Dur-Kurigalzu - Knowledge

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and urban encroachment. Natural factors like rain and standing groundwater have contributed to the erosion of the ziggurat and damage to the ruins, especially along the southwest side. As a result of this damage, the ziggurat is in danger of further deterioration as well as collapse if preventive measures are not taken. The suburbs and industrial areas of Baghdad also continue developing near the site. Currently, there is an encroachment of modern construction along some stretches of the enclosure wall. There is also agricultural encroachment along the enclosure wall, especially on the southwest side. Iraqi Army maneuvers, involving trenches, did some damage to the site in the 1980s.

527: 438:(IM 49991) dated to year five of Kassite ruler Nazi-Maruttash was also found. During the excavation, 5 fragments of a larger-than-life-size statue were discovered. They contain the longest yet found Kassite Sumerian inscriptions. A baked brick pavement (T5) around two kilometers northwest of Tell al-Abyad was found to be covered with hundreds of broken terracotta figurines dedicated to the god Gula. Bricks found in situ were dated to the reign of Kassite ruler Nazi-Maruttash. The excavations included the ziggurat, three temples, and part of the palace of Dur-Kurigalzu II. 63: 442: 352:. Facing the front, the Ziggurat can be approached from three main staircases leading up to the first level. Standing upright on the level withholds a terraced compound, built by layers of receding levels. At its core, there are consistent sun-dried square bricks with reed mats placed in every seven layers of brick to help hold the structure altogether. An axial flight of steps was discovered running outwards from the center of the side of the ziggurat towards the temple-complex and was built of solid kiln-baked brick set in bitumen. 496:. The representational motif of human figures is also some of the only surviving instances of human representation in artwork from the Kassite period and gives an indication of the artistic technique utilized at the time. The majority of large, upright wall paintings can be found in the internal rooms of the palace that would have functioned as reception or public rooms. The highest concentration of this wall painting type can be found in Unit H sector on Level II named also 'PaintedPalace', dating to the reign of Kaštiliaš IV. 56: 329: 364:(c. 1332—1308 BC). The site has several defined areas, Mound A (100 meters south of the ziggurat), Tell Ahmar, Tell Abu Shijar, Tell al-Abyad, and a private housing area. The main elements, ziggurat, palaces, etc. are all within the city wall. The currently known structures of the site consist of nine temples (T1 to T9), with T1 being the ziggurat and associated temple to Enlil, three palaces (P1 to T3), and five housing areas (H1 to H5) 575: 492:) of Dur-Kurigalzu about 1000 meters northwest of the main ziggurat. The recurring motifs of the artwork found on all four levels of the palatial complex are representational and contain human processional scenes and clusters of fruit; there are also geometric designs that contain parallel bands, chevrons, and rosettes. The processional scenes date to the time of the last Kassite king 683: 623: 561:

before the war. Local government officials and the U.S. military charged with security in the area have been working to create a renovation plan. Since mid-2008, local officials have drafted plans to rebuild the historic site, but support from the Iraq Ministry of History and Ruins has not materialized.

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during the reign of Kurigalzu, and either as the capital or at least an important city during the period after. It was occupied continuously until the fall of the Kassite Dynasty in the 12th century BC when it was largely abandoned. The temple area, at least, was known to be active in the 7th century

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Another wall painting type is also found along recesses of the courtyards and between rooms and contains the same motifs of floral and geometric designs and processional scenes that Yoko Tomabechi states function to 'brighten the doorways and the inner rooms'. The colours utilised in these paintings

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Another area within Dur-Kurigalzu, Tell Abu Shijar, was excavated by Iraqi archaeologists in 1992, 1993, and 2001 finding mainly late Kassite and lesser Parthian/Sassanian remains. Painted plaster wall fragments, similar to those found at Tell al-Abyad, were recovered as well as a worn cylinder seal

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Excavations continued between 1977 and 1980, led by Suphi Anwar Rashid and Amire al-Khayyat, in the temple area. Paving and wall bricks dedicated to Enlil and Ninlil were found as well as a Kassite double jar burial, an inscribed eyestone for Enlil dedicated by Kurigalzu, and two female figurines in

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The ziggurat at Aqar Quf, standing to a height of about 52 metres (171 ft), has been a very visible ancient monument for centuries. For camel caravans and modern road traffic, the ziggurat has served as a signal of the near approach to Baghdad. Because of Aqar Quf's easy accessibility and close

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At the base of the ziggurat steps, is a pavement that leads to one of the four excavated temples, E-U-GAL. This would also continue to lead into a court and several smaller rooms adjoining it. The other three temples are E-GASAN-AN-TA-GAL, E-SAG-DINGIR-RI-E-NE, and E-SAG-DINGIR-E-NE. King Kurigalzu

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For 16 seasons in the 1960s and 1970s the Iraqi government did conservation and restoration work at the site. Unfortunately the modern restoration work resulted in significant damage to the original construction it overlaid as it did at Babylon. Aqar Quf is currently suffering environmental damage

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The three excavated areas are the mound of Aqar Quf (including the ziggurat and large temple), a public building (approximately 100 metres (330 ft) to the west), and Tell al-Abyad where a large palace was partially uncovered (about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) to the south-west). Several burned

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when the site was abandoned and looted during the security breakdown and chaos that followed the U.S. military's overthrow of Saddam Hussein. Little is left of the modern administration building, museum, event stage, and restaurant that once served the picnickers and students who visited the site

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The name of the temple is a combination of "The House of the Lady" and words meaning "high", "firm", or "great". Inside this temple is a small staircase that leads up to an altar, subsidiary courts, and a room that appears to be the kitchen where a raised rectangular compartment was excavated and

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Sena, C., "Alcune considerazioni sulla la campagna di rilievi fotogrammetrici in Iraq: il rilievo della Ziggurat di Aqar-Quf." In Terra: incipit vita nova. L'architettura di terra cruda dalle origini alpresente. Atti del Seminario, Torino, 16-17 aprile 1997, edited by A. Gilbert and R. Mattone,

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Ives, E. "A voyage from England to India, in the year MDCCLIV. And a historical narrative of the operations of the squadron and army in India, under the command of vice-admiral Watson and colonel Clive in the years 1755, 1756, and 1757; including correspondence between the admiral and the nabob

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E-U-GAL, which is likely to mean "The House of the Great Lord," is believed to be the most important temple of Dur Kurigalzu. This name could also refer to the entire temple complex or the entire site as the text was engraved into bricks in all three temples and in the ziggurat.

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period. Up until recently (mostly between the 9th and 14th centuries AD), there have been smaller occupations at parts of Aqar Quf, with areas of the site being used for burials and for Arab settlement. It has been suggested that in earlier times the site was named Esâ.

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Al-Zubaydi, M. H. R., "Unpublished cuneiform texts of the Middle Babylonian (Kassite) Period from 'Aqarqūf (Dūr Kurigalzu)", Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Magister at the University of Baghdad, Department of Archaeology. Baghdad,

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appears to have built all these temples under great patronage. The entire complex mostly has liben walls that are thickly covered with plaster and may bear traces of fire, which are thought to reflect attempts in destroying the site in the past.

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J A Brinkman, "Materials and Studies for Kassite History Vol I: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty", Materials and Studies for Kassite History 1 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1977

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Between E-GASAN-AN-TA-GAL and E-U-GAL is a massive ruin, excavated to be 17 meters tall, that could be the foundation of a tower that was weathered away by floods. This structure was also made with liben and faced with baked bricks.

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The ziggurat's base measures 69m x 67m and it was constructed of large, well-tempered liben with many stamped baked bricks incorporated into the structure, bearing the name of Kurigalzu and his dedication of the temple E-U-GAL to

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Pizzimenti, Sara. "Colours in Late Bronze Mesopotamia. Some Hints on Wall Paintings from Dur Kurigalzu, Nuzi and Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta." 7 International Congress on the Archaeology of Ancient Near East. Vol. 2. Harrassowitz,

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Malko, Helen. "Dūr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". Volume 2 Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp.

474:(1307—1282 BC). The site lies 1 kilometer west of the ziggurat and 500 meters southwest of Tell al-Abyad being about 6 meters in height with only the central 120-meter by 150-meter mound undisturbed by modern activity. 635: 246:(died c. 1375 BC) and was abandoned after the fall of the Kassite dynasty (c. 1155 BC). The city was of such importance that it appeared on toponym lists in the funerary temple of the Egyptian pharaoh, 262:

is believed to have meant "shepherd of the Kassites". The tradition of naming new towns Dur dates back to the Old Babylonian period with an example being Dūr-Ammī-ditāna. The city contained a

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Walter Sommerfield, "The Kassites of Ancient Mesopotamian: Origins, Politics, and Culture", J. M. Sasson ed. Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1995

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In the early 1960s and from 1968 to 1975 the Iraqi Directorate-General of Antiquities continued to do some excavation around the ziggurat as part of a restoration project under

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Schipper, Friedrich T. "The Protection and Preservation of Iraq's Archaeological Heritage, Spring 1991-2003" American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 251–72, 2005

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Rawlinson, H. C./E. Norris, "A selection from the historical inscriptions of Chaldæa, Assyria, & Babylonia", The cuneiform inscriptions of Western Asia 1. London, 1861

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rivers. Until the last century, the adjacent Aqar Quf depression would have been inundated with flood water part of the year. This site had access to fresh water from the

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T. Clayden, Aspects of the early history of the Kassites and the archaeology of the Kassite period in Iraq (c.1600-1150 BC), Oxford University PhD Dissertation, 1989

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Seth Richardson, "The Collapse of a Complex State, A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon 1683-1597 B.C.", dissertation, Columbia University, 2002

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In Kassite times the area was defined by a large wall that enclosed about 225 hectares (560 acres). The wall, originally built by Kurigalzu I, was later rebuilt by

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The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu, built in the early 14th century BC by Kurigalzu I, is located in the city's western area and is devoted to the chief Babylonian God

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are 'red, cobalt-blue, dark-blue, yellow, white and black'. Much of the palatial complex and its artwork inside remain unexcavated and need further exploration.

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Paulus, S., "Blutige Vertragsstrafen in mittelbabylonischen Kaufurkunden", Zeitschrift für altorientalische und biblische Rechtsgeschichte 15, pp. 15–30, 2009

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Potts, Daniel T. "Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1591–1643): A critical reassessment of his two journeys to the Near East." Fornvännen 116.2 (2021): 114-128

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Al-Hadithi, A., "Archaeological excavations at Tell Abu Shijar ('Aqar Qūf). The first season 1992", Sumer 50, pp. 48–57, 2000 (Arabic section).

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Some of the most significant finds of Kassite period artwork are found in the main palatial complex (P1) and its surrounding complexes (located at

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Kramer, S. N.; Baqir, T.; and Levy, S. J., "Fragments of a Diorite Statue of Kurigalzu in the Iraq Museum.", Sumer, vol. 4, iss. 1, pp. 1–38, 1948

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al-Jumailly, A. I., "Investigations and restoration at the ziggurat of Aqar Quf (10th–13th season)", Sumer, vol. 27, pp. 63–98, 1971 (in Arabic)

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Edel, E./M. Görg (2005): Die Ortsnamenlisten im nördlichen Säulenhof des Totentempels Amenophis' III. Ägypten und Altes Testament 50. Wiesbaden

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Door socket from Tell-el-'Abyad at Aqar-Quf mentioning the name of king Kurigalzu and his palace (E-GAL-KI-SAR-RA), Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq

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Al-Haik, A. R., "Key lists of archaeological excavations in Iraq : II, 1966-1971", Field Research Projects, Coconut Grove, Florida, 1971

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Al-Haik, A. R., "Key lists of archaeological excavations in Iraq : 1842 - 1965", Field Research Projects, Coconut Grove, Florida, 1968

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T. Clayden, "Dur-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives, Volume 2 Kardunias", Babylonia under the Kassites 2, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2017

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proximity to the city of Baghdad, it has been one of Iraq's most visited and best-known sites. The ziggurat was often confused with the

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Francis Rawdon Chesney, "Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition ... 1835, 1836, and 1837", Spottiswood and co, 1868 (Nabu Press - 2010

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Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Quf: Second Interim Report, 1943 - 1944", Iraq Supplement, pp. 1-15. London, 1945

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and thirteen cuneiform clay tablets. The tablets were unread (and may be lost) but 3 were noted to have dates of the Kassite king

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Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Quf First Interim Report", 1942-1943. Iraq Supplement 1, London, pp. 1-16, 1944

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Ali, S. M., "Archaeological conservation in 'Aqar Quf. The sixteenth season 1974–5", Sumer 36, 150–157, 1980 (Arabic section)

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One of the modern buildings at Dur-Kurigalzu, plundered and not restored. Note the damaged outdoor park benches and umbrellas

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Ali, S. M., "Archaeological conservation in Aqar Quf. The sixteenth season", Sumer, vol. 26, pp. 150–7, 1980 (in Arabic)

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Ata K. Jasim et al., "Tell Abu Shijar, near 'Aqar Quf : Summary of excavations", vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 155-166, 2006

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Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Quf: Third Interim Report, 1944 - 1945", Iraq, vol. 8, pp. 73-93, 1946

434:. They also showed that two of the palaces were named the Palace of the Mountain Sheep and the Palace of the Stag. A 879:

Walker, C. B. F. "A Duplicate Brick of Kurigalzu II." Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 247–48, 1980

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Taha Baqir, "Aqer Quf: Preliminary Report on Excavations by the Directorate General", Sumer 1, pp. 36-75, 1945

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The following images represent the status of Aqar-Quf and its architectural remains as of December 29, 2021.

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in 1811. Aqar Quf (referred to then as Akerkuf, Agger Koof, or Akar-kuf) was visited and examined in 1837 by

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Al-tikriti, A., "Archaeological restoration at ‘Aqar qūf, 1960-1961", Sumer 26, pp. 73-81, 1970 (in Arabic)

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al-BakRī, m.d., "The discovery of Julairid coins at ‘Aqar-qūf", Al-Maskūkat 3, pp. 77-80, 1972 (in arabic)

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The reconstructed "platform" (right) before the axial stairway of the ziggurat. The temple complex appear

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were found there. As part of a temple restoration a pottery jar was found containing 220 Islamic silver

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in 1616. Agar Quf first appeared on a modern map by Edward Ives in 1773. The site was then described by

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A. Al-Khayyat, "Aqar Quf. Capitale des Cassites", Dossiers d'Archéologie, no. 103, pp. 59–61, 1986

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Niek Veldhuis, "Kurigalzu's Statue Inscription", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 60, pp. 25-52, 2008

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Claudius James Rich, "Narrative of a journey to the site of Babylon in 1811", Duncan and Malcolm, 1839

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in the early 14th century BC and is situated along an east–west-trending limestone ridge between the

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Lawler, Andrew. "New Digs Draw Applause and Concern." Science, vol. 293, no. 5527, pp. 38–41, 2001

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T. Clayden, "Kurigalzu I and the Restoration of Babylonia", Iraq, vol. 58, pp. 109-121, 1996

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Van Buren, E. Douglas. "Excavations in Mesopotamia." Orientalia, vol. 15, 1946, pp. 497–503

493: 455: 399: 8: 1106:

Postgate, J. N./P. J. Watson, "Excavations in Iraq 1977–1978", Iraq 41, pp. 141–181, 1979

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Jeffery Orchard, "Recent Restoration Work in Iraq", Iraq, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 73-77, 1962

310:, known as the Patti-Enlil Canal in ancient times. The city functioned as the capital of 211: 82: 1314:

T Clayden, "'Aqar Qūf before its excavation in 1942", Al-Rāfidān 31, pp. 1–31, 2010

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O. R. Gurney, "Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu", Sumer, vol. 9, iss. 1, pp. 21–34, 1953

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O. R. Gurney, "Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu", Iraq, vol. 11, no. 1, pp.& 131–149, 1949

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Roaf, M./J. N. Postgate, "Excavations in Iraq, 1979–1980", Iraq 43, pp. 167–198, 1981

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In the mid-1990s an Italian team conducted a photogrammatic survey of the ziggurrat.

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Gullini, G., "New suggestions on ziggurat of Aqarquf", Sumer 41, pp. 133–137, 1986

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3-D reconstruction of the remains of the main palatial complex in Dur-Kurigalzu.

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The courtyard of Enlil temple (E-U-GAL), the ziggurat is seen in the background

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Ruins adjacent to the modernly reconstructed eastern part of the temple complex

471: 450: 431: 275: 422:. Over 100 cuneiform tablets of the Kassite period were recovered, now in the 418:

in a joint excavation by the Iraqi Directorate-General of Antiquities and the

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Taha Baqir, "Aqar Quf, Directorate General of Antiquities in Baghdad", 1959

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J. A. Brinkman, "Assyrian merchants at Dūr-Kurigalzu", NABU 2001/73, 2001

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3-D reconstruction of the remains of the temple complex in Dur-Kurigalzu.

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Ridha, A. A. "New excavations in Agarguf." The Baghdad Observer 21, 1984

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Balkan, K. (1954): Kassitenstudien 1. Die Sprache der Kassiten. AOS 37.

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Poebel, A., "The city of Esâ (Dûr-Kuri-Galzu)", AS 14, pp. 1–22, 1947

344:, who Sumerians believed to govern over wind, air, earth, and storm. 311: 303: 295: 838:

Mustafa, M. A., "Stairways of the ziggurat", Iraq 8, pp. 92–93, 1946

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Travis J. Tritten - Stars and Strips Mideast edition (2009-01-25).

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Tomabechi, Yoko (April 1983). "Wall Paintings from Dur Kurigalzu".

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Centro Ricerche Archeologiche e Scavi di Torino Dur-Kurigalzu page

715: 435: 270:, as well as a royal palace which covered 420,000 square meters. 239: 231: 1346: 677:

Layers of reed reinforcement, detail of the core of the ziggurat

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by Western visitors to the area from the 17th century onwards.

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rivers, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the center of

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Scattered bricks near the north-east side of the ziggurat

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term meaning "fortress of", while the Kassite royal name

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M. A. Mustafa, "Kassite figurines", Sumer 3, 19–22, 1947

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The courtyard of Ninurta temple (E-SAG-DINGIR-RI-E-NE)

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Excavations were conducted from 1942 through 1945, by

199: 1190: 1191:Bartelmus, Alexa; Sternitzke, Katja, eds. (2017). 480: 1307:T Clayden, "Moulded Mud-Brick at Dur Kurigalzu", 1353: 665:Level one of the ziggurat and its remaining core 556:The ziggurat suffered damage as a result of the 1195:. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 437–478. 1097:Salman, I., "Foreword", Sumer 25, pp. a–w, 1969 1061:Salman, I., "Foreword", Sumer 31, pp. a–i, 1975 1052:Salman, I., "Foreword", Sumer 30, pp. a–p, 1974 1043:Salman, I., "Foreword", Sumer 27, pp. a–k, 1971 1034:Salman, I., "Foreword", Sumer 26, pp. a–k, 1970 742: 740: 617:Tiles near the south-west side of the ziggurat 379:. The name of Dur-Kurigalzu was identified by 398:Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, reign of 286:The town of Dur Kurigalzu was founded by the 1347:Global Heritage Fund has a page for Agar Quf 846: 844: 250:(c. 1351 BC) at Kom el-Hettan". The prefix 205: 825: 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 785: 783: 773: 771: 737: 34: 1153: 1137:49-54. Torino: Politecnico di Torin, 1998 841: 812: 780: 768: 525: 440: 393: 385: 327: 1193:Kardunias. Babylonia Under the Kassites 454:cuneiform tables dated to the reign of 426:. Some were date-able to the reigns of 1354: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1143: 420:British School of Archaeology in Iraq 62: 1254:"Resurrecting the ruins of Aqar Quf" 859:"Foreword", Sumer 17, pp. 1–12, 1961 521: 910:Serajah Dowlah (...)", London, 1773 706:Chronology of the ancient Near East 206: 13: 1271: 1140: 14: 1403: 1330: 641:Ninlil temple (E-GASAN-AN-TA-GAL) 547: 682: 670: 658: 646: 634: 622: 610: 598: 586: 574: 462:coins from the Ilkhanid period. 61: 54: 1382:Former populated places in Iraq 1311:, vol. 21, pp. 71–83, 2000 1245: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1184: 1174: 1156:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1130: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1064: 1055: 1046: 1037: 1028: 1019: 1001: 990: 981: 970: 961: 952: 943: 924: 913: 901: 892: 882: 873: 862: 853: 701:Cities of the ancient Near East 44:of Dur-Kurigalzu, December 2021 1362:History of Baghdad Governorate 832: 801: 792: 759: 728: 355: 1: 721: 222:, near the confluence of the 1367:Archaeological sites in Iraq 7: 694: 369:Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna 323: 200: 16:Archaeological site in Iraq 10: 1408: 1337:Site photographs at Oxford 564: 512: 503: 281: 383:in the mid-19th century. 266:and temples dedicated to 218:) was a city in southern 178: 170: 165: 157: 149: 139: 102: 92: 78: 49: 33: 24: 538: 367:The site was visited by 336:of Dur-Kurigalzu (1915). 535:assumed to be an oven. 161:225 ha (560 acres) 531: 446: 407: 391: 377:Francis Rawdon Chesney 337: 234:. It was founded by a 558:U.S. invasion of Iraq 529: 444: 397: 389: 331: 171:Excavation dates 124:33.35361°N 44.20222°E 494:Marduk-apla-iddina I 456:Marduk-apla-iddina I 400:Marduk-apla-iddina I 1387:Tells (archaeology) 373:Claudius James Rich 212:Baghdad Governorate 120: / 83:Baghdad Governorate 21: 1012:2022-11-06 at the 532: 481:Wall paintings at 447: 408: 392: 338: 129:33.35361; 44.20222 19: 1202:978-1-5015-1216-2 938:978-1-143-08161-3 755:978-0-91-898600-9 522:E-GASAN-AN-TA-GAL 268:Mesopotamian gods 192: 191: 70:Shown within Iraq 1399: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1151: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1125:Jasim et al.2006 1122: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1005: 999: 994: 988: 985: 979: 974: 968: 965: 959: 956: 950: 947: 941: 928: 922: 917: 911: 905: 899: 896: 890: 886: 880: 877: 871: 866: 860: 857: 851: 848: 839: 836: 830: 827: 810: 805: 799: 796: 790: 787: 778: 775: 766: 763: 757: 744: 735: 732: 686: 674: 662: 650: 638: 626: 614: 602: 590: 578: 428:Burna-Buriash II 306:by means of the 209: 208: 203: 135: 134: 132: 131: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 65: 64: 58: 38: 22: 18: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1352: 1351: 1333: 1274: 1272:Further reading 1269: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1203: 1189: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1152: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1014:Wayback Machine 1006: 1002: 995: 991: 986: 982: 975: 971: 966: 962: 957: 953: 948: 944: 929: 925: 918: 914: 906: 902: 897: 893: 887: 883: 878: 874: 867: 863: 858: 854: 849: 842: 837: 833: 828: 813: 806: 802: 797: 793: 788: 781: 776: 769: 764: 760: 745: 738: 733: 729: 724: 711:Kassite deities 697: 690: 687: 678: 675: 666: 663: 654: 651: 642: 639: 630: 627: 618: 615: 606: 603: 594: 591: 582: 579: 567: 550: 541: 524: 515: 506: 486: 381:Henry Rawlinson 358: 326: 284: 128: 126: 122: 119: 114: 111: 109: 107: 106: 74: 73: 72: 71: 68: 67: 66: 45: 29: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1405: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1377:Kassite cities 1374: 1369: 1364: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1332: 1331:External links 1329: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1201: 1183: 1173: 1139: 1129: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1063: 1054: 1045: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1000: 989: 980: 969: 960: 951: 942: 923: 912: 900: 891: 881: 872: 861: 852: 840: 831: 811: 800: 791: 779: 767: 758: 736: 726: 725: 723: 720: 719: 718: 713: 708: 703: 696: 693: 692: 691: 688: 681: 679: 676: 669: 667: 664: 657: 655: 652: 645: 643: 640: 633: 631: 628: 621: 619: 616: 609: 607: 604: 597: 595: 592: 585: 583: 580: 573: 566: 563: 549: 548:Current status 546: 540: 537: 523: 520: 514: 511: 505: 502: 485: 479: 472:Nazi-Maruttash 451:Saddam Hussein 432:Kashtiliash IV 357: 354: 325: 322: 317:Neo-Babylonian 315:BC and in the 283: 280: 276:Tower of Babel 190: 189: 180: 179:Archaeologists 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 80: 76: 75: 69: 60: 59: 53: 52: 51: 50: 47: 46: 39: 31: 30: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1404: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1357: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1256:. 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Lloyd 79:Location 42:ziggurat 889:479-491 716:Kudurru 565:Gallery 513:E-U-GAL 504:Temples 466:ivory. 436:kudurru 288:Kassite 282:History 240:Babylon 236:Kassite 232:Baghdad 1199: 1168:544171 1166: 936: 753: 460:dirhem 300:Tigris 254:is an 228:Diyala 224:Tigris 150:Length 93:Region 1181:2012. 1164:JSTOR 539:Tower 350:Enlil 342:Enlil 290:King 1296:2003 1197:ISBN 934:ISBN 751:ISBN 430:and 414:and 332:The 298:and 226:and 216:Iraq 158:Area 144:tell 140:Type 87:Iraq 40:The 252:Dur 210:in 1358:: 1160:42 1158:. 1142:^ 843:^ 814:^ 782:^ 770:^ 739:^ 402:. 242:, 214:, 185:, 85:, 1263:. 1205:. 1170:. 940:) 406:. 153:–

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Index