Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial

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Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002 (P.L. 107–117; December 20, 2001) appropriated $ 2.6 million for the commission's needs. Section 8098 of the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, and Pandemic Influenza Act, 2006 (P.L. 109-148; December 21, 2005) appropriated another $ 1.7 million for the commission. Title II of the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, 2008 (P.L. 110-161; December 19, 2007) appropriated another $ 2 million for the commission's needs. Title III of the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009 (P.L. 111-8; March 10, 2009) appropriated another $ 2 million for the commission's needs. Title III of the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010 (P.L. 111-88; October 29, 2009) appropriated another $ 3 million for the commission's needs, and $ 16 million for construction costs. The construction funds were to remain available until expended. Department of Defense and Full-Year Continuing Appropriations Act, 2011 (P.L. 112-10; April 14, 2011) zeroed out commission salaries and expenses. Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112-74; December 17, 2011) restored $ 2 million for commission salaries and expenses. The legislation appropriated $ 30.99 million for design and construction costs, provided that "beginning in fiscal year 2012 and thereafter, any procurement for the construction of the permanent memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower...may be issued which includes the full scope of the project". The legislation also declared that the funds provided by Congress thus far shall be deemed to be sufficient to meet the fundraising requirements of the Commemorative Works Act (as amended), so that a construction permit shall issue. Section 1413 of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6; March 21, 2013) lowered the fiscal 2013 appropriation for commission salaries and expenses to $ 1.05 million and construction funds to zero. It also set the date for expiration of the commission's authority to begin construction at September 30, 2020. Section 138(b) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-46; October 16, 2013) suspended the $ 30.99 million construction funding for the memorial until: (1) the enactment into law of an appropriation for any project or activity provided for in this joint resolution; (2) the enactment into law of the applicable appropriations Act for fiscal year 2014 without any provision for such project or activity; or (3) January 15, 2014. Title III of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 (P.L. 113-76; January 16, 2014) appropriated $ 1 million for commission salaries and expenses, to remain available until expended. It did not address the suspension of construction authority. Section 131(b) of the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2015 (P.L. 113-164; September 18, 2014) again suspended the $ 30.99 million construction funding for the memorial.

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Appropriations Committee in June 2015 contained no funding for the memorial, required the commission to limit its operations to "essential" daily functions only, and ordered the commission to comply with the CWA fundraising requirements before construction could begin. A nonbinding clause in the bill asked the commission to consider restarting the design process. "However, the Commission's ongoing indifference to the views of the Eisenhower family, and the resulting lack of consensus on the memorial design, remain an area of significant concern," the bill read. "It is inconceivable and unacceptable to the Committee that a memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower could be designed, approved, and built without the active support of the Eisenhower family." The full House Appropriations Committee approved the draft on June 16. The draft Senate version of the bill funded commission operations at $ 1 million in fiscal 2016. The Senate bill contained nonbinding language, advising the memorial commission that "Construction should not commence until there is broad support among the public, the Eisenhower family and Congress."

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lights to be used, and the location and height of lighting poles). Webb delivered a presentation on the quotations to be used on the memorial, but CFA members questioned whether the plan to use extracted and combined quotations would create the impression of "authentic text" where none existed. Webb discussed landscaping and signage with the CFA in March 2015. The CFA was positive about the landscaping design, although it suggested some changes and ask for additional study. It was more critical of the signage, and asked for alterations. Webb discussed sculptural elements with the commission in April, and generally praised the improvements. A review of design concepts for the tapestries, columns, and overlook wall occurred in May 2015, and strongly approved of these. As is often the case, the CFA asked for full-scale mock-ups (both day and night) for these elements.

1394: 1358: 1454: 1430: 1382: 1490: 1370: 1346: 1478: 48: 31: 1036:. The statue of Eisenhower as a boy was relocated from its central location to a promenade located between the metal tapestry and the Department of Education building, and some text from Eisenhower's June 22, 1945, "Homecoming Speech" will be etched on a nearby wall. The architects felt this would better emphasize Eisenhower's attempts to create a Department of Education and in expanding the federal role in funding primary, secondary, and higher education. Four trees near the center of the memorial were also removed to improve views of the tapestry. The revisions needed to be approved by the NCPC and CFA. 6368: 504: 417:

political parties). The law provided for a chair and vice chair (they could not be members of the same political party), the appointment of new members in case of vacancy, and a date for the initial meeting (nor more than 45 days after all appointments have been made). Members of the commission would receive no compensation. The commission had the power to spend money appropriated or donated to it, accept donations, hold hearings, and enter into contracts. It was required to make annual reports to the President and Congress, and make a report about the memorial plans as soon as possible.

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campaign. OSL, however, argued that the legacy organizations would benefit from the successful completion of the memorial. OSL crafted a fundraising plan for the commission, and outreach to 200 major donors (defined as those individuals of high net worth) began in 2013. The commission targeted "individuals with a direct link to President Eisenhower and his legacy; organizations and individuals with an interest in the E-Memorial educational component; and friends and admirers of Frank Gehry and his work" in key markets such as

1148:, both members of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission's advisory board, OSL also reached out to members of the Giving Back Fund, all of whom are capable of donating more than $ 10 million. As of March 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission had already raised $ 1.7 million in donations and pledges. Once the memorial design was approved, the commission said it was ready to move forward on fundraising outreach to corporations, foundations, and international organizations and foreign governments. 684:, launched an investigation into the competition. Although Issa's primary concern was the memorial's design, Issa requested that Eisenhower Memorial Commission chair Rocco Siciliano provide the committee with copies of all proposed designs submitted during the competition, a detailed description of competition process and the means by which the commission selected the Gehry submission, and documentation on all votes taken by the commission regarding the competition. Issa, in his capacity as an 425:. A commission staff was also established. An executive director was required to be employed, and the commission was authorized to hire staff (including an architect, and no more than three senior staff) and accept volunteers. Commissioners (and staff and volunteers) were now reimbursed for their reasonable travel expenses. Most importantly, an unlimited amount of money was authorized (but not actually appropriated) to carry out the commission's duties and to design and construct the memorial. 495:

work of President Eisenhower). The Eisenhower Memorial Commission's March 2013 budget report to Congress, however, says that the legacy organizations were unable to agree on what form the living memorial would take. Whatever the reasons, the Commission rejected a living memorial. According to the memorial commission, Susan Eisenhower and representatives from other legacy organizations reached a consensus that the existing legacy groups already formed a "living memorial".

851:, praised the concept of the roofless building and defended the size of the tapestries: "Mr. Gehry and his collaborators have developed hand-weaving techniques so that the screens really do resemble tapestries. Having seen full-size mock-ups of the screens on the site, I am convinced that their size will not be out of scale with the surroundings." David Childs, former chair of both the NCPC and U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, wrote to Congress in support of the design. 6083: 251:

tapestry "walls", the preliminary design proved controversial. After several years of hearings and several design changes by Gehry, including reducing the number of columns and tapestries, final design approvals were given in 2017, and the groundbreaking ceremony was held at the 4-acre (1.6 ha) site on November 3 of that year, which was attended by dignitaries. The dedication ceremony was initially scheduled for May 8, 2020, the 75th anniversary of

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However, the CWA requires that the commission have at least 75 percent of construction funds in hand before work could begin. Although the legislation authorizing the memorial originally waived the CWA's requirements, the 2014 legislation barring the commission from expending its remaining funds also withdrew that waiver. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission said it would ask Congress to restore the waiver so that construction could begin immediately.

625: 80: 55: 569:, a design and architectural firm, to assist it in evaluating these three sites. A report was considered by the commission at its March 2005 meeting. Commissioner David Eisenhower successfully moved that the commission limit its focus to Freedom Plaza and the Maryland Avenue site. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission unanimously chose the unnamed plaza bounded by Maryland Avenue SW, 4th Street SW, and 6th Street SW as its preferred site. 6524: 6504: 6514: 1029:

brokered a compromise. On September 14, 2016, Susan Eisenhower issued a letter in which she said Gehry Partners had agreed to include images of the D-Day landing sites (as they exist today) on the metal tapestry. A new quote ("The proudest thing I can claim is that I am from Abilene") would be added to the quotes carved into the blocks of stone. With these changes, the Eisenhower family agreed to support the memorial.

6494: 668:. Shubow characterized the design process as rigged in Gehry's favor, and established a web site, EisenhowerMemorial.net, to attack the Gehry design. Edward A. Feiner, former chief architect of GSA and the creator of the Design Excellence Program. also objected to the memorial competition for being a closed competition. Critics also included Paul D. Spreiregen, architect, professional advisor for the 797:: "Building a quasi-fenced precinct makes no sense. The narrative theme relating to Eisenhower's boyhood, so visually dominant in the present design, also makes no sense. Gehry instead could craft a less grandiose yet visually powerful memorial composition..." Columnist Richard Cohen wrote that the Memorial did not accurately capture Eisenhower's life. George F. Will also opposed the design in 1193:

had received a total of $ 25 million to build the memorial. Major donations (in the $ 1 million to $ 5 million range) had been received from FedEx, Honeywell, Pfizer, and an anonymous donor. Commission officials said that if Congress authorized another $ 41 million in 2018, the commission would have enough money to build the memorial (a total of $ 111 million).

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it to consider a memorial design that eliminated the tapestries and columns. Gehry threatened to remove his name from the project if the stripped-down version of the design Issa requested was approved and sent to the NCPC. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission met on September 17, 2014, to consider Gehry's design changes. But the commission lacked a

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fundraising for the memorial would be needed. This was an important issue for the Eisenhowers, who have established or sit on the board of directors of six legacy organizations. The family was concerned that fundraising for the memorial would negatively affect their ability to fundraise for these legacy organizations. In 2008, however,

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The Eisenhower Memorial Commission asked Congress for a significant budget expenditure in fiscal 2016. In addition to a $ 2 million operating budget (for salaries and expenses), the commission requested $ 68.2 million to begin construction. However, the draft appropriations bill approved by the House

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On December 16, 2014, President Barack Obama signed Public Law 113–235 (128 Stat. 2443), which set aside $ 1 million for salaries and expenses of commission members and the cost of construction design. But all other funding for the memorial was zeroed out, and Congress eliminated the 2011 CWA funding

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By March 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission had spent $ 8.721 million of the $ 46.99 million in existing design and construction funds. However, in October 2013 Congress suspended the commission's exception to the full funding requirement of the CWA until it had the necessary funds, essentially

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On June 6, 2013, The Eisenhower Memorial Commission premiered the first of six videos which it said would be part of the e-memorial. The new video focused on D-Day. The film, which put the viewer in the role of Eisenhower as he made critical decisions regarding the Normandy landings, used rarely-seen

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in 1958—will be augmented with still images, video, and audio to both provide greater insight into how these events were not only important to Eisenhower but also helped change national and world affairs. Some visual components will be superimposed onto the physical memorial, to provide interactivity

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and its immediate environs. Any memorial erected in Area 1 required the approval of Congress. Congress provided that approval in "Approving the location of the commemorative work in the District of Columbia honoring former President Dwight D. Eisenhower" (P.L. 109–220; May 5, 2006), which authorized

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to reconcile the House and Senate versions of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act in 1999. The conferees inserted language (Section 8162) to authorize the memorial and establish the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission into the conference report. The House approved the appropriations act

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expressed praise for Frank Gehry, citing Gehry's original concept of tracing the journey of a young man from Kansas to the pinnacles of success as a warrior and the leader of a great nation as "the very best way to illustrate President Eisenhower's significant achievements..." Pulitzer Prize-winning

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culture critic, praised the design: "Gehry has produced a design that inverts several of the sacred hierarchies of the classical memorial, emphasizing ideas of domesticity and interiority rather than masculine power and external display. He has 're-gendered' the vocabulary of memorialization, giving

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The design process began in 2006. At a commission meeting to consider design principles in March 2006, Siciliano mentioned Gehry for a second time as a possible designer. Susan Eisenhower, who was present as a member of the audience, asked if "the design vocabulary would be modern or traditional". A

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during the Eisenhower administration and who had proved critical in winning statehood for Alaska. The Eisenhower Institute had also honored Stevens with its Eisenhower Leadership Prize in 1999. Siciliano broached the idea of a memorial with Stevens. Stevens suggested a bipartisan effort, and brought

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The Eisenhower family announced their support for the memorial in September 2016. Fundraising had netted about $ 8 million as of December 1, 2016. In May 2017, a fiscal 2017 spending bill was enacted into law which gave the commission $ 45 million in construction funds. The commission announced it

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The cost of constructing the memorial was estimated to be $ 65 million to $ 75 million in October 2014. The memorial commission said it had $ 22 million in appropriated funds to left to begin construction, which the commission said it would use for site preparation (estimated to cost $ 22 million).

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In early September 2014, Gehry submitted another revised design to the commission. This design eliminated the east and west tapestries, moved the columns back from Independence Avenue, and made other, smaller changes to the memorial. The following week, Issa sent a letter to the commission, asking

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Gehry's initial tapestry design, which depicted the Kansas landscape, received unanimous concept approval from United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) on September 15, 2011, including affirmation that the scale and artistry were appropriate. The Department of Education originally questioned the

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magazine reported that, at a commission meeting in June 2007, Siciliano said the Eisenhower Institute concluded a "living memorial" would duplicate the work of the institute and other "legacy organizations" (private foundations and nonprofits dedicated to perpetuating the legacy and carrying on the

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Federal agencies are usually required to hold competitions for federal contracts. But when an agency is unsure whether there are more than two sources expert enough to bid on the contract, it may issue a sources-sought notice to see if there are more experts or companies capable of bidding. If the

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As with most previous presidential memorials, the activities of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission and the design and construction of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial were initially intended to be fully funded by the federal government. The commission assured the Eisenhower family that no private

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In order to pursue a physical memorial, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission needed the authority to erect a memorial on public lands. Congress immediately gave it that permission in Section 8120 of the Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery From and Response to

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was raised as a potential model. Siciliano expressed his view that a living memorial would be far too costly to endow and operate, but senators Stevens and Inouye thought the idea had merit. The Eisenhower Memorial Commission gave the Eisenhower Institute either a $ 200,000 contract or a $ 400,000

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On April 3, 2014, the National Capital Planning Commission voted 7-to-3 to deny preliminary approval of the memorial. The NCPC said it was supportive of a memorial, but rejected the current design because it failed to preserve the vista along Maryland Avenue SW, failed to preserve the view of the

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Section 8162 of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2000 (P.L. 106–79; October 25, 1999) established the Eisenhower Memorial Commission and appropriated $ 300,000 for its expenses. Section 8120 of the Department of Defense and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Recovery From and

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At its meeting on January 23, 2017, the CFA approved of the tapestry change, but did not support moving the boyhood statue behind the tapestry nor the removal of the four trees. The agency asked for the architects to revisit and resubmit the design for final approval, and asked that a full-size,

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With the Eisenhower family still unhappy with the memorial design, Congressional funding for the memorial appeared uncertain. James Baker, former U.S. Secretary of State and a member of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission advisory commission, met with members of the family and the design team and

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editorial board also endorsed the project, noting that "Mr. Gehry's proposal promises to be a wonderful addition to the face of the Mall, a vision Washington is lucky to have. Moving forward, Congress should authorize these plans as quickly as possible so the memorial can proceed on schedule. As

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is permitted to issue a construction permit. Additionally, the CWA requires a memorial foundation to raise an additional amount, equal to 10 percent of the memorial's total construction costs, for deposit in a memorial maintenance trust fund (administered by the National Park Service). The 2011

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Eisenhower Memorial architect Craig Webb met with the Commission of Fine Arts on February 19, 2015, to seek approval of the memorial's lighting design, but the CFA declined to approve his proposal and asked him to return with a more concrete plan (one which included details on the actual ground

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On October 2, 2014, the NCPC voted 10–1 in to approve Gehry's revised preliminary design. The NCPC-approved design now headed back to the CFA. On October 16, the CFA approved the revised preliminary design. This approval allowed the memorial's designers to begin working on the specifics of the

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In 2008, Congress enhanced the commission's duties and powers. Section 332 of the Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 (P.L. 110–229; May 8, 2008) more clearly defined the commission's ability to solicit donations and contract for specialized services, and permitted it to do so outside of

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created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, and charged it with creating "...an appropriate permanent memorial to Dwight D. Eisenhower...to perpetuate his memory and his contributions to the United States." Originally designed as a "roofless" temple outlined by large columns, and mesh

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challenged this finding in a May 22 letter to the District of Columbia's State Historic Preservation Officer, arguing that the memorial would significantly alter the L'Enfant Plan. NPS Facility Division Chief Sean Kennealy replied to issues raised by Moore and others on June 4, concluding that

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The setting for the 4-acre (1.6 ha) memorial on Maryland Avenue would be framed by giant welded steel tapestries supported by columns 80 feet (24 m) tall by 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. The largest tapestry would extend nearly the entire city-block length of the Department of Education

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said Bishop "tried to restart the design competition". Although the subcommittee selected mostly witnesses who were critical of the Gehry design, a few defended the design competition process as fair. William J. Guerin, assistant commissioner for the Office of Construction at GSA, said critics

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Selection of this site immediately caused controversy. Some urban planning advocates who wanted to restore Maryland Avenue SW to its original alignment through the square were angry because the memorial would preclude it. Nonetheless, on November 8, 2005, the National Capital Memorial Advisory

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from 1948 to 1950, and was appointed by Eisenhower in 1953 to be the Assistant Secretary of Labor for employment and manpower activities. In 1957, Eisenhower made Siciliano his Special Assistant to the President for Personnel Management. In 1958, he engineered a meeting between Eisenhower and

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The commission consulted with the fundraising consulting firm Odell, Simms & Lynch (OSL) in February 2011 to develop a fundraising strategy. Representatives of the Eisenhower family met with OSL in March 2012, during which time the Eisenhowers expressed their concern with the fundraising

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to conduct business, as only five members attended (all four presidentially-appointed members, and Rep. Sanford Bishop). In a private vote conducted via email on September 23, the commission approved Gehry's revised design. A motion to delay consideration of the design for several weeks was

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On September 8, 2013, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission cancelled its appearance before the NCPC meeting scheduled for September 12. The Eisenhower Commission explained, "We have decided to forego appearing before NCPC on Sept. 12 in the belief that the next few months would be better spent

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P.L. 106-79 appropriated $ 300,000 to fund the commission's initial activities. The law established a 12-member commission, four of whom were to be appointed by the President, four by the Senate (equally split between both political parties), and four by the House (equally split between both

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and the approach of the 50th anniversary of Eisenhower's election as president increased interest in the 34th President. In 1999, his last year as the institute's chairman, Siciliano decided to push for a memorial to Eisenhower. Siciliano knew Senator Stevens, a highly decorated World War II

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Congress has appropriated some funds for the memorial's design and construction, however. Congress appropriated $ 16 million in the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010 (P.L. 111–88; October 29, 2009), and $ 30.99 million in the Consolidated

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Senator Daniel Inouye was an original member of the commission. He was appointed on February 23, 2000, and elected Vice Chair by the commission. He died on December 17, 2012, and Susan Banes Harris replaced him as Vice Chair. Senator Manchin was appointed his replacement on December 18,

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The basic theme of the Eisenhower memorial was outlined at the Eisenhower Memorial Commission's first meeting in June 2000. Senator Stevens said he wanted an out-of-the-box design, and Senator Inouye said the design should be so spectacular that the Eisenhower Memorial would surpass the

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Congress's fiscal year 2014 omnibus bill appropriated only $ 1 million to the project instead of the requested $ 51 million, which halved the Eisenhower Commission's annual operating budget. The bill effectively blocked construction until the next round of appropriations. According to

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On May 8, 2015, the National Park Service issued a final draft of its Determination of Effect, a legally required assessment of the project's negative impact on nearby historic properties. The document affirmed that any impact would be minimal. Prominent local architect

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contract (sources differ as to the amount) to study the issue. While the Eisenhower Institute studied the issue, the Commission agreed to also study a physical monument, which meant developing a vision for the memorial and identifying potential sites in Washington, D.C.

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In August 2012, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission announced plans for an "e-memorial" to accompany the physical one. Eisenhower Memorial Commission officials claimed the Eisenhower Memorial would be the first presidential memorial to be augmented with an e-memorial.

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member of the National Capital Planning Commission, also directed the Eisenhower Memorial Commission to preserve all documentation related to the competition and the Gehry design. Issa's investigation went no further than that in 2012. However, on March 20, 2012, the

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In December 2011, David Eisenhower resigned from the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. As the family's representative, Commissioner Eisenhower voted three times in favor of the preferred design concept, including most recently at the July 2011 Commission meeting.

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magazine, Gehry was Commissioner David Eisenhower's second choice. Nonetheless, David Eisenhower was reportedly very pleased with Gehry's selection. In March 2009, David Eisenhower said he could "vouch for the integrity and excellence of the selection process."

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endorsed Gehry's design revision, and "applaud the decision, courage, and commitment of time" that the design team gave to the Section 106 Consultation Meeting process, noting that there were no negative impacts on the view and vista of the U.S. Capitol.

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The Commission of Fine Arts gave its unanimous final approval to the memorial's detailed plans on June 17, 2015. The approval meant that the memorial now needed the authorization of the NCPC, which scheduled a vote on for its final approval for July 9.

768:, Dwight Eisenhower's grandson. It represents Eisenhower as president and general through large stone bas reliefs and text. Although final images and quotations were still under consideration, the leading alternative image representing the general was 421:

existing federal law. The commission was also empowered to seek the assistance of any federal agency (so long as it paid for that assistance), enter into cooperative agreements with the same, and to procure administrative and support services from the

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H.R. 1126, Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Completion Act. Legislative Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation of the Committee on Natural Resources. U.S. House of Representatives. 113th Cong., 1st sess. Serial No.

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D-Day footage. The General Services Administration issued a "sources-sought notice" asking scholars and educators to submit their names and availability to help design elementary and secondary school lesson plans for use on the memorial's Web site.

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Representative Jerry Moran was an original member of the commission, and was appointed on March 21, 2000. Moran resigned on January 3, 2011, due to his election to the U.S. Senate. Representative Simpson was appointed his replacement on April 15,

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The Continuing Resolution approved by Congress on October 16, 2013, zeroed all construction funding and prohibited starting construction. It also required that all funding necessary to complete construction be in place before construction began.

4409: 925:, the NCPC recommendation "calls the testing of the memorial materials insufficient, takes issue with the scale and placement of the columns and tapestries, and raises questions about whether the design fulfills its aim to be an 'urban park.'" 7540: 690: 1441: 732:

On March 25, 2010, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission unanimously selected the preferred design concept created by Frank O. Gehry and the commission and design team completed its first round of meetings with federal review agencies.

649:, the General Services Administration revealed that it solicited and received design entries from fewer than 50 firms. None of the firms were minority-owned firms, six firms were owned by women, and 11 firms were small businesses. 3294: 633:

commission staff member said her question was "premature". Siciliano answered Eisenhower by saying the final memorial would be a "high-quality" one, and then mentioned again that Gehry was interested in designing the monument.

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to create a document which would outline "what the National Eisenhower Memorial should be, including goals, requirements, constraints, and opportunities." The following year, the commission issued a call for proposals via the

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On November 21, 2013, the memorial again went before the Commission of Fine Arts, where commissioners critiqued the design, which did not receive approval. Commissioner Alex Krieger, Professor in Practice of Urban Design at

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On July 9, 2015, the NCPC voted 9–1 to approve the final design submissions for the Eisenhower Memorial. (At least one industry publication noted that the project was now a joint venture between Gehry Partners and

4153: 1020:, which provides technical and management support services.) Although the NCPC was worried about the durability of the tapestry material and welds, the memorial commission's submission assuaged these concerns. 3150: 1718:(D-Kansas) was an original member of the commission. He was appointed on March 21, 2000. His term in Congress ended on January 3, 2011. Representative Bishop was appointed his replacement on October 14, 2011. 1089:. Development costs for the app were anticipated to be $ 2 million, and the National Park Service would be responsible for maintaining and upgrading the e-memorial once the Eisenhower Memorial was dedicated. 1040:

on-site mock-up of the Normandy tapestry be provided for commissioners' viewing to ensure the tapestry's legibility. In October 2017, the NCPC approved design changes to the tapestry showing the site of the

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According to a report by House Appropriations Committee investigators, the memorial commission had received just $ 447,618 in contributions. $ 300,000 of these cash donations came from a single donor.

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In May 2012, in response to public and congressional criticism Gehry proposed additional modifications to the memorial and the Eisenhower Commission published new mock-ups by his firm on its website.

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After receiving more details from those on its selected short list, the Eisenhower Memorial Commission selected the proposal submitted by Frank Gehry of Gehry Partners on March 31, 2009. According to

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memorial, such as the statuary, the specific quotations to be used, the fonts for these quotations, landscaping, paving, and more. CFA and NCPC approval were needed for all design-specific elements.

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to the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Cole had previously criticized Gehry's design in articles and congressional testimony. Cole served on the board of advisors for the National Civic Art Society.

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answer is yes, then a competitive bidding process will be held. If the answer is no, then the agency is permitted to issue a single-source contract and forego the competitive bidding mechanism.

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Terrorist Attacks on the United States Act, 2002 (P.L. 107–117; December 20, 2001). The 2001 act gave the commission the right to erect a memorial on public lands under the jurisdiction of the

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designed by Local Projects, a media design firm which has worked with museums and historic sites to develop similar projects. Seven key episodes in Eisenhower's life—including his entry at

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Making Appropriations for the Department of Defense for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2000, and For Other Purposes: Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 2561. 106th Cong., 1st sess

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Additional design changes were made in early December 2016. The metal tapestry was changed to remove all images of Abilene, and now only featured the present-day Normandy coast at

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Appropriations Act, 2012 (P.L. 112–74; December 17, 2011). The 2011 legislation was also important because it allowed the commission to meet a critical fundraising challenge. The

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Landscape architects Laurie Olin and William Pedersen called the design a worthy tribute to a great national leader that was "in sympathy with the character of Washington, D.C."

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architecture critic, said about the design, "It's way too big. It's too cartoony. Someone should scrub the design and start over." Roger L. Lewis, an architect and a professor

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By June 2015, the memorial's cost had risen to an estimated $ 142 million to $ 150 million. This was the cost still cited in December 2016. On July 13, 2015, the government of

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staff informed the commission that Congress was no longer likely to completely fund the design and construction of the memorial due to the economic downturn caused by the

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magazine, wrote nine days after the hearing that the design competition was a "limited request for qualifications" rather than a closed competition. Architectural critic

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defeated. The commission forwarded only one design (Gehry's preferred revision) to the NCPC for its consideration, rather than the two alternatives requested by Issa.

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The choice of the Maryland Avenue site involved additional congressional action. The Commemorative Works Act barred the erection of any memorials within "Area 1", the

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Ms. Harris is an original member of the commission. She was appointed a member on July 20, 2000. She was named Vice Chair after the death of Senator Inouye in 2012.

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waiver. But despite the preliminary design approval, Anne and Susan Eisenhower spent the first several months of 2015 lobbying Congress for changes in the memorial.

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Senator Roberts is an original member of the commission. He was appointed on January 24, 2000. Roberts was elected chairman of the commission on April 28, 2015.

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Video of March 19, 2013 House Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands Hearing on H.R. 1126, the "Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Completion Act"

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was elected to the United States Senate in November 2010. Senator Moran was appointed to the commission on April 12, 2011. He resigned on September 17, 2014.

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Senator Ted Stevens was an original member of the commission. He was appointed on January 24, 2000. His term in the Senate ended on January 3, 2009. Senator

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magazine, chairman Siciliano early on raised architect Frank Gehry as a potential designer. Siciliano was already friends with Gehry: they both lived in

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Fiscal Year 2015 Budget Justification: Working with Congressional Partners to Build the Permanent Memorial to General and President Dwight D. Eisenhower

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legislation declared that the funds provided by Congress thus far shall be deemed to be sufficient to meet both fundraising requirements of the CWA.

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Members of the Commission of Fine Arts in 2013, who initially approved the memorial's concept, then later issued strong critiques of the design.

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requirements for preserving open space, and did not " the building lines of the surrounding rights-of-way". At the request of Representative

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sculpted the bronze statues of Eisenhower in various settings. The memorial's tapestry artist was Tomas Osinski, and the inscription artist,

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it new life and vitality." Former member of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts Witold Rybczynski, whose critique of the memorial appeared in

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said the report received "a remarkable amount of attention, offering talking points for conservative columnists and critics." Writing in

401:. Siciliano worked with Stevens and Inouye to write the legislation that would authorize a memorial and establish a memorial commission. 197: 6724: 6589: 5254: 5161: 2432: 1682:(R-Utah) was appointed as his replacement on March 12, 2009. Senator Bennett's term in office ended on January 3, 2011. Representative 4124: 2779: 718:

decried the general tone of the hearing as "mindless innuendo and vituperative allegations", and Cramer agreed. Lydia DePillis of the

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C-SPAN Video of March 20, 2012 House Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands Hearing on the Eisenhower Memorial

937:, said the design would fail as a "traditional first-semester architecture exercise." Also in November, a "weary" Gehry told the 394: 4040: 2859: 557:

and a site on Maryland Avenue SW. An Eisenhower family member requested in September 2004 that the commission also consider the

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Three individuals were behind the successful effort to establish a memorial to President Dwight D. Eisenhower: Rocco Siciliano,

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Commission approved the Eisenhower Memorial Commission's request that the Eisenhower Memorial be located on Maryland Avenue.

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Maryland Avenue SW would be enhanced by the elimination of parking lots and the memorial's alignment of tree plantings.

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Memorials in Washington have historically been controversial. The design was severely criticized by the president's son

584:. The plaza is surrounded by institutions connected to Eisenhower's legacy, including the Department of Education, the 7207: 7074: 7069: 6825: 6734: 5614: 5389: 5142: 4978: 4837:

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton: 2000-2001. Book I, January 1 to June 26, 2000

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The Eisenhower Memorial Commission consisted of 12 appointed commissioners. Members in December 2020 are listed below.

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the bill "zeroes out federal funding for construction and asks for a progress report on private fundraising efforts."

6820: 6771: 6624: 6137: 5750: 5510: 5488: 5060: 4825: 934: 6527: 3653:"Letter: Dwight D. Eisenhower National Memorial - planting plan, sign plan, and perimeter security. CFA 19/MAR/15-1" 3086: 2696: 2271: 972:, the NCPC asked the Eisenhower Memorial Commission to report back to it every two months on its memorial redesign. 7463: 7375: 7222: 7044: 7017: 6546: 6307: 6302: 6245: 5466: 5240: 1600: 1590:

This program is a process for identifying, interviewing, and hiring architects of excellence for federal buildings.

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MacKenzie, G. Calvin (2001). "The State of the Presidential Appointments Process". In MacKenzie, G. Calvin (ed.).

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preventing the commission from building a memorial (even if approved by the Commission of Fine Arts or the NCPC).

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The commission's preferred design concept was approved in March 2010, which included the approval of Commissioner

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anywhere in the District of Columbia or its environs. The act also placed the memorial under the authority of the

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Building, and would depict an aerial view of Normandy Beach at the present day. Elements of Eisenhower's home in

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The commission moved ahead with pre-planning for the design competition in 2007. It hired the architectural firm

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Twenty-six sites were reviewed by the Eisenhower Memorial Commission. The criteria for choosing a site included:

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On July 18, 2013, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts approved the general concept of the memorial in a 3–1 vote.

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or some other organization which would help to perpetuate the legacy and values of President Eisenhower. The

7550: 7336: 7293: 7142: 7054: 6867: 6086: 5883: 4971: 3002: 2515: 1839: 1141: 637: 597: 577: 385: 4927: 7488: 7247: 6980: 6761: 6746: 6604: 6497: 5125: 1557: 3679:"Letter: Landscape planting plan, pole lighting, bas-relief sculptures, and inscriptions. CFA 16/APR/15-1" 7326: 7110: 6877: 6862: 6040: 4951: 1274: 2578: 2017: 896:, Philip Langdon called the report "scathing" and said it included "devastating pieces of information." 888:

story, the report is a book-length critique of the memorial's competition, design, and agency approval.

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Representative Thornberry is an original member of the commission, and was appointed on March 21, 2000.

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between the physical and virtual worlds. Some of the materials used by the app will be provided by the

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described the debate as a disorganized parade of criticism which was reaching "historic proportions".

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The Gehry 'Towers' Over Eisenhower: The National Civic Art Society Report on the Eisenhower Memorial,

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The Gehry 'Towers' Over Eisenhower: The National Civic Art Society Report on the Eisenhower Memorial

2406: 604:. The commission requested that the site be named "Eisenhower Square" once the memorial was built. 7122: 7029: 7022: 6798: 6714: 6629: 6352: 6240: 6225: 6175: 5632: 5557: 5516: 5493: 5449: 5321: 5311: 2245: 1679: 1264: 757: 468: 464: 460: 455: 2272:

The Gehry Towers Over Eisenhower: The National Civic Art Society Report on the Eisenhower Memorial

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Mr. Geduldig is an original member of the commission. He was appointed a member on July 20, 2000.

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is set in a park-like plaza, with large columns framing a mesh tapestry depicting the site of the

7442: 7079: 7034: 6930: 6887: 6850: 6814: 6782: 6674: 6654: 6614: 6478: 6392: 6386: 5899: 5481: 5425: 5305: 5115: 3569:"National Capital Planning Commission Votes to Approve Frank Gehry's Revised Ike Memorial Design" 1153: 1134: 833: 745:

tapestries. However, following revisions and meetings including the review of tapestry mock-ups,

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entertaining as these squabbles have often been, enough is enough already." Television producer

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372-to-55 on October 13, and the Senate followed by a vote of 87-to-11 on October 14. President

7545: 6935: 6644: 6619: 6155: 5875: 5770: 5085: 2921:"Letters of Support for the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial From Leaders of the Design Community" 1471:

Information on Side of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower's presidency at Eisenhower Memorial

827: 746: 364: 247: 2123:"Architect Frank Gehry's Concept for Eisenhower Memorial Sets Aside Popular Curvilinear Style" 752:

wrote that the U.S. Department of Education supported the current design of the memorial. The

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The design competition has been strongly criticized. An early critic of the competition was

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Several Eisenhower family members, however, expressed their desire for a "living memorial".

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Three sites were short-listed by the commission. The first was on the ground floor of the

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building at 2301 Constitution Avenue NW. The structure's vast atrium, which looks out on

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requires a memorial foundation to raise 75 percent of the construction costs before the

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in selecting a site, meet certain fundraising requirements, and meet certain deadlines.

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Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.

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said in July 2013 a new design competition would take five years and cost $ 17 million.

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mischaracterized the call for proposals as a closed competition. Ned Cramer, editor of

450: 368: 327: 6513: 4067:"Dwight D. Eisenhower National Memorial. New Memorial. Revised final. CFA 23/JAN/17-2" 3597:"Eisenhower Memorial Commission Enters Next Phase With Eye Toward 2015 Groundbreaking" 2077: 433: 7368: 7252: 7212: 7192: 7154: 7064: 6958: 6250: 5976: 5964: 5865: 5812: 5785: 5658: 5503: 5336: 5326: 5100: 4895: 4821: 3984:"More changes made to design of stalled Eisenhower Memorial to appease grandchildren" 1954: 1840:"Eisenhower Memorial in D.C. is complete. Coronavirus delays dedication to September" 1447:

Rear View of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower's presidency at Eisenhower Memorial

1069: 1041: 380: 331: 256: 228: 2893:. Washington, D.C.: National Capital Planning Commission. p. 25. Archived from 902: 271:

U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower earlier commanded Allied forces in World War II.

6729: 6570: 6292: 6205: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5891: 5837: 5579: 4274: 4272: 1145: 1123: 1077: 958: 805: 780: 765: 593: 475: 446: 437: 352: 323: 307: 201: 111: 100: 3627:"Eisenhower Memorial design work continues as Commission seeks construction funds" 3435:"Eisenhower Memorial commission, surprised by disapproval, to seek 'path forward'" 645:'s Design Excellence Program. After initially denying a FOIA request filed by the 7268: 7232: 7197: 6449: 6215: 6145: 6072: 6065: 5946: 5934: 5907: 5870: 5832: 5743: 5353: 5348: 5070: 4958: 4931: 4889: 4815: 3487:"Eisenhower Memorial to Consider Plan That Removes Most of Frank Gehry's Designs" 1728: 1107: 811: 776: 738: 697:

held a hearing into the design competition. Subcommittee chairman Representative

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Innocent Until Nominated: The Breakdown of the Presidential Appointments Process

4289: 4287: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4255: 2347:"Critics Reject Gehry's Eisenhower Memorial Compromise, Optimistic About Change" 267: 262: 7437: 7396: 7308: 6985: 6963: 6945: 6808: 6788: 6195: 5988: 5365: 4846:

Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. S.Rept. 110-97. 110th Cong., 1st sess

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Rear View of Sculpture that Represents Eisenhower at War at Eisenhower Memorial

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View of the Eisenhower Memorial Looking Over the Shoulder of the Boyhood Statue

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written by Justin Shubow, the organization's president. Quoted in a front-page

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Art from the Swamp: How Washington Bureaucrats Squander Millions on Awful Art

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Rocco Siciliano was the first chairman of the Eisenhower Memorial Commission.

1045: 1033: 661: 612: 550: 279: 220: 138: 125: 2035: 7363: 7353: 7132: 6902: 6312: 6230: 6046: 5402: 2198:"House Appropriations Investigators Probing Eisenhower Memorial Commission" 2092: 2054: 1303: 965: 715: 677: 628:

Frank Gehry in 2007, about the time he won the memorial design competition.

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Site of the proposed Eisenhower Memorial (red boundary) in Washington, D.C.

410: 4868:(Report). Washington, D.C.: Eisenhower Memorial Commission. Archived from 4817:

Shocking the Conscience: A Reporter's Account of the Civil Rights Movement

4437:"Eisenhower Memorial Design Nears Approval, but Funding Remains Uncertain" 3394:"John Eisenhower, Military Historian and Son of the President, Dies at 91" 7237: 7159: 7117: 7100: 6925: 6337: 6220: 6150: 6129: 5372: 4843: 3866:"Years in the Making: NCPC Takes Sweeping Action on Three Major Projects" 3736:"For the planned Eisenhower Memorial, a key milestone and a big obstacle" 3318:"Continuing Resolution Strips Fundraising Waiver for Eisenhower Memorial" 2086: 1683: 1254: 1244: 860: 749: 372: 291: 232: 3054:"Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission Meeting Minutes July 12, 2011" 6975: 6427: 6260: 6255: 6022: 5287: 4963: 4091: 1327: 1115: 1061: 914: 698: 479: 4795:"Appointment of Members to Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission". 4765:"Appointment of Members to Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission". 4750:"Appointment of Members to Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission". 3460:"Frank Gehry to Revise Design of Eisenhower Memorial After Complaints" 624: 5637: 4924: 4915: 4780:"Appointment of Member to Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission". 4516: 3848:"Long-Debated Eisenhower Memorial Design Clears Final Federal Hurdle" 2023:(Report). U.S. House of Representatives. October 8, 1999. p. 264 1776:"Is It Possible That the Eisenhower Memorial Will Finally Get Built?" 703: 184: 6367: 4376:"Eisenhower Memorial Plan Still Faces Skepticism, Despite Approvals" 3946:"Eisenhower family gives blessing for Frank Gehry-designed memorial" 791:

at the University of Maryland, criticized and opposed the design in

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Senator Inouye into the effort. Inouye had served in Italy with the

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Clinton, Bill (2001). Mosley, Raymond A.; Carling, John W. (eds.).

4319:"House Appropriators Call for 'Reset' on Eisenhower Memorial Plans" 3918:"National Capital Planning Commission Approves Eisenhower Memorial" 2834:"Review: Frank Gehry's Eisenhower Memorial Reinvigorates the Genre" 1268: 1220: 788: 453:

as the most-visited memorial in the nation's capital. According to

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Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation (2013).

1201: 397:, losing his right forearm in combat, and later being awarded the 4154:"Panel Introduces Education Videos Promoting Eisenhower Memorial" 3113:"Eisenhower Memorial Hearing Scrutinizes Design, Not Legislation" 3028:"Eisenhower's granddaughters critical of Gehry's memorial design" 2883: 1767: 1363:

Eisenhower Memorial Washington DC Facing Southeast, December 2020

580:

by Seaton Section Park, and is adjacent to the north side of the

566: 231:, and sculptures and bas-reliefs arrayed in the park. Architect 4919: 4183:"Lesson Planners Sought For Yet-to-Be-Built Eisenhower Memorial" 375:. After decades of public service, Siciliano became head of the 3573:

ARCHITECT: The Magazine of the American Institute of Architects

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Eisenhower Memorial: Submission for Preliminary Design Approval

2411:

ARCHITECT: The Magazine of the American Institute of Architects

2325:

ARCHITECT: The Magazine of the American Institute of Architects

2250:

ARCHITECT: The Magazine of the American Institute of Architects

1925:"Sen. Roberts Recognizes Eisenhower Ahead of D-Day Anniversary" 1581:

Susan Eisenhower was then chairman of the Eisenhower Institute.

1278: 1248: 1186: 982: 299: 287: 6098: 4860: 4293: 4278: 4263: 3151:"Susan Eisenhower Denounces Designs for Presidential Monument" 2226: 2103: 2071: 2048: 1905: 783:, who said her entire family opposed it. Robert Campbell, the 5378: 4839:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 4463:"Taiwan makes $ 1 million pledge for new Eisenhower Memorial" 4015:"Eisenhower Memorial goes slightly back to the drawing board" 1307: 1297: 1127: 1017: 864:

architectural critic Paul Goldberger lauded Frank Gehry in a

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Authorizing a memorial and establishing a memorial commission

4592:"Kansas Senator Elected to Lead Eisenhower Memorial Project" 4125:"Technology Will Bring History Alive at Eisenhower Memorial" 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 868:

article for earnestly attempting to commemorate Eisenhower.

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signed the bill into law (P.L. 106–79) on October 25, 1999.

5395: 4848:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 4844:

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (June 26, 2007).

4573: 4539: 4537: 2519:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1753:"Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022" 1081: 1048:, and placement of the boyhood statute, with related text. 467:, which in 1991 commissioned Gehry to design its acclaimed 311: 5034:

Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force

3132:"Eisenhower as Barefoot Boy? Family Objects to a Memorial" 3084: 2640:"Gehry's Eisenhower Memorial design needs to be rethought" 2602:"Eisenhower as Barefoot Boy? Family Objects to a Memorial" 880:

In January 2012, the National Civic Art Society published

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Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954

3964: 2433:"Remembering the American Dream: The Eisenhower Memorial" 2321:"House Oversight Takes on Eisenhower Memorial Commission" 1399:

Plaque Near Statue of Ike as a Boy at Eisenhower Memorial

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satisfying the concerns addressed in the ." According to

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National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.

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Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Public Lands

537:"Feasibility of use and avoidance of undue controversy". 490:

The outcome of the living memorial study is not clear.

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List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.

4689:"Sen. Jerry Moran Quits Eisenhower Memorial Commission" 4176: 4174: 3892:"Frank Gehry's Eisenhower Memorial Wins Final Approval" 3702: 3676: 3650: 3620: 3618: 2621:"Pressing Pause, for Cause, On the Eisenhower Memorial" 2482: 1795:"Frank Gehry's Eisenhower Memorial Breaks Ground in DC" 1110:, and that some private fundraising would be required. 404:

Senators Stevens and Inouye were both appointed to the

3765:"Everyone Still Hates the Planned Eisenhower Memorial" 3273:"Eisenhower Memorial Saga Takes Another Strange Twist" 2884:

Gehry Partners; AECOM Joint Venture (August 2, 2013).

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Lyndon Baines Johnson Department of Education Building

255:, but was postponed to September 17, 2020, due to the 7279:

Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia

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Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954

4041:"Revised Renderings for Eisenhower Memorial Released" 1548:

List of sculptures of presidents of the United States

1287:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

440:

advocated a "living memorial" rather than a monument.

79: 54: 4410:"House Republicans would cut EPA spending 9 percent" 4171: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3615: 3288: 3286: 1087:

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum

4820:. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi. 4235:"Eisenhower Memorial Group Makes D-Day Film on Ike" 4008: 4006: 4004: 3796:"Eisenhower Memorial Plan Gets Nod From Arts Panel" 2697:"Why Won't the GOP Stick Up For Dwight Eisenhower?" 2378:"Eisenhower Memorial Design Reset Would Cost $ 17M" 1822:"Ground is Broken on Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial" 6181:California Science Center Air & Space Building 5739:Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite 5552:President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports 5116:Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany 4485: 4483: 4147: 4145: 4092:"Media Release: NCPC Approves Eisenhower Memorial" 3789: 3787: 3785: 3337:"Budget Bill Pinches Proposed Eisenhower Monument" 2148:"Prominent Site Is Chosen for Eisenhower Memorial" 1931:. Hutchinson, Kansas. June 5, 2015. Archived from 1189:announced a $ 1 million donation to the memorial. 600:. The location is also just three blocks from the 534:"Thematic appropriateness to Eisenhower's memory"; 6568: 5444:U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 4894:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 4403: 4401: 3722: 3539:"Eisenhower Memorial panel moves foward [ 3292: 3283: 3250:"Obama Names Critic to Eisenhower Memorial Panel" 2950:"Congress Should Sign Off on Eisenhower Memorial" 2116: 2114: 2112: 1459:Plaque on Column at North East Corner of Memorial 1435:Plaque on Column at North West Corner of Memorial 1387:Eisenhower Memorial View from Independence Avenue 1238:President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate 945:reported that "The project's fate is uncertain." 913:In August 2013, President Barack Obama appointed 7512: 7402:National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial 6700:Japanese American Patriotism During World War II 6318:Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts 5568:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division 4861:Eisenhower Memorial Commission (March 4, 2013). 4585: 4583: 4435:Pogrebin, Robin; Bowley, Graham (July 1, 2015). 4001: 3428: 3426: 3413:"Eisenhower Memorial Losing Support in Congress" 3174:"The Trouble Bedeviling the Eisenhower Memorial" 2659:"With Eisenhower, Art Does Not Imitate His Life" 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 741:would be included, according to the commission. 520:. This required the commission to work with the 484:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 428: 210:Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe 7536:National Park Service areas in Washington, D.C. 6600:Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument 5586:Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act 4614: 4612: 4480: 4142: 3782: 3205:"Gehry Modifies Design for Eisenhower Memorial" 2919:Pederson, William; Olin, Laurie (August 2013). 2239: 2237: 2235: 1543:List of national memorials of the United States 1495:Plaque Outside Gift Shop at Eisenhower Memorial 970:House Oversight and Government Reform Committee 682:House Oversight and Government Reform Committee 7381:Women in Military Service for America Memorial 6991:John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts 4434: 4398: 3591: 3589: 2807:"Proposed memorial is an insult to Eisenhower" 2483:Commission of Fine Arts (September 15, 2011). 2400: 2398: 2338: 2312: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2109: 2087:Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 2007 1375:Eisenhower Memorial Facing West, December 2020 1351:Eisenhower Memorial Facing East, December 2020 531:"Prominence, public access, and availability"; 7459:National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission 6554: 6114: 5828:Statue of Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Capitol) 5766:Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport 5683:Republican Party presidential primaries (1948 4979: 4814:Booker, Simeon; Booker, Carol McCabe (2013). 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4580: 3822:"Eisenhower Memorial clears Fine Arts hurdle" 3758: 3756: 3423: 2485:"Minutes for CFA Meeting - 15 September 2011" 1967: 1865:"Dedication Of Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial" 770:General Eisenhower with 101st Airborne troops 522:National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission 6343:University of Cincinnati College of Medicine 4813: 4627: 4609: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 3293:O'Neal Parker, Lonnae (September 10, 2013). 2918: 2232: 1911: 1483:Rear View of Tapestry at Eisenhower Memorial 1130:, and Washington, D.C. Working with retired 1023: 993: 616:construction of the memorial within Area 1. 7526:Presidential memorials in the United States 5546:People to People Student Ambassador Program 5322:Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization 4680: 4460: 3586: 3085:National Civic Art Society (January 2012). 2540:"Memorials Are Awful. Long Live Memorials!" 2395: 2184: 1827:. Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission. 1553:Presidential memorials in the United States 1340:Images of the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 6804:Signers of the Declaration of Independence 6561: 6547: 6121: 6107: 4986: 4972: 4736: 4350:"Eisenhower Memorial in Criticism Barrage" 4206: 4181:Sernovitz, Daniel J. (November 25, 2014). 3889: 3753: 3677:Commission of Fine Arts (April 24, 2015). 3651:Commission of Fine Arts (March 26, 2015). 3000: 2857: 2287: 2167:"A Beachhead Near Mall for Ike's Memorial" 2165:Trescott, Jacqueline (November 30, 2005). 1946: 941:, "I don't know whether will get built." 772:prior to the D-Day invasion in June 1944. 379:in the 1990s. The 50th anniversary of the 16:U.S. national memorial in Washington, D.C. 6971:Frederick Douglass National Historic Site 6393:World Trade Center Performing Arts Center 5708:United States Presidential election (1952 4887: 4299: 4180: 4151: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 3940: 3938: 3733: 3513:"Design Issues Delay Eisenhower Memorial" 3432: 3391: 3231:"Eisenhower Memorial Passes Another Test" 3148: 2831: 2809:. The Washington Examiner. Archived from 2288:Spreiregen, Paul D. (December 20, 2011). 2120: 1899: 334:for valor for his actions as part of the 5803:Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center 5628:Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 4993: 4925:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission 4653:. December 18, 2013. p. S8983-8984. 4347: 4038: 3819: 3703:Commission of Fine Arts (May 29, 2015). 3392:Goldstein, Richard (December 22, 2013). 3334: 3295:"Proposed Eisenhower memorial hits snag" 3129: 2782:. The American Spectator. Archived from 2618: 2599: 2459:"The Eisenhower Memorial: Keeping Score" 2456: 2164: 1820:Cimko, Chris Kelley (November 2, 2017). 1200: 957:U.S. Capitol building, did not meet the 901: 672:competition, and former chairman of the 623: 502: 432: 266: 7531:National Memorials of the United States 7521:2020 establishments in Washington, D.C. 6328:Serpentine Gallery 2008 Summer Pavilion 4834: 4589: 4543: 4461:Nycz-Conner, Jennifer (July 14, 2015). 4407: 4232: 4209:"Eisenhower Memorial: Now With Doodads" 4039:Carodine, Victoria (January 23, 2017). 3981: 3863: 3845: 3793: 3624: 3536: 3510: 3484: 3171: 2832:Kennicott, Philip (December 15, 2011). 2750:"Eisenhower Memorial, Washington, D.C." 2694: 2537: 1519:Site of the memorial under construction 871: 586:Department of Health and Human Services 7513: 6523: 4676:. April 12, 2011. p. S2402-S2403. 4122: 4109: 4065:Luebke, Thomas E. (January 27, 2017). 4064: 3935: 3915: 3734:Sernovitz, Daniel J. (June 15, 2015). 3566: 3543:] with controversial Gehry design" 3433:Sernovitz, Daniel J. (April 4, 2014). 3372: 3356:"Eisenhower Memorial Stuck in Neutral" 3228: 2430: 2404: 2269: 1857: 1773: 1197:Eisenhower Memorial Commission members 567:M. Arthur Gensler Jr. & Associates 6921:Basilica of the Immaculate Conception 6542: 6102: 4967: 3890:Rosenfield, Karissa (July 13, 2015). 3762: 3537:McGlone, Peggy (September 24, 2014). 3511:McGlone, Peggy (September 17, 2014). 3485:McGlone, Peggy (September 16, 2014). 3315: 3202: 3110: 2858:Rybczynski, Witold (March 22, 2012). 2712:"Gehry's Ghastly Eisenhower Memorial" 2676:Will, George F. (February 17, 2012). 2656: 2637: 2619:Campbell, Robert (October 13, 2012). 2318: 2243: 1990: 1837: 1819: 1172: 803:. The design has been criticized in 727: 619: 7150:United States Supreme Court Building 6493: 6411:Philadelphia Museum of Art Expansion 5761:Eisenhower Executive Office Building 5698:Republican National Convention (1952 5133:Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952 4686: 4489: 4373: 4316: 4207:Schweitzer, Ally (August 31, 2012). 4123:Somers, Meredith (August 30, 2012). 4096:National Capital Planning Commission 4012: 3625:McGlone, Peggy (February 19, 2015). 3410: 3353: 3270: 3172:Langdon, Philip (February 8, 2012). 3149:Kennicott, Philip (March 20, 2012). 3130:Pogrebin, Robin (February 6, 2012). 2974: 2678:"Eisenhower Memorial misses the man" 2675: 2600:Pogrebin, Robin (February 6, 2012). 2431:Betsky, -Aaron (February 13, 2012). 2375: 2344: 2195: 2121:Kennicott, Philip (March 26, 2010). 1991:Joynt, Carol Ross (April 30, 2014). 754:National Capital Planning Commission 62:Show map of Central Washington, D.C. 7433:Gold Star Mothers National Monument 7428:George Washington Memorial Building 7040:Lincoln's Cottage at Soldiers' Home 6595:American Veterans Disabled for Life 5929:Mary "Mamie" Geneva Doud Eisenhower 4687:Hess, Hannah (September 24, 2014). 4294:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 2013 4279:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 2013 4264:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 2013 4152:Kennicott, Phillip (June 5, 2013). 3982:McGlone, Peggy (December 1, 2016). 3373:Aspden, Peter (November 22, 2013). 3335:McKinnon, John (October 19, 2013). 3316:Capps, Kriston (October 16, 2013). 3247: 2774: 2752:Metropolis Magazine. Archived from 2568: 2345:Hess, Hannah (September 16, 2014). 2227:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 2013 2104:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 2013 2072:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 2013 2049:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 2013 1774:Bowley, Graham (November 2, 2017). 198:United States presidential memorial 13: 5615:Student loans in the United States 5390:National Aeronautics and Space Act 4784:. October 14, 2011. p. H6966. 4638:. February 23, 2000. p. S751. 4412:. Associated Press. Archived from 4374:Hess, Hannah (November 26, 2014). 4348:Pogrebin, Robin (March 19, 2013). 3354:Hess, Hannah (November 25, 2013). 3271:Hess, Hannah (September 8, 2013). 3229:Somers, Meredith (July 18, 2013). 2709: 1792: 1285:Four members are appointed by the 1236:Four members are appointed by the 1212:Four members are appointed by the 975: 14: 7562: 6772:National Statuary Hall Collection 5751:Eisenhower National Historic Site 5511:Federal Voting Assistance Program 5489:Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 5061:1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy 4909: 4590:Zongker, Brett (April 29, 2015). 3763:Freed, Benjamin (June 16, 2015). 3567:Gerfen, Katie (October 2, 2014). 3411:Hess, Hannah (January 15, 2013). 3111:Capps, Kriston (March 19, 2013). 2747: 2638:Lewis, Roger K. (April 6, 2012). 2538:Resnick, Bryan (March 21, 2013). 2457:DePillis, Lydia (March 4, 2012). 2405:Cramer, Ned (February 29, 2012). 2270:Shubow, Justin (March 18, 2012). 2244:Capps, Kriston (March 28, 2012). 935:Harvard Graduate School of Design 695:House Natural Resources Committee 498: 314:, was called to active duty as a 212:during World War II and the 34th 7464:National Mall and Memorial Parks 7376:United States Air Force Memorial 7045:Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool 6522: 6512: 6502: 6492: 6366: 6246:Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health 6082: 6081: 5467:Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954 4788: 4773: 4769:. April 15, 2011. p. H2902. 4758: 4754:. March 21, 2000. p. H1138. 4711: 4657: 4642: 4623:. January 24, 2000. p. S11. 4549: 4509: 4454: 4428: 4367: 4341: 4226: 4013:Goff, Karen (January 23, 2017). 3820:Clabaugh, Jeff (June 18, 2015). 3794:McGlone, Peggy (June 18, 2015). 3001:Goldberger, Paul (August 2012). 2804: 2727:"Who likes Ike? Not Frank Gehry" 2724: 2657:Cohen, Richard (April 9, 2012). 2319:Capps, Kriston (March 9, 2012). 1721: 1708: 1698: 1689: 1672: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1616: 1606: 1601:Government Accountability Office 1524: 1512: 1507:Gift Shop at Eisenhower Memorial 1500: 1488: 1476: 1464: 1452: 1440: 1428: 1416: 1404: 1392: 1380: 1368: 1356: 1344: 674:American Institute of Architects 543:United States Institute of Peace 78: 71: 53: 46: 29: 7497:Commemorating African-Americans 6128: 6018:Eisenhower baseball controversy 5563:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 5523:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 5385:EURATOM Cooperation Act of 1958 5096:People of Western Europe speech 5018:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 4807: 4799:. July 31, 2013. p. H5256. 4668:. March 12, 2009. p. S3092 4517:"Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial" 4490:Goff, Karen (August 17, 2017). 4408:Freking, Kevin (June 9, 2015). 4233:Zongker, Brett (June 6, 2013). 4200: 4084: 4058: 4032: 3916:Madsen, Deane (July 10, 2015). 3909: 3883: 3846:McGlone, Peggy (July 9, 2015). 3839: 3813: 3696: 3670: 3644: 3560: 3530: 3504: 3478: 3452: 3404: 3385: 3366: 3347: 3328: 3309: 3264: 3241: 3222: 3196: 3165: 3142: 3123: 3104: 3078: 3059:. July 12, 2011. Archived from 3046: 3020: 2994: 2977:"None of My Business—Or Is It?" 2975:Lear, Norman (March 20, 2013). 2968: 2942: 2912: 2877: 2860:"I Like Ike (and His Memorial)" 2851: 2825: 2798: 2768: 2741: 2718: 2703: 2688: 2669: 2650: 2631: 2612: 2593: 2562: 2531: 2507: 2476: 2450: 2424: 2369: 2281: 2263: 2140: 2010: 1953:. Encounter Books. p. 15. 1593: 1584: 1575: 643:General Services Administration 590:Federal Aviation Administration 423:General Services Administration 336:87th Mountain Infantry Regiment 7485:Public art in Washington, D.C. 5604:National Defense Education Act 5575:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957 5091:June 6, 1944, order of the day 5076:European Theater of Operations 5010:President of the United States 4317:Hess, Hannah (June 17, 2015). 2376:Hess, Hannah (July 17, 2013). 1947:Bruce Cole (August 28, 2018). 1917: 1872:Eisenhower Memorial Commission 1831: 1786: 1745: 1214:President of the United States 1104:House Appropriations Committee 1066:United States Military Academy 1060:The e-memorial will be a free 638:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 395:442nd Infantry Combat Regiment 348:National Labor Relations Board 214:President of the United States 1: 6211:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 5885:Backstairs at the White House 5756:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 5580:Little Rock Nine intervention 5472:Internal Revenue Code of 1954 3864:Sagalow, Zoe (July 9, 2015). 2571:"How Should We Remember Ike?" 2277:(Report). pp. 18, 26–30. 2196:Hess, Hannah (July 1, 2014). 1563: 1531:The memorial lit up at night. 1142:Republican National Committee 1080:of 1957, and the creation of 1051: 598:National Air and Space Museum 578:National Air and Space Museum 429:Living vs. inanimate memorial 322:student. Promoted quickly to 194:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 185:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 87:Show map of the United States 35:The memorial in December 2020 24:Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial 7489:American Revolution Statuary 7248:United States Botanic Garden 5848:Other tributes and memorials 5126:European Advisory Commission 4071:U.S. Commission of Fine Arts 1558:List of works by Frank Gehry 572:The plaza is separated from 388:pilot who had worked in the 219:Located to the south of the 7: 7332:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 7327:Arlington National Cemetery 7085:St. John's Episcopal Church 6710:Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove 6298:Novartis Pharma A.G. Campus 6041:Introduction to Outer Space 6029:And I don't care what it is 5843:Places named for Eisenhower 5426:Outer Continental Shelf Act 5247:Military–industrial complex 4496:Washington Business Journal 4467:Washington Business Journal 4187:Washington Business Journal 4019:Washington Business Journal 3950:Washington Business Journal 3870:Washington Business Journal 3826:Washington Business Journal 3740:Washington Business Journal 3601:Washington Business Journal 3439:Washington Business Journal 3203:Adler, Ben (May 15, 2012). 1536: 1078:racial desegregation crisis 10: 7567: 6590:African American Civil War 6455:Organization of the artist 6313:Ray and Maria Stata Center 6278:Merriweather Post Pavilion 6201:Dr Chau Chak Wing Building 5294:Korean Armistice Agreement 5265:Presidential Proclamations 5172:State of the Union Address 5026:Chief of Staff of the Army 4521:www.eisenhowermemorial.org 3178:Better! Cities & Towns 1838:Horan, Tim (May 8, 2020). 1334: 1158:Department of the Interior 1096: 1074:election to the presidency 894:Better! Cities & Towns 666:National Civic Art Society 647:National Civic Art Society 514:Department of the Interior 390:Department of the Interior 235:designed the memorial and 166:760,603 (in 2022) 7482: 7451: 7420: 7412:Peace Corps Commemorative 7407:National Liberty Memorial 7389: 7349:Marine Corps War Memorial 7337:John F. Kennedy gravesite 7317: 7284:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 7274:Arlington Memorial Bridge 7261: 7173: 6913: 6841:Statues of the Liberators 6831:Theodore Roosevelt Island 6826:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 6577: 6488: 6463: 6437: 6420: 6375: 6364: 6303:Ohr–O'Keefe Museum Of Art 6268:Maggie's Centre at Dundee 6136: 6060: 6010: 5919: 5856: 5808:Eisenhower Medical Center 5721: 5678:Draft Eisenhower movement 5670: 5651: 5528:Interstate Highway System 5455:National Wool Act of 1954 5412: 5344:Atomic Energy Act of 1954 5306:"Chance for Peace" speech 5273: 5141: 5081:Allied invasion of Sicily 5044: 5001: 1223:(Former Senator R-Kansas) 1024:Additional design changes 994:Detailed design approvals 670:Vietnam Veterans Memorial 246:On October 25, 1999, the 180: 170: 162: 154: 117: 107: 96: 40: 28: 23: 7294:Francis Scott Key Bridge 7111:Freedman's Bank Building 7030:National Building Museum 7023:National Capitol Columns 6725:Law Enforcement Officers 6353:Walt Disney Concert Hall 6241:Louis Vuitton Foundation 6226:Guggenheim Museum Bilbao 6176:Cabrillo Marine Aquarium 5879:(1949 television series) 5633:Civil Rights Act of 1960 5558:Civil Rights Act of 1957 5517:Bank Holding Company Act 5494:Agricultural Act of 1956 5450:Agricultural Act of 1954 5301:1953 Iranian coup d'état 4957:October 4, 2013, at the 3375:"Interview: Frank Gehry" 1912:Booker & Booker 2013 1294:William (Mac) Thornberry 758:Architect of the Capitol 469:Walt Disney Concert Hall 465:Los Angeles Philharmonic 461:Santa Monica, California 7443:National Slave Memorial 7080:Smithsonian Institution 7035:National Gallery of Art 6931:Capitol Reflecting Pool 6783:Nuns of the Battlefield 6742:Martin Luther King, Jr. 6479:Sketches of Frank Gehry 6308:Peter B. Lewis Building 6273:Marqués de Riscal Hotel 5901:Ike: Countdown to D-Day 5482:Small Watershed Program 3709:Commission of Fine Arts 3683:Commission of Fine Arts 3657:Commission of Fine Arts 3341:The Wall Street Journal 3003:"A Monumental Conflict" 2695:Kabaservice, Geoffrey. 2489:Commission of Fine Arts 1755:. National Park Service 1154:Commemorative Works Act 834:The Washington Examiner 565:. The commission hired 518:Commemorative Works Act 206:Dwight David Eisenhower 139:38.887182°N 77.018771°W 6936:Congressional Cemetery 6777:Navy – Merchant Marine 6186:Cinémathèque Française 6156:Art Gallery of Ontario 5771:Eisenhower Fellowships 5086:Armistice of Cassibile 4930:July 17, 2019, at the 4719:"Congressional Record" 2569:Hopkins, Christopher. 2290:"Letter to the Editor" 1232:Catherine Ann Stevens 1206: 1072:in 1944, Eisenhower's 907: 828:The American Spectator 747:Secretary of Education 629: 574:Independence Avenue SW 563:Independence Avenue SW 561:at 14th Street SW and 555:Pennsylvania Avenue NW 508: 441: 365:Martin Luther King Jr. 272: 248:United States Congress 7128:United States Capitol 6954:First Air Mail Marker 6941:DAR Constitution Hall 6472:The Seven-Beer Snitch 6387:Estació de la Sagrera 6283:Museum of Pop Culture 6236:Jay Pritzker Pavilion 6035:Atoms for Peace Award 5971:Ida Stover Eisenhower 5967:(great-granddaughter) 5540:Fish and Wildlife Act 5420:Executive Order 10479 5229:Judicial appointments 5121:Disarmed Enemy Forces 4920:National Park Service 4213:Washington City Paper 2463:Washington City Paper 2437:ArchitectMagazine.com 1204: 905: 721:Washington City Paper 627: 602:United States Capitol 506: 436: 357:civil rights movement 344:Georgetown Law School 270: 253:Victory in Europe Day 241:Nicholas Waite Benson 175:National Park Service 144:38.887182; -77.018771 7551:Dwight D. Eisenhower 7359:Netherlands Carillon 7183:Constitution Gardens 6868:Victims of Communism 6720:Marquis de Lafayette 6640:Dwight D. Eisenhower 6407:(under construction) 6405:Grand Avenue Project 6399:Guggenheim Abu Dhabi 6333:Sleep Train Pavilion 6171:BP Pedestrian Bridge 6001:Milton S. Eisenhower 5959:Mary Jean Eisenhower 5818:Eisenhower Golf Club 5776:Eisenhower Institute 5622:Hawaii Admission Act 5610:Federal Perkins Loan 5598:Humane Slaughter Act 5592:Alaska Statehood Act 5460:Special Milk Program 4995:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4797:Congressional Record 4782:Congressional Record 4767:Congressional Record 4752:Congressional Record 4674:Congressional Record 4666:Congressional Record 4651:Congressional Record 4636:Congressional Record 4621:Congressional Record 4129:The Washington Times 3952:. September 21, 2016 3235:The Washington Times 3209:Architectural Record 2550:on February 25, 2014 1799:Architectural Record 872:Further developments 406:conference committee 377:Eisenhower Institute 346:, he worked for the 101:District of Columbia 7493:Civil War Monuments 7299:Pennsylvania Avenue 7289:Constitution Avenue 6996:Library of Congress 6883:Washington Monument 6757:George B. McClellan 6747:Korean War Veterans 6605:Mary McLeod Bethune 6445:Cardboard furniture 6348:Vitra Design Museum 6338:Team Disney Anaheim 6166:Binoculars Building 5983:Edgar N. Eisenhower 5798:U.S. Postage stamps 5781:Eisenhower Monument 5438:Submerged Lands Act 5283:Eisenhower Doctrine 5106:Operation Veritable 5066:Louisiana Maneuvers 4596:The Washington Post 4158:The Washington Post 3988:The Washington Post 3852:The Washington Post 3800:The Washington Post 3631:The Washington Post 3547:The Washington Post 3517:The Washington Post 3491:The Washington Post 3466:. September 4, 2014 3305:on October 4, 2013. 3299:The Washington Post 3161:on August 23, 2013. 3155:The Washington Post 3034:. December 16, 2011 3032:The Washington Post 2981:The Huffington Post 2954:The Washington Post 2928:Eisenhower Memorial 2900:on December 4, 2013 2838:The Washington Post 2699:. The New Republic. 2682:The Washington Post 2663:The Washington Post 2644:The Washington Post 2495:on October 10, 2014 2294:The Washington Post 2171:The Washington Post 2154:. November 27, 2005 2127:The Washington Post 1881:on October 22, 2020 1314:Sanford Bishop, Jr. 1005:Arthur Cotton Moore 923:The Washington Post 890:The Washington Post 856:The Washington Post 842:The Washington Post 823:Metropolis Magazine 800:The Washington Post 794:The Washington Post 547:Constitution Avenue 330:, he was awarded a 171:Governing body 135: / 7223:National Arboretum 7218:Meridian Hill Park 7055:National Cathedral 7018:National Arboretum 6863:United States Navy 6821:Jean de Rochambeau 6705:Jefferson Memorial 6690:Holodomor Genocide 6377:Under construction 6358:Weisman Art Museum 6323:Santa Monica Place 5995:Earl D. Eisenhower 5823:Eisenhower Theater 5533:Highway Trust Fund 5432:Refugee Relief Act 5332:1955 Geneva Summit 5255:Kennedy transition 5111:Berlin Declaration 4942:Public Law 107-117 4875:on October 6, 2014 4699:on October 6, 2014 4441:The New York Times 4354:The New York Times 4045:Architect Magazine 3922:Architect Magazine 3603:. October 16, 2014 3398:The New York Times 3322:Architect Magazine 3252:. Associated Press 3184:on October 4, 2013 3136:The New York Times 2864:The New York Times 2714:. National Review. 2606:The New York Times 2407:"Spike Eisenhower" 2357:on October 6, 2014 2300:on October 4, 2013 2208:on August 21, 2014 1914:, p. 143-148. 1780:The New York Times 1330:) - Vice Chairman 1226:Susan Banes Harris 1207: 1173:Additional funding 943:The New York Times 908: 886:The New York Times 848:The New York Times 840:Philip Kennicott, 779:and granddaughter 728:Design development 630: 620:Design competition 509: 451:Jefferson Memorial 442: 369:A. Philip Randolph 328:United States Army 273: 158:September 17, 2020 7508: 7507: 7501:Outdoor sculpture 7369:Pentagon Memorial 7253:West Potomac Park 7193:East Potomac Park 7155:Watergate complex 7106:Treasury Building 7095:The Arts of Peace 7050:National Archives 6665:James A. Garfield 6536: 6535: 6251:Loyola Law School 6096: 6095: 6073:John F. Kennedy → 6066:← Harry S. Truman 5977:Arthur Eisenhower 5965:Jennie Eisenhower 5895:(1979 miniseries) 5887:(1979 miniseries) 5877:Crusade in Europe 5866:Eisenhower jacket 5813:Eisenhower Trophy 5786:Eisenhower dollar 5660:Crusade in Europe 5647: 5646: 5504:Soil Bank Program 5337:1960 U-2 incident 5167:1957 inauguration 5162:1953 inauguration 5101:Normandy landings 4937:Public Law 106-79 4574:National Archives 4281:, pp. 31–32. 2786:on April 14, 2012 2780:"Monumental Egos" 2756:on April 20, 2012 2725:Walt, Stephen M. 1960:978-1-59403-997-3 1844:The Wichita Eagle 1042:Normandy landings 559:Auditors Building 381:Normandy landings 257:COVID-19 pandemic 237:Sergey Eylanbekov 229:Normandy landings 225:national memorial 190: 189: 108:Nearest city 7558: 7208:Lafayette Square 6873:Vietnam Veterans 6836:Taras Shevchenko 6794:John J. Pershing 6767:Peter Muhlenberg 6730:Lincoln Memorial 6685:Holocaust Museum 6680:Ulysses S. Grant 6660:Thomas Gallaudet 6571:Washington, D.C. 6563: 6556: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6526: 6525: 6516: 6506: 6496: 6495: 6421:Furniture design 6370: 6293:New World Center 6231:IAC Building NYC 6206:DZ Bank building 6123: 6116: 6109: 6100: 6099: 6085: 6084: 5953:Susan Eisenhower 5941:David Eisenhower 5838:Mount Eisenhower 5271: 5270: 5260:Executive Orders 5241:Farewell address 5037: 5029: 5021: 5013: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4916:Official website 4905: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4840: 4831: 4801: 4800: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4723:www.congress.gov 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4695:. Archived from 4684: 4678: 4677: 4672:"Appointments". 4669: 4664:"Appointments". 4661: 4655: 4654: 4649:"Appointments". 4646: 4640: 4639: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4619:"Appointments". 4616: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4416:on June 18, 2015 4405: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4386:on July 11, 2015 4382:. Archived from 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4329:on June 18, 2015 4325:. Archived from 4314: 4297: 4291: 4282: 4276: 4267: 4261: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4239:Associated Press 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4010: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3979: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3301:. Archived from 3290: 3281: 3280: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3248:Zongker, Brett. 3245: 3239: 3238: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3180:. Archived from 3169: 3163: 3162: 3157:. Archived from 3146: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2813:on July 31, 2012 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2729:. Foreign Policy 2722: 2716: 2715: 2710:Weigel, George. 2707: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2625:The Boston Globe 2616: 2610: 2609: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2577:. Archived from 2575:National Journal 2566: 2560: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2546:. Archived from 2544:National Journal 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2491:. Archived from 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2353:. Archived from 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2296:. Archived from 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2230: 2229:, pp. 9–10. 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2204:. Archived from 2193: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2152:Associated Press 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2118: 2107: 2101: 2090: 2084: 2075: 2069: 2052: 2046: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2014: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1988: 1965: 1964: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1880: 1874:. Archived from 1869: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1749: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1620: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1468: 1456: 1444: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1396: 1384: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1146:Frank Fahrenkopf 963: 806:The New Republic 781:Susan Eisenhower 766:David Eisenhower 594:Voice of America 476:Susan Eisenhower 447:Lincoln Memorial 438:Susan Eisenhower 353:African American 342:. A graduate of 340:Italian Campaign 324:first lieutenant 318:in 1943 while a 308:Italian American 302:). Siciliano, a 202:Washington, D.C. 150: 149: 147: 146: 145: 140: 136: 133: 132: 131: 128: 112:Washington, D.C. 88: 82: 81: 75: 63: 57: 56: 50: 33: 21: 20: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7555: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7478: 7447: 7416: 7385: 7342:Arlington House 7319: 7313: 7269:Anacostia River 7257: 7233:Rock Creek Park 7198:Farragut Square 7175: 7169: 7091:The Arts of War 7075:Old Stone House 7070:Old Post Office 6909: 6878:Vietnam Women's 6799:Second Division 6715:John Paul Jones 6630:Albert Einstein 6573: 6567: 6537: 6532: 6484: 6459: 6450:Digital Project 6433: 6416: 6378: 6371: 6362: 6216:Gehry Residence 6146:8 Spruce Street 6138:Completed works 6132: 6127: 6097: 6092: 6056: 6006: 5961:(granddaughter) 5955:(granddaughter) 5949:(granddaughter) 5947:Anne Eisenhower 5935:John Eisenhower 5915: 5871:Eisenhower Tree 5858: 5852: 5833:Fort Eisenhower 5717: 5666: 5643: 5413:Domestic policy 5408: 5354:Restricted Data 5349:Atoms for Peace 5327:New Look policy 5269: 5145: 5137: 5071:Operation Torch 5056:Military career 5047: 5040: 5032: 5024: 5016: 5005: 4997: 4992: 4959:Wayback Machine 4932:Wayback Machine 4912: 4902: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4851: 4849: 4828: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4748: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4634:"Appointment". 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4600: 4598: 4588: 4581: 4567: 4565: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4546:, p. 2141. 4542: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4488: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4406: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4300: 4292: 4285: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4179: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4150: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4121: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4011: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3980: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3856: 3854: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3792: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3761: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3732: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3623: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3595: 3594: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3424: 3409: 3405: 3390: 3386: 3379:Financial Times 3371: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3333: 3329: 3314: 3310: 3291: 3284: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3170: 3166: 3147: 3143: 3128: 3124: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3066:on May 24, 2012 3063: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2956:. July 26, 2013 2948: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2723: 2719: 2708: 2704: 2693: 2689: 2674: 2670: 2655: 2651: 2636: 2632: 2617: 2613: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2581:on May 26, 2013 2567: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2403: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2343: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2286: 2282: 2274: 2268: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2246:"They Like Ike" 2242: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2194: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2110: 2102: 2093: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2055: 2047: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1989: 1968: 1961: 1945: 1938: 1936: 1935:on May 11, 2019 1923: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1793:Madsen, Deane. 1791: 1787: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1735: 1729:Leonard Boswell 1727:Representative 1726: 1722: 1714:Representative 1713: 1709: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1508: 1505: 1496: 1493: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1460: 1457: 1448: 1445: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1412: 1409: 1400: 1397: 1388: 1385: 1376: 1373: 1364: 1361: 1352: 1349: 1337: 1229:Alfred Geduldig 1199: 1175: 1108:Great Recession 1099: 1054: 1026: 996: 978: 976:Design approval 968:, chair of the 961: 939:Financial Times 874: 812:National Review 777:John Eisenhower 739:Abilene, Kansas 730: 680:, chair of the 622: 501: 431: 386:Army Air Forces 355:leaders of the 290:), and Senator 265: 143: 141: 137: 134: 129: 126: 124: 122: 121: 92: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 84: 83: 66: 65: 64: 61: 60: 59: 58: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7564: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7506: 7505: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7438:Mammy memorial 7435: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7397:Adams Memorial 7393: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7323: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7309:Zero Milestone 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7213:L'Enfant Plaza 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7179: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7103: 7098: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6993: 6988: 6986:Jefferson Pier 6983: 6981:Islamic Center 6978: 6973: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6964:Petersen House 6959:Ford's Theatre 6956: 6951: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6890: 6888:Daniel Webster 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6851:Robert A. Taft 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6815:Three Soldiers 6811: 6809:The Extra Mile 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6789:Peace Monument 6786: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6695:Andrew Jackson 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6675:Samuel Gompers 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6655:First Division 6652: 6650:David Farragut 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6615:James Buchanan 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6581: 6579: 6575: 6574: 6566: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6510: 6500: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6381: 6373: 6372: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Disney Village 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6077: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5989:Roy Eisenhower 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5731: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5366:Food for Peace 5358: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5309: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5275:Foreign policy 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4922: 4911: 4910:External links 4908: 4907: 4906: 4900: 4885: 4858: 4841: 4832: 4826: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4787: 4772: 4757: 4735: 4710: 4679: 4656: 4641: 4626: 4608: 4579: 4562:whitehouse.gov 4548: 4533: 4508: 4479: 4453: 4427: 4397: 4366: 4340: 4298: 4283: 4268: 4251: 4225: 4199: 4170: 4141: 4108: 4083: 4057: 4031: 4000: 3963: 3934: 3908: 3882: 3838: 3812: 3781: 3752: 3721: 3695: 3669: 3643: 3614: 3585: 3559: 3529: 3503: 3477: 3451: 3422: 3403: 3384: 3365: 3346: 3327: 3308: 3282: 3263: 3240: 3221: 3195: 3164: 3141: 3122: 3103: 3077: 3045: 3019: 2993: 2967: 2941: 2930:. pp. 3–6 2911: 2876: 2850: 2824: 2797: 2776:Scruton, Roger 2767: 2740: 2717: 2702: 2687: 2668: 2649: 2630: 2611: 2592: 2561: 2530: 2506: 2475: 2449: 2423: 2394: 2368: 2337: 2311: 2280: 2262: 2231: 2219: 2183: 2139: 2108: 2091: 2076: 2053: 2034: 2009: 1966: 1959: 1916: 1904: 1900:MacKenzie 2001 1892: 1856: 1830: 1812: 1785: 1766: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1720: 1707: 1697: 1688: 1671: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1592: 1583: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1321: 1311: 1301: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1262: 1252: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1198: 1195: 1174: 1171: 1138:Paul X. Kelley 1098: 1095: 1053: 1050: 1025: 1022: 995: 992: 977: 974: 873: 870: 818:Foreign Policy 785:Boston Globe's 729: 726: 664:, head of the 621: 618: 539: 538: 535: 532: 500: 499:Site selection 497: 430: 427: 399:Medal of Honor 361:Lester Granger 304:Roman Catholic 264: 261: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 98: 94: 93: 77: 76: 70: 69: 68: 67: 52: 51: 45: 44: 43: 42: 41: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7563: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7546:National Mall 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7304:Potomac River 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7228:Pershing Park 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7203:Freedom Plaza 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:Dupont Circle 7186: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7165:Willard Hotel 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123:Union Station 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Octagon House 7063: 7061: 7060:National Mall 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670:Kahlil Gibran 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6645:John Ericsson 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6569:Landmarks of 6564: 6559: 6557: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6529: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6499: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6374: 6369: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Neuer Zollhof 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6191:Dancing House 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6089: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6052:Kay Summersby 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5791:commemorative 5789: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499:Soil Bank Act 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5317:Domino theory 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5234:Supreme Court 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4886: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4827:9781617037894 4823: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4615: 4613: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4557:"White House" 4552: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4402: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4296:, p. 32. 4295: 4290: 4288: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4266:, p. 30. 4265: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4175: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3770: 3769:Washingtonian 3766: 3759: 3757: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3533: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3088: 3081: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2896: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2805:Cole, Bruce. 2801: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2755: 2751: 2748:Krier, Leon. 2744: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2706: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2518: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2273: 2266: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2223: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2172: 2168: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2051:, p. 19. 2050: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2019: 2013: 1998: 1997:Washingtonian 1994: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1902:, p. 16. 1901: 1896: 1885:September 18, 1877: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1823: 1816: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1701: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1619: 1609: 1602: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1479: 1474: 1467: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1329: 1325: 1324:Mike Thompson 1322: 1319: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1259:West Virginia 1256: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1076:in 1952, the 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1046:Pointe du Hoc 1043: 1037: 1035: 1034:Pointe du Hoc 1030: 1021: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1000: 991: 987: 984: 973: 971: 967: 960: 959:L'Enfant Plan 954: 952: 946: 944: 940: 936: 930: 926: 924: 918: 916: 911: 904: 900: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 869: 867: 862: 857: 852: 850: 849: 843: 838: 836: 835: 830: 829: 824: 820: 819: 814: 813: 808: 807: 802: 801: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 762: 759: 755: 751: 748: 742: 740: 734: 725: 723: 722: 717: 713: 712: 706: 705: 700: 696: 692: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662:Justin Shubow 658: 655: 654:Washingtonian 650: 648: 644: 639: 634: 626: 617: 614: 613:National Mall 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551:Freedom Plaza 548: 544: 536: 533: 530: 529: 528: 525: 523: 519: 515: 505: 496: 493: 492:Washingtonian 488: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 457: 456:Washingtonian 452: 448: 439: 435: 426: 424: 418: 414: 412: 407: 402: 400: 396: 391: 387: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 280:Daniel Inouye 278: 269: 260: 258: 254: 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221:National Mall 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 186: 183: 179: 176: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 74: 49: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 7354:Mount Vernon 7243:Union Square 7133:Capitol Hill 7094: 7090: 6946: 6903:Rainbow Pool 6898:World War II 6856: 6846:Oscar Straus 6813: 6781: 6762:George Meade 6752:George Mason 6639: 6635:Emancipation 6620:John Carroll 6477: 6210: 6080: 6071: 6064: 6047:Eddie Slovik 6039: 5908: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5755: 5744:Boyhood home 5729:Bibliography 5659: 5403:Operation 40 4890: 4877:. Retrieved 4870:the original 4850:. Retrieved 4836: 4816: 4808:Bibliography 4796: 4790: 4781: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4751: 4726:. Retrieved 4722: 4713: 4701:. Retrieved 4697:the original 4692: 4682: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4635: 4629: 4620: 4599:. Retrieved 4595: 4572:– via 4566:. Retrieved 4560: 4551: 4544:Clinton 2001 4526:December 31, 4524:. Retrieved 4520: 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4495: 4470:. Retrieved 4466: 4456: 4444:. Retrieved 4440: 4430: 4418:. Retrieved 4414:the original 4388:. Retrieved 4384:the original 4379: 4369: 4357:. Retrieved 4353: 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4327:the original 4322: 4244:November 30, 4242:. Retrieved 4238: 4228: 4218:November 30, 4216:. Retrieved 4212: 4202: 4192:November 30, 4190:. Retrieved 4186: 4163:November 30, 4161:. Retrieved 4157: 4134:November 30, 4132:. Retrieved 4128: 4099:. Retrieved 4095: 4086: 4074:. Retrieved 4070: 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4044: 4034: 4022:. Retrieved 4018: 3991:. Retrieved 3987: 3954:. Retrieved 3949: 3925:. 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Retrieved 1996: 1993:"Tug of War" 1949: 1937:. Retrieved 1933:the original 1928: 1919: 1907: 1895: 1883:. Retrieved 1876:the original 1871: 1859: 1847:. Retrieved 1843: 1833: 1815: 1803:. Retrieved 1798: 1788: 1779: 1769: 1757:. Retrieved 1747: 1723: 1716:Dennis Moore 1710: 1700: 1691: 1674: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1618: 1608: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1304:Mike Simpson 1284: 1275:Dan Sullivan 1251:) - Chairman 1235: 1211: 1208: 1191: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1167: 1163: 1150: 1132:Marine Corps 1112: 1100: 1091: 1059: 1055: 1044:centered on 1038: 1031: 1027: 1014: 1010: 1001: 997: 988: 979: 966:Darrell Issa 955: 950: 947: 942: 938: 931: 927: 922: 919: 912: 909: 898: 893: 889: 885: 881: 879: 875: 865: 855: 853: 846: 841: 839: 832: 826: 822: 816: 810: 804: 798: 792: 784: 774: 763: 743: 735: 731: 719: 716:Aaron Betsky 709: 702: 685: 678:Darrell Issa 659: 653: 651: 635: 631: 610: 606: 571: 540: 526: 510: 491: 489: 473: 454: 443: 419: 415: 411:Bill Clinton 403: 274: 245: 218: 193: 191: 18: 7238:The Ellipse 7160:White House 7118:Tudor Place 7101:Tidal Basin 6926:Blair House 6893:World War I 6464:Pop culture 6430:(1969–1973) 6379:or proposed 6221:Gehry Tower 6151:Anaheim Ice 6130:Frank Gehry 5911:(2014 play) 5903:(2004 film) 5373:Suez Crisis 5036:(1943–1945) 5028:(1945–1948) 5020:(1951–1952) 5012:(1953–1961) 4728:October 17, 4568:November 1, 4101:October 20, 4076:January 30, 4050:January 30, 4024:January 29, 3993:January 30, 3956:January 29, 3607:October 17, 3070:January 27, 3038:January 24, 3007:Vanity Fair 2585:October 19, 1801:. BNP Media 1684:Jerry Moran 1680:Bob Bennett 1265:Gary Peters 1255:Joe Manchin 1245:Pat Roberts 1140:and former 866:Vanity Fair 861:Norman Lear 750:Arne Duncan 373:Roy Wilkins 338:during the 332:Bronze Star 292:Ted Stevens 233:Frank Gehry 155:Established 142: / 118:Coordinates 7515:Categories 7262:Boundaries 7176:and plazas 6976:Healy Hall 6428:Easy Edges 6261:LUMA Tower 6256:LUMA Arles 6023:Camp David 5943:(grandson) 5734:Birthplace 5288:Korean War 5157:Transition 5143:Presidency 4901:0815754019 4879:October 3, 4852:October 4, 4703:October 3, 4501:August 22, 4359:October 3, 3578:October 4, 3552:October 4, 3522:October 4, 3496:October 4, 3470:October 4, 3214:October 4, 3188:October 1, 3096:October 4, 2468:October 4, 2442:October 4, 2416:October 4, 2361:October 4, 2330:October 4, 2304:October 4, 2255:October 4, 2176:October 4, 2158:October 4, 2132:October 4, 2027:October 3, 2002:October 3, 1929:Hutch Post 1564:References 1328:California 1122:, Kansas, 1116:California 1062:mobile app 1052:E-memorial 915:Bruce Cole 699:Rob Bishop 686:ex officio 596:, and the 480:think tank 130:77°01′08″W 127:38°53′14″N 7320:landmarks 7001:Jefferson 6610:Boy Scout 6578:Memorials 6528:Wikiquote 6508:Wikibooks 6413:(on hold) 6003:(brother) 5997:(brother) 5991:(brother) 5985:(brother) 5979:(brother) 5671:Elections 5638:Sikes Act 4693:Roll Call 4380:Roll Call 4323:Roll Call 3896:ArchDaily 3417:Roll Call 3360:Roll Call 3277:Roll Call 3117:Architect 2817:April 24, 2790:April 24, 2760:April 24, 2733:April 24, 2382:Roll Call 2351:Roll Call 2202:Roll Call 1805:March 11, 1759:August 2, 1739:Citations 1144:chairman 1068:in 1911, 951:Roll Call 711:Architect 704:Roll Call 204:honoring 7421:Canceled 7364:Pentagon 6947:Exorcist 6625:D.C. 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