22:
102:'s standard procedure for locating drone congregation areas involves using a queen or a (pheromone-marked) dummy queen to attract drones from the diffuse cluster of a typical drone congregation area into a visible clump. In addition to drone attraction to queens, drones are attracted to other drones and virgin queens are attracted to drones.
362:
Scheiner, Ricarda; Abramson, Charles I; Brodschneider, Robert; Crailsheim, Karl; Farina, Walter M; Fuchs, Stefan; GrĂĽnewald, Bernd; Hahshold, Sybille; Karrer, Marlene; Koeniger, Gudrun; Koeniger, Niko; Menzel, Randolf; Mujagic, Samir; Radspieler, Gerald; Schmickl, Thomas; Schneider, Christof; Siegel,
86:
Drones find their way to drone congregation areas along flyways, specific shared trajectories. These generally follow features in the landscape, such as lines of trees. Drone congregation areas often occur at the intersection of flyways, though not all intersections form congregation areas. Flyways,
69:
Most drone congregation areas are open spaces surrounded by a barrier; the open area provides visibility while the barrier (vegetation, hills, etc.) provides shelter from the wind. The bees also tend to fly to low elevations. South-facing locations are also preferred in the
Northern hemisphere; this
52:
Drone congregation areas are typically about 100 metres (300 ft) in diameter and 15–30 metres (50–100 ft) above ground. They have the shape of an upward-pointing cone, with the drone density being lower towards the top. The boundaries are sharply defined: drones will not mate with queens
65:
It is not known exactly why drone congregation areas have the locations they do, or how bees locate them. However, there is considerable evidence that they depend on static features of the landscape. Drones will congregate in these areas even in the absence of queens, and stay in similar areas
56:
Over the course of a day, approximately 12,000 drones visited one drone congregation area, and the drones represented at any one congregation area can be from hundreds of different colonies. However, these population numbers are highly variable depending on circumstances.
66:
year-to-year, with one drone congregation area staying in the same location for almost 200 years. Additionally, if drones are brought in from outside the local area, they still quickly find the local congregation areas.
26:
549:
Galindo-Cardona, Alberto; Monmany, A. Carolina; Moreno-Jackson, Rafiné; Rivera-Rivera, Carlos; Huertas-Dones, Carlos; Caicedo-Quiroga, Laura; Giray, Tugrul (October 2012).
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Woodgate, Joseph L.; Makinson, James C.; Rossi, Natacha; Lim, Ka S.; Reynolds, Andrew M.; Rawlings, Christopher J.; Chittka, Lars (June 2021).
21:
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Loper, Gerald M.; Wolf, Wayne W.; Taylor, Orley R. (1992). "Honey Bee Drone
Flyways and Congregation Areas: Radar Observations".
99:
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Hayashi, Shinya; Satoh, Toshiyuki (July 2021). "Landscape features causing the local congregation of honeybee males (
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Baudry, E.; Solignac, M.; Garnery, L.; Gries, M.; Cornuet, J.; Koeniger, N. (22 October 1998).
310:"Harmonic radar tracking reveals that honeybee drones navigate between multiple aerial leks"
266:
Koeniger, N.; Koeniger, G.; Pechhacker, H. (February 2005). "The nearer the better? Drones (
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8:
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Bastin, Florian; Cholé, Hanna; Lafon, Grégory; Sandoz, Jean-Christophe (24 July 2017).
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Brandstaetter, Andreas S.; Bastin, Florian; Sandoz, Jean-Christophe (15 April 2014).
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Koeniger, Nikolaus; Koeniger, Gudrun; Gries, Michael; Tingek, Salim (April 2005).
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606:"Honeybee drones are attracted by groups of consexuals in a walking simulator"
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also play a role in coalescing drones to the exact location of the queen. The
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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420:"Detection and monitoring of honeybee drone congregation areas by radar"
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551:"Landscape Analysis of Drone Congregation Areas of the Honey Bee,
475:"Physiography influences honeybee queen's choice of mating place (
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like drone congregation areas, are stable over a period of years.
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Loper, Gerald M.; Wolf, Wayne W.; Taylor Jr., Orley R. (1987).
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Adam J; Szopek, Martina; Thenius, Ronald (January 2013).
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174:"Drone competition at drone congregation areas in four
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647:"Virgin queen attraction toward males in honey bees"
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454:Tribe, G. D. (1982). "Drone mating assemblies".
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716:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
365:"Standard methods for behavioural studies of
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270:) prefer nearer drone congregation areas".
124:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
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100:International Bee Research Association
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27:USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab
25:Honeybee drone photographed by the
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53:even slightly outside the area.
610:Journal of Experimental Biology
373:Journal of Apicultural Research
211:"Relatedness among honeybees (
1:
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70:may be due to differences in
712:The Biology of the Honey Bee
7:
10:
775:
759:Western honey bee behavior
664:10.1038/s41598-017-06241-9
327:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102499
215:) of a drone congregation"
81:
36:is an aerial region where
559:Journal of Insect Science
456:South African Bee Journal
284:10.1007/s00040-004-0763-z
47:
105:
16:Location where bees mate
473:Pechhacker, H. (1994).
34:drone congregation area
708:Winston, Mark (1987).
496:10.1051/apido:19940210
477:Apis mellifera carnica
437:10.1051/apido:19870206
386:10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.04
231:10.1098/rspb.1998.0533
29:
572:10.1673/031.012.12201
195:10.1051/apido:2005011
61:Geographical features
24:
754:Insect reproduction
616:(Pt 8): 1278–1285.
225:(1409): 2009–2014.
651:Scientific Reports
623:10.1242/jeb.094292
91:Role of pheromones
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723:978-0-674-07408-8
528:10.1111/eth.13165
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553:Apis mellifera
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522:(7): 582–591.
512:Apis mellifera
502:
489:(2): 239–248.
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430:(2): 163–172.
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367:Apis mellifera
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268:Apis mellifera
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256:, p. 206.
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213:Apis mellifera
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188:(2): 211–221.
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749:Bee ecology
657:(1): 6293.
396:11336/99807
743:Categories
702:References
483:Apidologie
479:Pollmann)"
424:Apidologie
182:Apidologie
96:Pheromones
673:2045-2322
536:236306404
462:: 99–100.
136:0022-8567
732:24079339
691:28740234
632:24436379
591:23451901
516:Ethology
405:85070194
346:34308279
314:iScience
292:22927927
178:species"
144:25085360
682:5524964
582:3635128
337:8257961
240:1689479
82:Flyways
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48:Makeup
532:S2CID
401:S2CID
288:S2CID
140:JSTOR
106:Notes
728:OCLC
718:ISBN
687:PMID
669:ISSN
628:PMID
587:PMID
342:PMID
176:Apis
132:ISSN
40:and
677:PMC
659:doi
618:doi
614:217
577:PMC
567:doi
524:doi
520:127
491:doi
432:doi
391:hdl
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332:PMC
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235:PMC
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32:A
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