at one end, with the director of the prison in the middle.

2595:

to draw attention to the weakness of the evidence against Dreyfus. Scheurer-Kestner reported three months later that he was convinced Dreyfus was innocent, and persuaded

8769:

Although he was only a captain, he earned a personal income from his father's legacy and his wife's dowry equivalent to that of a commanding general of a region: Doise,

3092:

To condemn Dreyfus, the writing on the bordereau had to be compared to that of the Captain. There was nobody competent to analyse the writing on the General Staff. Then

5815:

On the indication of Captain Matton, the only artillery officer in the Statistics Section. Three of the documents transmitted concerned short- and long-range artillery.

5237:

was contemporaneous with the affair. It was the hub of the intellectual left and extremely active at the beginning of the century, the conscience of the humanist left.

3614: 80: 5282:

but was limited to an intellectual elite. The Dreyfus affair spread hatred of Jews through all strata of society, a movement that certainly began with the success of

5014: 4212:, Zola's lawyer, intended to call about 200 witnesses. The details of the Dreyfus affair, unknown to most of the public, were published in the press. Several papers, 10452: 5066:, Major Dreyfus retired in June 1907; a decision taken in part because of recurrent tropical fevers and chronic fatigue arising from the strain of his imprisonment. 4228:, however, were more visible and organized riots, which forced the prefect of police to intervene to protect Zola whenever he left the facility after every hearing. 2363:, was convicted of treason for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent overseas to the 591: 4897:, who demanded that Dreyfus be present at the funeral while the Chief of Police wanted his absence "to avoid problems", read his funeral oration for the author of " 11538:"At the beginning of this great drama, they were revolutionary socialists who encouraged me the most, who committed me the most to enter the battle." Jean Jaurès 5035:

and a commission of four headed by a general of artillery, General Sebert, maintained "it is highly unlikely that an artillery officer could write this missive".

4536:

was elected, which was an advance for the cause of the review as the previous president had been a fierce opponent. On 23 February 1899 at the funeral for Faure,

3881:, took more combative and rebellious action. In response to the acquittal, large and violent riots by anti-Dreyfusards and antisemites broke out across France. 3813:

declared in the opening session of the National Assembly on 7 December 1897, "There is no Dreyfus affair. There is not now and there can be no Dreyfus affair."

3605:, he was charged with the task of enlarging the file to prevent any attempt at a review. Unable to find any evidence, he decided to build some after the fact. 2919:

The popularity of the duel using sword or small pistol, sometimes causing death, bore witness to the tensions of the period. When a series of press articles in

3652:

Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy was a former member of French counterespionage where he had served after the war of 1870. He had worked in the same office as Major

668: 11802: 5551:

The contemporary literature of the case was published between 1894 and 1906. It began with the pamphlet of Bernard Lazare, the first intellectual Dreyfusard.

5094:. Apart from Major Du Paty de Clam, Dreyfus was the only officer directly involved in the affair to serve in the war. Having been named as a Chevalier of the 5086:

of 1914–1918, serving as head of the artillery depot at a fortified camp near Paris and commander of a supply column. In 1917 he saw frontline service at the

3562:

After the degradation emptiness was around us. It seemed to us that we were no longer human beings like others, we were cut off from the world of the living.

529: 7977: 3581:

Little by little, despite threats of arrest for complicity, machinations and entrapment by the military, he managed to convince various moderates. Thus the

12021: 3863:

Although protected by the General Staff and therefore by the government, Esterhazy was obliged to admit authorship of the Francophobe letters published by

821: 11094: 7682: 2799:

Over the previous ten years the army had undergone a significant shift resulting from its twofold aim to democratize and modernize. The graduates of the

2700:, its ministries continued to be short-lived as the country lurched from crisis to crisis: three years immediately preceding the Dreyfus affair were the 8121:

It has been argued in many books that Dreyfus was unemotional and indifferent to his fate: that was ultimately refuted by many testimonies. V. Duclert,

5400:. If I said this out loud today, I would be answered by universal laughter. Perhaps in five years, and certainly in fifty, everyone will recognize this. 3700:

Picquart confided in his friend, lawyer Louis Leblois, who promised secrecy. Leblois, however, spoke to the vice president of the Senate, the Alsatian

3667:

and the General Staff, what was done was done and should never be returned to. They found it convenient to separate the Dreyfus and Esterhazy affairs.

7424: 7063: 5304:

There was also assistance through the publication in 1899 of a specific newspaper intended to coordinate the fight (in the dreyfusard camp), with the

3645:, 27 rue de la Bienfaisance – Paris. In another letter in black pencil, von Schwarzkoppen revealed the same clandestine relationship with Esterhazy. 4369:

Photograph of the "faux Henry". The header ("my dear friend") and signature ("Alexandrine") are from Panizzardi. The rest is from the hand of Henry.

3930:

accusing the French military of antisemitism and calling for a retrial for Dreyfus. Esterhazy lived comfortably in England until his death in 1923.

12050: 5757: 5498: 5478: 4934: 3419: 2484: 1918: 8249:

Hanotaux did obtain a promise from Mercier to drop the charges if other evidence was not found. This is most likely the origin of the secret file.

5853: 5452:, had, in certain cases, saved their lives, said repeatedly in 2021 that the truth about Dreyfus was not clear, his innocence was "not obvious". 5228: 5221: 5110:

Dreyfus died on 12 July 1935 at the age of seventy-five. His funeral cortège passed through ranks assembled for Bastille Day celebrations at the

4980:), which General Mercier had alluded to at the Rennes trial, which is reported by the press to have influenced the judges of the Military Court. 4378:. The majority was moderate, though a parliamentary group in the House was antisemitic. Nevertheless the cause of the Dreyfusards was restarted. 2309: 939: 826: 11739: 2873:

of national degeneration, recent historians have suggested that combining them to inflate the scandal may have shaped the prosecution strategy.

1638: 1534: 2942:

with a circulation estimated at 200,000 copies in 1892, allowed Drumont to expand his audience to a popular readership already enticed by the

11872: 9687: 3363:

wife Lucie. This theory, although later regarded as bizarre and astonishing, seems to have had some effect on the judges. In addition, Major

5396:

Were I to sum up the Basel Congress in a word – which I shall guard against pronouncing publicly – it would be this: At Basel I founded the

5349:

Dreyfus affair had on him. Before the wave of antisemitism that accompanied the degradation Herzl was "convinced of the need to resolve the

3308:, which in fact condemned the indictment against Dreyfus and asked, "How much freedom will the military court have to judge the defendant?" 11399: 9348:. This lack of consent allowed the General Staff to contest openly the quality of the evidence and to go hard on Picquart to discredit him. 7044: 5179:

The excessive violence of the nationalist parties brought together republicans in a united front, which defeated attempts to return to the

3525:

On 12 March 1895, after a difficult voyage of fifteen days, the ship anchored off the Îles du Salut. Dreyfus stayed one month in prison on

925: 596: 524: 4595:

the guilt of Dreyfus. On the contrary, he unwittingly exonerated him by a demonstration of the exact date of the bordereau (August 1894).

4333:

However, the fervid reaction to the Dreyfus affair and especially the Zola trial was only partly spontaneous. In a dozen cities including

1796: 8473:, assassin of the Jewish Captain Mayer in a duel. Y. Repiquet, president of the bar, in Edgar Demange and Fernand Labori, Supreme Court, 7169:, French original "Cinq années de ma vie" published in France in 1901, English translation first published in 1901, newest reprint 2019 ( 5122:. Picquart was Minister of War from 1906 to 1909 in the first Clemenceau government; he died in January 1914 in a horse riding accident. 4881:. Even Esterhazy took advantage of his secrets and sold several different versions of the text of his statement to the consul of France. 3693:

This was a rather crude forgery. Generals Gonse and Boisdeffre, however, without asking questions, brought the letter to their minister,

2900:

The social context was marked by the rise of nationalism and antisemitism. The growth of antisemitism, virulent since the publication of

2456:

The Dreyfus affair came to symbolise modern injustice in the Francophone world; it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex

1211: 9834: 8901:

Pierre Gervais, Romain Huret and Pauline Peretz, "A review of the 'secret file': homosexuality and antisemitism in the Dreyfus Affair",

5629:(1982), more attention has been paid to the undercurrent of antisemitism in French society and its effect on the evolution of the case. 5103:. Alfred Dreyfus's two nephews also fought as artillery officers in the French Army and both were killed. The same artillery piece (the 11770: 4817: 2997: 2725:

policies resulted in cabinet instability, with some Republican members of the government sometimes aligning with the radicals and some

1351: 85: 70: 5019: 7617: 507: 10323: 4939: 3239:

completely on the writing on a single piece of paper, the bordereau, on which experts disagreed, and on vague indirect testimonies.

8222:, to minimize the importance of the documents submitted, this Mercier later denied, which made the two men implacable enemies. See 2445:. The new trial resulted in another conviction and a 10-year sentence, but Dreyfus was pardoned and released. In 1906, Dreyfus was 206: 8985:

p. 191 et seq. It especially aggravated his case in not admitting that the transmission of a secret file was a criminal manoeuvre.

5497:

the exit of the Notre-Dame-des-Champs metro station, where it can be found today. A replica is located at the entrance of Paris's

5428:

The reference to not repeating them follows attempts by the French far right to question Dreyfus's innocence. An army colonel was

4913: 4590:

The recorder Louis Loew presided. He was subjected to a very violent campaign of antisemitic insults due to his being an Alsatian

4182:, to be heard at the Assises of the Seine from 7 to 23 February 1898. Defamation of a public authority was liable to trial in the 2828: 2804: 4813: 5967:

Octave Mirbeau paid 7,525 francs from his own pocket, which represented the amount of the fine and court costs on 8 August 1898.

725: 11357:

Du Paty de Clam died of wounds in 1916. The other senior officers had either retired or died before the outbreak of World War I

11028:

It was a matter for the Chairman of the Military Court Major Breon, a Catholic who attended "every day at Mass" (J.-D. Bredin,

8884: 5392:

and is considered the "inventor of Zionism as a real political movement". Theodor Herzl wrote in his diary (1 September 1897):

1883: 1519: 75: 12114: 11310: 11285: 10185: 7757: 7174: 6946: 6925: 6391: 6344: 4257:. Even more than the Dreyfus affair the Zola affair resulted in a regrouping of intellectual forces into two opposing camps. 3773: 3281:

described the supposed life of Dreyfus through lies and bad fiction. This was also an opportunity for extreme headlines from

2807:, which caused strife, bitterness, and jealousy among junior officers expecting promotions. The period was also marked by an 1988: 1550: 291: 4016:

epic were being distributed in dozens of countries. He was a leader in the literary world and was fully conscious of it. To

3414: 2733:

in five successive governments from 1893 to 1896. This instability coincided with an equally unstable presidency: President

5201:

who was convicted on 25 January 1945 for acts of collaboration exclaimed at the verdict: "This is the revenge of Dreyfus!"

1430: 403: 393: 346: 336: 10449: 9373:

It was at this point that von Schwartzkoppen terminated his relationship with Esterházy at the beginning of 1896. Thomas,

2468:

played a crucial role in exposing information and in shaping and expressing public opinion on both sides of the conflict.

10432:

The circumstances of the death of Henry are still not clarified and have fed some fantasies. Murder is unlikely. Miquel,

7350:. Preface by Martine Le Blond-Zola. Postscript by Jean-Louis Lévy. Presentation and notes d'Alain Pagès. Dilecta Edition. 4673:, heading to France, but locked in a cabin as if guilty, even though he no longer was. He disembarked on 30 June 1899 in 3316:

before the Prussians" by agreeing to publish the denials of the German ambassador in Paris. In other newspapers, such as

2302: 933: 846: 512: 423: 386: 11998: 11914:

Emmanuel Naquet, "L'historiographie récente de l'affaire Dreyfus (2006–2009). A propos de quelques parutions (suite)".

2565:

in French Guiana. At that time, the opinion of the French political class was unanimously unfavourable towards Dreyfus.

1806: 7333: 6884: 6827: 6730: 6592: 6537: 5767: 1631: 1544: 1131: 715: 502: 470: 448: 408: 306: 102: 5104: 4917:

published a death-bed confession by a Parisian roofer that he had murdered Zola by blocking the chimney of his house.

3922:

Paris correspondent had made a connection with him; she interviewed him twice, and he confessed to being the culprit:

3578:

of a "secret file". This fact was confirmed by the President of the Republic to Dr. Gibert in a private conversation.

2812: 11707: 11179: 7400: 7297: 6907: 6865: 6846: 6808: 6778: 6679: 6571: 6326: 6187: 6168: 5949:

The room is emptied as soon as discussion covers topics related to national defence, i.e., the testimony of Picquart.

5602:

Reflecting the intense interest in social history that gripped historians since the 1960s and 1970s, Eric Cahm wrote

4803:

Anti-French demonstrations took place in twenty foreign capitals and the press was outraged. Reactions were twofold.

3392: 3235:

wrote in his publication on November 3, 1894, "What a terrible lesson, this disgraceful treason of the Jew Dreyfus."

3146:. That confession was to be obtained by surprise – by dictating a letter based on the bordereau to reveal his guilt. 2535: 1524: 839: 735: 648: 519: 9465:

of 10 and 14 September 1896, which were opposed to Dreyfus and revealed the existence of the "secret file". Bredin,

5834:

Expert in writing from the Bank of France: his honest caution was vilified in the indictment of Major Ormescheville.

2811:

that primarily affected artillery. There were improvements in heavy artillery (guns of 120 mm and 155 mm,

9671:"there is a pretension to raise writers, scholars, teachers, philologists to the rank of supermen" (Michel Winock, 5748: 5335:

The shock of the Dreyfus affair also affected the Zionist movement "which found fertile ground for its emergence".

5217: 4955: 4859: 2717: 2410:

stoked a growing movement of political support for Dreyfus, putting pressure on the government to reopen the case.

747: 621: 453: 433: 97: 20: 5191:

in 1892. Nationalism had its ups and downs, but managed to maintain itself as a political force under the name of

2791:

The military required considerable resources to prepare for the next conflict, and it was in this spirit that the

816: 4496:

resigned for continuing to spread his anti-Dreyfusard vision of the affair, arose as an anti-revisionist leader.

2513: 1361: 774: 740: 275: 7080: 3712:

create a belief that Picquart erased the name of the real recipient, drafting a letter naming Dreyfus in full).

2977:

Publications remarking on the Dreyfus affair often reinforced antisemitic sentiments, language and imagery. The

12042: 7193: 6660: 6641: 6622: 6504: 6471: 6206: 5369: 5274:

Socially, antisemitism was prominent. Existing prior to the Dreyfus affair, it had expressed itself during the

4967:, which was worded in very harsh terms. Legally, it formed an admission of the collusion of the General Staff: 3809:

The Dreyfus affair occupied more and more discussions, something the political world did not always recognize.

3677: 2517: 2295: 1206: 1196: 856: 784: 564: 458: 8859: 6358: 6115: 4560:, were rejected outright. The Dreyfus affair led to a clear reorganization of the French political landscape. 12119: 11089: 5573:(1960) revived the case without great revelations, a process generally considered insufficient historically. 5213: 4764: 4640: 4140:, in the name of a "peaceful revolt of the French spirit", picked up the term "intellectuals" and used it in 3598: 3495:

At the last minute, at the initiative of General Mercier, a law was passed on 9 February 1895, restoring the

3403: 3017: 2862: 2769: 2476: 2360: 1624: 1588: 1483: 1425: 1121: 871: 554: 178: 7880:"usual way" jargon of the SR meaning: documents retrieved by the housekeeper of the German Embassy: Thomas, 4754:

Code of Military Justice adopted the principle that a minority vote of three against four was an acquittal.

4399:; Wilde had gained it from best friend Carlos Blacker, who was an intimate friend of Alessandro Panizzardi. 7431: 6231: 5743: 5614:(2005) includes, in 1300 pages, the complete correspondence of Alfred and Lucie Dreyfus from 1894 to 1899. 5233: 4864:

Preferring to avoid a third trial the government decided to pardon Dreyfus by a decree signed by President

4254: 4133: 3458: 3439: 3328: 3172: 2956: 1801: 1472: 779: 752: 569: 477: 465: 199: 12016: 4661:

Alfred Dreyfus (standing, right of centre) at the opening session of his trial in Rennes, photographed by

4353:, and other cities, riots followed antisemitic speeches or meetings, such as the meeting organized by the 7368: 5714: 5617:

Early writers marginalized the role of antisemitism. However since the publication of Jean-Denis Bredin,

4997: 4964: 4657: 4580: 4017: 3833: 3446: 1981: 1509: 418: 153: 11820: 12057: 6260: 6245: 5622: 5570: 4838: 4699: 4544:. It was a failure as it was not supported by the military. On 4 June 1899 Loubet was assaulted at the 4415: 3970: 3642: 3219: 2734: 2581: 2387: 1946: 919: 366: 143: 2816: 11747: 10065: 8461: 7559: 7532: 6580: 5342:

appeared profoundly moved by the Dreyfus affair, which followed his debut as a correspondent for the

5118:. Colonel Picquart was also officially rehabilitated and reintegrated into the army with the rank of 4206:

signed an "Address to Émile Zola" assuring him of their support "in the name of justice and truth".)

3299: 3228:

The complete lack of neutrality of the indictment led to Émile Zola calling it a "monument of bias".

3117: 3036:

This catch seemed of sufficient importance for the head of the "Statistical Section", the Mulhousian

2344: 2076: 1494: 1366: 536: 331: 326: 319: 7580: 6949:. (Chapter 10: "Math error number 10: mathematical madness. The Dreyfus affair: spy or scapegoat?"). 4556:, had aligned itself with the pro-revisionists. The progressive anti-Dreyfusard Republicans such as 3897:

To avoid personal risk Esterhazy shaved off his prominent moustache and went into exile in England.

3821: 12033: 5785: 5710: 5692:

to Parisian society's reaction to the Dreyfus affair. Other authors have also contributed, such as

5541: 5524: 5275: 5241: 4947: 3742: 3701: 2943: 2701: 2592: 2588:

refused to reconsider its judgment and instead transferred Picquart to a position in North Africa.

1960: 1555: 1539: 1489: 1371: 866: 428: 301: 270: 5474: 2979: 2885: 2620:

Despite covert attempts by the army to quash the case, the initial conviction was annulled by the

12109: 12099: 10310: 9324:

It was Marcel Thomas who discovered this letter at the beginning of the 1970s. V. the annexes in

7916:" (originally published between 1901 and 1906, reprinted in the 1960s by KTAV Publishing House). 7913: 7605: 7392: 4837:, the two countries widely challenged by lawsuits against Dreyfus, there was relief. Even if the 4730: 4549: 4023:

Outraged by the acquittal of Esterhazy, Zola published a 4,500-word article on the front page of

2792: 2506: 2223: 1953: 1816: 1664: 1504: 1256: 1106: 993: 497: 438: 341: 265: 192: 44: 9668: 7707: 7041: 4509:

and he was also forced to resign. Ministerial instability caused some governmental instability.

2765: 12008: 5385: 5063: 4528:

In 1899, the Dreyfus affair took up more and more of the political scene. On 16 February 1899,

4487:, “A Family Dinner”: before, "Above all, never talk about it!"; after, "They talked about it". 4237: 3383: 3093: 3085: 2757:

improving stability, and it was under this stable government that the Dreyfus affair occurred.

2457: 2031: 2012: 1876: 1514: 1477: 1046: 663: 658: 492: 487: 443: 398: 376: 371: 351: 128: 28: 11944:

See bibliographic recommendations from Bach, Birnbaum, Bredin, Doise, Duclert, Drouin, Miquel.

10171: 7027: 5485: 4583:, the magistrates being constantly dragged through the mud in nationalist newspapers from the 4579:

The Supreme Court considered the Dreyfus affair in the context of press campaigns against the

4525:

Criminal Division in favour of joint chambers. This was the point of blockage for the review.

4505:. When Chanoine was questioned in the House he handed in his resignation; trust was denied to 3566:

Mathieu tried all paths, even the most fantastic. Thanks to Dr. Gibert, a friend of President

3051: 2800: 2557: 7524: 6409: 6108:

Decision of the Supreme Court for the verdict of the Dreyfus trial without reference to 1899.

6036:

Verbatim record of the trial of Emile Zola in the Assizes of the Seine and the Supreme Court.

5726: 5505:

of over three thousand historical documents donated by the grandchildren of Captain Dreyfus.

5115: 4702:, which nobody will ever see in evidence) that he had not ceased to report before the trial. 3608: 3107:

Alphonse Bertillon was not a handwriting expert, but he invented the theory of "autoforgery".

2866: 2682: 2348: 1890: 1862: 1754: 1614: 1442: 1221: 909: 899: 889: 811: 794: 616: 606: 586: 581: 482: 413: 361: 356: 223: 8103: 7263: 5566: 5548:

The Dreyfus affair is distinguished by the large number of books published on this subject.

5488:

commissioned a statue of Dreyfus by sculptor Louis Mitelberg. It was to be installed at the

4767:

and before the big fight that the Republic was about to take for freedom of association and

3886: 2836: 12104: 7388:

An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914

5762: 5705: 5693: 5432:

in 1994 for publishing an article suggesting that Dreyfus was guilty; far-right politician

5111: 4545: 4323: 4175: 3694: 3602: 3287: 3177: 2970: 2781: 2713: 2697: 2621: 2378:

In 1896, evidence came to light—primarily through the investigations of Lieutenant Colonel

2002: 1932: 1598: 1405: 1356: 1301: 1059: 999: 884: 673: 6839:

The Army of Dreyfus. A political history of the French army from Charles X to "The Affair"

5436:'s lawyer responded that Dreyfus's exoneration was "contrary to all known jurisprudence". 4082: 3768: 8: 10331: 8219: 5685: 5406: 4726: 4537: 4518: 4310: 4298: 4149: 4012: 3926:. She published the interviews in September 1898, reporting his confession and writing a 3653: 3364: 3151: 2785: 2738: 2600: 2251: 2156: 2091: 2081: 1995: 1833: 1729: 1447: 1346: 1339: 1030: 710: 653: 611: 158: 11580:

Michel Winock, "Edouard Drumont et l'antisémitisme en France avant l'affaire Dreyfus".

11062: 5193: 5075: 4599:

General Staff. A new furiously antisemitic press campaign burst during the event, while

4553: 4178:, Minister of War, filed a complaint against Zola and Alexandre Perrenx, the manager of 4102: 2927: 2815:, new hydropneumatic brakes), but also, and especially, development of the ultra-secret 2351:

from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. The scandal began in December 1894 when Captain

12124: 11771:"The History of the Jews in Europe during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries" 7645:"Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz, Pierre Stutin, Le dossier secret de l'affaire Dreyfus" 7228: 5205: 5127: 5031: 5030:

With regard to the writing of the bordereau, the court was particularly severe against

4662: 4541: 4407: 4381: 4199: 4137: 3843: 3799: 3589:

looked into the proceedings. In 1896, Lazare published the first Dreyfusard booklet in

3462: 3355: 3125: 2854:. In 1890, the archivist Boutonnet was convicted for selling plans of shells that used 2657: 2642: 2596: 2430: 2191: 2071: 1925: 1415: 1321: 1241: 1226: 1069: 952: 947: 894: 804: 574: 123: 11846: 9408:

This raised the question of whether there was complicity between the two men. Bredin,

6984:(presented by Robert Gauthier). Gallimard & Julliard, coll. Archives No. 16, Paris 5519: 5489: 5445: 5309: 5287: 5263: 5070: 4497: 3664: 3476: 3199: 2905: 2449:. After being reinstated as a major in the French Army, he served during the whole of 2434: 1306: 1136: 11407: 11306: 11281: 10191: 10181: 10142: 8460:

Edgar Demange, winner of a national eloquence competition, obtained the acquittal of

7753: 7661: 7540: 7406: 7396: 7329: 7293: 7189: 7170: 7117: 6942: 6921: 6903: 6880: 6861: 6842: 6823: 6804: 6774: 6726: 6675: 6656: 6637: 6618: 6588: 6567: 6533: 6500: 6467: 6387: 6340: 6322: 6202: 6183: 6164: 6156: 5633: 5433: 5344: 5119: 4977: 4670: 4294: 4287: 4262: 4183: 4144:, but in a positive sense. On 1 February 1898, Barres lambasted the intellectuals in 4049: 3975: 3795: 3530: 3475:

On 5 January 1895, the ceremony of degradation took place in the Morlan Court of the

2562: 2368: 2278: 2056: 1939: 1911: 1904: 1791: 1465: 1201: 981: 851: 762: 730: 688: 10224:

This sentence to the end of the next paragraph, unless otherwise specified: Winock,

8952:

Dreyfus. The Affair e la Parigi fin de siècle nelle carta di un diplomatico italiano

6116:

The Secret File, posted online by Ministry of Defence 6 March 2013 and transcription

6008: 5985: 5697: 5648:, in 2012 the historians Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz and Pierre Stutin published 5595:

Marcel Thomas, chief curator at the National Archives, in 1961 provided through his

5188: 4682:. He was remanded on 7 August 1899 before the military court of the Breton capital. 4118: 3803: 3332:

of 18 December: "the closed court is our impregnable refuge against Germany"; or in

3006:

Photograph of the bordereau dated 13 October 1894. The original disappeared in 1940.

2749: 2426: 2036: 8470: 7653: 7203: 7113: 5717:

adapted from it, tell the story of the Dreyfus affair from Picquart's perspective.

5680:(1907), which recounts the affair in Book VI: "The Case of 80,000 bundles of hay". 5373: 5328: 5184: 5095: 5087: 4993: 4834: 4502: 4246: 4191: 3790: 3637: 3624: 3344: 3277: 3143: 3116:

in the Council of Ministers he decided to pursue it. Du Paty de Clam was appointed

3113: 2585: 2577: 2379: 2196: 2041: 1821: 1811: 1709: 1291: 1236: 1176: 1041: 799: 643: 601: 296: 173: 148: 10527: 7837: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6044: 6035: 5928: 5069:

On 4 June 1908, on the occasion of the transfer of the ashes of Émile Zola to the

4432: 4098: 4074: 4070: 3826: 3496: 2422: 1655: 12026: 12002: 11098: 10456: 10175: 10134: 8522: 7386: 7084: 7048: 6525: 6441: 6007:

Among the experts consulted, the contribution of the mathematician and physicist

5802: 5627:

Ideology and Experience: Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair

5449: 5418: 5350: 5279: 5198: 5100: 4584: 4484: 4476: 4460: 4448: 4225: 4195: 4037: 3962: 3947: 3734: 3725: 3555: 3443: 3261: 3232: 3194: 3044: 2921: 2705: 2609: 2569: 2440: 2414: 2397: 2339: 2327: 2283: 2228: 2218: 2139: 1769: 1583: 1281: 1216: 1191: 1186: 1171: 1161: 1151: 1126: 904: 879: 133: 91: 10523: 10180:. Liverpool scholarship online. Oxford: Littman library of Jewish civilization. 8285:

Gobert said that the text was written quickly and excluded it from being copied.

5976:

Of the 40 members of the French Academy Anatole France was the only revisionist.

5437: 4988: 4865: 4759: 4734: 4557: 4533: 4002:

touched off a new dimension in the Dreyfus affair, which became known simply as

3855: 3810: 3794:, (where Lazare knew the director Thadee Natanson), and the Clemenceau brothers 3348: 3124:

bordereau excludes disguised handwriting". Disappointed, Mercier then called in

2753: 2630: 1251: 12083: 12047: 10915: 10823: 10808: 10742: 10630: 10611: 10484: 10414: 10254: 10049: 9851: 9596: 9516: 9390: 9294: 9228: 9210: 9157: 9074: 8995: 8979: 8819: 8719: 8684: 8554: 8443: 8393: 8330: 8294: 8275: 8223: 8017: 7943:

On the Statistics Section, see Bredin, pp. 49–50; Doise, pp. 42–43 and Thomas,

7862: 7307: 7151: 6243:

Rural Society and French Politics, Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886–1900

6131: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6054: 5920: 5732: 5673: 5608:

Rural Society and French Politics, Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886–1900

5585: 5514: 5378: 5355: 5220:

under the influence of Guesde and Vaillant. Both parties merged in 1905 as the

4894: 4718: 4467:

in which he called him a "heroic servant of the great interests of the State".

4209: 4187: 4164: 4094: 4066: 3878: 3764: 3760: 3738: 3670: 3586: 3481: 3343:

was immediately pronounced. This closed court was not legally consistent since

3069: 2908:

in 1886 (150,000 copies in the first year), went hand in hand with the rise of

2851: 2656:

were under pressure of pogroms in response to political instability within the

2653: 2573: 2553: 2418: 2375:, where he spent the following five years imprisoned in very harsh conditions. 2352: 2273: 2204: 2146: 2111: 2066: 2051: 2046: 1779: 1749: 1739: 1684: 1410: 1326: 1316: 1311: 1146: 1088: 720: 252: 248: 118: 33: 11803:"Rise of far right puts Dreyfus affair into spotlight in French election race" 10519: 10195: 7544: 7133: 6466:, University of France Press – PUF – coll. "What do I know?", réprinted 2003 ( 6257:

The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs, Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank, 1894–1914

4984: 4959: 4903: 4737:

and those who fled and holed up in Fort Chabrol were assaulted by the police.

4529: 4459:

The anti-revisionists did not consider themselves beaten. On 6 September 1898

4443: 4032: 3785: 3567: 3454: 2742: 12093: 12071: 11995: 11411: 10146: 9018: 7665: 7536: 7410: 6937: 6492: 5916: 5493: 5339: 5324: 5159: 5009: 4830: 4792: 4714: 4636: 4591: 4513: 4506: 4437: 4129: 4122: 4106: 4086: 4078: 3508: 3504: 3503:, as a place of fortified deportation so that Dreyfus was not sent to Ducos, 3500: 3434:), the cancellation of his army rank and military degradation, also known as 3247: 3207: 3129: 3096:

entered the scene: an eccentric man who prided himself on being an expert in

3037: 2850:

had already been featured in the headlines of newspapers, which were fond of

2824: 2661: 2465: 2372: 2134: 2129: 2101: 2061: 1967: 1838: 1759: 1744: 1578: 1499: 1383: 1276: 1261: 1231: 1111: 861: 168: 163: 60: 10208:

V. Reception of the affair in Britain, United States and Germany in Drouin,

8829:

The crucifix had disappeared from civil courtrooms during the government of

7343: 5958:

President Delegorgue refused to be questioned when he was called to the bar.

5665: 5167: 5020: 4062: 3999: 3746: 3526: 3050:

The ideal culprit was identified: Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a graduate of the

2726: 2604: 2580:, head of counter-espionage, found evidence that the real traitor was Major 2391: 1827: 767: 138: 12037: 11743: 11660: 11568: 6401: 6314: 5924: 5441: 5397: 5292: 5154: 5053: 4808: 4674: 4471:, Drumont's antisemitic newspaper, spread the notion of "patriotic fake" (" 4250: 4241: 4114: 4110: 4007: 3911: 3905: 3659: 3514: 3181: 3041: 2461: 2453:, ending his service with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He died in 1935. 2364: 2086: 1843: 1785: 1679: 1593: 1452: 1393: 1296: 1181: 1166: 1004: 695: 239: 231: 9025:(sic)." Quoted by Michel Winock, Clemenceau, ed. Perrin, 2007, chap. XV, " 7708:"No. 35 Amnistie populaire / Musée des Horreurs / Duke Digital Repository" 7657: 7321: 7188:, Eugène Fasquelle Éditeurs, Paris, 1901, reprinted 2006 (The Discovery) ( 5320: 3781: 2842:

The arms race created an acute atmosphere of intrigue from 1890 in French

2694: 1869: 789: 10307:

Ceremonies of Bravery: Oscar Wilde, Carlos Blacker and the Dreyfus Affair

8830: 8465: 5681: 5421:

opened a museum dedicated to the Dreyfus affair in Zola's former home in

5209: 5083: 4843: 4396: 4282: 4278: 4090: 4028: 3982: 3900: 3848: 3777: 3550: 3359: 3322: 3166: 2909: 2896:

depicts the hanged corpse of an antisemitic caricature of Alfred Dreyfus.

2855: 2730: 2690: 2646: 2634: 2549: 2450: 2405: 2383: 2260: 2245: 2186: 2106: 1774: 1764: 1704: 1699: 1689: 1286: 987: 700: 636: 11958: 11585: 7934:

Jacobs's entry: "Dreyfus Case" (Jewish Encyclopedia.com), already cited.

5664:

The Dreyfus affair provided the basis for many novels. The last work of

11902: 11690: 8170:

On the personalities of Mercier and du Paty de Clam, see: Palaeologue,

6055:

Proceedings of the Supreme Court for the revision of the Dreyfus trial.

5558:

be found there an elaboration of theories without evidence or support.

5429: 5270:. The Dreyfus affair lastingly cut France in two, even within families. 5255: 5162: 5026:. In the centre, Targe, investigator and discoverer of many falsehoods. 4804: 3629: 3435: 3304: 3271: 3097: 2520: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2240: 2235: 2181: 2170: 2096: 1974: 1560: 1388: 1271: 1266: 1246: 1156: 1141: 1116: 1064: 914: 705: 631: 6967:, Paris, New National Library, First Editionmière, Final Edition 1924. 5440:, a far-right political opponent of Macron who had said that France's 4987:, the new Minister of War, led an investigation at the instigation of 4783: 3225:"This is a proof of guilt because Dreyfus made everything disappear". 3002: 11897:

Frederick Busi, "A Bibliographical Overview of the Dreyfus Affair".

11873:"French Ministers Divided on Site for Statue Honoring Alfred Dreyfus" 11067: 7077: 6272:

Dreyfus: A Family Affair, from the French Revolution to the Holocaust

5737: 5003: 4940: 4350: 4221: 4128:

On 20 January 1898, after an anti-Zola speech by rightist politician

4061:

published a petition calling for a retrial. It included the names of

3927: 3755: 3718: 3340: 3294: 3103: 2847: 2808: 2741:

resigned several months later on 15 January 1895 and was replaced by

2709: 2686: 2591:

In July 1897, Dreyfus's family contacted the President of the Senate

2446: 1724: 1714: 1437: 1054: 1024: 1019: 559: 11697:, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr. 1970), pp. 101–110, Indiana University Press. 7838:"Musée des Horreurs / Digital Collections / Duke Digital Repository" 5364:

will not allow it as the Dreyfus affair has so clearly demonstrated.

4568: 3941: 3487: 2803:

now competed effectively with officers from the main career path of

2788:

of France in 1870 seemed far away, but a vengeful spirit remained.

2495: 9667:

The concept began in a deeply pejorative sense, to denounce, wrote

7644: 5844:

complete similarity with the authentic writing of Captain Dreyfus".

5606:(1996), an analysis of the sociology of the affair. Michael Burns, 5589: 5295:, which allowed free and unrestrained expression of racial hatred. 5158:"Bilan fin de siècle" (Assessment at the end of the century), anti- 4907:

The funeral of Zola, where Anatole France paid homage to his friend

4745: 4342: 4057: 3952: 3705: 3590: 3575: 3571: 2832: 2776:

The Dreyfus affair occurred in the context of German annexation of

2382:, head of counter-espionage—which identified the real culprit as a 2176: 1734: 1529: 1399: 1014: 757: 11847:"A Century Later, Statue Pays Homage to Dreyfus and Splits French" 10530:

jointly messaged: "For order, against justice and truth". Winock,

10084:

From this sentence to the end of the following paragraph: Winock,

7896:

Not small pieces. In addition the paper was not wrinkled. Bredin,

6228:

France since 1870: Culture, Society and the Making of the Republic

6221:

Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991

5610:(1984) does the same in a more limited fashion. Vincent Duclert's 5576: 5544:

related to the Dreyfus affair and given by the ministry of Justice

5422: 4689: 4365: 3379: 3081: 3028: 10135:"French Jews during the Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy" 9022: 7097:

Thomas Loué, "The Dreyfus Affair", in L. Boltanski et alii éds.,

4930: 4705: 4375: 4267: 4136:, the chamber voted 312–22 to prosecute Zola. On 23 January 1898 4010:, Zola was at the height of his glory: the twenty volumes of the 3990: 3582: 3374: 2935: 2668:, that the Jews must leave Europe and establish their own state. 2665: 2614: 2572:, remained convinced of his innocence and worked with journalist 2166: 2161: 1897: 1694: 1082: 1075: 1036: 1009: 3915:, English newspapers, knew that Esterhazy was in London because 3609:

The discovery of the real culprit: Picquart "going to the enemy"

2624:

after a thorough investigation. A new court-martial was held at

9293:

On the personality and life of Walsin-Esterhazy, see: Reinach,

7789:

Anti-Semitism in the Army: The Coblentz Affair at Fontainebleau

6982:

Dreyfusards!: Memories from Mathieu Dreyfus and other novelties

6938:

Math on trial. How numbers get used and abused in the courtroom

6138:, Fasquelle, 1901–1911; éd. Robert Laffont, two vol., 2006 231. 5915:

At that time the heart of the artistic avant-garde, publishing

5872:

Otherwise known as "faux patriotique" by the anti-Dreyfusards.

5091: 4710: 4679: 4490: 4334: 3892: 3431: 3418:

Dreyfus's officer stripes, ripped off as a symbol of treason –

3320:

on 13 December 1894: "the closed court is necessary to avoid a

2777: 2625: 2356: 2213: 1420: 1376: 626: 9614:

For all this paragraph, excluding additional details: Winock,

8571:

v. The press, publications on the Dreyfus affair, and Bredin,

8489:

He characterised the report by du Paty as "rantings" (Bredin,

7208:

The Dreyfus Affair and its secret remits: a historical summary

4402: 4160: 4152:

distanced themselves from the "two rival bourgeois factions".

3391:

remained uncertain until 2013, when they were released by the

3242: 2433:; and those who condemned him, the "anti-Dreyfusards" such as 9162:, which remained unedited until 1978, except a few extracts. 6771:

A Secret Well Guarded: Military History of the Dreyfus Affair

6355:

The Assumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair, Past & Present

5389: 5372:, an antisemitic country, he chose to live in France for its 4338: 3619: 3457:

regretted the lightness of the sentence in an address to the

3259:

During the two months before the trial, the press went wild.

3192:

On 29 October 1894, the affair was revealed in an article in

3155: 3023: 975: 8885:"French Ministry Posts Online Full File on 'Dreyfus Affair'" 7912:

J. Jacobs's entry: "Dreyfus Case" ("L'Affaire Dreyfus"), in

3802:. Blum tried in late November 1897 to sign, with his friend 3763:(his first article was published three days after Zola) and 3671:

The denunciation of Esterhazy and the progress of Dreyfusism

2991: 11927:

The following historiography is based on that of Thomas in

10868:

Hannah Arendt (1976) . "Antisemitism: The Dreyfus Affair".

7455:

Michel Winock, "The Dreyfus Affair as a founding myth", in

6305:

The Dreyfus Affair: Honour and Politics in the Belle Epoque

5672:, transposes the Dreyfus affair to the world of education. 4346: 3409: 3336:

the same day: it must be "the most absolute closed court".

3298:. He repeated himself on 29 November 1894 in an article by 3161: 2151: 11953:

Paula E. Hyman, "New Perspectives on the Dreyfus Affair".

10172:"Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair" 6497:

The Fever of France: The Great Political Crises. 1871–1968

6421:

For the Soul of France: Culture Wars in the Age of Dreyfus

6369:

Dreyfus: Politics, Emotion, and the Scandal of the Century

6022:

Book or article used as a source for writing this article

4552:

on 22 June 1899. The center of French politics, including

3339:

The trial opened on 19 December 1894 at one o'clock and a

2437:, the director and publisher of the antisemitic newspaper 11984: 11821:"Statue Needs a Home: The Dreyfus Affair – It Never Dies" 11527:

The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914

10698:

The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914

10450:"Announcement of the suicide of Lieutenant Colonel Henry" 10177:

Hostages of Modernization: Germany, Great Britain, France

9247:

A Miscarriage of Justice: The Truth of the Dreyfus Affair

6432:

The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914

3010: 2974:, drew on antisemitic roots in certain Catholic circles. 2737:

was assassinated on 24 June 1894; his moderate successor

2689:

in 1877 had crippled the political influence of both the

12043:

Ephemera and Original Art Documenting the Dreyfus Affair

8360:

The arrest order had been signed in advance, v. Thomas,

6690:

The Dreyfus Affair: When Justice Enlightens the Republic

5368:

Herzl's shock was great, for, having lived his youth in

4360: 7560:"Gay love sheds light on l'affaire Dreyfus | The Times" 7108:

Schultheiss, Katrin. "The Dreyfus Affair and History",

5531: 3615:

Georges Picquart's investigations of the Dreyfus affair

2861:

The German military attaché in Paris in 1894 was Count

2823:

and civilians. Its head in 1894 was Lieutenant-Colonel

11444:

Katrin Schultheiss, "The Dreyfus Affair and History",

9997:

through a side door of the Quai des Orfevres. Winock,

7683:"L'affaire Dreyfus est aussi une affaire d'homophobie" 7018:

The centenary of the rehabilitation of Captain Dreyfus

5473:

The statue of Captain Dreyfus in the courtyard of the

5187:, 1886–1889, and was shaped into a coherent theory by 3551:

The Dreyfus family exposes the affair and takes action

2946:

adventure in the past. The antisemitism circulated by

2784:, an event that fed the most extreme nationalism. The 12055: 11726:, Nichol, entry "Theodor Herzl and Zionism", p. 505. 5381:. Herzl quickly took charge in leading the movement. 5135: 4889:

On 29 September 1902, Zola, who was the initiator of

4563: 4521:

declared: "If there has to be a civil war so be it."

9917:

Except supplements, for this paragraph see: Winock,

8218:

The General met with the President of the Republic,

7610:"Dreyfus, Proust and the Crimes of the Belle Epoque" 7507:

On the appearance of the 75 mm gun see: Doise,

6792:, Albin Michel, "The Presence of Judaism", paperback 6283:

France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History

6199:

Biography of Alfred Dreyfus: The Honour of a Patriot

5856:, though antisemitic, published an article entitled 4639:

writes that fear of an international boycott of the

11665:

Victims: History revisits the Arab–Zionist conflict

9156:See in this regard the memoirs of Mathieu Dreyfus, 8304:

An idea supported by the transparency of the paper.

7475:For these three paragraphs, cf. Jean-Marie Mayeur, 6820:

Intellectuals Face the Dreyfus Affair, Then and Now

6149:, Fayard – Idégraf (Geneva), 1961–1979 – 2 volumes. 4532:, the President of France, died of a heart attack. 3816: 2748:Following the failure of the radical government of 2568:The Dreyfus family, particularly his older brother 10064:According to the recollections of anti-Dreyfusard 9765: 9763: 9651:of 28 November 1897, collected in Octave Mirbeau, 7643: 6653:Dreyfus is Innocent: History of an Affair of State 5212:. The year 1902 saw the birth of two parties: the 5082:As a reserve officer, Dreyfus participated in the 5007:At right, Captain Alfred Dreyfus rehabilitated at 4693:Alfred Dreyfus's trial at the Rennes Court Martial 4501:resignation of Zurlinden who was soon replaced by 4240:declared, " imbued by the admirable actions " and 3402:It was a letter from the German military attaché, 3088:, head of investigation, arrested Captain Dreyfus. 11271: 11269: 10448:Cavalry Major Walter, commander of Mont Valerian, 6721:Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz et Pierre Stutin, 6294:The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics 5604:The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics 5448:, who had assisted deportation of French Jews to 5377:Jewish State within the biblical homeland in the 4603:on 29 October 1898 published an article entitled 4305:the 1898 disturbances were much more widespread. 12091: 12005:, Dreyfus site of the French Ministry of Culture 11796: 11794: 10764:, the first revision, and Royer Ozaman, p. 215. 10126: 8905:, Editions Berlin, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 125–160. 4791:showing Colonel Albert Jouaust, Chairman of the 3733:The Dreyfusard movement, led by Bernard Lazare, 3545: 3491:Dreyfus's Hut on Devil's Island in French Guiana 3032:General Auguste Mercier, Minister of War in 1894 2772:, architect of the military alliance with Russia 2645:in the military. It slowed the reform of French 2599:, a newspaper reporter and former member of the 1919:Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development 12017:Jewish Library: Alfred Dreyfus and "The Affair" 11343:Zola at the Pantheon: The Fourth Dreyfus Affair 11065:[Grieg the Humanist Brought to Light]. 10165: 10163: 10161: 9835:"Rachel Beer, editor of the Observer 1891–1901" 9819:Beer, Rachel, Interviews with Major Esterhazy, 9760: 8348:Report of the Supreme Court, Volume 1, p. 127. 7677: 7675: 7425:"Judgment of the Supreme Court on 12 July 1906" 6082:Memoire of Alfred Dreyfus to the Supreme Court. 11266: 10352:For this and the following paragraph: Winock, 5229:Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party 4976:In addition, the note allegedly annotated (by 3825:Portrait of Georges Clemenceau by the painter 3375:Transmission of a secret dossier to the judges 3367:, deputy head of the SR and discoverer of the 1535:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 11955:Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 11791: 11109:, Lord Russell of Killowen, 16 September 1899 10867: 9496: 9494: 8954:, Edizioni Lavoro, Roma 1994, pp. 23–36. (It) 8153:General Mercier to his subordinates: Bredin, 8034: 8032: 7279:My Secret Diary of the Dreyfus Case 1894-1899 6585:Histoire d'une famille française, les Dreyfus 6063:Verbatim record of the proceedings of Rennes 5216:, which brought together jaurésiens; and the 5057:Alfred Dreyfus in 1935, the year of his death 2303: 1632: 200: 12009:Dreyfus Site of the French National Assembly 11918:(Oct 2010), Issue 656, pp. 933–957 in French 11030:Bernard Lazare, the first of the Dreyfusards 10158: 9688:Excerpts from the meeting of 4 December 1897 8667:On the details of proceedings see: Duclert, 7672: 7028:"Calls for Dreyfus to be buried in Panthéon" 6918:Echos of the Dreyfus Affair for an Orléanais 5940:"What is already judged is held to be true". 5646:la Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 5222:French Section of the Workers' International 4853: 4491:Crisis and reshaping the political landscape 4414:On 7 July 1898, during a questioning in the 3893:Esterhazy's flight to England and confession 2438: 2403: 2395: 11865: 11813: 9690:, at the website of the National Assembly. 6337:The Dreyfus Affair: a Chronological History 6163:, Fayard, Paris, 1993 (1ère édition 1981) ( 5754:, an 1899 series of short silent docudramas 5508: 5353:", which became "an obsession for him". In 4647: 3868: 3627:dressed in the uniform of the 4th Algerian 3574:a woman who spoke for the first time under 3386:always claimed never to have known Dreyfus. 11839: 11305:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 345. 11280:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 343. 10811:Debates of the Supreme Court on the review 10132: 9800: 9798: 9491: 9043:Dreyfus Affair: conspiracy in the Républic 8806:1898–1899, Instruction, Volume I, p. 129. 8029: 7523: 6971: 6712:Dreyfus Affair: Conspiracy in the Republic 5464: 4920: 3218:On 3 November 1894, General Saussier, the 3024:The search for the author of the bordereau 2998:Investigation and arrest of Alfred Dreyfus 2310: 2296: 1639: 1625: 207: 193: 11708:"Did Dreyfus Affair Really Inspire Herzl? 11300: 11275: 9826: 9300:, chapter 1 and all of the first part of 9013:Clemenceau wrote on 25 December 1894, in 7752:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 83. 7219:The Dreyfus Affair, the word of an enigma 6530:The Dreyfus Affair: The Republic in Peril 6121: 5412: 5359:(State of the Jews), he considered that: 5149: 4877:. As for Zola, he wrote the third of his 3877:Liberalism-friendly Scheurer-Kestner and 3428:permanent exile in a walled fortification 2992:Origins of the case and the trial of 1894 2649:and republican integration of Catholics. 2536:Learn how and when to remove this message 11060: 11032:Published Fallois, Paris 1992, p. 263). 9832: 9807:, Thomas, entry "Esterházy in England". 7637: 7635: 7479:, Éditions du Seuil, 1973, pp. 209–217. 7384: 6953: 5575: 5535: 5468: 5319: 5254: 5153: 5052: 5002: 4929: 4902: 4782: 4744: 4704: 4688: 4656: 4567: 4442: 4401: 4364: 4293: 4277: 4159: 3969: 3951: 3854: 3820: 3724: 3618: 3513: 3486: 3413: 3410:Conviction, degradation, and deportation 3378: 3246: 3165: 3162:The enquiry and the first military court 3102: 3080: 3027: 3001: 2930:, a friend of Drumont, in another duel. 2884: 2764: 2685:was twenty-four years old. Although the 2475: 970: 27: 12051:(Musée d'art et d'histoire du judaïsme) 11691:"Theodor Herzl's Conversion to Zionism" 11431:Jaurès, speech in the House 8 May 1903 11177: 11091:The Appeals Court in the Dreyfus Affair 10824:v. judgment of the Court of 3 June 1899 9795: 8172:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay 8108:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay 7268:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay 5988:made a poignant description of Dreyfus. 5654:The Secret Record of the Dreyfus Affair 5459: 5227:In addition, 1901 saw the birth of the 4946:, attorney general at the heart of the 4925: 4652: 4572:The judges of the criminal division in 4355:Comité de Défense Religieuse et Sociale 3942:The Dreyfus affair becomes "The Affair" 3076: 12092: 12024:(Journalistic retrospective of Zola's 12022:Greatest Newspaper Article of all Time 11800: 11061:Slotsvik, Tone N. (27 February 2007). 10169: 10152: 9189: 9187: 9021:, where he will wait in the garden of 7967:Alfred Dreyfus was also from Mulhouse. 7140:, Collection of Articles appearing in 6894:Pierre Touzin et Francois Vauvillier, 6801:The Hidden Truth of the Dreyfus Affair 6751:, Armand Colin, coll. "Kiosk", 272 pp. 6213: 6180:The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus 5650:Le dossier secret de l'affaire Dreyfus 5619:The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus 5250: 4255:League for the Defence of Human Rights 1884:The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind 1520:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism 8102:Sandherr was a fanatical antisemite. 7782: 7780: 7702: 7700: 7641: 7632: 7604: 6790:Jewish Opinion and the Dreyfus Affair 6723:The Secret File of the Dreyfus Affair 5801: 5758:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 5479:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 5208:and from 1899 under the influence of 4361:Henry unmasked, the case is rekindled 3933: 3198:, the antisemitic newspaper owned by 2770:General Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre 2485:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaisme 2338: 1989:Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 1551:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 597:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24) 292:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 16:1894–1906 political scandal in France 10680:For this paragraph: Francis Démier, 7747: 7477:The Beginnings of the Third Republic 7367:Guy Canivet, first President of the 6991:Max Guermann, "The terrible truth", 6737: 6701:The France of the Nineteenth Century 5532:Historiography of the Dreyfus affair 5384:He organized on 29 August 1897, the 5048: 4795:, reading the verdict of conviction 4512:On 1 November 1898, the Progressive 4273: 4155: 4069:, director of the Pasteur Institute 4035:(Clemenceau thought up the headline 2576:to prove it. In March 1896, Colonel 2518:adding citations to reliable sources 2489: 11768: 10029:Repiquet, president of the bar, in 9184: 7557: 7099:Affairs, scandals, and great causes 6703:, Seuil, coll. "Points in History". 6562:, pp. 70–82 in Michel Winock: 6532:, Gallimard, coll. "Discoveries", ( 5562:some ambiguities and inaccuracies. 3176:, 20 January 1895 (illustration by 3120:to lead an official investigation. 3112:courageous objections expressed by 847:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness 13: 11301:Paul Read, Piers (February 2013). 11276:Paul Read, Piers (February 2013). 11180:"J'Accuse! The Sins of the Artist" 10141:. Vol. 22. pp. 116–120. 8860:"Secret military file – Digitized" 8833:, but not from military tribunals. 7777: 7748:Reid, Piers Paul (February 2013). 7697: 7642:Idier, Antoine (23 October 2012). 6935:Leila Schneps and Coralie Colmez, 6902:. History and Collections, Paris. 6025: 5768:Bibliography of the Dreyfus Affair 5632:In 1983, the lawyer and historian 5417:In October 2021, French President 5136:Consequences of the Dreyfus affair 4983:Given these developments, General 4631: 4564:The appeal on the judgment of 1894 3837:de Boulancy, published letters in 3680:"in the interest of the service". 1545:Working definition of antisemitism 307:Working definition of antisemitism 14: 12136: 11978: 11740:"A Small Country with a Congress" 11446:Journal of The Historical Society 10700:(2011) pp. 113–14, 119, 121, 137. 9937:, Editions Perrin, 2007, p. 254. 7110:Journal of The Historical Society 7064:"Not just a Jew in a French jail" 6856:Thierry Lévy, Jean-Pierre Royer, 6634:The Dreyfus Affair, The Discovery 4740: 4540:attempted to force a coup at the 4299:1898 antisemitic riots in Algiers 3870:Res judicata pro veritate habetur 3601:, Chief of the General Staff and 3243:The trial: "Closed Court or War!" 3040:, to inform the Minister of War, 2752:in 1896, the president appointed 2664:, one of the founding fathers of 2483:, 1898, Poster, 65 × 48 cm, 1525:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 81:Georges Picquart's investigations 12077: 12065: 11963: 11947: 11938: 11929:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair 11921: 11908: 11891: 11762: 11732: 11724:Dictionary of the Dreyfus affair 11717: 11700: 11683: 11670: 11654: 11638: 11630:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 11622: 11606: 11590: 11574: 11562: 11545: 11532: 11519: 11502: 11485: 11468: 11451: 11438: 11425: 11392: 11384:Dictionary of the Dreyfus affair 11376: 11360: 11351: 11335: 11319: 11294: 11250: 11234: 11218: 11202: 11186: 11171: 11155: 11139: 11128: 11112: 11083: 11054: 11038: 11022: 11006: 10990: 10974: 10958: 10942: 10926: 10908: 10892: 10876: 10861: 10845: 10832: 10817: 10802: 10786: 10778:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 10770: 10754: 10735: 10719: 10703: 10690: 10682:France in the nineteenth century 10674: 10658: 10642: 10623: 10604: 10588: 10572: 10556: 10540: 10512: 10496: 10478: 10462: 10442: 10426: 10407: 10394: 10378: 10362: 10346: 10316: 10299: 10282: 10266: 10247: 10231: 10218: 10210:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair 10202: 10174:. In Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.). 10110: 10094: 10078: 10058: 10043: 10031:Edgar Demange and Fernand Labori 10023: 10007: 9991: 9975: 9959: 9943: 9927: 9911: 9895: 9879: 9863: 9845: 9813: 9805:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair 9779: 9744: 9728: 9712: 9696: 9681: 9661: 9637: 9621: 9608: 9590: 9574: 9558: 9544: 9528: 9510: 9475: 9455: 9439: 9419: 9402: 9383: 9367: 9351: 9334: 9310: 9287: 9271: 9263:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 9255: 9239: 9221: 9203: 9168: 9150: 9134: 9118: 9102: 9045:, Éd. L'Harmattan, 2006, p. 40. 8653:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 8621:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 8605:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 8412:On Justice in the Dreyfus Affair 7986:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 7385:Daughton, James Patrick (2006). 7210:, ed Godet et Cie, Paris, 240 p. 7118:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00362.x 7101:, Paris, Stock, pp. 213–227 7040:Ronald Schechter (7 July 2006), 6749:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 6560:Was the French Army Antisemitic? 6549:The France of the Dreyfus Affair 6319:The Accused: The Dreyfus Trilogy 6001: 5991: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5952: 5943: 5934: 5909: 5892: 5875: 5866: 5847: 5659: 5555:The Precis of the Dreyfus Affair 5499:Museum of Jewish Art and History 5338:The Austro-Hungarian journalist 4884: 4860:Resolution of the Dreyfus affair 3817:Trial and acquittal of Esterhazy 3420:Museum of Jewish Art and History 2494: 1663: 1610: 1609: 238: 59: 21:The Dreyfus Affair (film series) 11801:Henley, Jon (30 October 2021). 11242:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 11226:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 11063:"Humanisten Grieg fram i lyset" 10950:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10853:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10840:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10762:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10727:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10035:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 9983:Justice from the Dreyfus Affair 9833:Narewska, Elli (2 March 2018). 9086: 9067: 9051: 9035: 9007: 8988: 8973: 8957: 8943: 8927: 8911: 8895: 8877: 8852: 8836: 8812: 8796: 8779: 8763: 8747: 8731: 8712: 8704:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 8696: 8677: 8661: 8645: 8629: 8613: 8597: 8581: 8565: 8547: 8531: 8515: 8507:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 8499: 8483: 8475:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 8454: 8436: 8420: 8404: 8386: 8370: 8354: 8342: 8323: 8307: 8288: 8268: 8252: 8235: 8212: 8196: 8180: 8164: 8147: 8131: 8115: 8096: 8080: 8064: 8048: 8010: 7994: 7970: 7953: 7937: 7919: 7906: 7890: 7874: 7855: 7830: 7814: 7798: 7766: 7741: 7725: 7598: 7573: 7551: 7373:Justice from the Dreyfus Affair 7328:, Flammarion, Folio Histoire, ( 7123: 7062:Stanley Meisler (9 July 2006), 7005:, Spécial Dreyfus, January 1994 6606:, Päperback, coll. "references" 6307:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan). 5837: 5828: 5818: 5809: 5791: 5105:Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 4758:decree was signed by President 4463:published a eulogy of Henry in 3442:, as it had been abolished for 2796:the army ignored the Republic. 2505:needs additional citations for 934:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 10870:The Origins of Totalitarianism 7517: 7501: 7485: 7469: 7449: 7417: 7378: 7361: 7042:"The Ghosts of Alfred Dreyfus" 6993:Revue Les Cahiers Naturalistes 6617:, Flammarion, reprinted 2006 ( 6406:Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters 6384:The History of Captain Dreyfus 6285:(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's) 6182:, George Braziller, New York, 5881:"He had already intervened in 5779: 5234:French League for Human Rights 3993:...; collection Fritz Lachmund 3974:Alfred Dreyfus in his room on 3966:by Émile Zola, 13 January 1898 3657:authority of the principle of 3213: 2702:near-coup of Georges Boulanger 890:Hunter (William Luther Pierce) 1: 11680:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. 10744:History of the Dreyfus affair 10632:History of the Dreyfus affair 10613:History of the Dreyfus affair 10416:History of the Dreyfus affair 10296:In 1894 there were only four. 10256:History of the Dreyfus affair 9598:History of the Dreyfus Affair 9518:History of the Dreyfus Affair 9392:History of the Dreyfus affair 9296:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8997:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8965:Justice in the Dreyfus Affair 8821:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8721:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8686:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8332:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8277:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8019:History of the Dreyfus Affair 7864:History of the Dreyfus Affair 7354: 7078:"The Most Shameful of Stains" 7026:Kim Willsher (27 June 2006), 6900:The Artillery of the campaign 6877:Justice in the Dreyfus Affair 6615:The Dreyfus Affair Dictionary 6380:History of the Dreyfus Affair 6136:History of the Dreyfus Affair 6100:Debates of the Supreme Court. 6091:Enquiry of the Supreme Court. 5885:in May 1896, in the article " 4958:saw the victory of the left. 4871:History of the Dreyfus Affair 4814:Lord Chief Justice of England 4006:. The first great Dreyfusard 3546:The truth emerges (1895–1897) 3404:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 3136: 3018:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 2863:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 1484:Campaign Against Antisemitism 592:during the Gaza War (2008-09) 179:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 12115:Political scandals in France 11386:, entry "Picquart", p. 263. 10855:, and Royer Ozaman, p. 211. 10564:The Century of intellectuals 10532:The Century of intellectuals 10504:The Century of intellectuals 10354:The Century of intellectuals 10226:The Century of intellectuals 10086:The Century of intellectuals 10050:See the whole debate of 1898 9999:The Century of intellectuals 9951:The Century of Intellectuals 9919:The Century of Intellectuals 9616:The Century of Intellectuals 9230:The Affair That I Have Lived 9212:The Affair That I Have Lived 9159:The Affair that I have lived 8464:, who killed the Republican 7290:The Affair that I have lived 7076:Adam Kirsch (11 July 2006), 6965:Précis of the Dreyfus Affair 6860:, Louis Audibert Éditions, ( 6674:, Librairie Artheme Fayard, 6566:, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 6452: 6045:Enquiry of the Supreme Court 5744:Human Rights League (France) 5492:but the Minister of Defense 4778: 4765:Universal Exhibition of 1900 3695:General Jean-Baptiste Billot 3011:Discovery of the "bordereau" 2676: 2617:resulted in several deaths. 2359:French artillery officer of 1802:Second Industrial Revolution 1473:Anti-antisemitism in Germany 965:Antisemitism on the Internet 753:Jewish war conspiracy theory 7: 11933:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 11327:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 11178:Litlove (3 February 2018). 10934:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 10884:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 10842:, and Royer Ozaman, p. 210. 10120:, Gallimard, 1965, p. 472. 9823:, 18 and 25 September 1898. 8844:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8755:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8669:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8378:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8123:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 7459:, Éditions du Seuil, coll. 7292:, Bernard Grasset, Paris. ( 7003:Revue in L'Histoire n o 173 6875:Supreme Court, collective, 6516:The School of Intellectuals 6434:, Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 6339:, Palgrave Macmillan 2006, 5902:of 1 December 1897 and the 5720: 5612:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 5513:On 12 July 2006, President 4311:riots took place in Algeria 3859:Newspaper showing Esterhazy 3834:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux 3128:, the inventor of forensic 2926:officer, was killed by the 2760: 2671: 1982:She: A History of Adventure 1510:Southern Poverty Law Center 669:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 154:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux 10: 12141: 10274:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9752:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9720:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9582:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9427:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9414:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9375:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9326:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9302:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9279:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9249:, Brussels, November 1896 8788:The Affair Without Dreyfus 8362:The Affair Without Dreyfus 8243:The Affair Without Dreyfus 8088:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7961:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7945:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7882:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7685:(in French). 26 March 2008 7156:Letters of an Innocent man 6261:Cambridge University Press 6246:Princeton University Press 6190:Plunkett Lake Press Ebooks 6147:The Affair Without Dreyfus 6017: 5788:in a speech in the Senate. 5597:The Affair Without Dreyfus 5315: 4857: 4387:On 4 April, the newspaper 3945: 3612: 3597:request of his superiors, 3393:French Ministry of Defence 3220:Military governor of Paris 2995: 2660:. These factors persuaded 2582:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy 2471: 2388:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy 1947:The Picture of Dorian Gray 920:On the Jews and Their Lies 144:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy 18: 11877:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 11584:403#5 (1971): 1085–1106. 10170:Wilson, Stephen (2007) . 10133:Sjzakowski, Zosa (1961). 8903:Journal of Modern History 7976:"This wimp Mercier" said 7144:– available on Wikisource 7083:29 September 2007 at the 6896:Guns of Victory 1914–1918 5540:List of documents in the 5331:after the Dreyfus affair. 5218:Socialist Party of France 4854:Rehabilitation, 1900–1906 4607:in the same character as 2985:No. 35 Amnistie populaire 2890:No. 35 Amnistie populaire 2880: 2481:Dreyfus affair board game 2077:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1495:Fundamental Rights Agency 928:Undisputed Over The World 743: Jewish conspiracy 19:For the film series, see 11345:, Perrin, 2008, p. 287. 11107:Report to Queen Victoria 10872:. Harcourt. p. 119. 10729:, Royer-Ozaman, p. 182. 9673:The Age of intellectuals 9645:Chez L'Illustre Ecrivain 8161:Also reported elsewhere. 7914:"Jewish Encyclopedia.com 7861:See especially Reinach, 7842:Duke Digital Collections 7712:Duke Digital Collections 6518:, Le Seuil, coll. Points 6371:(Henry Holt and Company) 5786:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 5773: 5582:A Miscarriage of Justice 5542:French National Archives 5525:French National Assembly 5509:Centennial commemoration 5444:collaborationist leader 5242:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 4818:Lord Russell of Killowen 4648:The trial in Rennes 1899 4641:Paris Exposition of 1900 4220:among others, published 3774:École normale supérieure 3743:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 3702:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 3472:made a similar comment. 2712:threat (reduced by the " 2593:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 1961:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 1556:Three Ds of antisemitism 1540:Wiener Holocaust Library 1490:Community Security Trust 1352:Black Death persecutions 867:The Dearborn Independent 840:Antisemitic publications 71:Investigation and arrest 12001:19 January 2013 at the 11991:(in English and French) 11676:Beller, Steven (1991). 10311:Oxford University Press 9176:The Affair That I Lived 9027:The Start of the Affair 8556:The Affair That I Lived 8462:Prince Pierre Bonaparte 8445:The Affair that I lived 8395:The Affair that I lived 7393:Oxford University Press 7281:, Secker & Warburg. 7047:18 October 2006 at the 6972:Articles and newspapers 6232:excerpt and text search 6201:, Fayard, Paris, 2006 ( 5571:Henri Giscard d'Estaing 5465:Commission of sculpture 4921:The semi-rehabilitation 4911:In 1953, the newspaper 4731:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 3771:, the librarian of the 3529:and was transferred to 3118:Judicial Police Officer 2793:Franco-Russian Alliance 2224:Conservative Revolution 1954:Reflections on Violence 1505:Simon Wiesenthal Center 1257:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 1031:The Occidental Observer 994:Europa: The Last Battle 942:Between Blacks and Jews 940:The Secret Relationship 12034:Dreyfus Affair Archive 11970:The Island of Penguins 11931:, p. 586 and Duclert, 10104:, Belfond, 1996. 779. 10072:, Plon, 1912, p. 149. 9431:The romance of a cheat 9416:p. 231, are sceptical. 8229:, pp. 60, 149 and 157 7581:"Trial of the Century" 7326:Memories of The Affair 6963:Henri Dutrait-Crozon, 6920:, Corsaire Éditions, ( 6613:Michel Drouin (dir.), 6357:(2007) 194#1 175–211. 6122:Reference bibliography 5863:in mid-September 1896. 5690:In Search of Lost Time 5678:The Island of Penguins 5592: 5545: 5481: 5413:21st century aftermath 5402: 5386:First Zionist Congress 5366: 5332: 5271: 5214:French Socialist Party 5172: 5150:Political consequences 5147: 5064:Fort Neuf de Vincennes 5058: 5046: 5027: 4974: 4951: 4908: 4827: 4796: 4750: 4749:Dreyfus's reconviction 4721: 4694: 4665: 4576: 4456: 4411: 4370: 4301: 4291: 4285:riots in a print from 4172: 3995: 3967: 3869: 3860: 3829: 3730: 3691: 3643:Major Walsin-Esterhazy 3633: 3564: 3522: 3492: 3422: 3387: 3384:Max von Schwartzkoppen 3326:"; while for Judet in 3256: 3185: 3108: 3089: 3074: 3033: 3007: 2897: 2773: 2487: 2458:miscarriage of justice 2439: 2404: 2396: 2331: 2013:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 1877:The Brothers Karamazov 1797:Scientific romanticism 1515:Stephen Roth Institute 1478:Anti-Defamation League 129:Armand du Paty de Clam 37: 11996:Dreyfus Rehabilitated 11899:Jewish Social Studies 11695:Jewish Social Studies 11135:Five years of my life 11101:, Guy Carnivet, 2006 10526:, and ironically one 10324:"Wilde & Dreyfus" 9447:A secret well guarded 9412:, p. 144 and Thomas, 9126:Five Years of my life 7658:10.4000/lectures.9588 7509:A Secret well guarded 7463:, 2003, pp. 151–165. 7186:Cinq années de ma vie 7167:Five Years of My Life 6954:Anti-Dreyfusard works 6941:, Basic Books, 2013. 6773:, Le Seuil, 225 pp. ( 6410:Yale University Press 6255:Alfred S. Lindemann, 5727:Menahem Mendel Beilis 5588:published in 1896 in 5579: 5539: 5475:Hôtel de Saint-Aignan 5472: 5407:emancipation movement 5394: 5361: 5323: 5258: 5157: 5142: 5116:Montparnasse Cemetery 5114:and he was buried in 5056: 5044:should be pronounced. 5041: 5006: 4969: 4933: 4906: 4873:and Jaurès published 4822: 4786: 4748: 4709:Dreyfus's defense in 4708: 4692: 4660: 4571: 4446: 4405: 4393:Lettre d'un Diplomate 4368: 4297: 4281: 4171:, oil on canvas, 1898 4163: 3973: 3955: 3924:I wrote the bordereau 3858: 3824: 3728: 3686: 3622: 3560: 3517: 3490: 3417: 3382: 3250: 3169: 3106: 3094:Major du Paty de Clam 3086:Major du Paty de Clam 3084: 3061: 3031: 3005: 2888: 2867:Alessandro Panizzardi 2768: 2716:" of July 1894). The 2479: 2349:Third French Republic 2340:[afɛːʁdʁɛfys] 1755:Historical recurrence 1222:William Luther Pierce 900:The International Jew 812:Stab-in-the-back myth 795:Rootless cosmopolitan 31: 12120:Wrongful convictions 11097:6 March 2016 at the 10455:20 July 2011 at the 10276:, Volume 2, p. 262. 9754:, Volume 2, p. 245. 9722:, Volume 2, p. 244. 9669:Ferdinand Brunetière 8188:The enigma Esterházy 7773:The Jews in the army 7314:, Librairie Séguier. 7277:Maurice Paléologue, 7253:Georges Clemenceau, 7242:Georges Clemenceau, 7235:, Tresse & Stock 7142:La Petite République 6837:Général André Bach, 6788:Philippe-E. Landau, 6760:The Esterházy Enigma 6448:, Bloomsbury, London 6226:Sowerwine, Charles. 6223:(1992) pp. 3–12 5763:Henry Ossian Flipper 5706:An Officer and a Spy 5694:Roger Martin du Gard 5460:Other related events 5112:Place de la Concorde 4926:Legal rehabilitation 4787:Cover of the weekly 4653:Conduct of the trial 4546:Longchamp Racecourse 4465:La Gazette de France 4324:Roger Martin du Gard 4249:and Catholic jurist 4121:, and the historian 4055:On 15 January 1898, 3998:On 13 January 1898, 3751:Mr. Scheurer-Kestner 3077:Expertise in writing 2556:, a graduate of the 2548:At the end of 1894, 2514:improve this article 2003:The Cult of the Self 1599:Zionist antisemitism 1406:Martyrdom in Judaism 1132:Richard Girnt Butler 885:Hitlers Zweites Buch 471:textbook controversy 86:Other investigations 76:Trial and conviction 11901:40.1 (1978): 25–40 11750:on 11 November 2013 11714:, 26 February 2014. 11667:, 2003, pp. 29, 34. 11542:, 26 November 1900. 10917:The Affair ... 9655:, 1991, pp. 43–49. 8706:, Duclert, p. 107. 8509:, Duclert, p. 103. 8225:The Trial at Rennes 8190:, Volume 1, p. 99. 7733:The Army of Dreyfus 7457:La France politique 7012:Special edition of 6303:Martin P. Johnson, 6274:, New York: Harper. 6219:McMillan, James F. 6214:Other general works 6178:Jean-Denis Bredin, 5906:of 5 December 1897. 5803:[bɔʁ.də.ʁo] 5686:In the Penal Colony 5501:, which houses the 5486:François Mitterrand 5484:In 1985, President 5251:Social consequences 4727:Gaston de Galliffet 4455:on 14 February 1898 4202:, among others, in 4134:Chamber of Deputies 4013:Les Rougon-Macquart 3846:, in the newspaper 3623:Lieutenant Colonel 3603:Major-General Gonse 3521:(27 September 1896) 3459:Chamber of Deputies 3365:Hubert-Joseph Henry 3152:Cherche-Midi prison 3052:École polytechnique 2831:, an Alsatian from 2801:École Polytechnique 2739:Jean Casimir-Perier 2637:. He died in 1935. 2601:Chamber of Deputies 2558:École Polytechnique 2252:The Marching Morons 2157:Degeneration theory 2092:Friedrich Nietzsche 2032:Gabriele D'Annunzio 1996:Studies on Hysteria 1905:The Flowers of Evil 1834:Western Esotericism 1807:Social cycle theory 1730:Degeneration theory 1448:Spanish Inquisition 1347:Rhineland massacres 857:Culture of Critique 711:Cultural Bolshevism 159:Hubert-Joseph Henry 11598:The Dreyfus Affair 11553:The Dreyfus Affair 11525:Robert L. Fuller, 11510:The Dreyfus Affair 11493:The Dreyfus Affair 11459:The Dreyfus Affair 11404:The New York Times 11368:The Dreyfus Affair 11303:The Dreyfus Affair 11278:The Dreyfus Affair 11258:The Dreyfus Affair 11244:, Becker, p. 267. 11228:, Becker, p. 262. 11210:The Dreyfus Affair 11194:A well kept secret 11046:The Dreyfus Affair 10982:A Well Kept secret 10966:The Dreyfus Affair 10794:The Dreyfus Affair 10711:The Dreyfus Affair 10696:Robert L. Fuller, 10666:The Dreyfus Affair 10650:The Dreyfus Affair 10596:The Dreyfus Affair 10548:The Dreyfus Affair 10490:, pp. 181 et seq. 10470:The Dreyfus Affair 10434:the Dreyfus Affair 10386:the Dreyfus Affair 10015:The Dreyfus Affair 9967:The Dreyfus Affair 9887:The Dreyfus Affair 9787:The Dreyfus Affair 9736:The Dreyfus Affair 9653:The Dreyfus Affair 9602:, p. 603 and 644. 9536:A well kept secret 9359:The Dreyfus Affair 9304:by Marcel Thomas. 8967:, Duclert, p. 92. 8935:The Dreyfus Affair 8919:A well kept secret 8889:The New York Times 8771:A well kept secret 8739:A well kept secret 8414:, Duclert, p. 51. 8174:, pp. 111 et seq. 8139:The Dreyfus Affair 8104:Maurice Paléologue 8056:The Dreyfus Affair 8040:The Dreyfus Affair 7927:A well kept secret 7822:The Dreyfus Affair 7806:The Third Republic 7750:The Dreyfus Affair 7620:on 2 November 2014 7558:Bremner, Charles. 7525:Chapentier, Armand 7493:The Dreyfus Affair 7312:The Dreyfus Affair 7264:Maurice Paléologue 7233:Towards Reparation 7229:Georges Clemenceau 7217:Paschal Grousset, 6714:, Éd. L'Harmattan. 6636:, reprinted 2006 ( 6604:The Dreyfus Affair 6564:The Dreyfus Affair 6551:, Gallimard, Paris 6483:The Third Republic 6464:The Dreyfus Affair 6446:The Dreyfus Affair 6430:Robert L. Fuller, 6321:, Inter Nationes, 5750:The Dreyfus Affair 5593: 5580:First brochure of 5567:Maurice Paléologue 5546: 5482: 5333: 5276:Boulangisme affair 5272: 5206:Georges Clemenceau 5173: 5128:The New York Times 5125:On July 21, 1935, 5059: 5032:Alphonse Bertillon 5028: 4998:Court of Cassation 4952: 4909: 4797: 4751: 4722: 4700:Emperor Wilhelm II 4695: 4666: 4663:Valerian Griboedov 4577: 4457: 4412: 4408:Godefroy Cavaignac 4382:Godefroy Cavaignac 4371: 4302: 4292: 4200:Georges Courteline 4173: 4169:Zola faces the mob 4117:, the sociologist 4027:in the form of an 3996: 3968: 3887:Fort Mont-Valérien 3861: 3844:Georges Clemenceau 3830: 3788:), the authors of 3731: 3729:Émile Zola in 1898 3634: 3599:General Boisdeffre 3523: 3493: 3463:Georges Clemenceau 3440:sentenced to death 3438:. Dreyfus was not 3423: 3388: 3356:Alphonse Bertillon 3257: 3255:(23 December 1894) 3186: 3126:Alphonse Bertillon 3109: 3090: 3034: 3008: 2980:Musée des Horreurs 2898: 2894:Musée des Horreurs 2837:Maurice Paléologue 2813:Models 1890 Baquet 2774: 2729:aligning with the 2597:Georges Clemenceau 2488: 2431:Georges Clemenceau 2192:Literary modernism 2072:Arthur de Gobineau 2007:(trilogy; 1888-91) 1926:The King in Yellow 1416:Pale of Settlement 1322:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1242:Kevin Alfred Strom 1227:Richard B. Spencer 1070:Triple parentheses 953:The Turner Diaries 926:Our Race Will Rule 895:1988 Hamas Charter 689:Antisemitic tropes 575:Christian Identity 508:Conservative Party 124:Alphonse Bertillon 38: 11957:(2005): 335–349. 11827:. 30 October 1986 11825:Los Angeles Times 11769:Richarz, Monika. 11312:978-1-4088-3057-4 11287:978-1-4088-3057-4 10920:, p. 206 et seq. 10748:, p. 397 et seq. 10636:, p. 358 et seq. 10420:, p. 183 et seq. 10328:www.oscholars.com 10187:978-1-8003-4099-2 10118:Journal 1887–1910 10037:, p. 273 et seq. 10033:, Supreme Court, 9985:, Pages, p. 143. 9629:Fight for Dreyfus 9538:, p. 109 et seq. 9227:Mathieu Dreyfus, 9209:Mathieu Dreyfus, 9178:, Fayard, p. 47. 8864:L'Affaire Dreyfus 8442:Mathieu Dreyfus, 8125:, p. 115 et seq. 7884:, p. 140 et seq. 7759:978-1-4088-3057-4 7608:(13 March 2013). 7348:Fight for Dreyfus 7288:Mathieu Dreyfus, 7175:978-3-945831-19-9 7068:Los Angeles Times 7016:on 12 July 2005, 6947:978-0-465-03292-1 6926:978-2-910475-12-3 6803:, Albin Michel, ( 6758:Henri Guillemin, 6747:Patrice Boussel, 6738:Specialised works 6688:Vincent Duclert, 6670:Vincent Duclert, 6651:Vincent Duclert, 6632:Vincent Duclert, 6558:Pierre Birnbaum, 6547:Pierre Birnbaum, 6499:, Points Seuil, ( 6423:(Alfred A. Knopf) 6419:Frederick Brown, 6392:978-2-234-06080-7 6345:978-0-230-20285-6 6335:George R. Whyte, 6296:New York: Longman 6197:Vincent Duclert, 6157:Jean-Denis Bredin 5898:According to the 5634:Jean-Denis Bredin 5434:Jean-Marie Le Pen 5345:Neue Freie Presse 5120:Brigadier general 5049:Subsequent career 4978:Kaiser Wilhelm II 4956:elections of 1902 4789:Le Monde illustré 4581:Criminal Division 4498:General Zurlinden 4416:National Assembly 4410:, Minister of War 4288:Le Petit Parisien 4274:Antisemitic riots 4238:Stéphane Mallarmé 4156:The trial of Zola 3994: 3769:Lucien Lévy-Bruhl 3745:gained momentum. 2844:counter-espionage 2718:elections of 1893 2708:in 1892, and the 2546: 2545: 2538: 2402:in the newspaper 2347:that divided the 2345:political scandal 2320: 2319: 2279:Philosophy portal 2124:Lasting influence 2057:Fyodor Dostoevsky 1940:Poems and Ballads 1933:Le Morte d'Arthur 1912:The Great God Pan 1649: 1648: 1431:Russian Civil War 1372:Ghettos in Europe 1202:Ernest G. Liebold 1101:Prominent figures 982:The Daily Stormer 872:Ethnic Cleansing 852:The Barnes Review 731:Franklin Prophecy 217: 216: 12132: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12061: 12013: 11992: 11972: 11967: 11961: 11951: 11945: 11942: 11936: 11925: 11919: 11916:Revue Historique 11912: 11906: 11895: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11843: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11832: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11798: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11775: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11757: 11755: 11746:. Archived from 11736: 11730: 11729: 11721: 11715: 11704: 11698: 11689:Cohn, Henry J., 11687: 11681: 11674: 11668: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11642: 11636: 11635: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11610: 11604: 11603: 11594: 11588: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11558: 11549: 11543: 11536: 11530: 11523: 11517: 11515: 11506: 11500: 11498: 11489: 11483: 11481: 11472: 11466: 11464: 11455: 11449: 11442: 11436: 11434: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11364: 11358: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11273: 11264: 11263: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11238: 11232: 11231: 11222: 11216: 11215: 11206: 11200: 11199: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11159: 11153: 11152: 11143: 11137: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11116: 11110: 11105:, Quoting from: 11104: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11042: 11036: 11035: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11010: 11004: 11003: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10978: 10972: 10971: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10952:, Joly, p. 231. 10946: 10940: 10939: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10914:Mathieu Dreyfus 10912: 10906: 10905: 10898:Jean Jaurès, in 10896: 10890: 10889: 10880: 10874: 10873: 10865: 10859: 10858: 10849: 10843: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10821: 10815: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10774: 10768: 10767: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10707: 10701: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10678: 10672: 10671: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10516: 10510: 10509: 10500: 10494: 10493: 10482: 10476: 10475: 10466: 10460: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10411: 10405: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10330:. Archived from 10320: 10314: 10305:Maguire, Robert 10303: 10297: 10295: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10235: 10229: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10167: 10156: 10150: 10139:Historia Judaica 10130: 10124: 10123: 10114: 10108: 10107: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10082: 10076: 10075: 10070:What my eyes saw 10062: 10056: 10055: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10011: 10005: 10004: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9979: 9973: 9972: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9830: 9824: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9802: 9793: 9792: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9767: 9758: 9757: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9625: 9619: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9594: 9588: 9587: 9578: 9572: 9571: 9562: 9556: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9449:, p. 24 et seq. 9443: 9437: 9436: 9423: 9417: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9387: 9381: 9380: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9323: 9314: 9308: 9307: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9174:Mathieu Dreyfus 9172: 9166: 9165: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9124:Alfred Dreyfus, 9122: 9116: 9115: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8992: 8986: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8961: 8955: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8553:Mathieu Dreyfus 8551: 8545: 8544: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8471:Marquis de Mores 8458: 8452: 8450: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8392:Mathieu Dreyfus 8390: 8384: 8383: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8292: 8286: 8284: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8014: 8008: 8007: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7974: 7968: 7966: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7941: 7935: 7932: 7929:, p. 55 et seq. 7923: 7917: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7784: 7775: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7704: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7647: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7616:. Archived from 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7531:. Translated by 7529:The Dreyfus case 7521: 7515: 7514: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7436: 7430:. Archived from 7429: 7421: 7415: 7414: 7382: 7376: 7365: 7342: 7320: 7306: 7287: 7276: 7262: 7252: 7241: 7227: 7216: 7204:Paschal Grousset 7202: 7184:Alfred Dreyfus, 7183: 7165:Alfred Dreyfus, 7164: 7150: 7132: 7107: 7096: 7089:The New York Sun 7075: 7061: 7039: 7025: 7011: 7001: 6990: 6980: 6962: 6934: 6916:Georges Joumas, 6915: 6893: 6874: 6858:Labori, a lawyer 6855: 6836: 6822:, L'Harmattan, ( 6817: 6798: 6787: 6768: 6757: 6746: 6725:, Alma editor, ( 6720: 6709: 6699:Francis Démier, 6698: 6687: 6669: 6650: 6631: 6612: 6601: 6587:, Fayard, 1994 ( 6579: 6557: 6546: 6524: 6513: 6491: 6480: 6461: 6440: 6429: 6418: 6400: 6378:Philippe Oriol, 6377: 6366: 6352: 6334: 6313: 6302: 6291: 6280: 6269: 6254: 6240: 6196: 6177: 6155: 6144: 6130: 6114: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6062: 6053: 6043: 6034: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5932: 5913: 5907: 5896: 5890: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5807: 5805: 5797:The French word 5795: 5789: 5783: 5450:Nazi death camps 5442:Second World War 5329:Zionist Congress 5194:Action Française 5185:Boulanger affair 5096:Legion of Honour 5088:Chemin des Dames 5076:Action Française 5025: 5022: 4994:Ludovic Trarieux 4945: 4942: 4574:Le Petit Journal 4554:Raymond Poincaré 4550:Waldeck-Rousseau 4503:General Chanoine 4473:faux patriotique 4247:Ludovic Trarieux 4192:Laurent Tailhade 4103:François Simiand 4018:General Pellieux 3980: 3921: 3872: 3791:La Revue Blanche 3638:Georges Picquart 3625:Georges Picquart 3519:Le Petit Journal 3444:political crimes 3329:Le Petit Journal 3253:Le Petit Journal 3173:Le Petit Journal 3114:Gabriel Hanotaux 3072: 2957:Le Petit Journal 2950:, as well as by 2938:. The launch of 2928:Marquis de Morès 2827:, a graduate of 2786:traumatic defeat 2578:Georges Picquart 2541: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2498: 2490: 2444: 2409: 2401: 2380:Georges Picquart 2355:, a 35-year-old 2342: 2337: 2312: 2305: 2298: 2257: 2210: 2042:Aubrey Beardsley 2008: 1812:Social Darwinism 1710:Crowd psychology 1667: 1651: 1650: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1613: 1612: 1292:Nichifor Crainic 1237:Julius Streicher 1177:Heinrich Himmler 1042:Renegade Tribune 763:Judeo-Bolshevism 742: 736:Host desecration 716:Cultural Marxism 602:Holocaust denial 242: 219: 218: 209: 202: 195: 174:Ludovic Trarieux 149:Georges Picquart 63: 40: 39: 12140: 12139: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12129: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12078: 12076: 12066: 12064: 12056: 12011: 12003:Wayback Machine 11990: 11981: 11976: 11975: 11968: 11964: 11952: 11948: 11943: 11939: 11926: 11922: 11913: 11909: 11896: 11892: 11882: 11880: 11879:. 6 August 1985 11871: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11854: 11845: 11844: 11840: 11830: 11828: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11799: 11792: 11782: 11780: 11773: 11767: 11763: 11753: 11751: 11738: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11722: 11718: 11705: 11701: 11688: 11684: 11675: 11671: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11623: 11617: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11595: 11591: 11579: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11556: 11550: 11546: 11540:The two methods 11537: 11533: 11524: 11520: 11513: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11473: 11469: 11462: 11456: 11452: 11443: 11439: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11416: 11414: 11398: 11397: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11371: 11365: 11361: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11320: 11313: 11299: 11295: 11288: 11274: 11267: 11261: 11255: 11251: 11245: 11240:Supreme Court, 11239: 11235: 11229: 11224:Supreme Court, 11223: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11187: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11113: 11102: 11099:Wayback Machine 11088: 11084: 11074: 11072: 11059: 11055: 11049: 11043: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11023: 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2016 10322: 10321: 10317: 10304: 10300: 10293: 10287: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10252: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10232: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10207: 10203: 10188: 10168: 10159: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10099: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10048: 10044: 10038: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9981:Supreme Court, 9980: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9850: 9846: 9831: 9827: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9803: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9768: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9733: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9647:, published in 9642: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9622: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9559: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9522:p. 517 et seq. 9515: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9461:v. articles in 9460: 9456: 9450: 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8592: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8505:Supreme Court, 8504: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8398:, p. 20 and s. 8391: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8301: 8296:Trial at Rennes 8293: 8289: 8282: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8230: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8015: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7860: 7856: 7846: 7844: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7786:Frederick Viey 7785: 7778: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7706: 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Paris, Stock. 7214: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7148: 7130: 7126: 7105: 7094: 7085:Wayback Machine 7073: 7059: 7049:Wayback Machine 7037: 7023: 7009: 6999: 6988: 6978: 6974: 6960: 6956: 6932: 6913: 6891: 6872: 6853: 6841:, Tallandier, ( 6834: 6815: 6799:Armand Israël, 6796: 6785: 6766: 6755: 6744: 6740: 6718: 6710:Méhana Mouhou, 6707: 6696: 6685: 6667: 6648: 6629: 6610: 6599: 6577: 6555: 6544: 6526:Pierre Birnbaum 6522: 6514:Michel Winock, 6511: 6489: 6481:Pierre Miquel, 6478: 6462:Pierre Miquel, 6459: 6455: 6442:Piers Paul Read 6438: 6427: 6416: 6398: 6375: 6364: 6359:in Project MUSE 6350: 6332: 6315:George R. Whyte 6311: 6300: 6289: 6281:Michael Burns, 6278: 6270:Michael Burns, 6267: 6252: 6241:Michael Burns, 6238: 6216: 6194: 6175: 6153: 6145:Marcel Thomas, 6142: 6128: 6124: 6112: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6060: 6051: 6041: 6032: 6028: 6026:Primary sources 6020: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5914: 5910: 5897: 5893: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5796: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5723: 5703:The 2013 novel 5662: 5534: 5520:École Militaire 5511: 5490:École Militaire 5467: 5462: 5446:Philippe Pétain 5419:Emmanuel Macron 5415: 5351:Jewish question 5318: 5310:Sébastien Faure 5301:La Libre Parole 5288:Édouard Drumont 5280:Panama scandals 5268:Le Cri de Paris 5264:Félix Vallotton 5253: 5199:Charles Maurras 5152: 5138: 5101:Croix de Guerre 5084:First World War 5051: 5017: 5015:General Gillain 4937: 4928: 4923: 4887: 4862: 4856: 4844:First World War 4781: 4743: 4655: 4650: 4634: 4632:Fear of boycott 4626:esprit de corps 4585:Panama scandals 4566: 4493: 4477:Mathieu Dreyfus 4469:La Libre Parole 4461:Charles Maurras 4363: 4276: 4226:Henri Rochefort 4196:Pierre Quillard 4158: 3981:cropped from a 3979: 3950: 3944: 3939: 3919: 3895: 3819: 3780:(who convinced 3735:Mathieu Dreyfus 3673: 3617: 3611: 3556:Mathieu Dreyfus 3553: 3548: 3477:Military School 3412: 3377: 3358:, an eccentric 3292:interview with 3283:La Libre Parole 3262:La Libre Parole 3245: 3233:Edouard Drumont 3216: 3200:Édouard Drumont 3195:La Libre Parole 3178:Fortuné Méaulle 3164: 3139: 3079: 3073: 3068: 3045:Auguste Mercier 3026: 3013: 3000: 2994: 2966:L'Intransigeant 2948:La Libre Parole 2940:La Libre Parole 2922:La Libre Parole 2906:Édouard Drumont 2883: 2763: 2714:villainous laws 2706:Panama scandals 2679: 2674: 2635:First World War 2542: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2511: 2499: 2474: 2441:La Libre Parole 2435:Édouard Drumont 2415:Sarah Bernhardt 2394:'s open letter 2335: 2332:affaire Dreyfus 2316: 2284:Politics portal 2266: 2265: 2255: 2229:Oswald Spengler 2208: 2140:H. P. Lovecraft 2125: 2117: 2116: 2027: 2019: 2018: 2006: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1770:New Imperialism 1675: 1645: 1604: 1603: 1584:Self-hating Jew 1574: 1566: 1565: 1486: 1468: 1458: 1457: 1342: 1332: 1331: 1307:Philippe Pétain 1302:László Ferenczy 1282:Gheorghe Buzatu 1217:Eustace Mullins 1212:Kevin MacDonald 1192:Osama bin Laden 1187:Arthur J. Jones 1172:Joseph Goebbels 1162:Theodor Fritsch 1152:Louis Farrakhan 1137:Édouard Drumont 1127:James von Brunn 1102: 1094: 1093: 1048:The Right Stuff 966: 958: 957: 944: 941: 930: 927: 905:La Libre Parole 880:La France juive 842: 832: 831: 726:Finance control 691: 681: 680: 622:Nation of Islam 550: 542: 541: 449:Imperial Russia 322: 312: 311: 287: 258: 257: 213: 184: 183: 134:Auguste Mercier 114: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12138: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12110:1894 in France 12107: 12102: 12100:Dreyfus affair 12087: 12086: 12074: 12054: 12053: 12045: 12040: 12031: 12019: 12014: 12006: 11993: 11980: 11979:External links 11977: 11974: 11973: 11962: 11946: 11937: 11920: 11907: 11890: 11864: 11853:. 10 June 1988 11838: 11812: 11790: 11761: 11731: 11716: 11699: 11682: 11669: 11653: 11637: 11621: 11605: 11589: 11573: 11561: 11544: 11531: 11518: 11501: 11484: 11467: 11450: 11437: 11424: 11391: 11375: 11359: 11350: 11334: 11318: 11311: 11293: 11286: 11265: 11249: 11233: 11217: 11201: 11185: 11170: 11154: 11138: 11127: 11111: 11082: 11071:(in Norwegian) 11053: 11037: 11021: 11005: 10989: 10973: 10957: 10941: 10925: 10907: 10891: 10875: 10860: 10844: 10831: 10816: 10801: 10785: 10769: 10753: 10734: 10718: 10702: 10689: 10673: 10657: 10641: 10622: 10603: 10587: 10571: 10555: 10539: 10511: 10495: 10477: 10461: 10441: 10425: 10406: 10393: 10377: 10361: 10345: 10315: 10313:, 2013, p. 124 10298: 10281: 10265: 10246: 10230: 10217: 10201: 10186: 10157: 10125: 10116:Jules Renard, 10109: 10093: 10077: 10057: 10042: 10022: 10006: 9990: 9974: 9958: 9942: 9933:Michel Winock 9926: 9910: 9894: 9878: 9862: 9844: 9825: 9812: 9794: 9778: 9759: 9743: 9727: 9711: 9695: 9680: 9660: 9636: 9620: 9607: 9589: 9573: 9557: 9543: 9527: 9509: 9490: 9474: 9454: 9438: 9418: 9401: 9382: 9366: 9350: 9333: 9309: 9286: 9270: 9254: 9238: 9220: 9202: 9183: 9167: 9149: 9133: 9117: 9101: 9085: 9066: 9050: 9034: 9006: 8987: 8972: 8956: 8942: 8926: 8910: 8894: 8876: 8851: 8835: 8811: 8795: 8778: 8762: 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6731:978-2362790430 6715: 6704: 6693: 6682: 6672:Alfred Dreyfus 6664: 6645: 6626: 6607: 6596: 6593:978-2213031323 6574: 6552: 6541: 6538:978-2070532773 6519: 6508: 6486: 6475: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6435: 6424: 6413: 6395: 6372: 6361: 6347: 6329: 6308: 6297: 6286: 6275: 6264: 6249: 6235: 6234:pp. 67–72 6224: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6191: 6172: 6150: 6139: 6132:Joseph Reinach 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6109: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6057: 6048: 6038: 6027: 6024: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6009:Henri Poincaré 6000: 5990: 5986:Maurice Barrès 5978: 5969: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5933: 5921:Saint-Pol-Roux 5908: 5891: 5874: 5865: 5846: 5836: 5827: 5817: 5808: 5790: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5733:Hilsner affair 5730: 5722: 5719: 5698:Maurice Barrès 5674:Anatole France 5661: 5658: 5623:Stephen Wilson 5586:Bernard Lazare 5533: 5530: 5515:Jacques Chirac 5510: 5507: 5477:, home of the 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5414: 5411: 5379:Land of Israel 5356:Der Judenstaat 5317: 5314: 5306:People's Daily 5252: 5249: 5189:Maurice Barrès 5151: 5148: 5137: 5134: 5050: 5047: 4948:rehabilitation 4935:Manuel Baudoin 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4895:Anatole France 4886: 4883: 4879:Gospels: Truth 4858:Main article: 4855: 4852: 4839:German Emperor 4780: 4777: 4742: 4741:New conviction 4739: 4719:Fernand Labori 4671:Devil's Island 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4633: 4630: 4565: 4562: 4538:Paul Déroulède 4519:Paul Déroulède 4492: 4489: 4362: 4359: 4275: 4272: 4210:Fernand Labori 4188:Octave Mirbeau 4184:Cour d'Assises 4176:General Billot 4165:Henry de Groux 4157: 4154: 4119:Émile Durkheim 4109:, the painter 4095:Charles Andler 4067:Anatole France 3976:Devil's Island 3946:Main article: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3932: 3894: 3891: 3818: 3815: 3804:Maurice Barrès 3765:Anatole France 3761:Octave Mirbeau 3739:Joseph Reinach 3672: 3669: 3613:Main article: 3610: 3607: 3587:Bernard Lazare 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3531:Devil's Island 3411: 3408: 3376: 3373: 3345:Major Picquart 3244: 3241: 3215: 3212: 3163: 3160: 3138: 3135: 3078: 3075: 3070:Joseph Reinach 3066: 3025: 3022: 3012: 3009: 2996:Main article: 2993: 2990: 2882: 2879: 2852:sensationalism 2762: 2759: 2750:Léon Bourgeois 2683:Third Republic 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2654:Russian Empire 2607:published his 2574:Bernard Lazare 2563:Devil's Island 2554:Alfred Dreyfus 2544: 2543: 2502: 2500: 2493: 2473: 2470: 2427:Henri Poincaré 2419:Anatole France 2369:Devil's Island 2361:Jewish descent 2353:Alfred Dreyfus 2324:Dreyfus affair 2318: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2274:History portal 2268: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2205:Might Is Right 2201: 2200: 2199: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2147:Counterculture 2144: 2143: 2142: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2112:Otto Weininger 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2082:Bénédict Morel 2079: 2074: 2069: 2067:Francis Galton 2064: 2059: 2054: 2052:Arthur Desmond 2049: 2047:Gustave Le Bon 2044: 2039: 2037:Maurice Barrès 2034: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2009: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1901: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1863:The Antichrist 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1780:Psychoanalysis 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1750:Gothic fiction 1747: 1742: 1740:Existentialism 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1720:Dreyfus affair 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685:Antipositivism 1682: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1629: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1573:Related topics 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1426:Russian Empire 1418: 1413: 1411:Nuremberg Laws 1408: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1367:Jewish quarter 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1327:Richard Wagner 1324: 1319: 1317:Stepan Bandera 1314: 1312:Symon Petliura 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1147:Adolf Eichmann 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1089:Veterans Today 1086: 1083:The Unz Review 1079: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 990: 985: 978: 973: 967: 964: 963: 960: 959: 956: 955: 950: 945: 938: 936: 931: 924: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 843: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 829: 827:ZOG conspiracy 824: 822:White genocide 819: 817:Well poisoning 814: 809: 808: 807: 802: 792: 787: 782: 777: 775:Judeo-Masonism 772: 771: 770: 760: 755: 750: 745: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 692: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 677: 676: 671: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 640: 639: 634: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 578: 577: 567: 562: 557: 551: 549:Manifestations 548: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 534: 533: 532: 527: 517: 516: 515: 510: 503:United Kingdom 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 474: 473: 463: 462: 461: 456: 451: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 390: 389: 384: 382:Dreyfus affair 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 323: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 299: 297:Nexus Document 294: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 279: 278: 273: 268: 260: 259: 256: 255: 253:discrimination 249:Jewish history 244: 243: 235: 234: 228: 227: 215: 214: 212: 211: 204: 197: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 119:Alfred Dreyfus 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 100: 95: 88: 83: 78: 73: 65: 64: 56: 55: 53:Dreyfus affair 49: 48: 34:Alfred Dreyfus 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12137: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12063: 12062: 12059: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12035: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12010: 12007: 12004: 12000: 11997: 11994: 11989: 11988: 11983: 11982: 11971: 11966: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11941: 11934: 11930: 11924: 11917: 11911: 11904: 11900: 11894: 11878: 11874: 11868: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11797: 11795: 11779: 11772: 11765: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11725: 11720: 11713: 11709: 11706:Hoare, Liam, 11703: 11696: 11692: 11686: 11679: 11673: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11647: 11641: 11631: 11625: 11615: 11609: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11570: 11565: 11554: 11548: 11541: 11535: 11528: 11522: 11511: 11505: 11494: 11488: 11477: 11471: 11460: 11454: 11447: 11441: 11428: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11395: 11385: 11379: 11369: 11363: 11354: 11344: 11338: 11328: 11322: 11314: 11308: 11304: 11297: 11289: 11283: 11279: 11272: 11270: 11259: 11253: 11243: 11237: 11227: 11221: 11211: 11205: 11195: 11189: 11181: 11174: 11164: 11158: 11148: 11142: 11136: 11131: 11121: 11115: 11108: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11086: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11057: 11047: 11041: 11031: 11025: 11015: 11009: 10999: 10993: 10983: 10977: 10967: 10961: 10951: 10945: 10935: 10929: 10919: 10918: 10911: 10902:4 July 1899. 10901: 10895: 10885: 10879: 10871: 10864: 10854: 10848: 10841: 10835: 10825: 10820: 10813: 10812: 10805: 10795: 10789: 10779: 10773: 10763: 10757: 10747: 10745: 10738: 10728: 10722: 10712: 10706: 10699: 10693: 10683: 10677: 10667: 10661: 10651: 10645: 10635: 10633: 10626: 10616: 10614: 10607: 10597: 10591: 10581: 10575: 10566:, pp. 63–65. 10565: 10559: 10549: 10543: 10533: 10529: 10528:Paul Léautaud 10525: 10521: 10515: 10505: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10481: 10471: 10465: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10445: 10435: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10397: 10387: 10381: 10371: 10365: 10356:, pp. 49–51. 10355: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10291: 10285: 10275: 10269: 10259: 10257: 10250: 10240: 10234: 10227: 10221: 10211: 10205: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10154: 10153:Wilson (2007) 10151:as quoted in 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10129: 10119: 10113: 10103: 10097: 10088:, pp. 39–41. 10087: 10081: 10071: 10067: 10061: 10051: 10046: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10016: 10010: 10000: 9994: 9984: 9978: 9968: 9962: 9952: 9946: 9936: 9930: 9921:, pp. 29–31. 9920: 9914: 9904: 9898: 9888: 9882: 9872: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9822: 9816: 9806: 9801: 9799: 9788: 9782: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9753: 9747: 9737: 9731: 9721: 9715: 9705: 9699: 9689: 9684: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9630: 9624: 9617: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9593: 9583: 9577: 9567: 9561: 9554: 9547: 9537: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9513: 9503: 9497: 9495: 9484: 9478: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9448: 9442: 9432: 9428: 9425:see: Thomas, 9422: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9386: 9376: 9370: 9360: 9354: 9343: 9337: 9327: 9319: 9313: 9303: 9299: 9297: 9290: 9280: 9274: 9264: 9258: 9248: 9242: 9232: 9231: 9224: 9214: 9213: 9206: 9196: 9190: 9188: 9177: 9171: 9161: 9160: 9153: 9143: 9137: 9127: 9121: 9111: 9105: 9095: 9089: 9079: 9077: 9070: 9060: 9054: 9044: 9038: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9019:New Caledonia 9016: 9010: 9000: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8982: 8976: 8966: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8936: 8930: 8920: 8914: 8904: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8845: 8839: 8832: 8824: 8822: 8815: 8805: 8799: 8789: 8782: 8772: 8766: 8756: 8750: 8740: 8734: 8724: 8722: 8715: 8705: 8699: 8689: 8687: 8680: 8670: 8664: 8654: 8648: 8638: 8632: 8622: 8616: 8606: 8600: 8590: 8584: 8574: 8568: 8558: 8557: 8550: 8540: 8534: 8524: 8518: 8508: 8502: 8492: 8486: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8447: 8446: 8439: 8429: 8423: 8413: 8407: 8397: 8396: 8389: 8379: 8373: 8363: 8357: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8326: 8316: 8310: 8299: 8297: 8291: 8280: 8278: 8271: 8261: 8255: 8244: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8221: 8215: 8205: 8199: 8189: 8183: 8173: 8167: 8156: 8150: 8140: 8134: 8124: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8089: 8083: 8073: 8067: 8057: 8051: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8022: 8020: 8013: 8003: 7997: 7988:, pp. 43–44. 7987: 7983: 7982:Intransigeant 7979: 7973: 7962: 7956: 7947:, pp. 60–70. 7946: 7940: 7928: 7922: 7915: 7909: 7899: 7893: 7883: 7877: 7868:, pp. 40–42. 7867: 7865: 7858: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7823: 7817: 7807: 7801: 7792: 7790: 7783: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7734: 7728: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7701: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7652:(in French). 7651: 7646: 7638: 7636: 7619: 7615: 7614:Bloomberg.com 7611: 7607: 7601: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7537:Geoffrey Bles 7534: 7533:May, J. Lewis 7530: 7526: 7520: 7510: 7504: 7494: 7488: 7478: 7472: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7433: 7426: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7402:0-19-530530-2 7398: 7395:. p. 8. 7394: 7390: 7389: 7381: 7374: 7370: 7369:Supreme Court 7364: 7360: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7299: 7298:2-246-00668-6 7295: 7291: 7283: 7280: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7256: 7248: 7245: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7220: 7212: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7157: 7153: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7100: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7004: 6997: 6994: 6986: 6983: 6976: 6975: 6966: 6958: 6957: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6930: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6909: 6908:2-35250-022-2 6905: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6867: 6866:2-226-11123-9 6863: 6859: 6851: 6848: 6847:2-84734-039-4 6844: 6840: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6810: 6809:2-226-11123-9 6806: 6802: 6794: 6791: 6783: 6780: 6779:2-02-021100-9 6776: 6772: 6764: 6761: 6753: 6750: 6742: 6741: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6713: 6705: 6702: 6694: 6691: 6683: 6681: 6680:2-213-62795-9 6677: 6673: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6655:, Larousse, ( 6654: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6605: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6581:Michael Burns 6575: 6573: 6572:2-02-032848-8 6569: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6550: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6517: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6493:Michel Winock 6487: 6484: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6457: 6456: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6433: 6425: 6422: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6370: 6367:Ruth Harris, 6362: 6360: 6356: 6353:Ruth Harris, 6348: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6328: 6327:3-929979-28-4 6324: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6306: 6298: 6295: 6287: 6284: 6276: 6273: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6189: 6188:0-8076-1175-1 6185: 6181: 6173: 6170: 6169:2-260-00346-X 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6148: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6126: 6125: 6117: 6110: 6103: 6101: 6094: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6056: 6049: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6030: 6029: 6023: 6010: 6004: 5994: 5987: 5982: 5973: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5930: 5929:Charles Péguy 5926: 5922: 5918: 5917:Marcel Proust 5912: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5869: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5840: 5831: 5821: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5752:(film series) 5751: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5711:Robert Harris 5708: 5707: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5684:short story " 5683: 5682:Franz Kafka's 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5660:In literature 5657: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5529: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5494:Charles Hernu 5491: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5401: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5340:Theodor Herzl 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325:Theodor Herzl 5322: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5284:Jewish France 5281: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5262:, woodcut by 5261: 5257: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5169: 5165:published in 5164: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5141: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5055: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5023: 5016: 5013:, talks with 5012: 5011: 5010:Les Invalides 5005: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885:Death of Zola 4882: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4851: 4850:amnesty law. 4847: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4793:Court Martial 4790: 4785: 4776: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4715:Edgar Demange 4712: 4707: 4703: 4701: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4681: 4676: 4675:Port Haliguen 4672: 4664: 4659: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4637:Hannah Arendt 4629: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4542:Élysée Palace 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4520: 4515: 4514:Charles Dupuy 4510: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4438:Henri Brisson 4434: 4433:Mont-Valérien 4428: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4367: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130:Albert de Mun 4126: 4124: 4123:Gabriel Monod 4120: 4116: 4113:, the writer 4112: 4108: 4107:Georges Sorel 4104: 4100: 4099:Victor Bérard 4096: 4092: 4088: 4087:Marcel Proust 4084: 4080: 4079:Fernand Gregh 4076: 4075:Daniel Halévy 4072: 4071:Émile Duclaux 4068: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4031:to President 4030: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3936: 3935:J'Accuse ...! 3931: 3929: 3928:leader column 3925: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3827:Édouard Manet 3823: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3543: 3541: 3540:double looped 3535: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3509:French Guiana 3506: 3505:New Caledonia 3502: 3501:French Guiana 3498: 3497:Îles du Salut 3489: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3416: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3360:criminologist 3357: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3254: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3208:Edgar Demange 3203: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3134: 3131: 3130:anthropometry 3127: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3071: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3038:Jean Sandherr 3030: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2999: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902:Jewish France 2895: 2891: 2887: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825:Jean Sandherr 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2704:in 1889, the 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:16 May Crisis 2684: 2681:In 1894, the 2669: 2667: 2663: 2662:Theodor Herzl 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2622:Supreme Court 2618: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2586:General Staff 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2540: 2537: 2529: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2503:This section 2501: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:Charles Péguy 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2373:French Guiana 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2136: 2135:Cosmic horror 2133: 2131: 2130:Camile Paglia 2128: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2102:Georges Sorel 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2062:Sigmund Freud 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1839:Will to power 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760:Irrationalism 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1745:Expressionism 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656:Fin de siècle 1653: 1652: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1589:Weaponization 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1579:Philosemitism 1577: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500:Philosemitism 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1384:The Holocaust 1382: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1277:Octavian Goga 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1262:Ion Antonescu 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1232:Joseph Stalin 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1207:Martin Luther 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:Andrew Anglin 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 995: 991: 989: 986: 984: 983: 979: 977: 974: 972: 971:4chan (/pol/) 969: 968: 962: 961: 954: 951: 949: 946: 943: 937: 935: 932: 929: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 875: 870: 868: 865: 863: 862:Currency Wars 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 841: 836: 835: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 806: 805:Slánský trial 803: 801: 800:Doctors' plot 798: 797: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 785:Media control 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 769: 766: 765: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741:International 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 690: 685: 684: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 576: 573: 572: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 552: 546: 545: 538: 535: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 518: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 472: 469: 468: 467: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 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Retrieved 10332:the original 10327: 10318: 10306: 10301: 10289: 10284: 10273: 10268: 10255: 10249: 10238: 10233: 10228:, pp. 50–51. 10225: 10220: 10209: 10204: 10176: 10138: 10128: 10117: 10112: 10102:Zola, a life 10101: 10096: 10085: 10080: 10069: 10066:Arthur Meyer 10060: 10045: 10034: 10030: 10025: 10014: 10009: 9998: 9993: 9982: 9977: 9966: 9961: 9950: 9945: 9934: 9929: 9918: 9913: 9902: 9897: 9886: 9881: 9870: 9865: 9852: 9847: 9839:The Guardian 9838: 9828: 9821:The Observer 9820: 9815: 9804: 9786: 9781: 9770: 9751: 9746: 9735: 9730: 9719: 9714: 9703: 9698: 9683: 9672: 9663: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9628: 9623: 9618:, pp. 11–19. 9615: 9610: 9597: 9592: 9581: 9576: 9565: 9560: 9552: 9546: 9535: 9530: 9517: 9512: 9501: 9482: 9477: 9466: 9462: 9457: 9446: 9441: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9413: 9409: 9404: 9391: 9385: 9374: 9369: 9358: 9353: 9341: 9336: 9325: 9317: 9312: 9301: 9295: 9289: 9278: 9273: 9262: 9257: 9246: 9241: 9233:p. 54 et s. 9229: 9223: 9215:p. 48 et s. 9211: 9205: 9194: 9175: 9170: 9158: 9152: 9141: 9136: 9125: 9120: 9109: 9104: 9093: 9088: 9075: 9069: 9058: 9053: 9042: 9037: 9026: 9014: 9009: 8996: 8990: 8980: 8975: 8964: 8959: 8951: 8945: 8934: 8929: 8918: 8913: 8902: 8897: 8888: 8879: 8867:. 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Retrieved 7432:the original 7419: 7387: 7380: 7372: 7363: 7347: 7325: 7311: 7289: 7278: 7275:(in English) 7267: 7255:The Disgrace 7254: 7244:The Iniquity 7243: 7232: 7218: 7207: 7185: 7166: 7163:(in English) 7155: 7141: 7138:The Evidence 7137: 7124:Testimonials 7109: 7106:(in English) 7098: 7088: 7074:(in English) 7067: 7060:(in English) 7052: 7038:(in English) 7032:The Guardian 7031: 7024:(in English) 7017: 7013: 7002: 6992: 6981: 6964: 6936: 6933:(in English) 6917: 6899: 6898:, Volume 1, 6895: 6876: 6857: 6838: 6819: 6818:Collective, 6800: 6789: 6770: 6769:Jean Doise, 6759: 6748: 6722: 6711: 6700: 6689: 6671: 6652: 6633: 6614: 6603: 6584: 6563: 6559: 6548: 6529: 6515: 6496: 6482: 6463: 6445: 6439:(in English) 6431: 6428:(in English) 6420: 6417:(in English) 6405: 6402:Louis Begley 6399:(in English) 6383: 6379: 6368: 6365:(in English) 6354: 6351:(in English) 6336: 6333:(in English) 6318: 6312:(in English) 6304: 6301:(in English) 6293: 6290:(in English) 6282: 6279:(in English) 6271: 6268:(in English) 6256: 6253:(in English) 6242: 6239:(in English) 6227: 6220: 6198: 6179: 6176:(in English) 6160: 6146: 6135: 6113:(in English) 6047:(1898–1899). 6021: 6003: 5993: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5925:Jules Renard 5911: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5887:For the Jews 5886: 5882: 5877: 5868: 5857: 5849: 5839: 5830: 5820: 5811: 5798: 5793: 5781: 5749: 5704: 5702: 5689: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5618: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5596: 5594: 5581: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5512: 5503:Fond Dreyfus 5502: 5483: 5454: 5438:Éric Zemmour 5427: 5416: 5403: 5398:Jewish State 5395: 5383: 5367: 5362: 5354: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5327:created the 5305: 5300: 5297: 5293:Vichy regime 5283: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5203: 5192: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5143: 5139: 5126: 5124: 5109: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5060: 5042: 5037: 5029: 5008: 4989:Émile Combes 4982: 4975: 4970: 4953: 4912: 4910: 4899:J'accuse...! 4898: 4890: 4888: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866:Émile Loubet 4863: 4848: 4828: 4823: 4809:Edvard Grieg 4802: 4798: 4788: 4773: 4760:Émile Loubet 4756: 4752: 4735:Jules Guérin 4723: 4696: 4684: 4667: 4635: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4609:J'accuse...! 4608: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4589: 4578: 4573: 4558:Jules Méline 4534:Émile Loubet 4527: 4523: 4511: 4494: 4485:Caran d'Ache 4481: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4449:Caran d'Ache 4429: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4406:Portrait of 4392: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4354: 4332: 4327: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4286: 4259: 4253:founded the 4251:Paul Viollet 4242:Jules Renard 4234: 4230: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4179: 4174: 4168: 4145: 4141: 4127: 4115:Jules Renard 4111:Claude Monet 4083:Félix Fénéon 4056: 4054: 4050:Assize Court 4045:J'Accuse...! 4044: 4043: 4038:J'Accuse...! 4036: 4024: 4022: 4011: 4008:intellectual 4003: 3997: 3986: 3963:J'Accuse...! 3961: 3957: 3956:Page one of 3948:J'accuse...! 3934: 3923: 3917:The Observer 3916: 3912:Sunday Times 3910: 3906:The Observer 3904: 3903:, editor of 3899: 3896: 3883: 3875: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3838: 3831: 3811:Jules Méline 3808: 3789: 3772: 3754: 3750: 3732: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3674: 3660:res judicata 3658: 3651: 3647: 3635: 3628: 3595: 3580: 3570:, he met at 3565: 3561: 3554: 3539: 3536: 3524: 3518: 3494: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3451: 3427: 3424: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3368: 3354: 3349:Louis Lépine 3347:and Prefect 3341:closed court 3338: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3303: 3300:Arthur Meyer 3293: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3217: 3204: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3182:Lionel Royer 3171: 3148: 3140: 3122: 3110: 3091: 3062: 3057: 3049: 3035: 3014: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2901: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2875: 2871: 2860: 2841: 2821: 2798: 2790: 2775: 2754:Jules Méline 2747: 2723: 2680: 2651: 2639: 2631:Émile Loubet 2619: 2610:J'accuse...! 2608: 2590: 2567: 2547: 2532: 2523: 2512:Please help 2507:verification 2504: 2480: 2462:antisemitism 2455: 2412: 2398:J'Accuse...! 2386:Major named 2377: 2365:penal colony 2323: 2321: 2250: 2203: 2087:Edvard Munch 2011: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1891:Degeneration 1889: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1844:Yellow Peril 1826: 1817:Spiritualism 1786:Race suicide 1719: 1680:Aestheticism 1654: 1594:Anti-Zionism 1453:Yellow badge 1398: 1394:Jewish quota 1297:Ioan Slavici 1252:Ernst Zündel 1182:Adolf Hitler 1167:Nick Fuentes 1107:Baked Alaska 1081: 1074: 1047: 1029: 1005:Goebbels Gap 992: 980: 874:(video game) 873: 748:Jewish lobby 696:Andinia Plan 530:21st century 513:Labour Party 478:South Africa 466:Saudi Arabia 454:Soviet Union 387:21st-century 381: 232:Antisemitism 103:Bibliography 92:J'Accuse...! 90: 52: 25: 12105:1894 in law 12012:(in French) 11754:11 November 11728:(in French) 11712:The Forward 11650:(in French) 11634:(in French) 11618:(in French) 11602:(in French) 11557:(in French) 11514:(in French) 11497:(in French) 11480:(in French) 11463:(in French) 11433:(in French) 11388:(in French) 11372:(in French) 11347:(in French) 11341:M. Drouin, 11331:(in French) 11329:, p. 1009. 11262:(in French) 11246:(in French) 11230:(in French) 11214:(in French) 11198:(in French) 11167:(in French) 11151:(in French) 11124:(in French) 11103:(in French) 11050:(in French) 11034:(in French) 11018:(in French) 11002:(in French) 10986:(in French) 10970:(in French) 10954:(in French) 10938:(in French) 10922:(in French) 10904:(in French) 10888:(in French) 10857:(in French) 10828:(in French) 10798:(in French) 10782:(in French) 10766:(in French) 10750:(in French) 10731:(in French) 10715:(in French) 10686:(in French) 10670:(in French) 10654:(in French) 10638:(in French) 10619:(in French) 10600:(in French) 10584:(in French) 10568:(in French) 10552:(in French) 10536:(in French) 10520:Paul Valéry 10508:(in French) 10492:(in French) 10474:(in French) 10438:(in French) 10422:(in French) 10390:(in French) 10374:(in French) 10358:(in French) 10294:(in French) 10278:(in French) 10262:(in French) 10243:(in French) 10214:(in French) 10155: p. 541 10122:(in French) 10106:(in French) 10090:(in French) 10074:(in French) 10054:(in French) 10039:(in French) 10019:(in French) 10003:(in French) 9987:(in French) 9971:(in French) 9955:(in French) 9939:(in French) 9923:(in French) 9907:(in French) 9891:(in French) 9875:(in French) 9859:(in French) 9809:(in French) 9791:(in French) 9775:(in French) 9756:(in French) 9740:(in French) 9724:(in French) 9708:(in French) 9692:(in French) 9677:(in French) 9657:(in French) 9633:(in French) 9604:(in French) 9586:(in French) 9570:(in French) 9540:(in French) 9524:(in French) 9506:(in French) 9487:(in French) 9471:(in French) 9451:(in French) 9435:(in French) 9429:, Chap. 1, 9398:(in French) 9379:(in French) 9363:(in French) 9346:(in French) 9330:(in French) 9322:(in French) 9306:(in French) 9283:(in French) 9267:(in French) 9251:(in French) 9235:(in French) 9217:(in French) 9199:(in French) 9180:(in French) 9164:(in French) 9146:(in French) 9130:(in French) 9114:(in French) 9098:(in French) 9082:(in French) 9063:(in French) 9047:(in French) 9031:(in French) 9029:", p. 244. 9003:(in French) 8969:(in French) 8939:(in French) 8923:(in French) 8907:(in French) 8848:(in French) 8831:Jules Ferry 8827:(in French) 8808:(in French) 8792:(in French) 8775:(in French) 8759:(in French) 8743:(in French) 8727:(in French) 8708:(in French) 8692:(in French) 8673:(in French) 8657:(in French) 8641:(in French) 8625:(in French) 8609:(in French) 8593:(in French) 8577:(in French) 8561:(in French) 8543:(in French) 8527:(in French) 8511:(in French) 8495:(in French) 8479:(in French) 8466:Victor Noir 8449:(in French) 8432:(in French) 8416:(in French) 8400:(in French) 8382:(in French) 8366:(in French) 8350:(in French) 8338:(in French) 8319:(in French) 8302:(in French) 8283:(in French) 8264:(in French) 8247:(in French) 8231:(in French) 8208:(in French) 8192:(in French) 8186:Guillemin, 8176:(in French) 8159:(in French) 8143:(in French) 8127:(in French) 8111:(in French) 8092:(in French) 8076:(in French) 8060:(in French) 8044:(in French) 8025:(in French) 8006:(in French) 7990:(in French) 7984:, Boussel, 7965:(in French) 7949:(in French) 7931:(in French) 7902:(in French) 7886:(in French) 7870:(in French) 7826:(in French) 7810:(in French) 7794:(in French) 7737:(in French) 7513:(in French) 7497:(in French) 7481:(in French) 7465:(in French) 7341:(in French) 7319:(in French) 7305:(in French) 7286:(in French) 7261:(in French) 7251:(in French) 7240:(in French) 7226:(in French) 7215:(in French) 7201:(in French) 7182:(in French) 7149:(in French) 7134:Jean Jaurès 7131:(in French) 7095:(in French) 7053:The Forward 7010:(in French) 7000:(in French) 6989:(in French) 6979:(in French) 6961:(in French) 6914:(in French) 6892:(in French) 6879:, Fayard, ( 6873:(in French) 6854:(in French) 6835:(in French) 6816:(in French) 6797:(in French) 6786:(in French) 6767:(in French) 6762:, Gallimard 6756:(in French) 6745:(in French) 6719:(in French) 6708:(in French) 6697:(in French) 6686:(in French) 6668:(in French) 6649:(in French) 6630:(in French) 6611:(in French) 6602:Éric Cahm, 6600:(in French) 6578:(in French) 6556:(in French) 6545:(in French) 6523:(in French) 6512:(in French) 6490:(in French) 6479:(in French) 6460:(in French) 6376:(in French) 6292:Eric Cahm, 6195:(in French) 6154:(in French) 6143:(in French) 6129:(in French) 6106:(in French) 6097:(in French) 6088:(in French) 6079:(in French) 6061:(in French) 6052:(in French) 6042:(in French) 6033:(in French) 5861:(in French) 5825:fallacious. 5621:(1986) and 5569:(1955) and 5210:Lucien Herr 5018: [ 4985:Louis André 4960:Jean Jaurès 4938: [ 4530:Félix Faure 4483:cartoon by 4447:Drawing by 4397:Oscar Wilde 4283:Antisemitic 4266:France for 4091:Lucien Herr 4033:Félix Faure 4029:open letter 3983:stereograph 3901:Rachel Beer 3786:Jean Jaurès 3778:Lucien Herr 3767:, academic 3630:Tirailleurs 3585:journalist 3568:Félix Faure 3455:Jean Jaurès 3323:casus belli 3214:The enquiry 2944:boulangiste 2910:clericalism 2743:Félix Faure 2735:Sadi Carnot 2731:Legitimists 2647:Catholicism 2643:nationalism 2550:French Army 2451:World War I 2384:French Army 2261:W. B. Yeats 2246:Syndicalism 2187:Jack London 2107:Oscar Wilde 1775:Orientalism 1765:Medievalism 1705:Bohemianism 1700:Avant-garde 1690:Art Nouveau 1443:Segregation 1340:Persecution 1287:Nae Ionescu 988:Disclose.tv 701:Blood libel 637:Strasserism 419:New Zealand 367:Costa Rican 286:Definitions 12094:Categories 11935:, p. 1193. 11648:, p. 474. 11646:The Affair 11616:, p. 471. 11614:The Affair 11508:Birnbaum, 11478:, p. 475. 11476:The Affair 11457:Birnbaum, 11370:, p. 111. 11212:, p. 104. 11196:, p. 160. 11165:, p. 417. 11163:The Affair 11149:, p. 414. 11147:The Affair 11122:, p. 411. 11120:The Affair 11048:, p. 114. 11016:, p. 404. 11014:The Affair 11000:, p. 395. 10998:The Affair 10984:, p. 159. 10936:, p. 562. 10900:L'Humanité 10886:, p. 543. 10780:, p. 194. 10746:, Volume 4 10634:, Volume 4 10617:, p. 137. 10615:, Volume 1 10582:, p. 307. 10580:The Affair 10488:, Volume 1 10418:, Volume 4 10402:The Affair 10372:, p. 288. 10370:The Affair 10292:, p. 279. 10290:The Affair 10258:, Volume 4 10241:, p. 287. 10239:The Affair 10196:1253400456 10100:F. Brown, 9935:Clemenceau 9905:, p. 236. 9903:The Affair 9873:, p. 234. 9871:The Affair 9857:, p. 268. 9855:, Volume 1 9853:Zola trial 9773:, p. 227. 9771:The Affair 9706:, p. 207. 9704:The Affair 9675:, p. 29). 9649:Le Journal 9584:, p. 475. 9568:, p. 200. 9566:The Affair 9553:The Affair 9504:, p. 168. 9502:The Affair 9485:, p. 167. 9483:The Affair 9469:, p. 163. 9467:The Affair 9410:The Affair 9394:, Volume 2 9377:, p. 145. 9357:Birnbaum, 9344:, p. 144. 9342:The Affair 9320:, p. 142. 9318:The Affair 9281:, p. 276. 9197:, p. 117. 9195:The Affair 9144:, p. 132. 9142:The Affair 9112:, p. 125. 9110:The Affair 9096:, p. 103. 9094:The Affair 9061:, p. 107. 9059:The Affair 9015:La Justice 9001:, p. 468. 8999:, Volume 1 8933:Birnbaum, 8921:, p. 132. 8869:17 January 8846:, p. 164. 8825:, p. 411. 8823:, Volume 1 8790:, p. 189. 8757:, p. 151. 8725:, p. 409. 8723:, Volume 1 8690:, p. 394. 8688:, Volume 1 8637:The Affair 8589:The Affair 8573:The Affair 8539:The Affair 8493:, p. 88.) 8491:The Affair 8477:, p. 274. 8428:The Affair 8380:, p. 118. 8364:, p. 208. 8336:, p. 107. 8334:, Volume 1 8315:The Affair 8300:, p. 322. 8279:, Volume 1 8260:The Affair 8245:, p. 141. 8204:The Affair 8155:The Affair 8137:Birnbaum, 8090:, p. 260. 8074:, p. 139. 8054:Birnbaum, 8038:Birnbaum, 8021:, Volume 1 8002:The Affair 7898:The Affair 7866:, Volume 1 7847:5 December 7808:, p. 391. 7735:, p. 534. 7717:5 December 7545:1171284758 7535:. London: 7355:References 7344:Émile Zola 7194:2707148067 6661:203582639X 6642:2707147931 6623:2082105474 6505:2020098318 6472:2130532268 6386:, Stock, ( 6382:– Vol 1 – 6207:2213627959 6161:The Affair 6011:was noted. 5713:, and the 5676:published 5666:Émile Zola 5642:The Affair 5636:published 5168:Le Pèlerin 5163:caricature 5160:Republican 4950:of Dreyfus 4914:Libération 4891:The Affair 4875:The Proofs 4769:secularism 4592:Protestant 4391:published 4263:Versailles 4146:Le Journal 4138:Clemenceau 4063:Émile Zola 4004:The Affair 4000:Émile Zola 3747:Émile Zola 3527:Île Royale 3447:since 1848 3436:cashiering 3305:Le Gaulois 3272:Le Journal 3267:L'Autorité 3144:confession 3137:The arrest 3098:graphology 2727:Orléanists 2605:Émile Zola 2447:exonerated 2392:Émile Zola 2336:pronounced 2241:Surrealism 2236:Ezra Pound 2182:H.G. Wells 2171:Ecofascism 2097:Max Nordau 1975:The Scream 1828:Übermensch 1561:Yad Vashem 1466:Opposition 1438:Refuseniks 1389:Jewish hat 1362:Expulsions 1272:A. C. Cuza 1267:Horia Sima 1247:Rick Wiles 1197:David Lane 1157:Henry Ford 1142:David Duke 1117:Louis Beam 1065:Terrorgram 1060:Stormfront 915:Mein Kampf 780:Kosher tax 768:Żydokomuna 706:Cohen Plan 582:Creativity 139:Émile Zola 98:Resolution 12125:Injustice 11987:J'accuse! 11628:Boussel, 11600:, p. 95. 11596:Duclert, 11555:, p. 67. 11551:Duclert, 11512:, p. 95. 11495:, p. 93. 11491:Duclert, 11461:, p. 94. 11412:0362-4331 11366:Duclert, 11325:Duclert, 11256:Duclert, 11208:Duclert, 11068:Dagbladet 10968:, p. 60. 10964:Duclert, 10932:Duclert, 10882:Duclert, 10796:, p. 52. 10792:Duclert, 10776:Boussel, 10741:Reinach, 10713:, p. 91. 10668:, p. 53. 10664:Duclert, 10652:, p. 97. 10648:Duclert, 10629:Reinach, 10598:, p. 50. 10594:Duclert, 10550:, p. 92. 10534:, p. 57. 10506:, p. 52. 10472:, p. 80. 10468:Duclert, 10436:, p. 74. 10413:Reinach, 10404:, p. 301. 10388:, p. 48. 10384:Duclert, 10338:31 August 10253:Reinach, 10147:460467731 10017:, p. 44. 10013:Duclert, 10001:, p. 36. 9969:, p. 45. 9953:, p. 35. 9889:, p. 42. 9885:Duclert, 9789:, p. 40. 9785:Duclert, 9738:, p. 39. 9734:Duclert, 9631:, p. 44. 9396:, p. 26. 9389:Reinach, 9361:, p. 56. 9265:, p. 82. 9261:Boussel, 9080:, p. 73. 8994:Reinach, 8937:, p. 43. 8842:Duclert, 8818:Reinach, 8804:Revisions 8802:Picquart 8773:, p. 38. 8753:Duclert, 8718:Reinach, 8683:Reinach, 8671:, p. 147 8655:, p. 60. 8651:Boussel, 8639:, p. 85. 8623:, p. 58. 8619:Boussel, 8603:Boussel, 8591:, p. 85. 8575:, p. 83. 8559:, p. 24. 8541:, p. 89. 8430:, p. 80. 8376:Duclert, 8329:Reinach, 8317:, p. 87. 8281:, p. 92. 8274:Reinach, 8262:, p. 72. 8157:, p. 69. 8141:, p. 38. 8058:, p. 48. 8042:, p. 40. 8023:, p. 39. 8016:Reinach, 8004:, p. 65. 7978:Rochefort 7963:, p. 67. 7900:, p. 67. 7820:Duclert, 7689:30 August 7666:2116-5289 7624:17 August 7590:17 August 7565:17 August 7491:Duclert, 7411:644094069 7322:Léon Blum 7014:Le Figaro 6995:, No. 62. 6692:, Private 6453:In French 5883:Le Figaro 5854:Cassagnac 5799:bordereau 5738:Leo Frank 5715:2019 film 5430:cashiered 5181:old order 4807:composer 4805:Norwegian 4779:Reactions 4453:Le Figaro 4389:Le Siècle 4357:in Caen. 4351:Marseille 4222:shorthand 4214:Le Siecle 3989:, Altona- 3865:Le Figaro 3839:Le Figaro 3782:Léon Blum 3756:Le Figaro 3719:Le Figaro 3704:(born in 3665:Zurlinden 3583:anarchist 3482:Île de Ré 3369:bordereau 3295:Le Figaro 3170:Cover of 2962:La Patrie 2848:espionage 2829:Saint-Cyr 2809:arms race 2805:Saint-Cyr 2710:anarchist 2698:royalists 2695:Orléanist 2677:Political 2526:July 2021 1870:À rebours 1822:Symbolism 1792:Racialism 1725:Dysgenics 1715:Decadence 1122:Don Black 1055:StoneToss 1025:Metapedia 1020:Jew Watch 910:The Light 664:Secondary 659:Religious 570:Christian 560:Alt-right 537:Venezuela 459:Stalinist 434:Palestine 332:Australia 327:Argentina 320:Geography 276:Reference 11999:Archived 11985:Text of 11883:13 March 11857:13 March 11831:13 March 11644:Bredin, 11632:, p. 92 11612:Bredin, 11474:Bredin, 11382:Drouin, 11260:p. 108. 11161:Bredin, 11145:Bredin, 11118:Bredin, 11095:Archived 11075:21 March 11044:Miquel, 11012:Bredin, 10996:Bredin, 10709:Miquel, 10610:Reinach, 10578:Bredin, 10562:Winock, 10546:Miquel, 10518:Of whom 10502:Winock, 10453:Archived 10400:Bredin, 10368:Bredin, 10288:Bredin, 10272:Thomas, 10260:, p. 5. 10237:Bredin, 9965:Miquel, 9949:Winock, 9901:Bredin, 9869:Bredin, 9769:Bredin, 9750:Thomas, 9718:Thomas, 9702:Bredin, 9600:Volume 2 9580:Thomas, 9564:Bredin, 9555:p. 262). 9520:Volume 2 9500:Bredin, 9481:Bredin, 9463:L'Éclair 9340:Bredin, 9316:Bredin, 9298:Volume 2 9277:Thomas, 9245:Lazare, 9193:Bredin, 9140:Bredin, 9108:Bredin, 9092:Bredin, 9078:Volume 3 9057:Bredin, 8983:Volume 2 8607:, p. 55 8587:Bredin, 8537:Bredin, 8426:Bredin, 8313:Bredin, 8298:Volume 2 8258:Bredin, 8241:Thomas, 8227:Volume 1 8206:, p. 0. 8202:Bredin, 8086:Thomas, 8000:Bredin, 7959:Thomas, 7824:, p. 8. 7804:Miquel, 7650:Lectures 7527:(1935). 7511:, p. 9. 7495:, p. 5. 7441:5 August 7375:, p. 15. 7081:Archived 7045:Archived 6485:, Fayard 6073:Volume 3 6069:Volume 2 6065:Volume 1 5931:, et al. 5900:Syndicat 5721:See also 5668:(1902), 5638:L'Affair 5590:Brussels 5374:humanist 5278:and the 5224:(SFIO). 5071:Pantheon 4965:Pellieux 4601:L'Aurore 4427:prison. 4424:Le Temps 4343:Le Havre 4328:L'Aurore 4319:J'Accuse 4218:L'Áurore 4204:L'Aurore 4180:L'Aurore 4150:Deputies 4142:L'Aurore 4058:Le Temps 4025:L'Aurore 3987:F. Hamel 3985:sold by 3978:in 1898, 3958:L'Aurore 3909:and the 3849:L'Aurore 3832:General 3706:Mulhouse 3591:Brussels 3576:hypnosis 3572:Le Havre 3334:La Croix 3318:L'Éclair 3288:La Croix 3278:Le Temps 3067:— 3064:beliefs. 2971:La Croix 2952:L'Éclair 2856:melinite 2833:Mulhouse 2817:75mm gun 2761:Military 2672:Contexts 2552:Captain 2406:L'Aurore 2357:Alsatian 2343:) was a 2177:Futurism 1735:Eugenics 1615:Category 1530:UN Watch 1400:Judensau 1357:Boycotts 1015:Groypers 758:Judensau 632:Neo-Nazi 617:Medieval 587:Economic 555:Academic 429:Pakistan 302:Three Ds 271:Timeline 247:Part of 224:a series 222:Part of 45:a series 43:Part of 12084:History 12058:Portals 11783:23 July 11529:(2012). 11192:Doise, 10980:Doise, 9534:Doise, 9445:Doise, 9023:Candide 8741:p. 87. 8737:Doise, 8521:Zola, " 8070:Burns, 7246:, Stock 7158:, Stock 6230:(2001) 6018:Sources 5904:Minutes 5370:Austria 5316:Zionism 5260:At Home 5171:in 1900 4831:Germany 4605:Victory 4507:Brisson 4420:députés 4376:Carmaux 4317:Zola's 4268:England 4132:at the 3991:Hamburg 3879:Reinach 3800:Georges 3678:Tunisia 3470:Justice 3314:grovels 3042:General 2936:Algeria 2892:of the 2782:Moselle 2691:Bourbon 2666:Zionism 2615:Algiers 2570:Mathieu 2472:Summary 2167:Fascism 2162:Fantasy 1898:Dracula 1695:Atheism 1421:Pogroms 1076:TruNews 1037:Red Ice 1010:GoyimTV 721:Deicide 674:Zionist 649:Olympic 607:Islamic 525:History 498:Ukraine 439:Romania 404:Hungary 394:Germany 362:Chilean 357:Chinese 347:Belgium 342:Belarus 337:Austria 266:History 12072:France 11959:online 11903:online 11778:un.org 11586:online 11582:Esprit 11448:p. 203 11410: 11309: 11284: 10194: 10184: 10145: 9627:Zola, 7756: 7731:Bach, 7664: 7543: 7409: 7399: 7332: 7296: 7270:, Plon 7192: 7173: 6945: 6924: 6906: 6883: 6864: 6845: 6826: 6807: 6777: 6729: 6678: 6659: 6640: 6621: 6591: 6570: 6536: 6503: 6470: 6390: 6343: 6325: 6205: 6186: 6167: 5740:affair 5729:affair 5092:Verdun 4711:Rennes 4680:Rennes 4341:, and 4335:Nantes 3920:'s 3796:Albert 3636:Major 3432:prison 3275:, and 3180:after 2881:Social 2778:Alsace 2626:Rennes 2584:. 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Index