53:
31:
4034:
2291:
Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric
Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2008. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: "Fern Classification". pages 417-467. In: Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler (editors).
2545:
Chen, Cheng-Wei; RothfelsE, Carl J.; Mustapeng, Andi
Maryani A.; Gubilil, Markus; Karger, Dirk Nikolaus; Kessler, Michael; Huang, Yao-Moan (2018). "End of an enigma: Aenigmopteris belongs in Tectaria (Tectariaceae: Polypodiopsida)".
2267:
Karl U. Kramer (with
Richard E. Holttum, Robin C. Moran, and Alan R. Smith). 1990. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors)
2364:
Hong-Mei Liu, Xian-Chun Zhang, Wei Wang, Yin-Long Qiu, and Zhi-Duan Chen. 2007. "Molecular
Phylogeny of the Fern Family Dryopteridaceae inferred from Chloroplast rbcL and atpB genes".
2430:
Li-Bing Zhang, Liang Zhang, Shi-Yong Dong, and
Atsushi Ebihara. 2012. "Molecular circumscription and major evolutionary lineages of the fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae)".
4796:
4633:
4479:
4449:
4226:
3745:
4659:
4639:
4627:
4401:
4865:
4814:
4699:
4673:
4653:
4567:
4473:
4356:
3733:
4693:
4681:
4667:
4455:
4443:
4425:
4407:
4368:
4362:
4212:
3739:
4854:
4802:
4762:
4687:
4597:
4591:
4579:
4573:
4467:
4461:
4437:
4374:
4585:
4485:
4413:
4299:
3549:
5388:
4240:
4184:
4178:
3751:
4929:
4234:
4172:
3881:
2714:
430:
5427:
4920:
4720:
4645:
4075:
525:
2387:
Robbin C. Moran, Paulo H. Labiak, and
Michael Sundue. 2010. "Phylogeny and character evolution of the bolbitidoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae)".
2230:
Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric
Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider & Paul G. Wolf: "A classification for extant ferns,"
4808:
4198:
3561:
4192:
3677:
5336:
4118:
5401:
5349:
2223:
2247:
Eric
Schuettpelz and Kathleen M. Pryer. 2009. "Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy".
2301:
2277:
2200:
5406:
2640:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (1 January 2006).
450:
In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors defined the
Dryopteridaceae broadly to include the present family, as well as the
2707:
4068:
5517:
2757:
5432:
5375:
2752:
622:, under the classification system of Christenhusz and Chase (2014), were submerged as subfamily Dryopteridoideae
5481:
5512:
624:
5414:
4097:
2836:
2826:
2809:
2700:
52:
4123:
4113:
4061:
653:
637:
434:
398:
370:
346:
235:
501:
in the
Dryopteridaceae is doubtful. If these three are excluded, then the family is strongly supported as
5232:
618:
132:
2059:
has at times been suggested to belong to this family, on the grounds of its morphological similarity to
5476:
5328:
5302:
472:
5354:
5442:
5223:
263:
2472:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
5553:
4108:
2692:
2314:
5323:
2841:
5558:
5468:
5315:
5297:
5185:
2008:
1598:
562:
is placed. These species probably belong in the Dryopteridaceae, but have not yet been given a
468:
311:
39:
2446:
He H, Wu SG, Xiang JY, Barrington DS (2013) "Arachniodes". In: Wu ZY, Raven PH, Hong DY (eds)
5463:
5393:
2804:
509:
analyses. Some authors have already treated these genera as outside of the Dryopteridaceae.
216:
5455:
4042:
5258:
4037:
3783:
2641:
524:
should be transferred from the Tectariaceae to the Dryopteridaceae. In 2010, in a paper on
480:
8:
4419:
3202:
3185:
3095:
2943:
2589:
Chen, Cheng-Wei; Sundue, Michael; Kuo, Li-Yaung; Teng, Wei-Chih; Huang, Yao-Moan (2017).
5289:
5525:
5310:
4220:
4103:
3478:
3229:
3212:
3054:
2938:
2933:
2821:
2799:
2787:
2762:
2666:
2613:
2590:
2571:
2500:
2473:
2169:
2144:
2125:
169:
47:
5450:
5245:
5117:
5056:
4895:
4274:
4268:
3944:
3845:
3833:
3656:
3370:
3190:
3121:
3111:
3041:
2831:
2794:
2782:
2772:
2618:
2563:
2505:
2347:
2313:
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (18 February 2011).
2297:
2273:
2216:
2196:
2174:
2036:
1841:
681:
267:
155:
2129:
5530:
5250:
5132:
5127:
5076:
5066:
5051:
5046:
5032:
4743:
4380:
4342:
3857:
3851:
3815:
3498:
3360:
3245:
3146:
2746:
2658:
2608:
2598:
2591:"Phylogenetic analyses place the monotypic Dryopolystichum within Lomariopsidaceae"
2575:
2555:
2495:
2485:
2395:
2372:
2339:
2331:
2252:
2164:
2156:
2115:
2076:
1789:
1425:
769:
754:
550:
362:
354:
287:
212:
5237:
1755:
The PPG I classification divides the family into three subfamilies, listed below.
5112:
4978:
4972:
4905:
4735:
4537:
4350:
4336:
4313:
4206:
3949:
3932:
3839:
3365:
3348:
3131:
3090:
2958:
2948:
2928:
2649:
2227:
2071:
2052:
1920:
1760:
987:
703:
366:
220:
160:
5419:
5504:
5061:
4999:
4772:
4529:
4307:
4252:
4163:
3869:
3809:
3683:
3650:
3608:
3521:
3449:
3444:
3392:
2862:
2777:
2724:
2603:
1819:
1809:
1392:
1344:
358:
77:
2559:
2335:
601:
treatment of the family, published in 2013, used phylogenetic results to sink
5547:
5208:
5152:
4944:
4900:
4767:
4753:
4293:
3959:
3803:
3766:
3723:
3636:
3612:
3429:
3151:
3126:
3008:
2953:
2490:
2351:
2031:
1950:
1870:
1258:
1199:
859:
667:
657:
649:
629:
558:
485:
410:
247:
239:
117:
2256:
310:(150). These four genera contain about 70% of the species. Dryopteridaceae
5494:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5071:
5004:
4994:
4986:
4963:
4870:
4859:
4835:
4820:
4602:
4490:
4431:
4020:
3875:
3863:
3603:
3434:
3424:
3224:
3176:
3049:
2622:
2567:
2509:
2178:
2041:
1850:
1829:
1375:
1182:
844:
822:
800:
633:
517:
513:
502:
491:
476:
464:
315:
275:
223:
107:
660:
relationship between Dryopteridaceae and the other families of the clade.
563:
238:
classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder
5362:
5217:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5020:
5014:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4910:
4845:
4830:
4787:
4777:
4725:
4558:
4519:
4392:
3827:
3821:
3616:
3597:
3555:
3505:
3312:
3255:
3196:
3141:
3074:
3024:
2994:
2976:
2968:
2410:
Robbin C. Moran, Paulo H. Labiak, and Michael Sundue. 2010. "Synopsis of
2315:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
2160:
2047:
2018:
1968:
1900:
1880:
1674:
1641:
1052:
1011:
545:
497:
460:
451:
386:
227:
30:
2670:
2523:
4880:
4825:
4711:
4511:
4027:
3954:
3922:
3908:
3891:
3439:
3116:
2905:
2896:
2471:
2343:
1998:
1930:
1890:
1799:
1691:
1490:
1158:
1103:
455:
382:
4053:
2120:
2103:
5367:
5284:
5271:
3692:
3588:
3454:
3338:
3136:
2916:
2885:
2662:
2322:
1988:
1769:
1615:
1473:
506:
426:
418:
339:
283:
279:
271:
5380:
5341:
5179:
2722:
2685:
2414:, a newly recognized genus of bolbitidoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae)".
2104:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
5489:
5202:
3964:
3397:
3380:
2816:
2399:
2376:
2065:
1978:
1910:
1860:
1560:
1241:
1127:
406:
342:
331:
327:
5276:
3917:
3620:
3419:
2876:
1940:
1779:
1449:
1035:
414:
378:
374:
259:
390:
291:
3311:
330:
are often stout, creeping, ascending, or erect, and sometimes
5263:
4150:
4144:
3903:
3316:
3014:
2728:
2544:
2453:
422:
409:, or sometimes exindusiate. Indusia, when present, are round-
402:
401:(covering the entire abaxial surface of the lamina) in a few
394:
350:
251:
64:
2101:
4084:
3688:
3407:
2063:, but molecular phylogeny has led to its submersion within
335:
97:
87:
3016:
2312:
2143:
Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014).
652:(eupolypods I), based on the consensus cladogram in the
2272:
volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
549:
because they do not belong there or even in the family
2730:
2474:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
640:
classification of 2016 (PPG I) retained the family.
242:. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily
369:arranged in a ring, or rarely as few as three; the
3538:
3487:
3211:
2588:
2459:
2142:
5545:
3040:
2524:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
2306:
3719:
2440:
2249:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2241:
656:classification of 2016 (PPG I), shows a likely
628:, one of eight subfamilies constituting family
3669:
3318:
2102:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
543:Some species have been removed from the genus
483:by Smith and others in 2006. The inclusion of
4069:
2860:
2708:
2294:Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
2287:
2285:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2145:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
2639:
2404:
2381:
4557:
4076:
4062:
4033:
2715:
2701:
2424:
2270:The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
2261:
29:
3587:
3336:
2612:
2602:
2499:
2489:
2282:
2205:
2185:
2168:
2136:
2119:
648:The following cladogram for the suborder
393:occur with or without included veinlets;
421:have three-rowed, short to long stalks;
4083:
2389:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2366:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2358:
632:. This family corresponds to the clade
5546:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
1845:(Pic.Serm.) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel
5184:
5183:
4057:
3310:
2696:
5518:a6153b6e-ed4f-44bd-accd-ab366f2f27f1
5443:a53dc076-6f6d-4805-a52c-dc7a08a1ee09
2108:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
353:are usually monomorphic, less often
2642:"A Classification for Extant Ferns"
2088:
13:
5482:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30014148-2
14:
5570:
2679:
2195:Timber Press: Portland, OR, USA.
569:In 2012, a phylogenetic study of
246:of a very broadly defined family
4032:
51:
2632:
2582:
2538:
2516:
2465:
258:The family contains about 1700
4043:Current definitions of Plantae
2296:. Cambridge University Press.
1915:R.C.Moran, Labiak & Sundue
936:
540:was described as a new genus.
321:
1:
2460:Christenhusz & Chase 2014
2082:
944:Phylogeny of Dryopteridaceae
475:of the Dryopteridaceae to be
318:about 100 million years ago.
198:Ching 1940 non Buetschli 1884
2193:Encyclopedia of Garden Ferns
1804:Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.
654:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
643:
638:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
236:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
7:
1961:Subfamily Dryopteridoideae
573:and its relatives included
440:
361:, but less commonly hairy.
314:from the other families in
10:
5575:
2604:10.3897/phytokeys.78.12040
2478:Frontiers in Plant Science
2226:February 26, 2008, at the
670: (eupolypods I)
445:
5192:
5105:
5039:
5027:
5013:
4985:
4971:
4962:
4919:
4888:
4879:
4844:
4786:
4752:
4734:
4710:
4622:
4615:
4550:
4528:
4510:
4503:
4391:
4331:
4324:
4285:
4260:
4251:
4161:
4136:
4132:
4092:
4015:
3931:
3890:
3779:
3764:
3715:
3706:
3665:
3645:
3634:
3583:
3574:
3534:
3519:
3515:
3475:
3471:
3406:
3379:
3347:
3332:
3328:
3306:
3254:
3238:
3220:
3174:
3170:
3104:
3083:
3071:
3067:
3036:
3007:
2985:
2967:
2915:
2895:
2875:
2871:
2856:
2740:
2560:10.1007/s10265-017-0966-9
2548:Journal of Plant Research
2336:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
1688:
1671:
1664:
1638:
1612:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1557:
1550:
1487:
1470:
1463:
1446:
1439:
1422:
1415:
1389:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1255:
1238:
1231:
1196:
1179:
1172:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1124:
1117:
1100:
1093:
1049:
1032:
1025:
1008:
1001:
984:
977:
970:
962:
955:
857:
842:
835:
820:
813:
798:
791:
767:
752:
745:
738:
723:
716:
701:
694:
679:
672:
264:cosmopolitan distribution
192:de Jussieu 1789 nom. ill.
175:
168:
149:
144:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
2491:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
2432:BMC Evolutionary Biology
357:, or sometimes scaly or
2257:10.1073/pnas.0811136106
1764:H.M.Liu & X.C.Zhang
597:within that genus. The
471:studies found Kramer's
469:Molecular phylogenetic
217:leptosporangiate ferns
40:Dryopteris carthusiana
5464:Paleobiology Database
4797:Acrostichopteridaceae
2251:106(27):11200-11205.
532:was resurrected from
373:bundles are largest.
365:have numerous round,
4038:List of plant orders
3918:Pinopsida (conifers)
3904:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3896:(living gymnosperms)
3393:Leiosporocerotopsida
3112:Nephroselmidophyceae
2238:: 705–731 (Aug 2006)
2035:has been removed to
616:The Dryopteridaceae
385:, free to variously
4634:Anachoropteridaceae
4480:Gondwanostachyaceae
4450:Manchurostachyaceae
4420:Archaeocalamitaceae
4227:Pseudosporochnaceae
3746:Archaeopteridopsida
3479:Polysporangiophytes
3203:Klebsormidiophyceae
3186:Mesostigmatophyceae
3132:Chlorodendrophyceae
3096:Pyramimonadophyceae
3050:Prasinodermophyceae
2944:Compsopogonophyceae
2526:. FTOL v1.3.0. 2022
2075:has been placed in
536:. Later that year,
397:are usually round,
186:Pichi-Sermolli 1968
5052:Rhachidosoridaceae
4660:Botryopteridiaceae
4640:Psalixochlaenaceae
4628:Anachoropteridales
4402:Asterocalamitaceae
4221:Pseudosporochnales
3937:(flowering plants)
3858:Lyginopteridopsida
3651:Eophyllophytopsida
3604:Zosterophyllopsida
3542:Paratracheophytes*
3320:sensu strictissimo
3230:Coleochaetophyceae
3213:Phragmoplastophyta
3055:Palmophyllophyceae
2977:Glaucocystophyceae
2939:Stylonematophyceae
2934:Porphyridiophyceae
2723:Classification of
2161:10.1093/aob/mct299
968:Elaphoglossoideae
607:Phanerophlebiopsis
5541:
5540:
5451:Open Tree of Life
5186:Taxon identifiers
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5118:Didymochlaenaceae
5057:Diplaziopsidaceae
4958:
4957:
4896:Thyrsopteridaceae
4889:Thyrsopteridineae
4866:Hydropteridiaceae
4815:Stachypteridaceae
4700:Urnatopteridaceae
4674:Senftenbergiaceae
4654:Botryopteridiales
4611:
4610:
4568:Knorripteridaceae
4546:
4545:
4499:
4498:
4474:Echinostachyaceae
4357:Aspidostachyaceae
4275:Stauropteridaceae
4261:†Stauropterididae
4051:
4050:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3945:Basal angiosperms
3846:Gigantopteridales
3795:seed plant groups
3793:and other extinct
3760:
3759:
3734:Noeggerathiopsida
3702:
3701:
3657:Trimerophytopsida
3630:
3629:
3570:
3569:
3526:(vascular plants)
3491:Protracheophytes*
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3430:Andreaeobryopsida
3371:Jungermanniopsida
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3191:Chlorokybophyceae
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3122:Chloropicophyceae
3063:
3062:
3042:Prasinodermophyta
3003:
3002:
2302:978-0-521-87411-3
2278:978-0-387-51794-0
2201:978-0-88192-819-8
2191:Sue Olsen. 2007.
2121:10.1111/jse.12229
2037:Didymochlaenaceae
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1842:Elaphoglossoideae
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1653:
1652:
1627:
1626:
1548:Dryopteridoideae
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1404:
1403:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
933:
932:
924:
923:
915:
914:
906:
905:
897:
896:
888:
887:
879:
878:
870:
869:
780:
779:
682:Didymochlaenaceae
627:
621:
288:ornamental plants
266:. Species may be
244:Dryopteridoideae
226:. They are known
205:
204:
199:
193:
187:
184:Elaphoglossaceae
181:
156:Elaphoglossoideae
140:
5566:
5534:
5533:
5521:
5520:
5508:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5485:
5484:
5472:
5471:
5459:
5458:
5446:
5445:
5436:
5435:
5423:
5422:
5420:NBNSYS0000159892
5410:
5409:
5397:
5396:
5384:
5383:
5371:
5370:
5358:
5357:
5345:
5344:
5332:
5331:
5319:
5318:
5306:
5305:
5293:
5292:
5280:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5254:
5253:
5241:
5240:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5181:
5180:
5133:Nephrolepidaceae
5128:Lomariopsidaceae
5077:Thelypteridaceae
5067:Desmophlebiaceae
5047:Cystopteridaceae
5033:Dennstaedtiaceae
5028:Dennstaedtiineae
4969:
4968:
4886:
4885:
4744:Hymenophyllaceae
4694:Discopteridaceae
4682:Urnatopteridales
4668:Senftenbergiales
4620:
4619:
4555:
4554:
4508:
4507:
4456:Notocalamitaceae
4444:Konnostachyaceae
4426:Paracalamitaceae
4408:Autophyllitaceae
4381:Sphenophyllaceae
4369:Boegendorfiaceae
4363:Boegendorfiaceae
4343:Pseudoborniaceae
4329:
4328:
4269:Stauropteridales
4258:
4257:
4213:Iridopteridaceae
4134:
4133:
4119:Acrogymnospermae
4078:
4071:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4036:
4035:
3950:Core angiosperms
3938:
3897:
3892:Acrogymnospermae
3870:Peltaspermopsida
3852:Glossopteridales
3834:Corystospermales
3816:Callistophytales
3796:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3740:Aneurophytopsida
3722:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3667:
3666:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3598:Barinophytopsida
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3499:Horneophytopsida
3490:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3413:
3398:Anthocerotopsida
3386:
3381:Anthocerotophyta
3361:Haplomitriopsida
3354:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3308:
3307:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3246:Zygnematophyceae
3236:
3235:
3218:
3217:
3209:
3208:
3179:
3172:
3171:
3147:Trebouxiophyceae
3117:Picocystophyceae
3081:
3080:
3077:
3069:
3068:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3020:
2922:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2769:
2749:
2734:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2674:
2663:10.2307/25065646
2646:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2408:
2402:
2385:
2379:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2289:
2280:
2265:
2259:
2245:
2239:
2214:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2149:Annals of Botany
2140:
2134:
2133:
2123:
2099:
2077:Lomariopsidaceae
2069:(Tectariaceae).
2022:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1944:
1934:
1925:(Keyserl.) Ching
1924:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1667:
1666:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1553:
1552:
1466:
1465:
1442:
1441:
1418:
1417:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1337:
1336:
1332:Polybotryoideae
1329:
1328:
1234:
1233:
1175:
1174:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1120:
1119:
1096:
1095:
1028:
1027:
1004:
1003:
980:
979:
973:
972:
965:
964:
958:
957:
951:
950:
941:
940:
838:
837:
816:
815:
794:
793:
770:Lomariopsidaceae
755:Nephrolepidaceae
748:
747:
741:
740:
719:
718:
697:
696:
675:
674:
664:
663:
623:
617:
551:Dennstaedtiaceae
367:vascular bundles
197:
191:
185:
179:
152:Dryopteridoideae
131:
56:
55:
33:
24:Dryopteridaceae
21:
20:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5554:Dryopteridaceae
5544:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5529:
5524:
5516:
5511:
5503:
5501:
5493:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5467:
5462:
5454:
5449:
5441:
5439:
5431:
5426:
5418:
5413:
5405:
5400:
5392:
5387:
5379:
5374:
5366:
5361:
5353:
5348:
5340:
5335:
5327:
5322:
5316:Dryopteridaceae
5314:
5309:
5301:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5275:
5270:
5262:
5257:
5249:
5244:
5236:
5231:
5224:Dryopteridaceae
5222:
5221:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5194:Dryopteridaceae
5188:
5178:
5157:
5123:Dryopteridaceae
5113:Hypodematiaceae
5101:
5035:
5023:
5009:
4981:
4979:Saccolomataceae
4973:Saccolomatineae
4954:
4915:
4906:Plagiogyriaceae
4875:
4855:Heroleandraceae
4840:
4803:Cynepteridaceae
4782:
4763:Oligocarpiaceae
4748:
4736:Hymenophyllales
4730:
4706:
4688:Crossothecaceae
4607:
4598:Danaeopsidaceae
4592:Asterothecaceae
4580:Ptychocarpaceae
4574:Pecopteridaceae
4542:
4538:Ophioglossaceae
4524:
4495:
4468:Sorocaulinaceae
4462:Schizoneuraceae
4438:Apocalamitaceae
4387:
4375:Eviostachyaceae
4351:Sphenophyllales
4337:Pseudoborniales
4320:
4314:Zygopteridaceae
4286:†Zygopterididae
4281:
4247:
4207:Iridopteridales
4157:
4128:
4109:Marchantiophyta
4088:
4082:
4052:
4047:
3971:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3840:Czekanowskiales
3794:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3720:
3707:
3698:
3670:Moniliformopses
3661:
3635:
3626:
3576:Eutracheophytes
3575:
3566:
3539:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3488:
3476:
3459:
3450:Polytrichopsida
3445:Tetraphidopsida
3411:
3410:
3402:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3366:Marchantiopsida
3352:
3351:
3349:Marchantiophyta
3337:
3324:
3270:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3234:
3207:
3175:
3158:
3100:
3091:Mamiellophyceae
3072:
3059:
3028:
3022:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2981:
2963:
2959:Florideophyceae
2949:Rhodellophyceae
2929:Cyanidiophyceae
2920:
2919:
2911:
2891:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2767:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2682:
2677:
2644:
2635:
2630:
2587:
2583:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2429:
2425:
2409:
2405:
2386:
2382:
2371:(9):1311-1323.
2363:
2359:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2290:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2228:Wayback Machine
2215:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2141:
2137:
2100:
2089:
2085:
2072:Dryopolystichum
2053:Hypodematiaceae
1983:(C.Chr.) C.Chr.
1921:Parapolystichum
1875:Schott ex J.Sm.
1814:(J.Sm.) Holttum
1761:Polybotryoideae
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1654:
1628:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1405:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1221:
1212:
1083:
1074:
1065:
988:Parapolystichum
939:
934:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
781:
726:Dryopteridaceae
704:Hypodematiaceae
646:
448:
443:
324:
290:. The largest
209:Dryopteridaceae
196:Peranemataceae
161:Polybotryoideae
130:
128:Dryopteridaceae
50:
17:
16:Family of ferns
12:
11:
5:
5572:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5535:
5531:wfo-7000000205
5522:
5509:
5499:
5486:
5473:
5460:
5447:
5437:
5424:
5411:
5398:
5385:
5372:
5359:
5346:
5333:
5320:
5307:
5294:
5281:
5268:
5255:
5242:
5229:
5214:
5198:
5196:
5190:
5189:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Hemidictyaceae
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
5000:Lonchitidaceae
4997:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4848:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4773:Gleicheniaceae
4770:
4765:
4758:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4586:Weichseliaceae
4582:
4576:
4570:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4530:Ophioglossales
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4505:
4504:Ophioglossidae
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4486:Tchernoviaceae
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4414:Honseleriaceae
4410:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4308:Zygopteridales
4304:
4303:
4302:
4300:Rhacophytaceae
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4264:
4262:
4255:
4253:Polypodiopsida
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4168:
4166:
4164:Cladoxylopsida
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4114:Polypodiophyta
4111:
4106:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:classification
4081:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4030:
4024:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3878:
3876:Pentoxylopsida
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3810:Calamopityales
3806:
3799:
3797:
3774:
3767:Spermatophytes
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3724:Progymnosperms
3710:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3689:Polypodiopsida
3686:
3684:Cladoxylopsida
3680:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3637:Euphyllophytes
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3609:Lycopodiopsida
3606:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3550:Cooksoniopsida
3545:
3543:
3529:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Oedipodiopsida
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3342:
3326:
3325:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3084:Prasinophytina
3078:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3031:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2987:incertae sedis
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2879:
2866:
2863:Archaeplastida
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:Mesomycetozoea
2839:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2778:Diaphoretickes
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2725:Archaeplastida
2720:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2681:
2680:External links
2678:
2676:
2675:
2657:(3): 705–731.
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2597:(78): 83–107.
2581:
2537:
2515:
2464:
2452:
2448:Flora of China
2439:
2423:
2403:
2400:10.1086/652191
2380:
2377:10.1086/521710
2357:
2305:
2281:
2260:
2240:
2204:
2184:
2155:(9): 571–594.
2135:
2114:(6): 563–603.
2086:
2084:
2081:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2009:Phanerophlebia
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1937:
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1820:Stigmatopteris
1816:
1810:Polystichopsis
1806:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:Phanerophlebia
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:Polystichopsis
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:Stigmatopteris
1340:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
963:
961:
956:
954:
949:
946:
945:
938:
935:
931:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:
895:
894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
882:
881:
877:
876:
873:
872:
868:
867:
864:
863:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
841:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
819:
814:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
797:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
774:
773:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
751:
746:
744:
739:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
722:
717:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
700:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
678:
673:
671:
662:
645:
642:
599:Flora of China
463:, and most of
447:
444:
442:
439:
425:are reniform,
323:
320:
203:
202:
201:
200:
194:
188:
182:
178:Bolbitidaceae
173:
172:
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
153:
147:
146:
142:
141:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
98:Polypodiopsida
95:
91:
90:
88:Polypodiophyta
85:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5571:
5560:
5559:Fern families
5557:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5532:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5182:
5154:
5153:Polypodiaceae
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:Polypodiineae
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Dicksoniaceae
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:Loxsomataceae
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Dipteridaceae
4766:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4754:Gleicheniales
4751:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4294:Rhacophytales
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4241:Steloxylaceae
4238:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4185:Voelkeliaceae
4182:
4180:
4179:Cladoxylaceae
4176:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4014:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:Bennettitales
3801:
3800:
3798:
3785:
3784:Pteridosperms
3778:
3775:
3771:(seed plants)
3768:
3763:
3753:
3752:Protopityales
3749:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3523:
3522:Tracheophytes
3518:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Andreaeopsida
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3260:(land plants)
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3153:
3152:Chlorophyceae
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Pedinophyceae
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:Chlorophytina
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3009:Viridiplantae
3006:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2954:Bangiophyceae
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Stramenopiles
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:(major groups
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2525:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:(5):547-559.
2393:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2057:Aenigmopteris
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2032:Didymochlaena
2021:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:Mett. ex Kuhn
1953:
1952:
1951:Teratophyllum
1948:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:Elaphoglossum
1868:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:Elaphoglossum
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:Teratophyllum
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
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1160:
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1152:
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1122:
1121:
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1107:
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1097:
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1077:
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1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
990:
989:
982:
981:
975:
974:
967:
966:
960:
959:
953:
952:
948:
947:
943:
942:
929:
928:
920:
919:
911:
910:
902:
901:
893:
892:
884:
883:
875:
874:
866:
865:
862:
861:
860:Polypodiaceae
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
818:
817:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
776:
775:
772:
771:
765:
764:
761:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
743:
742:
736:
735:
732:
731:
728:
727:
721:
720:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
683:
677:
676:
669:
668:Polypodiineae
666:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:Polypodiineae
641:
639:
635:
631:
630:Polypodiaceae
626:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Nothoperanema
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
560:
559:sensu stricto
556:
552:
548:
547:
541:
539:
535:
534:Teratophyllum
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:DNA sequences
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
493:
488:
487:
486:Didymochlaena
482:
479:, and it was
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:
453:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
333:
329:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Elaphoglossum
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:hemiepiphytic
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
253:
249:
248:Polypodiaceae
245:
241:
240:Polypodiineae
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
195:
189:
183:
177:
176:
174:
171:
167:
162:
159:
157:
154:
151:
150:
148:
143:
138:
134:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:Polypodiineae
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5193:
5148:Davalliaceae
5143:Oleandraceae
5138:Tectariaceae
5122:
5072:Aspleniaceae
5040:Aspleniineae
5005:Lindsaeaceae
4995:Cystodiaceae
4987:Lindsaeineae
4964:Polypodiales
4930:Tanydoraceae
4871:Salviniaceae
4860:Marsileaceae
4836:Schizaeaceae
4821:Tempskyaceae
4616:Polypodiidae
4603:Marattiaceae
4491:Equisetaceae
4432:Calamitaceae
4235:Steloxylales
4173:Cladoxylales
4124:Angiospermae
4021:paraphyletic
3933:Angiospermae
3910:
3909:Ginkgoales (
3882:Petriellales
3864:Medullosales
3791:(seed ferns)
3504:
3425:Sphagnopsida
3420:Takakiopsida
3353:(liverworts)
3319:
3313:Embryophytes
3267:(see below↓)
3225:Charophyceae
3195:
3177:Streptophyta
3029:land plants)
3017:
2986:
2904:
2897:Rhodelphidia
2884:
2827:Opisthokonta
2731:
2686:
2654:
2648:
2633:Bibliography
2594:
2584:
2554:(1): 67–76.
2551:
2547:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2518:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2421:(4):337-356.
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2327:
2321:
2308:
2293:
2269:
2263:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2192:
2187:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2111:
2107:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2042:Hypodematium
2040:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1851:Arthrobotrya
1849:
1830:Trichoneuron
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1754:
1690:
1689:
1673:
1672:
1640:
1639:
1614:
1613:
1597:
1596:
1559:
1558:
1489:
1488:
1472:
1471:
1448:
1447:
1424:
1423:
1391:
1390:
1376:Trichoneuron
1374:
1373:
1343:
1342:
1257:
1256:
1240:
1239:
1198:
1197:
1183:Arthrobotrya
1181:
1180:
1157:
1156:
1126:
1125:
1102:
1101:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1033:
1010:
1009:
986:
985:
858:
845:Davalliaceae
843:
823:Oleandraceae
821:
801:Tectariaceae
799:
768:
753:
725:
724:
702:
680:
658:phylogenetic
647:
634:eupolypods I
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
568:
564:generic name
557:
554:
544:
542:
537:
533:
530:Arthrobotrya
529:
521:
520:showed that
514:phylogenetic
511:
503:monophyletic
496:
492:Hypodematium
490:
484:
477:polyphyletic
465:Tectariaceae
454:
449:
399:acrostichoid
387:anastomosing
325:
316:eupolypods I
307:
303:
299:
295:
257:
250:
243:
231:
228:colloquially
224:Polypodiales
208:
206:
145:Subfamilies
136:
127:
108:Polypodiales
71:
38:
18:
5363:iNaturalist
5218:Wikispecies
5097:Athyriaceae
5092:Blechnaceae
5087:Onocleaceae
5082:Woodsiaceae
5021:Pteridaceae
5015:Pteridineae
4950:Cyatheaceae
4940:Cibotiaceae
4935:Metaxyaceae
4921:Cyatheineae
4911:Culcitaceae
4846:Salviniales
4831:Lygodiaceae
4788:Schizaeales
4778:Matoniaceae
4726:Osmundaceae
4721:Guaireaceae
4646:Sermayaceae
4559:Marattiales
4551:Marattiidae
4520:Psilotaceae
4393:Equisetales
4325:Equisetidae
4137:Basal clade
4096:Supergroup
3828:Cordaitales
3822:Caytoniales
3708:Lignophytes
3691:(ferns and
3617:spikemosses
3556:Rhyniopsida
3506:Aglaophyton
3385:(hornworts)
3256:Embryophyta
3239:Anydrophyta
3197:Spirotaenia
3142:Ulvophyceae
3075:Chlorophyta
3025:green algae
2995:Algospongia
2969:Glaucophyta
2921:(red algae)
2530:12 December
2344:10138/28042
2048:Leucostegia
2019:Polystichum
1969:Arachniodes
1901:Megalastrum
1881:Lastreopsis
1675:Arachniodes
1642:Polystichum
1053:Megalastrum
1012:Lastreopsis
937:Subdivision
611:Arachniodes
603:Lithostegia
579:Acrorumohra
555:Oenotrichia
546:Oenotrichia
526:bolbitidoid
512:In 2007, a
498:Leucostegia
461:Onocleaceae
452:Woodsiaceae
322:Description
306:(225), and
300:Polystichum
282:. Many are
268:terrestrial
190:Filicaceae
5548:Categories
5381:30014148-2
4881:Cyatheales
4826:Anemiaceae
4809:Klukiaceae
4712:Osmundales
4512:Psilotales
4199:Hyeniaceae
3955:Magnoliids
3923:Gnetopsida
3693:horsetails
3621:quillworts
3613:clubmosses
3589:Lycophytes
3562:Renaliales
3339:Bryophytes
2917:Rhodophyta
2906:Rhodelphis
2450:, vol 2–3.
2083:References
1999:Dryopteris
1931:Pleocnemia
1891:Lomagramma
1840:Subfamily
1800:Polybotrya
1759:Subfamily
1692:Dryopteris
1491:Polybotrya
1159:Lomagramma
1104:Pleocnemia
575:Acrophorus
571:Dryopteris
522:Pleocnemia
456:sensu lato
405:; usually
338:, with non
304:Dryopteris
284:cultivated
262:and has a
252:sensu lato
232:wood ferns
180:Ching 1978
137:nom. cons.
114:Suborder:
84:Division:
5285:FloraBase
4193:Hyeniales
4151:Ibykaceae
4104:Bryophyta
3455:Bryopsida
3408:Bryophyta
3137:UTC clade
2886:Picomonas
2822:Amoebozoa
2800:Alveolata
2788:Cryptista
2763:Eukaryota
2687:Phytotaxa
2595:PhytoKeys
2416:Brittonia
2352:1179-3163
2323:Phytotaxa
1989:Cyrtomium
1770:Cyclodium
1616:Cyrtomium
1474:Cyclodium
644:Phylogeny
516:study of
507:cladistic
419:Sporangia
407:indusiate
359:glandular
355:dimorphic
340:clathrate
280:epiphytic
272:epipetric
234:. In the
61:Kingdom:
5513:VicFlora
5502:VASCAN:
5495:42000395
5490:Tropicos
5203:Wikidata
4145:Ibykales
3965:Eudicots
3960:Monocots
3678:Ibykales
3412:(mosses)
3317:Plantae
3015:Plantae
2817:Amorphea
2795:Rhizaria
2783:Hacrobia
2773:Excavata
2758:Bacteria
2729:Plantae
2671:25065646
2623:28781553
2568:28741041
2510:36092417
2412:Mickelia
2330:: 7–54.
2224:Archived
2179:24532607
2130:39980610
2066:Tectaria
2061:Ctenitis
1979:Ctenitis
1911:Mickelia
1861:Bolbitis
1790:Olfersia
1561:Ctenitis
1426:Olfersia
1242:Mickelia
1128:Bolbitis
595:Peranema
587:Dryopsis
583:Diacalpe
538:Mickelia
481:split up
441:Taxonomy
427:monolete
411:reniform
403:lineages
363:Petioles
336:climbing
332:scandent
328:rhizomes
312:diverged
308:Ctenitis
298:(600+),
170:Synonyms
124:Family:
5209:Q656683
4028:extinct
2877:Picozoa
2832:Animals
2753:Archaea
2614:5543276
2576:4573970
2501:9449725
2437:(1):180
2170:3936591
2013:C.Presl
1993:C.Presl
1941:Rumohra
1935:C.Presl
1905:Holttum
1780:Maxonia
1774:C.Presl
1450:Maxonia
1036:Rumohra
528:ferns,
473:version
446:History
415:peltate
391:areoles
383:forking
379:pinnate
371:adaxial
302:(260),
260:species
230:as the
219:in the
104:Order:
94:Class:
65:Plantae
5456:340301
5440:NZOR:
5407:500057
5394:107308
5238:222650
4023:groups
3911:Ginkgo
3619:&
3477:
3073:
2810:Plants
2747:Domain
2669:
2621:
2611:
2574:
2566:
2508:
2498:
2350:
2300:
2276:
2221:, 2006
2219:et al.
2217:Smith
2199:
2177:
2167:
2128:
2039:, and
2003:Adans.
1865:Schott
1824:C.Chr.
1784:C.Chr.
636:. The
619:Herter
593:, and
553:where
495:, and
435:winged
431:perine
423:spores
389:; the
351:Fronds
347:apices
343:scales
292:genera
213:family
211:are a
133:Herter
5469:54767
5433:29607
5389:IRMNG
5368:47753
5329:10291
5311:FoAO2
5303:10291
5290:22729
5277:1DRYF
5251:B8TXK
4098:Plant
3027:&
2837:Fungi
2667:JSTOR
2650:Taxon
2645:(PDF)
2572:S2CID
2318:(PDF)
2236:55(3)
2232:Taxon
2126:S2CID
1973:Blume
1945:Raddi
1895:J.Sm.
1885:Ching
1855:J.Sm.
1834:Ching
1794:Raddi
609:into
375:Veins
278:, or
221:order
72:Clade
5477:POWO
5428:NCBI
5402:ITIS
5376:IPNI
5355:1236
5350:GRIN
5342:2373
5337:GBIF
5272:EPPO
5264:4511
5233:APNI
4085:Fern
4026:† =
3018:s.s.
2732:s.l.
2619:PMID
2564:PMID
2532:2022
2506:PMID
2348:ISSN
2298:ISBN
2274:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2175:PMID
2045:and
2023:Roth
1963:Link
625:Link
605:and
395:sori
377:are
326:The
294:are
207:The
5526:WFO
5505:125
5415:NBN
5324:FoC
5298:FNA
5259:EoL
5246:CoL
3315:or
3013:or
2727:or
2659:doi
2609:PMC
2599:doi
2556:doi
2552:131
2496:PMC
2486:doi
2396:doi
2392:171
2373:doi
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2340:hdl
2332:doi
2253:doi
2165:PMC
2157:doi
2153:113
2116:doi
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505:in
433:or
413:or
381:or
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334:or
286:as
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417:.
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135:(
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