1211:
androstadienone presentation, while men react more negatively. In an experiment by Hummer and McClintock, androstadienone or a control odor was put on the upper lips of fifty males and females and they were tested for four effects of the pheromone: 1) automatic attention towards positive and negative facial expressions, 2) the strength of cognitive and emotional information as distractors in a simple reaction time task, 3) relative attention to social and nonsocial stimuli (i.e. neutral faces), and 4) mood and attentiveness in the absence of social interaction. Those treated with androstadienone drew more attention to towards emotional facial expressions and emotional words but no increased attention to neutral faces. These data suggest that androstadienone may increase attention to emotional information causing the individual to feel more focused. It is thought that androstadienone modulates on how the mind attends and processes information.
2836:
humans. Both mouse Taar3 and Taar5 detect compounds (isoamylamine and trimethylamine, respectively) that are enriched in male versus female mouse urine. Isoamylamine in male urine is reported to act as a pheromone, accelerating puberty onset in female mice . The authors suggest the Taar family has a chemosensory function that is distinct from odorant receptors with a role associated with the detection of social cues. ... The evolutionary pattern of the TAAR gene family is characterized by lineage-specific phylogenetic clustering . These characteristics are very similar to those observed in the olfactory GPCRs and vomeronasal (V1R, V2R) GPCR gene families.
1199:, of the University of Chicago. A group of women were exposed to a whiff of perspiration from other women. Depending on the time in the month the sweat was collected (before, during, or after ovulation) there was an association with the recipient woman's menstrual cycle to speed up or slow down. The 1971 study proposed two types of pheromone involved: "One, produced prior to ovulation, shortens the ovarian cycle; and the second, produced just at ovulation, lengthens the cycle". However, recent studies and reviews of the methodology have called the validity of her results and existence of menstrual synchronization into question.
263:, overcoming host resistance by mass attack, and defense against predators. A group of individuals at one location is referred to as an aggregation, whether consisting of one sex or both sexes. Male-produced sex attractants have been called aggregation pheromones, because they usually result in the arrival of both sexes at a calling site and increase the density of conspecifics surrounding the pheromone source. Most sex pheromones are produced by the females; only a small percentage of sex attractants are produced by males. Aggregation pheromones have been found in members of the
244:
501:
1034:, have been observed to use pheromones as a means of kin recognition to avoid inbreeding. For example, B. bifarius males display "patrolling" behavior in which they mark specific paths outside their nests with pheromones and subsequently "patrol" these paths. Unrelated reproductive females are attracted to the pheromones deposited by males on these paths, and males that encounter these females while patrolling can mate with them. Other bees of the Bombus species are found to emit pheromones as precopulatory signals, such as
413:
236:
461:. Certain ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide. As long as the food source remains available, visiting ants will continuously renew the pheromone trail. The pheromone requires continuous renewal because it evaporates quickly. When the food supply begins to dwindle, the trail-making ceases. Pharaoh ants (
1262:
function, but only responds to hormones in a "sex-specific manner". There also have been pheromone receptor genes found in olfactory mucosa. There have been no experiments that compare people lacking the VNO, and people that have it. It is disputed on whether the chemicals are reaching the brain through the VNO or other tissues.
1210:
Androstadienone seems to affect the limbic system and causes a positive reaction in women, improving mood. Responses to androstadienone depend on the individual and the environment they are in. Androstadienone negatively influences the perception of pain in women. Women tend to react positively after
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Androstenol is the putative female pheromone. In a 1978 study by Kirk-Smith, people wearing surgical masks treated with androstenol or untreated were shown pictures of people, animals and buildings and asked to rate the pictures on attractiveness. Individuals with their masks treated with androstenol
2835:
Importantly, three ligands identified activating mouse Taars are natural components of mouse urine, a major source of social cues in rodents. Mouse Taar4 recognizes β-phenylethylamine, a compound whose elevation in urine is correlated with increases in stress and stress responses in both rodents and
1261:
in humans. Also, while there are sensory neurons in the human VNO there seem to be no connections between the VNO and the central nervous system. The associated olfactory bulb is present in the fetus, but regresses and vanishes in the adult brain. There have been some reports that the human VNO does
1206:
for their mood. It seems to have different effects on women, depending on where a female is in her menstrual cycle, with the highest sensitivity to it during ovulation. In 1983, study participants exposed to androstenone were shown to undergo changes in skin conductance. Androstenone has been found
971:
Olfactory processing of chemical signals like pheromones exists in all animal phyla and is thus the oldest of the senses. It has been suggested that it serves survival by generating appropriate behavioral responses to the signals of threat, sex and dominance status among members of the same species.
2971:
While mice produce gender-specific amounts of urinary TMA levels and were attracted by TMA, this odor is repellent to rats and aversive to humans , indicating that there must be species-specific functions. ... Furthermore, a homozygous knockout of murine TAAR5 abolished the attraction behavior
773:
Releaser pheromones are pheromones that cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient. For example, some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles or more. In general, this type of pheromone elicits a rapid response, but is quickly degraded. In
382:
flair their white rump hair and exposes two highly odoriferous glands that releases a compound described having the odor "reminiscent of buttered popcorn". This sends a message to other pronghorns by both sight and smell about a present danger. This scent has been observed by humans 20 to 30 meters
679:
moths is that in the absence of males they exhibited calling behavior and called as often but for shorter periods on average than control females. Even after these contacts virus-infected females made many frequent contacts with males and continued to call; they were found to produce five to seven
1288:
Although there are disputes about the mechanisms by which pheromones function, there is evidence that pheromones do affect humans. Despite this evidence, it has not been conclusively shown that humans have functional pheromones. Those experiments suggesting that certain pheromones have a positive
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that produced six types in the vaginal fluids. The combination of these acids is referred to as "copulins". One of the acids, acetic acid, was found in all of the sampled female's vaginal fluid. Even in humans, one-third of women have all six types of copulins, which increase in quantity before
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While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity smells also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones is the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants. Though various researchers have investigated the
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in mice and aversion to trimethylamine in rats). In humans, hTAAR5 presumably mediates aversion to trimethylamine, which is known to act as an hTAAR5 agonist and to possess a foul, fishy odor that is aversive to humans; however, hTAAR5 is not the only olfactory receptor that is responsible for
27:
1160:. These chemicals are not biologically active until puberty when sex steroids influence their activity. The change in activity during puberty suggest that humans may communicate through odors. Several axillary steroids have been described as possible human pheromones:
2899:
Furthermore, while some TAARs detect aversive odors, TAAR-mediated behaviors can vary across species. ... The ability of particular TAARs to mediate aversion and attraction behavior provides an exciting opportunity for mechanistic unraveling of odor valence
2972:
to TMA . Thus, it is concluded that TAAR5 itself is sufficient to mediate a behavioral response at least in mice. ... Whether the TAAR5 activation by TMA elicits specific behavioral output like avoidance behavior in humans still needs to be examined.
399:
observed and noted how "females who lay their eggs in these fruits deposit these mysterious substances in the vicinity of their clutch to signal to other females of the same species they should clutch elsewhere." It may be helpful to note that the word
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A possible theory being studied now is that these axillary odors are being used to provide information about the immune system. Milinski and colleagues found that the artificial odors that people chose are determined in part by their
467:) mark trails that no longer lead to food with a repellent pheromone, which causes avoidance behaviour in ants. Repellent trail markers may help ants to undertake more efficient collective exploration. The army ant
1215:
While it may be expected on evolutionary grounds that humans have pheromones, these three molecules have yet to be rigorously proven to act as such. Research in this field has suffered from small sample sizes,
4388:
Preti G, Wysocki CJ, Barnhart KT, Sondheimer SJ, Leyden JJ (June 2003). "Male axillary extracts contain pheromones that affect pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and mood in women recipients".
2517:
Papke RS, Kemp DJ, Rutowski RL (2007). "Multimodal
Signalling: Structural Ultraviolet Reflectance Predicts Male Mating Success Better than Pheromones in the Butterfly Colias eurytheme L. (Pieridae)".
1019:
Mice can distinguish close relatives from more distantly related individuals on the basis of scent signals, which enables them to avoid mating with close relatives and minimizes deleterious
3439:. p. 298 Quoting Preti & Weski (1999) "No peer reviewed data supporting the presences of ... human ... pheromones that cause rapid behavioral changes, such as attraction and/or
800:
Signal pheromones cause short-term changes, such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a response. For instance, GnRH molecule functions as a neurotransmitter in rats to elicit
435:
that mark the perimeter of the claimed territory. In social seabirds, the preen gland is used to mark nests, nuptial gifts, and territory boundaries with behavior formerly described as '
774:
contrast, a primer pheromone has a slower onset and a longer duration. For example, rabbit (mothers) release mammary pheromones that trigger immediate nursing behavior by their babies.
683:
Pheromones are also utilized by bee and wasp species. Some pheromones can be used to suppress the sexual behavior of other individuals allowing for a reproductive monopoly – the wasp
1856:
Wood, William F.; Palmer, Todd M.; Stanton, Maureen L. (2002). "A comparison of volatiles in mandibular glands from three
Crematogaster ant symbionts of the whistling thorn acacia".
1776:
Sobotník J, Hanus R, Kalinová B, Piskorski R, Cvacka J, Bourguignon T, Roisin Y (April 2008). "(E,E)-alpha-farnesene, an alarm pheromone of the termite
Prorhinotermes canalifrons".
1463:
Kleerebezem M, Quadri LE (October 2001). "Peptide pheromone-dependent regulation of antimicrobial peptide production in Gram-positive bacteria: a case of multicellular behavior".
782:
Primer pheromones trigger a change of developmental events (in which they differ from all the other pheromones, which trigger a change in behavior). They were first described in
1297:(MHC) combination. Information about an individual's immune system could be used as a way of "sexual selection" so that the female could obtain good genes for her offspring.
544:
is a physiological state that allows bacterial cells to take up DNA from other cells and incorporate this DNA into their own genome, a sexual process called transformation.
1241:
ovulation. Copulins are used to signal ovulation; however, as human ovulation is concealed it is thought that they may be used for reasons other than sexual communication.
1071:, can be used to trap the respective insect for monitoring purposes, to control the population by creating confusion, to disrupt mating, and to prevent further egg laying.
1891:
Wood, William F.; Hoang, Thuy-Tien; McGlynn, Terrence P. (2011). "Volatile components from the mandibular glands of the turtle ants, Cephalotes alfaroi and C. cristatus".
363:, alarm pheromones are also used as an alert to incoming predators. Pheromones also exist in plants: Certain plants emit alarm pheromones when grazed upon, resulting in
2466:
Schulz S, Francke W, König WA, Schurig V, Mori K, Kittmann R, Schneider D (December 1990). "Male pheromone of swift moth, Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)".
81:. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. There are
515:
In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Male animals may also emit pheromones that convey information about their species and
1952:
Landoldt, P. J., Reed, H. C., and Heath, R. R. "An Alarm
Pheromone from Heads of Worker Vespula squamosa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Florida Entomologist", June 1999.
3333:
Martin SJ, Carruthers JM, Williams PH, Drijfhout FP (August 2010). "Host specific social parasites (Psithyrus) indicate chemical recognition system in bumblebees".
4577:
3852:
Van Toller C, Kirk-Smith M, Wood N, Lombard J, Dodd GH (1983). "Skin conductance and subjective assessments associated with the odour of 5-alpha-androstan-3-one".
1000:
Some authors assume that approach-avoidance reactions in animals, elicited by chemical cues, form the phylogenetic basis for the experience of emotions in humans.
404:, having to do with display or show (from the Greek 'deixis'), has a different but related meaning in rhetoric, the human art of persuasion by means of words.
709:
release pheromones into the surrounding water, sending a chemical message that triggers other urchins in the colony to eject their sex cells simultaneously.
565:
431:
Laid down in the environment, territorial pheromones mark the boundaries and identity of an organism's territory. Cats and dogs deposit these pheromones by
317:). Aggregation pheromones are among the most ecologically selective pest suppression methods. They are non-toxic and effective at very low concentrations.
2743:
Schaal B, Coureaud G, Langlois D, Giniès C, Sémon E, Perrier G (July 2003). "Chemical and behavioural characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone".
1686:
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877:, including certain pheromones; these TAARs putatively function as a class of pheromone receptors involved in the olfactive detection of social cues.
4465:
2818:
2601:
Sen R, Gadagkar R (2010). "Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes".
1962:
Post DC, Downing HA, Jeanne RL (October 1984). "Alarm response to venom by social waspsPolistes exclamans andP. fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".
2258:
Fitzgerald TD (July 2008). "Use of pheromone mimic to cause the disintegration and collapse of colonies of tent caterpillars ( Malacosoma spp.)".
1128:
study. Experiments have focused on three classes of possible human pheromones: axillary steroids, vaginal aliphatic acids, and stimulators of the
148:
2794:
Norris MJ (1954). "Sexual maturation in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), with special reference to the effects of grouping".
897:
trimethylamine olfaction in humans. As of
December 2015, hTAAR5-mediated trimethylamine aversion has not been examined in published research.
182:
who called them various names, like for instance "alarm substances". These chemical messengers are transported outside of the body and affect
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
3900:
Hummer TA, McClintock MK (April 2009). "Putative human pheromone androstadienone attunes the mind specifically to emotional information".
1433:
163:('stimulating'). Pheromones are also sometimes classified as ecto-hormones. They were researched earlier by various scientists, including
2692:
Yao M, Rosenfeld J, Attridge S, Sidhu S, Aksenov V, Rollo CD (2009). "The
Ancient Chemistry of Avoiding Risks of Predation and Disease".
695:
species, males, otherwise known as drones, patrol circuits of scent marks (pheromones) to find queens. In particular, pheromones for the
4629:
131:
communicate by using pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a major topic of research in the field of
892:. This review also noted that the behavioral response evoked by a TAAR can vary across species (e.g., TAAR5 mediates attraction to
3514:
p. 264 ...there has not yet been any hard evidence for human pheromones that might sexual attraction (for members of either sex)
4323:
2051:
Wood, William F. (2002). "2-Pyrrolidinone, a putative alerting pheromone from rump glands of pronghorn, Antilocapra
Americana".
4458:
4378:
4359:
4278:
3504:
3037:
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Xiang Y, Yang M, Li Z (2009). "Calling behavior and rhythms of sex pheromone production in the Black
Cutworm Moth in China".
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2027:
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possibility of their existence, no pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a
547:
Among eukaryotic microorganisms, pheromones promote sexual interaction in numerous species. These species include the yeast
1595:
Kohl JV, Atzmueller M, Fink B, Grammer K (October 2001). "Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology".
1257:
that may be able to serve as a chemical sensory organ; however, the genes that encode the VNO receptors are nonfunctional
1918:
Wood, William F. (2005). "Comparison of mandibular gland volatiles from ants of the bull horn acacia, Acacia collinsii".
1185:
rated their photographs as being "warmer" and "more friendly". The best-known case study involves the synchronization of
287:. In recent decades, aggregation pheromones have proven useful in the management of many pests, such as the boll weevil (
214:
that elicit innate behaviors soon after the German biochemist Adolf
Butenandt had characterized the first such chemical,
1301:
and colleagues found that both men and women prefer the axillary odors of people whose MHC is different from their own.
649:(moths and butterflies) can detect a potential mate from as far away as 10 km (6.2 mi). Some insects, such as
3525:
2554:"Infection with the insect virus Hz-2v alters mating behavior and pheromone production in female Helicoverpa zea moths"
2347:
724:
This classification, based on the effects on behavior, remains artificial. Pheromones fill many additional functions.
3436:
2380:
Raina AK, Klun JA (August 1984). "Brain factor control of sex pheromone production in the female corn earworm moth".
1308:. Despite these claims, no pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a
1118:
657:. Traps containing pheromones are used by farmers to detect and monitor insect populations in orchards. In addition,
3306:
Foster RL (1992). "Nestmate
Recognition as an Inbreeding Avoidance Mechanism in Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
3258:, Alaks G, Graham L, Lacy RC (October 1994). "An experimental study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat".
4451:
1837:
Wood, William F.; Chong, Berni (1975). "3-Octanone and 3-Octanol; Alarm Pheromones from East African Acacia Ants".
1294:
959:, putatively pheromone sensing, have been identified in the vomeronasal organ named V1Rs, V2Rs, and V3Rs. All are
947:. An active role for the human VNO in the detection of pheromones is disputed; while it is clearly present in the
1285:
receptors exist in humans providing, the authors propose, evidence for a mechanism of human pheromone detection.
1274:
1202:
Androstenone is postulated to be secreted only by males as an attractant for women, and thought to be a positive
963:
but are only distantly related to the receptors of the main olfactory system, highlighting their different role.
824:
818:
540:) release specific chemicals into the surrounding media to induce the "competent" state in neighboring bacteria.
2923:"Timberol® Inhibits TAAR5-Mediated Responses to Trimethylamine and Influences the Olfactory Threshold in Humans"
2340:
1541:
Karlson P, Luscher M (January 1959). "Pheromones': a new term for a class of biologically active substances".
880:
A review of studies involving non-human animals indicated that TAARs in the olfactory epithelium can mediate
4044:
Liberles SD, Buck LB (August 2006). "A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium".
2335:
Danton H. O’Day, Paul A. Horgen (1981) Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes Academic Press, New York.
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times more pheromone and attracted twice as many males as did control females in flight tunnel experiments.
210:
changes and/or behavioral change in the recipient. They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from
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483:
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provides an example of using pheromones to mark and maintain foraging paths. When species of wasps such as
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960:
2905:
Figure 2: Table of ligands, expression patterns, and species-specific behavioral responses for each TAAR
759:
is present in rabbit milk and seems to play a role of pheromone inducing suckling in the newborn rabbit.
101:, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used by many organisms, from basic
4594:
932:
828:
432:
20:
3945:"The search for human pheromones: the lost decades and the necessity of returning to first principles"
54:
4678:
4646:
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Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Bettens F, Paepke AJ (June 1995). "MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans".
1377:
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Some body spray advertisers claim that their products contain human sexual pheromones that act as an
187:
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butterflies release pheromones, an olfactory cue important for mate selection. In mealworm beetles,
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577:
549:
530:
16:
Secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species
2904:
331:
Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in
2019:
Aging, nutrition and taste nutrition, food science and culinary perspectives for aging tastefully
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935:. While the VNO is present in most amphibia, reptiles, and non-primate mammals, it is absent in
4673:
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Sherborne AL, Thom MD, Paterson S, Jury F, Ollier WE, Stockley P, et al. (December 2007).
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the female preference of pheromones is dependent on the nutritional condition of the males.
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study. Thus, the role of pheromones in human behavior remains speculative and controversial.
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found new nests, they use pheromones to lead the rest of the colony to the new nesting site.
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R.S. Herz, T. Engen, Odor memory: review and analysis, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 3 (1996) 300–313.
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2146:"Excited ants follow pheromone trail of same chemical they will use to paralyze their prey"
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The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology
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The effect of Hz-2V virus infection on the reproductive physiology and behavior of female
8:
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Epideictic pheromones are different from territory pheromones, when it comes to insects.
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35:
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Yang Z, Schank JC (December 2006). "Women do not synchronize their menstrual cycles".
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Grammer K, Fink B, Neave N (February 2005). "Human pheromones and sexual attraction".
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downwind from alarmed animals. The major odour compound identified from this gland is
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2167:"Decay rates of attractive and repellent pheromones in an ant foraging trail network"
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Stern K, McClintock MK (March 1998). "Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones".
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1999:
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Salmon S, Rebuffat S, Prado S, Sablier M, d'Haese C, Sun JS, Ponge JF (2019-05-20).
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effect on humans are countered by others indicating they have no effect whatsoever.
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Purves D, Brannon EM, Cabeza R, LaBar KS, Huettel SA, Platt ML, Woldorff M (2008).
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2209:"The Bayesian superorganism: externalized memories facilitate distributed sampling"
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production in neighboring plants. These tannins make the plants less appetizing to
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38:(white – at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1393:
1347:
1298:
1161:
1096:
1054:
893:
749:
589:
183:
97:
4203:
4186:
3829:
3812:
3781:
3575:
3466:
3354:
3222:
2713:
2649:
Svensson BG, Bergstrom G (1979). "Marking Pheromones of Alpinobornbus Males".
2614:
2444:
2185:
2037:
1939:
1904:
1807:
1506:
Wood William F. (1983). "Chemical Ecology: Chemical Communication in Nature".
4662:
4479:
3651:
2721:
1721:
1403:
1337:
1237:
1157:
983:
881:
784:
745:
713:
700:
606:
509:
495:
412:
207:
109:
3279:
740:
Necromones, given off by a deceased and decomposing organism; consisting of
4529:
4524:
4409:
4342:
4314:
4298:
4239:
4171:
4130:
4073:
3978:
3960:
3921:
3838:
3789:
3414:
3362:
3240:
3174:
3074:
3014:
2966:
2894:
2861:"Trace amine-associated receptors: ligands, neural circuits, and behaviors"
2772:
2587:
2495:
2409:
2362:, Chapters 19 & 20. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
2314:
2244:
2225:
2017:
1991:
1815:
1687:"Chemical communication in springtails: a review of facts and perspectives"
1646:
1608:
1570:
1484:
1177:
1173:
928:
560:
326:
203:
83:
4247:
4022:
3873:
3745:
3694:
3287:
3165:
3149:"Phylogeny and evolution of chemical communication: an endocrine approach"
3148:
3133:
2322:
3114:
1761:
1744:
1322:
1309:
1305:
1229:
1207:
to be perceived as more pleasant to women during their time of ovulation.
1169:
1125:
1068:
1064:
989:, primordial pheromone signaling between individuals may have evolved to
976:
855:) that – with exception for TAAR1 – are expressed in the human
789:
646:
458:
280:
260:
211:
102:
4065:
3319:
2821:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from
2764:
2569:
1745:"Sex attractant and aggregation pheromones of male phytophagous insects"
4582:
4162:
4145:
3638:
Kirk-Smith M (1978). "Human social attitudes affected by androstenol".
2670:
2487:
1983:
1382:
1258:
1020:
979:
940:
748:, they allow crustaceans and hexapods to identify the presence of dead
741:
706:
654:
650:
401:
374:
An alarm pheromone has been documented in a mammalian species. Alarmed
284:
268:
264:
248:
199:
120:
105:
3665:
McClintock MK (January 1971). "Menstrual synchorony and suppression".
1527:
3686:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
1562:
1408:
1362:
1254:
1114:
990:
986:
920:
885:
486:, lay down pheromone trails that are used to achieve group movement.
375:
368:
276:
112:
60:
4121:
4096:
3604:"Pheromones in sex and reproduction: Do they have a role in humans?"
3395:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
955:, shrunk or completely absent in adults. Three distinct families of
716:, which affects sex expression. This is very similar to pheromones.
703:, 2,3-dihydro-6-transfarnesol, citronellol, and geranylcitronellol.
4588:
2921:
Wallrabenstein I, Singer M, Panten J, Hatt H, Gisselmann G (2015).
2293:
Bernstein C, Bernstein H (September 1997). "Sexual communication".
1342:
1332:
1327:
1282:
1153:
1145:
916:
665:
516:
219:
218:, a chemically well-characterized pheromone released by the female
215:
195:
176:
128:
74:
31:
3737:
3562:
Hays WS (2003). "Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated?".
3453:
Hays WS (2003). "Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated?".
3429:
Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste.
2909:
2841:
2165:
Robinson EJ, Green KE, Jenner EA, Holcombe M, Ratnieks FL (2008).
1092:
235:
4569:
4496:
4352:
Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste
4146:"Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones"
3998:
3332:
1388:
1080:
952:
912:
874:
605:
of many animals use a pheromone to help find a female gamete for
594:
344:
272:
191:
78:
69:
3640:
Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior
943:
monkeys (downward facing nostrils, as opposed to sideways), and
4324:"Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology"
3999:"Volatile fatty acids, "copulins", in human vaginal secretions"
3851:
602:
364:
116:
26:
4387:
2920:
1775:
1281:
found in mouse urine, including one putative mouse pheromone.
522:
At the microscopic level, a number of bacterial species (e.g.
77:
factor that triggers a social response in members of the same
4547:
4301:, Bossert WH (1963). "Chemical Communication Among Animals".
1278:
1149:
1026:
In addition to mice, two species of bumblebee, in particular
948:
871:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
424:
332:
124:
4432:
4217:
3526:"Pheromones are probably not why people find you attractive"
2989:"A novel family of candidate pheromone receptors in mammals"
2742:
975:
Furthermore, it has been suggested that in the evolution of
712:
In plants, some homosporous ferns release a chemical called
4187:"Evidence for MHC-correlated perfume preferences in humans"
2164:
1088:
936:
919:
and non-primate mammals pheromones are detected by regular
453:
Social insects commonly use trail pheromones. For example,
348:
1684:
927:(VNO), or Jacobson's organ, which lies at the base of the
4322:
Kohl JV, Atzmueller M, Fink B, Grammer K (October 2001).
4321:
3199:"The genetic basis of inbreeding avoidance in house mice"
3196:
2691:
2465:
1594:
1084:
944:
931:
between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the
454:
340:
336:
119:
has been particularly well documented. In addition, some
4268:
3253:
457:
mark their paths with pheromones consisting of volatile
4473:
1621:
1244:
1059:
Pheromones of certain pest insect species, such as the
4373:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
3601:
2552:
Burand JP, Tan W, Kim W, Nojima S, Roelofs W (2005).
357:
use alarm pheromones to alert others to a threat. In
3996:
3053:
Keverne EB (October 1999). "The vomeronasal organ".
1627:
Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie
1119:
List of neurosteroids § Pheromones and pherines
1102:
601:
pheromone trail left by a swimming female, and male
508:
showing the pheromone pouch and brush-like organ in
3490:
1136:claiming pheromones affect men's sexual cognition.
645:release sex pheromones to attract a mate, and some
3492:
2551:
2292:
2206:
1099:are known to be currently available for breeding.
612:Many well-studied insect species, such as the ant
3813:"Menstrual synchrony pheromones: cause for doubt"
3446:
3090:"Analysis of chemical signals by nervous systems"
2648:
2516:
1961:
1855:
1462:
4660:
3899:
3392:
2111:
2109:
1890:
1440:. MedicineNet Inc. 19 March 2012. Archived from
1189:among women based on unconscious odor cues, the
3715:
3032:(11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 335.
1505:
351:) in members of the same species. For example,
2982:
2980:
2813:
2811:
2809:
1540:
1003:
812:
4459:
4297:
3633:
3631:
2986:
2424:
2207:Hunt ER, Franks NR, Baddeley RJ (June 2020).
2106:
225:
4143:
4043:
1839:Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society
859:. In humans and other animals, TAARs in the
3308:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
3046:
2977:
2806:
2600:
2430:
900:
4466:
4452:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3845:
3810:
3767:
3664:
3637:
3628:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3517:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3087:
2257:
1265:In 2006, it was shown that a second mouse
1223:
1008:
737:Calming (appeasement) pheromones (mammals)
4368:
4354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4202:
4161:
4120:
3997:Michael RP, Bonsall RW, Kutner M (1975).
3968:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3828:
3619:
3602:Mostafa T, El Khouly G, Hassan A (2012).
3491:Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA (2006).
3230:
3164:
3123:
3113:
3004:
2956:
2946:
2884:
2577:
2379:
2234:
2224:
1836:
1797:
1760:
1220:, false positives, and poor methodology.
763:
4211:
4184:
4178:
2858:
1590:
1588:
1195:, named after the primary investigator,
1079:Pheromones are used in the detection of
499:
411:
242:
234:
25:
4137:
4094:
3985:
3590:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3431:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3377:
3247:
3052:
3027:
2213:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
2085:
1742:
1625:, Beckmann R, Hecker E (May 1961). "".
1277:(TAAR), some are activated by volatile
4661:
4262:
3888:
3486:
3484:
3305:
2793:
2015:
1385:, an organ in swallowtail caterpillars
1144:Axillary steroids are produced by the
807:
4447:
4349:
4144:Wysocki CJ, Preti G (November 2004).
4097:"Mouse data hint at human pheromones"
3942:
3523:
3499:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3301:
3299:
3297:
3146:
2987:Pantages E, Dulac C (December 2000).
2011:
2009:
1858:J Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1585:
1228:A class of aliphatic acids (volatile
1048:
482:Gregarious caterpillars, such as the
4271:Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience
3561:
3542:
3452:
2819:"Trace amine receptor: Introduction"
2050:
1917:
1245:Stimulators of the vomeronasal organ
1139:
4435:, the database of insect pheromones
4303:Recent Progress in Hormone Research
3564:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3481:
3455:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2053:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1920:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1893:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1074:
299:, and stored product weevils (e.g.
259:Aggregation pheromones function in
13:
4290:
3421:
3294:
3153:Journal of Molecular Endocrinology
2006:
1295:major histocompatibility complexes
587:and the multicellular green algae
14:
4690:
4426:
3511:neuroscience exploring the brain.
3495:Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
1103:Human sex pheromone controversies
155:in 1959, based on the Greek φέρω
4439:Sexual Orientation, in the Brain
4220:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3949:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2272:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01286.x
1275:trace amine-associated receptors
1091:pheromones are sprayed into the
825:trace amine-associated receptors
4088:
4037:
3936:
3804:
3761:
3709:
3658:
3326:
3190:
3181:
3140:
3081:
3021:
2865:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
2787:
2736:
2685:
2642:
2629:
2594:
2545:
2510:
2459:
2373:
2352:
2329:
2286:
2251:
2200:
2158:
2138:
2079:
2044:
1955:
1946:
1911:
1884:
1849:
1830:
1769:
1661:"Insect aggregation pheromones"
1043:
819:Trace amine-associated receptor
3088:Hildebrand JG (January 1995).
2295:Journal of Theoretical Biology
2092:. Princeton University Press.
1736:
1694:Biology and Fertility of Soils
1678:
1653:
1615:
1534:
1499:
1456:
1426:
1095:, and those sows that exhibit
689:uses this. With regard to the
407:
230:
1:
4402:10.1095/biolreprod.102.008268
3006:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00157-4
2639:. Retrieved 26 September 2015
2531:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.004
2260:Journal of Applied Entomology
2073:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00097-7
2022:. : Elsevier Academic Press.
1878:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00099-0
1508:Journal of Chemical Education
1477:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00493-4
1420:
997:within individual organisms.
390:
138:
4015:10.1016/0306-4530(75)90007-4
3866:10.1016/0301-0511(83)90056-X
3811:Strassmann BI (March 1999).
3608:Journal of Advanced Research
3407:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010
3067:10.1126/science.286.5440.716
2948:10.1371/journal.pone.0144704
2859:Liberles SD (October 2015).
2402:10.1126/science.225.4661.531
2358:Dusenbery, David B. (2009).
2086:Miklósi, Ádám (2018-04-03).
966:
293:), the pea and bean weevil (
73:) is a secreted or excreted
67: 'to bear' and
7:
4331:Neuro Endocrinology Letters
3914:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.002
3427:Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003).
3335:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2651:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2468:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2117:"Kimball, J.W. Pheromones.
1964:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1778:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1639:10.1515/bchm2.1961.324.1.71
1597:Neuro Endocrinology Letters
1315:
1004:Evolution of sex pheromones
961:G protein-coupled receptors
923:membranes, and also by the
829:G protein-coupled receptors
813:In the olfactory epithelium
768:
10:
4695:
3621:10.1016/j.jare.2011.03.003
2877:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001
2603:Journal of Natural History
2433:Journal of Insect Behavior
2089:The Dog: A Natural History
1714:10.1007/s00374-019-01365-8
1269:sub-class is found in the
1112:
1106:
1052:
1012:
933:accessory olfactory system
904:
888:behavioral responses to a
816:
493:
446:
324:
226:Categorization by function
147:"pheromone" was coined by
53:
21:Pheromone (disambiguation)
18:
4638:
4568:
4543:
4495:
4486:
4095:Pearson H (August 2006).
3782:10.1007/s12110-006-1005-z
3576:10.1007/s00265-003-0613-4
3467:10.1007/s00265-003-0613-4
3355:10.1007/s10886-010-9805-3
3223:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.041
2714:10.1007/s11692-009-9069-4
2615:10.1080/00222931003615703
2558:Journal of Insect Science
2445:10.1007/s10905-009-9193-0
2186:10.1007/s00040-008-0994-5
1940:10.1016/j.bse.2004.12.009
1905:10.1016/j.bse.2011.01.013
1808:10.1007/s10886-008-9450-2
1434:"Definition of pheromone"
1378:Membrane steroid receptor
795:
777:
247:Aggregation of the water
239:Aggregation of bug nymphs
188:autonomous nervous system
4003:Psychoneuroendocrinology
901:In the vomeronasal organ
719:
653:, use pheromones during
581:, the ciliate protozoan
578:Dictyostelium discoideum
553:, the filamentous fungi
550:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
531:Streptococcus pneumoniae
442:
320:
4390:Biology of Reproduction
4204:10.1093/beheco/12.2.140
3943:Wyatt TD (April 2015).
3830:10.1093/humrep/14.3.579
3280:10.1126/science.7939661
2119:Kimball's Biology Pages
1224:Vaginal aliphatic acids
1009:Avoidance of inbreeding
734:Royal pheromones (bees)
484:forest tent caterpillar
4240:10.1098/rspb.1995.0087
3961:10.1098/rspb.2014.2994
3524:Riley A (9 May 2016).
3443:have been documented."
3147:Stoka AM (June 1999).
3030:Physiology of behavior
2637:Natural History Museum
2315:10.1006/jtbi.1997.0459
2226:10.1098/rsif.2019.0848
1373:Major urinary proteins
1236:) was found in female
764:Categorization by type
512:
489:
433:urinating on landmarks
428:
256:
240:
159:('I carry') and ὁρμων
39:
4371:Living at Micro Scale
4369:Dusenbery DB (2009).
3902:Hormones and Behavior
3854:Biological Psychology
3166:10.1677/jme.0.0220207
2360:Living at Micro Scale
1749:American Entomologist
1368:List of neurosteroids
1107:Further information:
957:vomeronasal receptors
905:Further information:
817:Further information:
785:Schistocerca gregaria
639:Pseudophryne bibronii
615:Leptothorax acervorum
584:Blepharisma japonicum
569:, the aquatic fungus
503:
437:displacement activity
419:using pheromones and
415:
380:Antilocapra americana
246:
238:
29:
3115:10.1073/pnas.92.1.67
2796:Anti-Locust Bulletin
2694:Evolutionary Biology
1353:Honey bee pheromones
1271:olfactory epithelium
1109:Human sex pheromones
1015:Inbreeding avoidance
907:Vomeronasal receptor
861:olfactory epithelium
857:olfactory epithelium
641:, and the butterfly
593:. In addition, male
572:Allomyces macrogynus
464:Monomorium pharaonis
335:) or aggression (in
308:Sitophilus granarius
19:For other uses, see
4232:1995RSPSB.260..245W
4185:Milinski M (2001).
4113:2006Natur.442..495P
4066:10.1038/nature05066
4058:2006Natur.442..645L
3730:1998Natur.392..177S
3679:1971Natur.229..244M
3347:2010JCEco..36..855M
3272:1994Sci...266..271J
3215:2007CBio...17.2061S
3106:1995PNAS...92...67H
3028:Carlson NR (2013).
2939:2015PLoSO..1044704W
2825:on 23 February 2014
2765:10.1038/nature01739
2757:2003Natur.424...68S
2706:2009EvBio..36..267Y
2663:1979JCEco...5..603S
2480:1990JCEco..16.3511S
2394:1984Sci...225..531R
2307:1997JThBi.188...69B
2065:2002BioSE..30..361W
1976:1984JCEco..10.1425P
1932:2005BioSE..33..651W
1870:2002BioSE..30..217W
1790:2008JCEco..34..478S
1743:Landolt JP (1997).
1706:2019BioFS..55..425S
1555:1959Natur.183...55K
1520:1983JChEd..60..531W
995:endocrine signaling
865:olfactory receptors
827:are a group of six
808:Pheromone receptors
697:Bombus hyperboreus,
643:Edith's checkerspot
566:Achlya ambisexualis
4585:(PH94B; Aloradine)
4191:Behavioral Ecology
4163:10.1002/ar.a.20125
3955:(1804): 20142994.
3817:Human Reproduction
2671:10.1007/bf00987845
2609:(15–16): 959–968.
2488:10.1007/BF00982114
2016:Marcus JB (2019).
1984:10.1007/BF00990313
1762:10.1093/ae/43.1.12
1049:Pheromone trapping
729:Nasonov pheromones
692:Bombus hyperboreus
513:
429:
360:Polistes exclamans
302:Sitophilus zeamais
290:Anthonomus grandis
257:
241:
222:to attract mates.
115:. Their use among
40:
4656:
4655:
4564:
4563:
4380:978-0-674-03116-6
4361:978-0-521-48526-5
4350:Wyatt TD (2003).
4280:978-0-87893-694-6
4226:(1359): 245–249.
4052:(7103): 645–650.
3724:(6672): 177–179.
3673:(5282): 244–245.
3506:978-0-7817-6003-4
3266:(5183): 271–273.
3209:(23): 2061–2066.
3061:(5440): 716–720.
3039:978-0-205-23939-9
2570:10.1093/jis/5.1.6
2474:(12): 3511–3521.
2388:(4661): 531–533.
2368:978-0-674-03116-6
2219:(167): 20190848.
2099:978-1-4008-8999-0
2029:978-0-12-813528-0
1970:(10): 1425–1433.
1528:10.1021/ed060p531
1471:(10): 1579–1596.
1358:Insect pheromones
1251:vomeronasal organ
1197:Martha McClintock
1192:McClintock effect
1140:Axillary steroids
1130:vomeronasal organ
1037:Bombus lapidarius
951:it appears to be
925:vomeronasal organ
802:lordosis behavior
633:Xylocopa sonorina
599:three-dimensional
575:, the slime mold
563:, the water mold
556:Neurospora crassa
525:Bacillus subtilis
506:Danaus chrysippus
470:Eciton burchellii
421:olfactory signals
314:Sitophilus oryzae
169:Joseph A. Lintner
4686:
4679:Chemical ecology
4647:Steroid hormones
4493:
4492:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4421:
4396:(6): 2107–2113.
4384:
4365:
4346:
4328:
4318:
4285:
4284:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4156:(1): 1201–1211.
4141:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4041:
4035:
4034:
3994:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3897:
3886:
3885:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3687:10.1038/229244a0
3662:
3656:
3655:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3599:
3588:
3587:
3559:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3450:
3444:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3390:
3375:
3374:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3303:
3292:
3291:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3117:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3008:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2960:
2950:
2933:(12): e0144704.
2918:
2907:
2902:
2888:
2856:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2646:
2640:
2635:"Alpinobombus".
2633:
2627:
2626:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2519:Animal Behaviour
2514:
2508:
2507:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2377:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2174:Insectes Sociaux
2171:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2123:. Archived from
2113:
2104:
2103:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1563:10.1038/183055a0
1538:
1532:
1531:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1430:
1414:Chemical ecology
1218:publication bias
1187:menstrual cycles
1075:Animal husbandry
890:receptor agonist
666:Tenebrio molitor
660:Colias eurytheme
417:Dogs communicate
354:Vespula squamosa
186:, including the
165:Jean-Henri Fabre
145:portmanteau word
133:chemical ecology
92:trail pheromones
64:
57:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4634:
4560:
4539:
4520:Androstadienone
4482:
4472:
4429:
4424:
4381:
4362:
4326:
4293:
4291:Further reading
4288:
4281:
4267:
4263:
4216:
4212:
4183:
4179:
4142:
4138:
4122:10.1038/442495a
4093:
4089:
4042:
4038:
3995:
3986:
3941:
3937:
3898:
3889:
3860:(1–2): 85–107.
3850:
3846:
3809:
3805:
3766:
3762:
3714:
3710:
3663:
3659:
3636:
3629:
3600:
3591:
3560:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3518:
3507:
3489:
3482:
3451:
3447:
3426:
3422:
3391:
3378:
3331:
3327:
3304:
3295:
3252:
3248:
3203:Current Biology
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3145:
3141:
3086:
3082:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3026:
3022:
2985:
2978:
2919:
2910:
2903:
2857:
2842:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2792:
2788:
2751:(6944): 68–72.
2741:
2737:
2690:
2686:
2647:
2643:
2634:
2630:
2599:
2595:
2550:
2546:
2515:
2511:
2464:
2460:
2429:
2425:
2378:
2374:
2357:
2353:
2334:
2330:
2291:
2287:
2256:
2252:
2205:
2201:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2049:
2045:
2030:
2014:
2007:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1916:
1912:
1889:
1885:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1799:10.1.1.673.1337
1774:
1770:
1741:
1737:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1620:
1616:
1593:
1586:
1549:(4653): 55–56.
1539:
1535:
1514:(7): 1531–539.
1504:
1500:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1318:
1247:
1234:carboxylic acid
1226:
1166:androstadienone
1142:
1134:this 2018 study
1121:
1111:
1105:
1077:
1061:Japanese beetle
1057:
1051:
1046:
1032:Bombus frigidus
1028:Bombus bifarius
1017:
1011:
1006:
969:
909:
903:
821:
815:
810:
798:
780:
771:
766:
722:
676:Helicoverpa zea
627:Agrotis ipsilon
621:Helicoverpa zea
537:Bacillus cereus
498:
492:
476:Polybia sericea
451:
449:Trail pheromone
445:
410:
393:
385:2-pyrrolidinone
329:
323:
296:Sitona lineatus
253:Podura aquatica
233:
228:
180:Karl von Frisch
173:Adolf Butenandt
141:
36:Nasonov's gland
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4692:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4556:Trimethylamine
4552:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4535:Estratetraenol
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4515:Androstadienol
4512:
4510:3β-Androstenol
4507:
4505:3α-Androstenol
4501:
4499:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4480:vomeropherines
4471:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4428:
4427:External links
4425:
4423:
4422:
4385:
4379:
4366:
4360:
4347:
4337:(5): 309–321.
4319:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4261:
4210:
4177:
4136:
4087:
4036:
4009:(2): 153–163.
3984:
3935:
3908:(4): 548–559.
3887:
3844:
3823:(3): 579–580.
3803:
3776:(4): 433–447.
3760:
3708:
3657:
3646:(4): 379–384.
3627:
3589:
3541:
3516:
3505:
3480:
3445:
3420:
3401:(2): 135–142.
3376:
3341:(8): 855–863.
3325:
3314:(3): 238–243.
3293:
3246:
3189:
3180:
3159:(3): 207–225.
3139:
3080:
3045:
3038:
3020:
2999:(3): 835–845.
2976:
2908:
2840:
2805:
2786:
2735:
2700:(3): 267–281.
2684:
2657:(4): 603–615.
2641:
2628:
2593:
2544:
2509:
2458:
2423:
2372:
2351:
2348:978-0125241601
2328:
2285:
2266:(6): 451–460.
2250:
2199:
2180:(3): 246–251.
2157:
2137:
2105:
2098:
2078:
2059:(4): 361–363.
2043:
2028:
2005:
1954:
1945:
1926:(7): 651–658.
1910:
1883:
1864:(3): 217–222.
1848:
1829:
1784:(4): 478–486.
1768:
1735:
1700:(5): 425–438.
1677:
1652:
1614:
1603:(5): 309–321.
1584:
1533:
1498:
1455:
1444:on 11 May 2011
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1399:Quorum sensing
1396:
1394:Pheromone trap
1391:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Estratetraenol
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1299:Claus Wedekind
1246:
1243:
1238:rhesus monkeys
1225:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1162:androstadienol
1158:adrenal glands
1141:
1138:
1104:
1101:
1097:sexual arousal
1076:
1073:
1055:Pheromone trap
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
968:
965:
902:
899:
894:trimethylamine
814:
811:
809:
806:
797:
794:
779:
776:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
753:
746:linoleic acids
738:
735:
732:
721:
718:
590:Volvox carteri
494:Main article:
491:
488:
447:Main article:
444:
441:
409:
406:
392:
389:
325:Main article:
322:
319:
232:
229:
227:
224:
153:Martin Lüscher
140:
137:
98:sex pheromones
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4691:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4674:Endocrinology
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4107:(7102): 495.
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:10.1038/32408
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3632:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3437:0-521-48526-6
3434:
3430:
3424:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2141:
2127:on 2018-01-21
2126:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Semiochemical
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:Cat pheromone
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1310:peer reviewed
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:. Called the
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:as a kind of
1231:
1221:
1219:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:peer reviewed
1120:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
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1178:androsterone
1174:androstenone
1156:glands, and
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1122:
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1058:
1044:Applications
1035:
1025:
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974:
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867:that detect
863:function as
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204:inflammatory
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4309:: 673–716.
4273:. Sinauer.
2829:15 February
2121:. Sep 2008"
1899:: 135–138.
1670:19 February
1665:www.msu.edu
1623:Butenandt A
1448:14 February
1438:Medicinenet
1323:Aphrodisiac
1306:aphrodisiac
1283:Orthologous
1259:pseudogenes
1230:fatty acids
1170:androstenol
1069:spongy moth
1065:acrobat ant
980:prokaryotes
977:unicellular
790:Maud Norris
707:Sea urchins
701:octadecenol
651:ghost moths
408:Territorial
281:Dictyoptera
261:mate choice
231:Aggregation
206:signaling,
121:vertebrates
108:to complex
106:prokaryotes
103:unicellular
4669:Pheromones
4663:Categories
4583:Fasedienol
4488:Pheromones
4476:pheromones
3614:(1): 1–9.
3535:2016-05-09
3441:copulation
2341:0125241607
2151:2006-03-14
2131:2008-11-01
2038:1097958893
1845:: 332–334.
1421:References
1383:Osmeterium
1249:The human
1113:See also:
1067:, and the
1021:inbreeding
1013:See also:
987:eukaryotes
941:catarrhine
882:attractive
823:The human
755:Suckling:
655:lek mating
630:, the bee
542:Competence
402:epideictic
391:Epideictic
369:herbivores
285:Orthoptera
269:Collembola
265:Coleoptera
249:springtail
177:ethologist
139:Background
113:eukaryotes
86:pheromones
46:(from
30:A fanning
4644:See also:
4433:Pherobase
4299:Wilson EO
3652:0362-2428
3256:Hughes KA
2900:encoding.
2722:0071-3260
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1794:CiteSeerX
1730:159042283
1722:0178-2762
1633:: 71–83.
1409:Stigmergy
1363:Kairomone
1255:epithelia
1115:Body odor
991:paracrine
967:Evolution
953:atrophied
921:olfactory
792:in 1954.
637:the frog
376:pronghorn
277:Hemiptera
202:changes,
198:mediated
44:pheromone
4630:Salubrin
4589:Itruvone
4570:Pherines
4545:Volatile
4497:Steroids
4418:29125811
4410:12606409
4343:11600881
4315:14284035
4256:34971350
4172:15470677
4131:16885951
4074:16878137
4031:38274482
3979:25740891
3930:17022112
3922:19470369
3882:54325922
3839:10221677
3790:26181612
3584:37400635
3530:BBC News
3475:37400635
3415:15653193
3363:20509042
3320:25085362
3241:17997307
3175:10343281
3075:10531049
3015:11163270
2967:26684881
2927:PLOS ONE
2895:25616211
2773:12840760
2730:29901266
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2623:84698285
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2418:40949867
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2245:32546115
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2000:38398672
1992:24318343
1816:18386097
1647:13689417
1609:11600881
1571:13622694
1493:38943224
1485:11587786
1465:Peptides
1343:Civetone
1333:Ant mill
1328:Allomone
1316:See also
1267:receptor
1204:effector
1154:apocrine
939:, adult
917:amphibia
913:reptiles
886:aversive
875:odorants
869:volatile
769:Releaser
699:include
595:copepods
517:genotype
345:termites
220:silkworm
216:bombykol
196:cytokine
129:ciliates
75:chemical
34:exposes
32:honeybee
4248:7630893
4228:Bibcode
4109:Bibcode
4082:2864195
4054:Bibcode
4023:1234654
3970:4375873
3874:6682682
3798:2316864
3754:4426700
3746:9515961
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3703:4267390
3695:4994256
3675:Bibcode
3371:4794525
3343:Bibcode
3288:7939661
3268:Bibcode
3260:Science
3232:2148465
3211:Bibcode
3134:7816849
3102:Bibcode
3055:Science
2958:4684214
2935:Bibcode
2886:4508243
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2781:4428155
2753:Bibcode
2702:Bibcode
2659:Bibcode
2579:1283887
2476:Bibcode
2390:Bibcode
2382:Science
2323:9299310
2303:Bibcode
2236:7328406
2061:Bibcode
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1928:Bibcode
1866:Bibcode
1824:8755176
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1702:Bibcode
1579:4243699
1551:Bibcode
1516:Bibcode
1389:Pherine
1150:ovaries
1081:oestrus
831:(i.e.,
603:gametes
273:Diptera
192:hormone
117:insects
79:species
70:hormone
4591:(PH10)
4548:amines
4474:Human
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1176:, and
1146:testes
851:, and
796:Signal
778:Primer
365:tannin
347:, and
333:aphids
311:, and
283:, and
175:, and
161:hórmōn
125:plants
4414:S2CID
4327:(PDF)
4252:S2CID
4078:S2CID
4027:S2CID
3926:S2CID
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3750:S2CID
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3580:S2CID
3471:S2CID
3367:S2CID
3316:JSTOR
3125:42818
2777:S2CID
2726:S2CID
2675:S2CID
2619:S2CID
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2535:S2CID
2500:S2CID
2449:S2CID
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2170:(PDF)
1996:S2CID
1820:S2CID
1726:S2CID
1690:(PDF)
1575:S2CID
1489:S2CID
949:fetus
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853:TAAR9
849:TAAR8
845:TAAR6
841:TAAR5
837:TAAR2
833:TAAR1
742:oleic
720:Other
504:Male
443:Trail
425:urine
397:Fabre
349:wasps
321:Alarm
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157:phérō
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62:phérō
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4620:PH80
4615:PH78
4610:PH56
4605:PH30
4600:PH15
4478:and
4406:PMID
4375:ISBN
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3011:PMID
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2891:PMID
2831:2014
2769:PMID
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2406:PMID
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2034:OCLC
2024:ISBN
1988:PMID
1812:PMID
1718:ISSN
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1605:PMID
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1481:PMID
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1253:has
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1085:sows
1030:and
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744:and
624:and
559:and
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341:bees
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127:and
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4578:ETA
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