EPR (nuclear reactor)

7378: 7368: 7348: 567: 734:, ASN) reported that a quarter of the welds inspected in the secondary containment steel liner are not in accordance with norms, and that cracks have been found in the concrete base. EDF stated that progress was being made on these issues, which were raised very early in construction; however, on 21 May, ASN ordered a suspension of concrete pouring on the site. A month later, concreting work resumed after ASN accepted EDF's corrective action plan, which included external oversight checks. 702: 397:

layer with a liner. ASN highlighted that the EPR design basis assumption that primary and secondary cooling circuit piping would not fail may no longer be appropriate for the simplified EPR2, and requires additional safety demonstrations. Another simplification is that, unlike the first EPR design, the EPR2 design does not allow access to the reactor building for maintenance during reactor operation, which simplifies the design of the reactor building.

30: 360: 1401: 7358: 1415: 22: 511:(STUK), the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, had found a number of safety-related design and manufacturing 'deficiencies'. In August 2007, a further construction delay of up to a year was reported associated with construction problems in reinforcing the reactor building to withstand an aeroplane crash, and the timely supply of adequate documentation to the Finnish authorities. 465: 432:

emergency/safety cooling system/train of the reactor is removed which means maintenance can only be performed when the plant is shut down. This train was added at the request of German electricians in the original EPR design to allow for on-power maintenance. The core catcher has been modified. It has a net power output of 1670 MWe.

797:, gave a statement on 9 July 2020 concerning the release of the report on the delay costs of the Flamanville 3. The report of the Court of Audit revealed that the costs could reach €19.1 billion instead of €12.4 billion when taking into account the additional charges due to the delay in construction. 496:. Siemens ceased nuclear activities in 2011. Initial cost estimates were about €3.7 billion, but the project has since seen several severe cost increases and delays, with latest published cost estimates (from 2012) of more than €8 billion. The station was initially scheduled to go online in 2009. 884:

In June 2016, EDF managers told Members of Parliament that the Hinkley Point C proposal should be postponed, until it has "solved a litany of problems", including EDF's "soaring debts". On 28 July 2016, after the resignation of a board member, the EDF board approved the final investment decision

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reported that Areva had been aware of this problem since 2006. In June 2015, multiple faults in cooling system safety valves were discovered by ASN. In September 2015, EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €10.5 billion, and the start-up of the reactor was delayed to the fourth

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In June 2010, Areva announced €400 million of further provisions, taking the cost overrun to €2.7 billion. The timescale slipped from June 2012 to the end of 2012. In December 2011, TVO announced a further delay to August 2014. As of July 2012, the station was scheduled to start electricity

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In May 2006, construction delays of about one year were announced, following quality control problems across the construction. In part, the delays were due to the lack of oversight of subcontractors inexperienced in nuclear construction. The delays led to disappointing financial results for Areva. It

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issued an opinion on the safety of an outlined new EPR model (EPR2) design. It found that general safety was on the whole satisfactory, though identifying areas for further examination. The most notable simplification is a single layer containment building with a liner as opposed to the EPR's double

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In April 2009, Missouri legislators balked at preconstruction rate increases, prompting AmerenUE to suspend plans for its reactor. In July 2010, Constellation Energy Group cut spending on UniStar for the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Station because of uncertainties for a loan guarantee from the U.S.

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In July 2017, following an internal review, EDF announced revised estimates for the scheme, which included at least £1.5 billion of additional costs and up to 15 months of additional programme, leading to updated total cost estimates of £19.6–20.3 billion. After a number of subsequent cost

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October 2022, it was announced cracks of a few centimetres had been found in all four of the feedwater pump impellers. The cause of the cracks was yet to be determined, and it was unclear how the commissioning schedule would be affected. The feedwater pumps are larger than in other nuclear reactors.

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stated that the design of a "New Model" EPR, or "EPR2", was being worked on, which would be easier to build, and be ready for orders from about 2020, describing it in 2016 as "a reactor offering the same characteristics as today’s EPR but it will be cheaper to build with optimised construction times

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reported that the French government had sent EDF a "mission letter" in which it asked the company to prepare to build a total of six EPR reactors across three sites in the next 15 years. A government decision on the construction of new reactors was not expected until after 2022. EDF has submitted a

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On 8 October 2014, the European Commission announced their agreement, with 16 out of 28 commissioners agreeing with the go ahead of the construction. On 21 September 2015, the British government announced it would provide a £2 billion support package for Hinkley Point C as Britain's first

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On 21 October 2013, EDF Energy announced that an agreement had been reached regarding the nuclear stations to be built on the site of Hinkley Point C. EDF Group and the UK Government agreed on the key commercial terms of the investment contract. The final investment decision was conditional on

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Cold function tests were performed on Taishan 1 in February 2016, with start up expected in the first half of 2017. Taishan 2 was scheduled to start up later that year. However, commissioning dates were put back six months in February 2017, with commercial operation expected in the second

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A further delay was announced in October 2008, making the total delay three years, giving an expected online date of 2012. The parties entered into arbitration to resolve a dispute over responsibility for the delays and final cost overruns. Areva settled the long-running dispute in 2018 by agreeing

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in December 2021. Grid connection took place in March 2022. In May 2022, foreign material was found in the turbine steam reheater, and the plant was shut down for about three months of repair work. Regular production had been expected to begin in December 2022, after a test production phase. On 28

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and the utility involved "are in bitter dispute over who will bear the cost overruns and there is a real risk now that the utility will default". In August 2009, Areva announced €550 million additional provisions for the build, taking station costs to €5.3 billion, and wiped out interim

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From 19 October 2005 to 18 February 2006, the project was submitted to a national public debate. On 4 May 2006, the decision was made by EDF's Board of Directors to continue with the construction. Between 15 June and 31 July 2006, the unit underwent a public enquiry, which rendered a "favourable

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Companies involved in supplying equipment to Taishan Unit 1 include Framatome, which manufactured the steam generators and pressurizer in France, and China’s Dongfang Electric Corp. (DEC), which manufactured the Arabelle turbine in the engine room. That turbine was designed and licensed by

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In January 2022, it was announced that more time was needed for the repair of faulty welds and the solving of other issues. In December 2022, EDF announced a further delay of at least six months with an estimated cost increase of €500 million due to more work to establish a new process for the

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In 2013, EDF acknowledged the difficulties it was having building the EPR design, with its head of production and engineering, Hervé Machenaud, saying EDF had lost its dominant international position in design and construction of nuclear power stations. Machenaud indicated EDF was considering

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safety system. By 1995, there was concern over excessive cost per MW, and output was raised to 1800 MWe in the 1997 design, though this was subsequently reduced to 1650 MWe (net) in the final certified design, for a mains frequency of 50 Hz. It has 4 coolant loops with 1 steam

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on 6 December 2007. As the name implies, this will be the third nuclear reactor on the Flamanville site, and the second instance of an EPR being built. Electrical output will be 1630 MWe (net). The project was planned to involve around €3.3 billion of capital expenditure from

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The EPR2 requires 250 types of pipes instead of 400 for the EPR, 571 valves instead of 13,300 valves for the EPR, and 100 types of doors instead of 300 in the EPR. The EPR2 also uses more prefabricated components, and the electrical buildings can be completely prefabricated. The fourth

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In June 2019, nuclear regulator ASN determined that eight welds in steam transfer pipes passing through the two wall containment, that EDF had hoped to repair after startup, must be repaired before the reactor is commissioned. By then, estimated costs were €11 billion.

83:, which started commercial operation in December 2018. Taishan 2 started commercial operation in September 2019. European units have been so far plagued with prolonged construction delays and substantial cost overruns. The first EPR unit to start construction, at 412:

report concluded that EDF is no longer able to finance EPR2 construction on its own, so financing and profitability issues need to be resolved. The audit office requires that EDF ensure the financing and profitability of EPR2 before constructing any in France.

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generator per loop. There are concrete walls between loops and the hot and cold parts of each loop to protect against failures. Besides the double layer containment there is a concrete wall surrounding the primary system components inside the containment.

897:, then announced that the government would not sign the contract over the next few days as expected, but delay the contract to autumn to "consider carefully all the component parts of this project". Final government approval was given in September 2016. 1251:

reached an agreement with the UAE cabinet that "outlines a cooperation framework for the assessment and possible use of nuclear energy for peaceful ends". This agreement was not a contract for EPR construction by any of the French nuclear companies,

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In August 2010, the regulator, ASN, reported further welding problems on the secondary containment steel liner. The same month, EDF announced that costs had increased 50% to €5 billion, and commissioning was delayed by about two years to 2014.

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In April 2020, Framatome signed a long-term service contract with TNPJVC to support operations of the two EPRs. This contract covers nuclear plant outage and maintenance work, including spare parts supply and engineering services for eight years.

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In September 2014, Areva announced that operations would start in 2018. In October 2017, the date was pushed back to the spring of 2019. During testing between 2018 and 2021, multiple further delays were announced, of around three years in total.

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A smaller variant of the EPR2 is being developed using three instead of four coolant loops generating 1200 MWe net, the EPR1200, intended for export. In February 2023, regulator ASN issued a positive opinion on the safety features of the EPR1200.

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proposal to build six EPR2s for around €50 billion. In February 2022, French president Emmanuel Macron announced that France would in fact build six new EPR2 reactors, the first to be commissioned by 2035, and with an option for eight more.

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said in January 2018, "for now is neither a priority or a plan. Right now the priority is to develop renewable energy and to reduce the share of nuclear." The industry-government plan for 2019–2022 included work on "a new version of the EPR".

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prompted EDF to state that Flamanville 3 remains on schedule to start operations by the end of 2018, assuming it receives regulatory approval. In June 2017, the French regulator issued a provisional ruling that Flamanville 3 is safe to start.

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In June 2021, higher than expected concentrations of radioactive gases were detected in the primary circuit of unit 1. This was later attributed to faulty fuel cladding. The reactor was taken offline in July 2021 and restarted in August 2022.

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the new regulations permitting nuclear power in Italy. Abrogation of laws is put in effect when at least 50%+1 electors make a valid vote and a majority of these voters are in favour of abrogation. In this referendum, there was a 55% valid

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The discovery of quality deviations in the welding led to a further revision of the schedule in July 2018. Fuel loading was delayed until the end of 2019, and the cost estimate was increased from €10.5 billion to €10.9 billion.

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designing two new lower powered reactors, one with output of 1500 MWe and the other 1000 MWe. Machenaud stated there would be a period of reflection on the best way to improve the EPR design to lower its price and incorporate

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In December 2006, TVO announced construction was about 18 months behind schedule so completion was now expected 2010–11, and there were reports that Areva was preparing to take a €500 million charge on its accounts for the delay.

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After losing this order, Areva considered whether it should reintroduce the marketing of a smaller and simpler second-generation reactor design alongside the EPR, for countries that are new to nuclear power. As of 2011 Areva and

1161:. EDF was proposing the 1200 MWe version of the EPR (EPR-1200) for the project. In February 2024 the tender was changed to binding offers for up to four new units and in July 2024 KHNP was selected as the preferred bidder. 383:

In 2016, EDF planned to build two new model EPR reactors in France by 2030 to prepare for renewing its fleet of older reactors. However, following financial difficulties at Areva and its merger with EDF, French Ecology Minister

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In April 2015, Areva informed the French nuclear regulator ASN that anomalies had been detected in the reactor vessel steel, causing "lower than expected mechanical toughness values". Further tests are underway. In July 2015

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for the first time. On June 29, 2018, Taishan 1 was connected to the grid. It entered commercial operation in December 2018. Taishan 2 reached these milestones in May 2019 June 2019 and September 2019, respectively.

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The design has gone through a number of iterations. The 1994 conceptual design had a power output of 1450 MWe, the same as the Framatome N4, but using Siemens Konvoi derived instrumentation and also including a new

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In December 2017, Hong Kong media reported that a component had cracked during testing, needing to be replaced. In January 2018, commissioning was rescheduled again, with commercial operation expected in 2018 and 2019.

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The Taishan project is led by Taishan Nuclear Power Joint Venture Co. (TNPJVC), a joint venture founded by CGN (51% ownership stake), EDF (30%), and Chinese utility Guangdong Energy Group (19%), also known as Yuedian.

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started officially on 18 November 2009, and the second on 15 April 2010. Construction of each unit was then planned to take 46 months, significantly faster and cheaper than the first two EPRs in Finland and France.

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General Electric. Other equipment suppliers for Unit 1 include Mitsubishi (reactor vessel); Škoda, a Czech company (core internals); and France’s Jeumont Electric, which along with DEC provided primary pumps.

1146:. Areva failed to comply with legal requirements of the tender. In April 2014, ČEZ cancelled the tender, because of low power prices and the government's refusal to support a minimum guaranteed energy price. 4726: 861:

granting planning permission for Hinkley Point C was given, but negotiations with the UK government about electricity pricing, and project financing with private investors, still needed to be concluded.

7828: 3070: 1336:(NRC). It had been under review there with expectation to submit an application for final design approval and standard design certification since 14 December 2007. UniStar, Amarillo Power, PPL Corp and 1109:. However, the official bids had to include all contingencies, and Areva failed to enter a final bid meeting these requirements. The project was ultimately abandoned when the only bid, made by Canada's 1268: 6433: 5983: 2188: 793:

In October 2019, EDF announced that because of this issue costs would increase to €12.4 billion and that fuel loading would be delayed until the end of 2022. Pierre Moscovici, president of the

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In April 2016, ASN announced that additional weak spots had been found in the reactor steel, and Areva and EDF responded that new tests would be conducted, though construction work would continue.

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of 6.1 × 10 per station per year and a gross power output of 1770 MWe for a mains frequency of 50 Hz. The version submitted to the U.S. NRC has a power output of 1600 MWe (net).

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Two-layer concrete wall with a total thickness of 2.6 m, designed to withstand impact by aeroplanes and internal overpressure, and a low vacuum in the annulus space between the two layers

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reported that after 18 months of construction, and after a series of quality control problems, the project is "more than 20 percent over budget and EDF is struggling to keep it on schedule".

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In September 2007, TVO reported the construction delay as "at least two years" and costs more than 25% over budget. Cost estimates by analysts for the overrun range up to €1.5 billion.

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In October 2021, EDF made an offer to Poland to build four or six EPR reactors across two to three sites. The combined installed capacity of the reactors would be either 6.6 or 9.9 GWe.

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increases and delays, costs are now estimated to be between £31 and £35 billion (€36.3–41 billion), with the first unit estimated to start generating electricity around 2030.

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The US-EPR, the version of the EPR submitted to the U.S. regulator, is one of the competitors for the next generation of nuclear stations in the United States, along with the

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state visit to the United Kingdom, EDF and CGN signed an investment agreement for the £18 billion (€21.1 billion) project to build two reactors at Hinkley Point.

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in Finland, originally intended to be commissioned in 2009, started commercial operation in 2023, a delay of fourteen years. The second EPR unit to start construction, at

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in the United Kingdom received final approval in September 2016; the first unit was expected to begin operating in 2027, but was subsequently delayed to around 2030.

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have planning approval and have been granted a nuclear site license. If the project goes ahead electricity production is expected to start in 2031 at the earliest.

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On 24 February 2009, Italy and France agreed to study the feasibility of building 4 new nuclear power stations in Italy. Following this, on 3 August 2009, EDF and

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announced it was relinquishing its 12.5% stake in the project, and five future EPRs, so would be reimbursed its project stake of €613 million, plus interest.

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said that plans for new EPR2 reactors, to be operational between 2035 and 2037, should be submitted around 2023. The decision was accelerated by the impact of the

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pressurised water reactor in preference to the EPR. In May 2022, after significant delays in the design and licensing phase of the project and in light of the

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The dome of the containment structure was topped out in September 2009. 90% of procurement, 80% of engineering works and 73% of civil works were completed.

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A floor plan of the EPR2 reactor building (right). It has a single-wall prestressed concrete containment structure with a metal liner and fewer angled walls

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The EPR-1200, a 1200 MWe version of the EPR, is one of four potential nuclear reactors Kazakhstan is considering for its second nuclear power plant.

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production no earlier than 2015, a schedule slippage of at least six years. In December 2012 Areva's Chief Executive estimated costs to €8 billion.

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in 2009. EDF planned to build 4 new EPRs, subject to electricity pricing agreement with the government. Areva has signed a strategic partnership with

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EDF has acknowledged severe difficulties in building the EPR design. In September 2015, EDF stated that the design of a "New Model" EPR (later named

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stated that the plans for a new EPR reactor at Penly had been cancelled, citing the capacity for electricity production and massive investments in

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was issued. According to the statement the two leaders "have agreed on a roadmap of cooperation to speed up discussions on the Jaitapur project".

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In April 2021, EDF submitted to NPCIL an offer to develop six EPR reactors at the Jaitapur site, with a combined installed capacity of 9.6 GWe.

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In July 2011, EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €6 billion, and that completion of construction was delayed to 2016.

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In March 2018, an Industrial Way Forward Agreement between EDF and NPCIL was signed, with an objective of producing a tender for six reactors.

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Department of Energy, and subsequently pulled out of the project. In October 2008, Areva announced that it would partner with US defense firm

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In December 2012, EDF announced that the estimated costs had escalated to €8.5 billion. Also in December 2012, the Italian power company

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In 2006, Areva took part in the first bidding process for the construction of four new nuclear reactors in China, together with Toshiba-owned

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stated the project was six years late, and €7.2 billion over budget, while renewed delays in the construction of the EPR-reactors at

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In 2014, construction was reported to be running over two years late, mainly due to key component delays and project management issues.

1124:. These plans lasted only from June 2010 until an election two months later, when the plan immediately disappeared from further study. 1584: 592:

Subsequently, Areva managed to win a deal in February 2007, worth about €8 billion ($ 10.5 billion) for two EPRs located in

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to establish a $ 380 million facility to construct modules and assemblies for the EPR and US-EPR reactors at Northrop Grumman's

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of some welds close to sensitive equipment. Fuel loading started on May 8, 2024. Estimated total costs increased to €13.2 billion.

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In November 2014, EDF announced that completion of construction was delayed to 2017, due to delays in component delivery by Areva.

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In December 2007, construction of the unit itself began. This was expected to last 54 months, with commissioning planned for 2012.

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of the first reactor was installed in June 2012, and the second in November 2014. The first pressure vessel had been imported from

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started operation after 2022. EDF had estimated that building six EPR2 nuclear reactors would cost at least €46 billion. A

7905: 7849: 7624: 6766: 6505: 5669: 3951: 3875: 730: 508: 393: 5984:"Current | Fennovoima signed technical development agreements with Areva and Toshiba | Current | Fennovoima Oy" 5603: 5548: 3360: 7991: 7407: 6035: 4875: 4742: 4707: 4584: 4196: 4085: 3808: 3783:"China: The Construction of the EPR reactor Unit 1 at Taishan Takes a Major Step Forward with the Installation of the Vessel" 3662: 3522: 2236: 1943: 1876: 1428: 1102: 818: 92: 4845: 3853: 2671: 1271:

with the UAE. Contracts for reactors were not given, nor was there any guarantee made that US companies would receive them.

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As of May 2009, the station was at least three and a half years behind schedule and more than 50 percent over-budget.

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Hinkley Point C is a nuclear power station under construction with two EPR reactors and an electrical output of 3,200

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In July 2008, the French President announced a second EPR would be built in France due to high oil and gas prices.

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EPR design are increased safety while providing enhanced economic competitiveness through improvements to previous

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established a joint venture, Sviluppo Nucleare Italia, to study the feasibility of building at least four EPRs.

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announced the French government would not decide on the construction of any new reactors until the much delayed

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in France, also suffered a more than decade-long delay in its commissioning (from 2012 to 2024). Two units at

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declined both the American and French bids and awarded a contract for construction of four non-EPR stations (

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was chosen as the site in 2009, with construction planned to start in 2012. However, in 2011, following the

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from Areva in France. The second pressure vessel and associated steam generators had been made in China, by

7459: 7113: 6822: 6576: 5203: 4981: 1332:. In February 2015, Areva asked to suspend the Design Certification Application Review process at the U.S. 6174: 4025:"Bernard Fontana's statement - EPR: the first Generation III+ nuclear reactor enters commercial operation" 3290: 2589: 7494: 7449: 7371: 7333: 7171: 6998: 6936: 6761: 6665: 6551: 5259:"Cost of Hinkley Point nuclear plant climbs another £1.5bn to over £20bn, as project faces further delay" 4849: 1303: 1077: 778: 628: 616: 593: 570: 561: 480:

3 power station in Finland began in August 2005. The station has an electrical power output of 1600

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3 R's of Nuclear Power: Reading, Recycling, and Reprocessing: ...Making a Better Tomorrow for Little Joe

7859: 7740: 7556: 7509: 7504: 7474: 7464: 7219: 6898: 6356: 6189: 5387: 4602: 4514: 3700: 3250:"Areva's Overruns at Finnish Nuclear Station Approach Initial Cost with operation set to start in 2013" 3148: 3044: 2282:"ASN issues its opinion on the safety options for the EPR New model reactor and its EPR 2 upgrade" 1221: 738: 715: 57: 7577: 6132: 4325: 4268: 424:. In June 2023, EDF announced it was starting the authorisation process to build two EPR2 reactors at 7561: 7551: 7514: 7479: 7469: 7454: 7196: 6805: 6588: 4683:"Deviations on the Flamanville EPR steam lines: the eight penetration welds will have to be repaired" 2118: 1567: 1420: 1057: 1032: 969: 948: 929: 919: 858: 425: 421: 157: 120: 45: 4902: 3734: 1840: 1183:

were considering the EPR. In December 2013, Fennovoima confirmed it had selected a Russian AES-2006

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In June 2023, EDF announced it was starting the authorisation process to build two EPR2 reactors at

7361: 7286: 7186: 7098: 5869: 5441: 3898:"Tests reveal crack in key component of Chinese nuclear power plant, 130 km west of Hong Kong" 1433: 1217: 1170: 455: 6262: 4616: 4118: 2950: 7423: 7316: 7291: 6905: 6682: 2623: 2058:"The European Pressurized Water Reactor: A Safe and Competitive Solution for Future Energy Needs" 1377: 1295: 1096: 915: 794: 692: 624: 409: 7274: 5561: 7687: 7181: 2167:"Interview Jean-Bernard Lévy, CEO EDF: "Our Future Lies in Combination Nuclear and Renewables"" 1453: 1204: 981: 589:

reactors, in part because of Areva's refusal to transfer the expertise and knowledge to China.

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station. UniStar filed a partial application in July 2007 for a proposed third unit at the

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announced that Areva was eliminated from a tender for the construction of two reactors for

936:, EDF postponed public consultations. In February 2013, the Minister of Industrial Renewal 658: 541: 469: 201: 7730: 5026: 4141:"Framatome signs long-term service contract to support operation at Taishan EPRs in China" 1002: 376: 8: 7296: 7081: 6675: 6543: 6522: 4567:"Faulty valves in new-generation EPR nuclear reactor pose meltdown risk, inspectors warn" 1935:

Structural Alloys for Power Plants: Operational Challenges and High-Temperature Materials

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blamed delays on the Finnish approach to approving technical documentation and designs.

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An extra container and cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor (see

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Gosden, Emily (20 October 2017). "Sizewell C nuclear power to come on stream in 2031".

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Four independent emergency cooling systems, each providing the required cooling of the

162:" reactors. Siemens ceased its nuclear activities in 2011. The EPR was designed to use 7925: 2513:

https://www.asn.fr/content/download/164741/file_1/Saisine%20au%20GPR%20DOS%20EPRNM.pdf

994:(NPCIL) signed a memorandum of understanding with Areva to set up two EPR reactors at 705:

EDF has said its Flamanville 3 project (seen here in 2010) will be delayed until 2024.

401: 6533: 6140: 5726: 5693:"Green light for construction phase as Sizewell C triggers Development Consent Order" 5266: 5083: 2311: 1939: 1872: 937: 640: 636: 186:

The EPR design has several active and passive protection measures against accidents:

6080: 4548:"Areva aware 'as early as 2006' of serious fault in nuclear reactor destined for UK" 2215:"UPDATE 1-Separate unit for EDF nuclear arm has been discussed, says minister Hulot" 1101:

EPR was considered for the two (possible expansion to four) reactor addition to the

944:

along with his confidence in the EPR as a competitive project in foreign countries.

7940: 7752: 7699: 7656: 6490: 5179:"Government delays Hinkley nuclear decision despite EDF approval for £18bn project" 2088:"Performance comparison of PWR/EPR and steam generator with and without economizer" 2087: 1389:

design, with construction of the first three-unit plant expected to start in 2026.

1357: 941: 128: 7650: 4879: 4876:"News – Taking GDA work forward in the light of the unprecedented events in Japan" 1990: 1958: 7930: 7279: 7239: 6693: 5568: 5362:"AREVA pleased with the announcement of the construction of France's second EPR™" 5208: 4853: 4275: 3223:"S&P downgrades French nuclear-uranium giant AREVA on weakened profitability" 2679: 1977: 1248: 1106: 854: 774: 582: 140: 7935: 6771: 6478:"Poland picks U.S. offer for its first nuclear power plant, prime minister says" 6057: 845:. Interim Design Acceptance Confirmations were postponed until lessons from the 7950: 7920: 7234: 7229: 7224: 6974: 6881: 6850: 6832: 4411: 3761: 2980: 2107:

https://www.debatpublic.fr/sites/default/files/2022-10/PenlyEPR-DMO-EDF-RTE.pdf

1149:

In June 2021, the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade invited EDF, along with

850: 7682: 7566: 7254: 3199: 566: 8015: 7807: 6710: 6144: 5730: 5270: 5087: 5076:"Work to begin on Hinkley Point reactor within weeks after China deal signed" 4462:"Enel Drops Participation in Flamanville EPR as Project Costs Soar by $ 2.6B" 2315: 1406: 1230: 1121: 1117: 1006: 998:

in Maharashtra. This was followed by a framework agreement in December 2010.

405: 385: 171: 4294: 7609: 6985: 5418: 3758:"China Builds Nuclear Reactor for 40% Less Than Cost in France, Areva Says" 2260:"French regulator to EDF: don't assume new reactor model is accident-proof" 1264: 701: 205: 179: 7392: 5495:"France asks EDF to prepare to build 6 EPR reactors in 15 years -Le Monde" 4408:"French Nuclear Watchdog Says EDF Has Problems With Flamanville EPR Liner" 1139: 472:

in December 2021 and started regular electricity production in April 2023.

7876: 7843: 7043: 6633: 1643:"Hinkley Point C could be delayed to 2031 and cost up to £35bn, says EDF" 1157:(KHNP) to participate in a pre-qualification round for a new unit at the 955:

are among the candidates for the installation of a pair of EPR reactors.

4900: 4728:

Visualisez en graphiques les multiples dérapages de l’EPR de Flamanville

3123:"U.K. Expert Says U.S. Is Not LOSING International Nuclear Power 'Race'" 1175:

In 2010, the Finnish parliament decided to allow two new reactors. Both

600:

in southern China, in spite of sticking to its previous conditions. The

102:) was being worked on and that it would be easier and cheaper to build. 7961:

Groupement des scientifiques pour l'information sur l'énergie nucléaire

7945: 6749: 5003: 3098:"France's Areva to pay $ 554 million to settle Finnish reactor dispute" 1253: 1180: 1049: 886: 878: 489: 191: 148: 7782: 4350:"Defects found in nuclear reactor the French want to build in Britain" 2362:"French auditor calls for financing guarantee for future EPR projects" 866:

completion of the remaining key steps, including the agreement of the

29: 7865: 7725: 6754: 6744: 3545:"The Olkiluoto 3 EPR plant unit's electricity production has started" 2482:"EDF a un plan pour construire (au moins) six nouveaux EPR en France" 2407:"France sees new nuclear reactors going online by 2035-37 - minister" 1005:'s state visit to India a joint statement with Indian Prime Minister 597: 144: 49: 7677: 7249: 6164: 5531:"France to build up to 14 new nuclear reactors by 2050, says Macron" 5110:"No legally binding contract in £18bn Hinkley Point nuclear project" 2002: 1920: 1472: 722:

opinion" on the project. That summer, site preparation works began.

359: 123:

designs scaled up to an electrical power output of around 1650

7704: 7672: 7123: 7118: 7058: 6727: 6655: 6638: 6623: 6598: 5961: 5781:"CANDU at Darlington: Securing Jobs and Energy for the new Economy" 5708:"First nuclear site licence in over a decade granted to Sizewell C" 5517:"France expects new nuclear reactors to begin operation in 2035-37" 5153:"Hinkley Point C in doubt after British government delays approval" 4585:"Flamanville EPR: optimised project management and a new timetable" 4317:"Public inquiry commission favours plan to build Flamanville-3 EPR" 3907: 3501:"OL3 EPR regular production of electricity starts in February 2022" 2500:"Excell : Le plan d'excellence de la filière porte ses fruits" 1783:"The EPR Reactor: Evolution to Gen III+ based on proven technology" 1585:"Hinkley Point C nuclear power station gets government green light" 1448: 1365: 1337: 1279: 960: 831: 709:

First concrete was poured for the demonstration EPR reactor at the

326: 136: 6216:"French Atmea Would Make Reactor 'Credible' Export, GDF Suez Says" 5862:"UPDATE 4-CEZ scraps tender to expand Temelin nuclear power plant" 4086:"Evolution of Nuclear Power Continues with Operation of First EPR" 1352:

in Maryland. However, both proposals were subsequently cancelled.

548:

Olkiluoto 3 started regular electricity production in April 2023.

7792: 7264: 7244: 6643: 6618: 3001:

Areva-Siemens sees Olkiluoto 3 reactor operational in summer 2011

1400: 1291: 1192: 1053: 1044:

Two further EPR units have been proposed for construction at the

163: 61: 174:

of electricity generated than these older reactor technologies.

21: 7053: 7048: 7028: 7008: 6993: 6876: 6613: 6593: 6561: 2593: 2189:"EDF plans two new nuclear reactors in France by 2030-document" 1547:"Regular electricity production has started at Olkiluoto 3 EPR" 1386: 1325: 1225: 891:

Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy

842: 586: 492:

through their common subsidiary Areva NP, for Finnish operator

342: 5232:"Hinkley nuclear plant already £1.5bn over budget, EDF admits" 4051:"Second Chinese EPR achieves criticality - World Nuclear News" 3387:"Finland's 10-Year Wait for a Nuclear Reactor Just Got Longer" 3339:"Costs of Finland's Olkiluoto nuclear reactor go up yet again" 2977:"Nuclear Bid to Rival Coal Chilled by Flaws, Delay in Finland" 127:(net) with thermal power of 4500 MW. The reactor can use 7871: 7838: 7090: 6946: 6739: 6603: 6330:"Constellation Energy cuts spending on Areva reactor venture" 5314:"Hinkley Point C nuclear plant to open later at greater cost" 3786: 3693:"Signing of Areva EPR order in China delayed – French source" 2455:"EDF begins permitting process for two new reactors at Penly" 1329: 1307: 522: 485: 53: 4635:"EDF confirms Flamanville timetable after Taishan EPR delay" 2842:"Areva to take 500 mln eur charge for Finnish reactor delay" 2616:"EPR IN FINLAND: FOUNDATION STONE-LAYING DAY AT OLKILUOTO 3" 2159: 7693: 6951: 6840: 6650: 6608: 6078: 5914:"CEZ applies for a zoning decision for a new Dukovany unit" 4802:"EDF delays Flamanville start-up to end 2023 on weld issue" 4488:"Enel and Edf Terminate their cooperation on EPR in France" 3071:"Finland nuclear reactor costs headed to arbitration – TVO" 2430:"Macron says France will build new nuclear energy reactors" 2384:"EDF sees progress in plan to reinvigorate French industry" 1613:"Hinkley Point C delayed by a year as cost goes up by £3bn" 1210: 1184: 1110: 752: 7765:(Bollène, Lapalud, Pierrelatte, Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux) 6305:"A Late Scramble to Fund 'Nuclear Renaissance' Kick-Start" 4743:"EDF warns of added costs of Flamanville EPR weld repairs" 4347: 3832:"How serious are the delays in China's nuclear programme?" 3523:"Ongoing turbine works further delay Olkiluoto 3 start-up" 3309: 1696: 1694: 1692: 947:

Plans to build new reactors in France were later revived.

585:. However Areva lost this bid in favour of Westinghouse's 468:

Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It achieved first

7758:

Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory (Andra)

6924: 6788: 5469:"La Normandie prête à accueillir un nouveau réacteur EPR" 4448:"Le coût de l'EPR de Flamanville encore revu à la hausse" 3633:"Foreign energy giants bid for China's nuclear contracts" 3004: 2003:"Status report 78 - The Evolutionary Power Reactor (EPR)" 1734:

Step 3 Fuel Design Assessment of the EDF and Areva UK EPR

1582: 1473:"Status report 78 - The Evolutionary Power Reactor (EPR)" 827: 481: 124: 16:

Third-generation pressurised water nuclear reactor design

6322: 6133:"Despite Torture Video, U.S. and Emirates Sign Key Pact" 5745:"Nuclear at heart of proposed Moorside clean energy hub" 5027:"What price nuclear power? The final hurdle for Hinkley" 5004:"New nuclear power plant at Hinkley Point C is approved" 4223:"Chinese EPR resumes power supply after extended outage" 3755: 2119:"EDF eyes development of new, smaller reactors - papers" 5471:[Normandy ready to welcome a new EPR reactor]. 1689: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 518:

to pay €450 million for cost overruns and delays.

6010:"Finland's Fennovoima signs reactor deal with Rosatom" 5892:"ČEZ begins 'security assessment' of Dukovany bidders" 5626:"EDF and GE sign strategic deal for six EPRs in India" 4655:"French regulator says Flamanville 3 is safe to start" 4401: 4399: 3663:"Areva lands world's biggest ever nuclear power order" 3291:"Finland's Olkiluoto 3 reactor delayed to August 2014" 2754:"Areva's first half results hit by Olkiluoto 3 delays" 2543:"French regulator supports safety options for EPR1200" 1665: 1663: 1368:. The project was suspended indefinitely in May 2011. 464: 6036:"Fennovoima cancels Hanhikivi 1 contract with Russia" 3756:

Patel, Tara; François de Beaupuy (24 November 2010).

3723:"China, People's Republic of: Nuclear Power Reactors" 1931: 484:(net). The construction was a joint effort of French 64:

in Germany. In Europe this reactor design was called

48:

design. It has been designed and developed mainly by

6520: 6263:"Design Certification Application Review – U.S. EPR" 5388:"France says Penly reactor on course despite delays" 5074:

Farrell, Sean; Macalister, Terry (21 October 2015).

4926:"EdF still undecided about Hinkley Point C go-ahead" 4197:"CGN takes Taishan 1 offline following fuel failure" 3974:"Taishan 1, world's first EPR connected to the grid" 3613:. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 November 2022 2342:. Nuclear Engineering International. 14 January 2020 2304:"L'EPR 2, la garantie d'une électricité bas carbone" 1739:(Report). HSE Nuclear Directorate. 2009. AR 09/041-P 1532: 1396: 857:

to support the build of EPRs. On 19 March 2013, the

728:

In April 2008, the French nuclear safety authority (

5670:"EDF Energy expects 20% cost saving for Sizewell C" 5170: 4948: 4605:. Nuclear Engineering International. 12 April 2016. 4558: 4539: 4396: 4368:"French nuke body partly halts work on new reactor" 2728:"Concrete composition delays Finland's Olkiluoto 3" 1925: 1660: 1636: 1634: 1578: 1576: 837:The EPR underwent Generic Design Assessment by the 808: 526:operating profits for the first half-year of 2009. 5986:. Fennovoima.com. 20 December 2010. Archived from 5844:"CEZ excludes Areva from Temelin expansion tender" 5144: 5101: 4984:. Nuclear Engineering International. 11 March 2011 4324: 4285: 4283: 2340:"France to decide on new nuclear build after 2022" 2306:[The EPR 2 for a low-carbon electricity]. 1707:. Areva. 6 October 2010. p. 4. Archived from 1120:, replacing or supplanting that province's single 1116:EPR was briefly considered for an installation in 392:In July 2019, the French nuclear safety authority 6167:"S. Koreans win $ 20B UAE nuclear power contract" 5936:"KHNP selected to supply new Czech nuclear units" 5549:"Macron commits to at least six new EPRs by 2050" 5487: 5204:"EDF warns Hinkley Point could cost extra £1.5bn" 5073: 4533:"Flamanville EPR vessel anomalies under scrutiny" 4428:. Nuclear Engineering International. 20 July 2011 3930:"Taishan schedule factors in commissioning tests" 3479:"System tests further delay Finnish EPR start-up" 2925:"Nuclear industry's flagship plant delayed again" 2102: 2100: 1583:Rowena Mason; Simon Goodley (15 September 2016). 904: 8013: 6235: 6233: 5916:. Nuclear Engineering International. 3 June 2021 5107: 4793: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4708:"Weld repairs to delay Flamanville EPR start-up" 4669:"EDF revises schedule, costs of Flamanville EPR" 4512: 4238: 4236: 3282: 3018:"3-year delay expected at Finnish nuclear plant" 2702:"Regulator reports as OL3 delays reach one year" 2421: 2398: 2251: 2237:"French nuclear industry sets medium-term plans" 2207: 2181: 2111: 1916: 1914: 1774: 1631: 1573: 1385:In October 2022, Poland selected Westinghouse's 143:. The EPR is the evolutionary descendant of the 6354: 6187: 6079:Selina Williams; Liam Moloney (4 August 2009). 5562:India, France ink pact for Areva reactors, fuel 4617:"Downfall of Toshiba, a nuclear industry titan" 4515:"EDF in fresh delay for flagship nuclear plant" 4280: 3715: 3537: 3196:"AREVA – Olkiluoto 3 : EPR dome installed" 3146: 3042: 2562: 2560: 2449: 2447: 2334: 2332: 2257: 1991:https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0522/ML052280170.pdf 1959:https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0522/ML052280176.pdf 1669: 1233:and 94% voted to abrogate the new regulations. 25:Computer generated view of an EPR power station 6409:"AREVA inches closer to U.S. EPR construction" 6165:Andrew England; Peggy Hollinger; Song Jung-a. 5574: 5150: 4954: 4901:This website was built by the EDF Energy WCM. 4846:"New Nuclear Power Stations – Progress so far" 4348:Geoffrey Lean; Jonathan Owen (13 April 2008). 3589:"Cracks found in all four OL3 feedwater pumps" 3413:"Start-up of Finnish EPR put back four months" 3220: 3149:"Finnish reactor provisions hit Areva profits" 2097: 1832: 1607: 1605: 1512: 1510: 1487: 1485: 507:At the end of June 2007, it was reported that 7408: 7177:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) 6506: 6296: 6230: 5751: 5662: 5640: 5618: 5596: 5018: 4996: 4735: 4714: 4700: 4595: 4525: 4233: 4111:"Framatome- Large projects - Taishan 1 and 2" 4027:. Framatome. 14 December 2018. Archived from 3999:"China's Taishan 1 reactor connected to grid" 3922: 3868: 3268:"Start-up of Finnish EPR pushed back to 2013" 1911: 1780: 416:In January 2022, junior environment minister 6348: 6190:"Areva considers producing cheaper reactors" 6181: 6081:"Enel, EDF to Build Nuclear Plants in Italy" 5176: 4923: 4609: 4564: 4545: 4506: 4418: 3846: 3823: 3801: 3603: 3581: 3457:"Olkiluoto faces further delay to July 2020" 3260: 2557: 2535: 2444: 2404: 2376: 2354: 2329: 2274: 2229: 1800: 1757: 1751: 681: 7422: 6406: 5759:"Kazakhstan continues discussions with EDF" 5444:[Montebourg buries the Penly EPR]. 5416:[No EPR at the Penly power plant]. 5024: 4957:"EDF prepared to let UK nuclear talks fail" 4244:"Further delay to Flamanville EPR start up" 3952:"First criticality achieved at Chinese EPR" 3890: 3876:"China revises commissioning dates of EPRs" 2085: 1971:EPR Level 1 Probabilistic Safety Assessment 1885: 1640: 1602: 1507: 1482: 1342:Combined Construction and Operating License 222: 170:, using approximately 17% less uranium per 79:The first operational EPR unit was China's 7415: 7401: 7357: 6513: 6499: 6302: 6213: 5604:"Way forward agreed for Jaitapur reactors" 5292:"Hinkley Point C cost rises by nearly 15%" 4405: 3829: 3611:"Investigation of damage continues at OL3" 3247: 2872:"Nuclear industry revival hits roadblocks" 2191:. Reuters. 21 January 2016. Archived from 2145:"EPR: showcasing French nuclear expertise" 1344:application in 2008 for the US-EPR at its 551: 3809:"Construction milestone at Taishan 2 EPR" 3361:"Olkiluoto 3 startup pushed back to 2018" 3198:. YouTube. 10 August 2008. Archived from 3045:"Areva in talks with TVO over EPR delays" 2974: 2948: 2922: 2672:"Olkiluoto 3 "Chronology of the Project"" 2427: 1758:Garner, G.L.; Mardon, J.P. (9 May 2011). 1243:Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates 1191:, Fennovoima cancelled the contract with 1085: 1001:In January 2016, during French president 686: 650:half of 2017 and the first half of 2018. 615:The construction of the first reactor at 375:In September 2015, EDF's chief executive 197:Leak-tight containment around the reactor 7089: 5705: 5690: 5648:"EDF submits offer for Jaitapur project" 4440: 3854:"First Taishan EPR completes cold tests" 3252:. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from 3068: 2568:"Europe's first EPR reaches criticality" 2525:"The EPR 2 for a low-carbon electricity" 1932:A. Shirzadi; S. Jackson (30 July 2014). 1864: 1726: 849:had been taken into account. EDF bought 700: 565: 463: 449: 358: 28: 20: 6130: 5841: 5294:. World Nuclear News. 25 September 2019 5256: 5049:"UK guarantees £2bn China nuclear deal" 4799: 4490:. Enel. 4 December 2012. Archived from 3567:"Test operation of Finnish EPR resumes" 3095: 2820:"Finland nuclear reactor delayed again" 2647:"Daily: Olkiluoto 3 may cost over €8bn" 2479: 2169:. the energycollective. 18 October 2016 2137: 1493:"First EPR enters commercial operation" 1236: 1138:In October 2012, Czech utility company 8014: 7906:1999 Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood 7104:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) 6456:"France makes nuclear offer to Poland" 6334:McClatchy-Tribune Information Services 6104: 5720: 4745:. World Nuclear News. 10 October 2019. 4426:"EDF delays Flamanville 3 EPR project" 4246:. World Nuclear News. 19 December 2022 3878:. World Nuclear News. 22 February 2017 3481:. World Nuclear News. 19 December 2019 3437:. World Nuclear News. 29 November 2018 3435:"New delay in start-up of Finnish EPR" 3297:from the original on 24 September 2015 3117: 3115: 2951:"Areva delay threatens China contract" 2570:. World Nuclear News. 21 December 2021 1891: 1760:"Alloy M5 cladding performance update" 1520:. World Nuclear News. 9 September 2019 1518:"World's second EPR starts operations" 1495:. World Nuclear News. 14 December 2018 657:In June 2018, Taishan 1 achieved 282:Coolant temperature at core outlet, °C 7396: 7109:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) 6494: 6458:. World Nuclear News. 14 October 2021 6382:"Dedicated nuclear component factory" 5761:. World Nuclear News. 27 January 2023 5672:. World Nuclear News. 18 January 2018 5584:. World Nuclear News. 25 January 2016 5466: 4513:Michael Stothard (18 November 2014). 4171:"Fuel failure confirmed at Taishan 1" 4083: 3856:. World Nuclear News. 1 February 2016 3811:. World Nuclear News. 5 November 2014 3591:. World Nuclear News. 28 October 2022 3248:De Beaupuy, François (24 June 2010). 3069:Suoninen, Sakari (31 December 2008). 2898:"Dates revised again for Olkiluoto 3" 2545:. World Nuclear News. 2 February 2023 2386:. World Nuclear News. 16 October 2020 2239:. World Nuclear News. 28 January 2019 1670:Geert De Clercq (23 September 2015). 1429:Economics of new nuclear power plants 1103:Darlington Nuclear Generating Station 819:Hinkley Point C nuclear power station 444: 274:Coolant temperature at core inlet, °C 68:, and the internationalised name was 6016:from the original on 12 January 2014 5582:"Jaitapur agreement due by year-end" 4982:"Areva signs up Rolls-Royce for EPR" 4821:"EDF: Update on the Flamanville EPR" 4390:"EdF allowed to continue concreting" 3932:. World Nuclear News. 2 January 2018 3525:. World Nuclear News. 23 August 2021 3393:from the original on 10 October 2017 3288: 2428:Kar-Gupta, Sudip (9 November 2021). 1813:. Areva NP. May 2005. Archived from 1288:Hyundai Engineering and Construction 1282:) to a South Korean group including 266:Pressure in the primary circuit, bar 139:fuel, clad in Areva's M5 variant of 7114:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) 6355:Peggy Hollinger (19 October 2010). 6188:Peggy Hollinger (15 January 2010). 6058:"Italy and France pen nuclear deal" 5650:. World Nuclear News. 23 April 2021 5606:. World Nuclear News. 12 March 2018 5467:Beuve, Jean-Pierre (6 March 2019). 5442:"Montebourg enterre l'EPR de Penly" 4818: 4800:Boselli, Muriel (12 January 2022). 4710:. World Nuclear News. 20 June 2019. 4671:. World Nuclear News. 25 July 2018. 4657:. World Nuclear News. 28 June 2017. 4535:. World Nuclear News. 7 April 2015. 4392:. World Nuclear News. 20 June 2008. 4291:"EDF Official Site – Flamanville 3" 3834:. Nuclear Engineering International 3639:. 12 September 2004. Archived from 3569:. World Nuclear News. 9 August 2022 3112: 3043:Peggy Hollinger (16 October 2008). 2949:Hollinger, Peggy (11 August 2007). 2760:. 27 September 2007. Archived from 2678:. 27 September 2007. Archived from 1762:. Nuclear Engineering International 1134:Nuclear power in the Czech Republic 1025:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom 877:On 21 October 2015, during Chinese 874:nuclear power station in 20 years. 815:Nuclear power in the United Kingdom 110: 13: 8003:List of nuclear reactors in France 6923: 6243:. World Nuclear News. 6 March 2015 6107:"UAE endorses France nuclear deal" 5938:. World Nuclear News. 17 July 2024 5894:. World Nuclear News. 22 June 2021 5842:Sidlova, Tereza (5 October 2012). 5691:Osbourne, Nick (15 January 2024). 5628:. World Nuclear News. 27 June 2018 5414:"Pas d'EPR à la centrale de Penly" 3731:International Atomic Energy Agency 3673:from the original on 13 April 2013 3459:. World Nuclear News. 18 July 2019 3415:. World Nuclear News. 14 June 2018 3319:. World Nuclear News. 17 July 2012 3289:Ando, Ritsuko (21 December 2011). 3147:Peggy Hollinger (31 August 2009). 2644: 2480:Barbaux, Aurélie (12 April 2019). 2364:. World Nuclear News. 15 July 2020 1938:. Elsevier Science. pp. 94–. 1841:"Siemens to quit nuclear industry" 1838: 1350:Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant 1320:Nuclear power in the United States 1068:and battery storage technologies. 992:Nuclear Power Corporation of India 934:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 847:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 333:Average uranium enrichment, % 258:Pressure in the turbine inlet, bar 33:Reactor pressure vessel of the EPR 14: 8038: 5394:from the original on 20 June 2013 5342:. World Nuclear News. 3 July 2008 5135:Hinkley Point should be postponed 5108:Terry Macalister (9 March 2016). 4265:Nuclear Engineering International 4053:. World Nuclear News. 29 May 2019 3954:. World Nuclear News. 7 June 2018 3317:"Olkiluoto 3 delayed beyond 2014" 3270:. World Nuclear News. 8 June 2010 3174:"Olkiluoto 3: EPR dome installed" 3096:Forsell, Tuomas (11 March 2018). 2848:. 5 December 2006. Archived from 2826:. 4 December 2006. Archived from 2758:Nuclear Engineering International 2732:Nuclear Engineering International 2706:Nuclear Engineering International 2622:. 18 October 2006. Archived from 2125:from the original on 20 June 2013 2032:"Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors" 1921:https://aris.iaea.org/PDF/EPR.pdf 1899:(Report). University of Greenwich 1781:Andrew Teller (2 February 2010). 1127: 1018: 610:China General Nuclear Power Group 435: 149:Siemens Power Generation Division 7987:Nuclear power stations in France 7377: 7376: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7347: 7346: 7197:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) 6470: 6448: 6426: 6400: 6374: 6280: 6255: 6207: 6158: 6124: 6098: 6072: 6050: 6038:. World Nuclear News. 3 May 2022 6028: 6002: 5976: 5950: 5928: 5906: 5884: 5854: 5835: 5817:"New Brunswick deals with Areva" 5809: 5773: 5737: 5714: 5699: 5684: 5555: 5541: 5523: 5509: 5460: 5434: 5406: 5380: 5354: 5332: 5306: 5284: 5257:Ambrose, Jillian (3 July 2017). 5250: 5224: 5196: 5127: 5067: 5041: 4974: 4955:Andrew Trotman (18 April 2013). 4917: 4894: 4868: 4838: 4812: 4767: 4749: 4675: 4661: 4647: 4627: 4577: 4480: 4454: 4382: 4360: 4341: 4323:. 5 October 2006. Archived from 4309: 4258: 4215: 4189: 4163: 4133: 4103: 4077: 4065: 4043: 4017: 3991: 3966: 3944: 3341:. Nuclear-news. 14 December 2012 2258:Geert De Clercq (18 July 2019). 1413: 1399: 1313: 1284:Korea Electric Power Corporation 1247:In March 2008, French president 1189:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1113:, came in at well over $ 10/Wp. 1029:Sizewell C nuclear power station 809:Hinkley Point C (United Kingdom) 400:In 2020, French Energy Minister 7901:Anti-nuclear movement in France 6407:Sonal Patel (1 December 2008). 5868:. 10 April 2014. Archived from 5340:"Second new reactor for France" 5151:Graham Ruddick (28 July 2016). 4775:"Update on the Flamanville EPR" 3830:Steve Kidd (23 February 2015). 3775: 3749: 3685: 3655: 3625: 3559: 3515: 3493: 3471: 3449: 3427: 3405: 3379: 3353: 3331: 3241: 3221:Dorothy Kosich (29 June 2010). 3214: 3188: 3166: 3140: 3089: 3062: 3036: 3010: 2994: 2968: 2942: 2916: 2890: 2864: 2834: 2812: 2776: 2746: 2720: 2694: 2664: 2638: 2608: 2582: 2517: 2506: 2492: 2473: 2405:GV De Clercq (6 January 2022). 2296: 2079: 2050: 2024: 1995: 1984: 1963: 1952: 1892:Thomas, Steve (November 2010). 1858: 1641:Alex Lawson (23 January 2024). 1439:Other Generation III+ designs: 1155:Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power 1064:, renewable energy generation, 803:stress relieving heat treatment 711:Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant 697:Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant 306:Number of fuel rods in assembly 298:Outer diameter of fuel rods, mm 7879:(formerly COGEMA and Areva NC) 7187:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) 6336:. TradingMarkets. 29 July 2010 6288:AmerenUE pulls plug on project 6214:Tara Patel (19 January 2011). 5725:. No. 72367. p. 42. 4924:Declan Lynch (18 April 2013). 3699:. 30 July 2007. Archived from 2975:Alan Katz (5 September 2007). 2590:"OLKILUOTO 3 PROJECT by AREVA" 1568:Flamanville 3 concrete poured. 1561: 1465: 1306:offer a smaller 1100 MWe 1159:Dukovany Nuclear Power Station 1037:The two proposed EPR units at 986:Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project 924:Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant 905:Possible future power stations 841:, along with the Westinghouse 354: 1: 6436:. Nuclear Street. 11 May 2011 6267:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 6131:Landler, Mark (21 May 2009). 6105:Bowman, Joel (8 March 2010). 6012:. Reuters. 21 December 2013. 5958:"TVO Plant type alternatives" 5706:Osbourne, Nick (7 May 2024). 5177:Emily Gosden (28 July 2016). 5025:Dave Harvey (19 March 2013). 4406:Tara Patel (30 August 2010). 4269:Flamanville 3 concrete poured 3389:. Bloomberg. 9 October 2017. 2793:. 8 June 2006. Archived from 1459: 1334:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1071: 839:Office for Nuclear Regulation 460:Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant 215:The EPR has a design maximum 137:mixed uranium plutonium oxide 7992:Nuclear technology in France 6987:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz 4878:. Hse.gov.uk. Archived from 4732:Le Monde, update 13 Jan 2022 4565:Henry Samuel (9 June 2015). 4546:Henry Samuel (9 July 2015). 4450:. Le Monde. 3 December 2012. 3022:International Herald Tribune 2923:Anastvatz (11 August 2007). 1871:. AuthorHouse. p. 126. 1060:that would also incorporate 731:Autorité de sûreté nucléaire 166:more efficiently than older 66:European Pressurised Reactor 7: 7532:(Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux) 7334:Aircraft Reactor Experiment 6357:"Energy: Cooling ambitions" 6303:Peter Behr (30 July 2010). 5390:. Reuters. 4 October 2011. 4850:Health and Safety Executive 1392: 1304:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 1078:Nuclear power in Kazakhstan 958:In October 2019, newspaper 779:Taishan Nuclear Power Plant 629:Mitsubishi Heavy Industries 571:Taishan Nuclear Power Plant 562:Taishan Nuclear Power Plant 540:Olkiluoto 3 achieved first 115:The main objectives of the 56:between 2001 and 2017) and 10: 8043: 8027:Pressurized water reactors 7172:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) 5821:www.world-nuclear-news.org 5497:. Reuters. 14 October 2019 5422:(in French). 25 April 2013 5236:Global Construction Review 4003:www.world-nuclear-news.org 2217:. Reuters. 22 January 2018 2121:. Reuters. 21 March 2013. 1375: 1340:announced plans to file a 1317: 1263:In May 2009, US President 1240: 1222:Fukushima nuclear disaster 1202: 1195:to build the power plant. 1168: 1164: 1131: 1094: 1075: 1022: 979: 913: 812: 690: 555: 453: 72:, but is now simply named 70:Evolutionary Power Reactor 8000: 7974: 7886: 7821: 7772: 7718: 7639: 7602: 7595: 7539: 7437: 7430: 7342: 7309: 7297:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) 7210: 7192:Reduced-moderation (RMWR) 7157: 7140: 7080: 7007: 6999:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR) 6973: 6964: 6916: 6896: 6849: 6831: 6787: 6692: 6674: 6542: 6529: 5567:27 September 2011 at the 5448:(in French). 3 March 2013 4763:(in French). 9 July 2020. 4603:"EPRs to face more tests" 4084:POWER (1 November 2019). 3225:. Mineweb. Archived from 3176:. AREVA NC. 6 August 2009 3073:. Reuters. Archived from 1421:Nuclear technology portal 1371: 1090: 1033:Moorside clean energy hub 970:Penly Nuclear Power Plant 920:Penly Nuclear Power Plant 909: 895:government of Theresa May 885:for the project. However 859:Development Consent Order 682:Plants under construction 426:Penly Nuclear Power Plant 422:2021 global energy crisis 314:Number of fuel assemblies 129:5% enriched uranium oxide 121:pressurised water reactor 105: 46:pressurised water reactor 7911:Death of Sébastien Briat 7362:List of nuclear reactors 7202:Dual fluid reactor (DFR) 6818:Steam-generating (SGHWR) 6241:"US EPR plans suspended" 5960:. Tvo.fi. Archived from 4293:. Edf.fr. Archived from 2529:Revue Générale Nucléaire 2308:Revue Générale Nucléaire 1702:"New Build Field Report" 1434:Nuclear power by country 1198: 1171:Nuclear power in Finland 975: 456:Nuclear power in Finland 223:Technical specifications 60:(EDF) in France, and by 7982:Nuclear power in France 7896:Accidents and incidents 7749:(Marcoule, Pierrelatte) 7640:Research, experimental, 7424:Nuclear power in France 7352:Nuclear fusion reactors 7317:Organic nuclear reactor 6523:nuclear fission reactor 6085:The Wall Street Journal 6060:. BBC. 24 February 2009 5446:normandie.canalblog.com 4825:GlobeNewswire News Room 2645:HT (21 November 2013). 1378:Nuclear power in Poland 1296:Doosan Heavy Industries 1097:Nuclear power in Canada 916:Nuclear power in France 693:Nuclear power in France 625:reactor pressure vessel 552:Taishan 1 and 2 (China) 194:(i.e., 300% redundancy) 7763:Tricastin Nuclear Site 7741:Institut Laue–Langevin 7731:CEA Fontenay-aux-Roses 6291:Columbia Daily Tribune 4370:. Reuters. 27 May 2008 3733:(IAEA). Archived from 2012:. МАГАТЭ. 4 April 2011 1865:Forsythe, Jan (2009). 1808:"EPR – Areva brochure" 1274:In December 2009, the 1205:Nuclear power in Italy 1086:Unsuccessful proposals 1056:, as part of a future 990:In February 2009, the 982:Nuclear power in India 879:president Xi Jinping's 773:In February 2017, the 706: 687:Flamanville 3 (France) 574: 558:Nuclear power in China 473: 364: 168:Generation II reactors 34: 26: 8022:EPR (nuclear reactor) 7860:Électricité de France 7583:Saint-Laurent (A1/A2) 6173:. CNN. Archived from 3503:. TVO. 28 August 2020 1362:Newport News Shipyard 1144:Temelín nuclear plant 704: 569: 467: 450:Olkiluoto 3 (Finland) 372:safety improvements. 362: 290:Active core height, m 217:core damage frequency 58:Électricité de France 32: 24: 7696:(under construction) 7690:(under construction) 7632:(under construction) 7603:Power plant reactors 7182:Traveling-wave (TWR) 6666:Supercritical (SCWR) 5006:. BBC. 20 March 2013 4903:"Nuclear Generation" 4494:on 24 September 2015 4329:on 29 September 2007 4274:13 June 2011 at the 3903:Hong Kong Free Press 3669:. 26 November 2007. 3547:. TVO. 12 March 2022 3256:on 7 September 2010. 3202:on 11 September 2010 2800:on 27 September 2007 2791:Large and Associates 2764:on 27 September 2007 2682:on 27 September 2007 2651:www.helsinkitimes.fi 2620:de.framatome-anp.com 1549:. TVO. 16 April 2023 1310:Generation III PWR. 1276:United Arab Emirates 1237:United Arab Emirates 1224:, Italians voted to 476:Construction of the 202:containment building 7966:Sortir du nucléaire 7868:(formerly Areva NP) 6552:Aqueous homogeneous 6177:on 14 January 2010. 5797:on 25 February 2021 5537:. 10 February 2022. 5183:The Daily Telegraph 5133:Terry Macalister, " 5055:. 21 September 2015 4961:The Daily Telegraph 4882:on 28 December 2011 4643:. 22 February 2017. 4623:. 14 February 2017. 4591:. 3 September 2015. 4571:The Daily Telegraph 4552:The Daily Telegraph 3703:on 15 December 2008 3007:, 31 December 2007. 2596:on 10 February 2007 2310:(in French). 2020. 2284:. ASN. 29 July 2019 1976:21 May 2011 at the 1820:on 29 November 2007 1066:hydrogen production 868:European Commission 764:The Daily Telegraph 133:reprocessed uranium 7975:Related categories 7719:Research locations 7642:prototype reactors 7615:CP0, CP1, CP2, CPY 7567:Creys-Malville SPX 7372:Nuclear technology 6484:. 29 October 2022. 6386:World Nuclear News 6309:The New York Times 6137:The New York Times 5872:on 10 January 2016 4930:New Civil Engineer 4819:EDF (8 May 2024). 4640:The Times of India 4227:World Nuclear News 4201:World Nuclear News 4175:World Nuclear News 3910:. 12 December 2017 3667:World Nuclear News 3367:. 1 September 2014 3365:World Nuclear News 2902:World Nuclear News 2626:on 18 October 2006 2459:World Nuclear News 2195:on 8 February 2018 707: 602:General Contractor 598:Guangdong Province 575: 509:Säteilyturvakeskus 474: 445:Operational plants 365: 239:Thermal output, MW 135:fuel or 100% 35: 27: 8009: 8008: 7714: 7713: 7591: 7590: 7557:Chinon (A1/A2/A3) 7390: 7389: 7382:Nuclear accidents 7305: 7304: 7136: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7076: 7075: 6960: 6959: 6892: 6891: 6388:. 24 October 2008 5368:. 30 January 2009 5320:. 27 January 2021 4781:. 12 January 2022 4468:. 6 December 2012 4229:. 17 August 2022. 4151:on 14 August 2020 4145:www.framatome.com 4115:www.framatome.com 3229:on 4 October 2011 3024:. 17 October 2008 2086:Rafał LASKOWSKI. 2036:world-nuclear.org 1981:. Author: UK EPR. 1945:978-0-85709-755-2 1894:The EPR in Crisis 1878:978-1-4389-6731-8 1839:Borrud, Gabriel. 1269:similar agreement 1220:, soon after the 1003:François Hollande 938:Arnaud Montebourg 767:quarter of 2018. 641:Shanghai Electric 637:Dongfang Electric 573:- Units 1 & 2 377:Jean-Bernard Lévy 352: 351: 325:Uranium dioxide, 8034: 7941:Dominique Voynet 7887:Public discourse 7668:EL-4 (Brennilis) 7657:CEA Paris-Saclay 7600: 7599: 7435: 7434: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7394: 7393: 7380: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7360: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7292:Helium gas (GFR) 7155: 7154: 7150: 7087: 7086: 6971: 6970: 6921: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6485: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6352: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6294: 6293:, 23 April 2009. 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6237: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6111:Arabian Business 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5990:on 20 March 2012 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5964:on 22 April 2012 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5796: 5790:. Archived from 5785: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5578: 5572: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5366:www.sa.areva.com 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5148: 5142: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4932:. 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Archived from 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2521: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2486:L'Usine Nouvelle 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1988: 1982: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1929: 1923: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1898: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1738: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1706: 1698: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1580: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1543: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1469: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1358:Northrop Grumman 1216:However, in the 1062:modular reactors 1058:clean energy hub 942:renewable energy 826: 633:steam generators 227: 226: 161: 117:third generation 111:First EPR design 8042: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8005: 7996: 7970: 7931:Mycle Schneider 7926:Stéphane Lhomme 7916:André Larivière 7888: 7882: 7846:(formerly DCNS) 7817: 7768: 7710: 7643: 7641: 7635: 7587: 7535: 7426: 7421: 7391: 7386: 7338: 7301: 7206: 7151: 7144: 7143: 7128: 7072: 7003: 6978: 6956: 6928: 6910: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6888: 6854: 6845: 6827: 6792: 6783: 6697: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6670: 6584:Natural fission 6538: 6537: 6525: 6519: 6489: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6363: 6361:Financial Times 6353: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6297: 6285: 6281: 6271: 6269: 6261: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6194:Financial Times 6186: 6182: 6171:Financial Times 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6113: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6041: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5956: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5897: 5895: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5747:. 30 June 2020. 5743: 5742: 5738: 5719: 5715: 5704: 5700: 5689: 5685: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5569:Wayback Machine 5560: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5478: 5476: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5209:Financial Times 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5149: 5145: 5141:, 18 June 2016. 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4936:on 7 April 2014 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4905:. Edfenergy.com 4899: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4813: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4621:Financial Times 4615: 4614: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4563: 4559: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4519:Financial Times 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4404: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4354:The Independent 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321:Nucleonics Week 4315: 4314: 4310: 4300: 4298: 4297:on 30 June 2009 4289: 4288: 4281: 4276:Wayback Machine 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4121:on 8 March 2021 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4078: 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1552: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1478:. 4 April 2011. 1475: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1380: 1374: 1322: 1316: 1249:Nicolas Sarkozy 1245: 1239: 1218:2011 referendum 1207: 1201: 1173: 1167: 1136: 1130: 1107:Ontario, Canada 1099: 1093: 1088: 1080: 1074: 1035: 1021: 988: 978: 926: 912: 907: 824: 821: 811: 775:Financial Times 699: 689: 684: 583:Atomstroyexport 564: 554: 462: 452: 447: 438: 402:Élisabeth Borne 357: 345:, MW · day / kg 234: 225: 155: 141:zirconium alloy 113: 108: 43:Generation III+ 17: 12: 11: 5: 8040: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7951:Solange Fernex 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7921:Corinne Lepage 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7889:and opposition 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7874: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7805: 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6071: 6049: 6027: 6001: 5975: 5949: 5927: 5905: 5883: 5853: 5834: 5808: 5772: 5750: 5736: 5713: 5698: 5683: 5661: 5639: 5617: 5595: 5573: 5554: 5540: 5522: 5508: 5486: 5459: 5433: 5405: 5379: 5353: 5331: 5305: 5283: 5249: 5223: 5195: 5169: 5143: 5126: 5100: 5066: 5040: 5017: 4995: 4973: 4947: 4916: 4893: 4867: 4856:on 1 June 2009 4837: 4811: 4792: 4766: 4748: 4734: 4713: 4699: 4674: 4660: 4646: 4626: 4608: 4594: 4576: 4557: 4538: 4524: 4505: 4479: 4453: 4439: 4417: 4395: 4381: 4359: 4340: 4308: 4279: 4257: 4232: 4214: 4203:. 30 July 2021 4188: 4177:. 16 June 2021 4162: 4132: 4102: 4090:POWER Magazine 4076: 4064: 4042: 4031:on 4 June 2021 4016: 4005:. 29 June 2018 3990: 3965: 3943: 3921: 3889: 3867: 3845: 3822: 3800: 3774: 3748: 3714: 3684: 3654: 3637:People's Daily 3624: 3602: 3580: 3558: 3536: 3514: 3492: 3470: 3448: 3426: 3404: 3378: 3352: 3330: 3308: 3281: 3259: 3240: 3213: 3187: 3165: 3139: 3111: 3088: 3061: 3035: 3009: 2993: 2967: 2941: 2915: 2889: 2863: 2852:on 3 June 2011 2833: 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МАГАТЭ. 2004 2049: 2023: 1994: 1983: 1962: 1951: 1944: 1924: 1910: 1884: 1877: 1857: 1845:Deutsche Welle 1831: 1799: 1773: 1750: 1725: 1714:on 21 May 2011 1688: 1659: 1630: 1601: 1572: 1560: 1531: 1506: 1481: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1410: 1394: 1391: 1373: 1370: 1315: 1312: 1238: 1235: 1200: 1197: 1166: 1163: 1129: 1128:Czech Republic 1126: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1073: 1070: 1020: 1019:United Kingdom 1017: 977: 974: 911: 908: 906: 903: 851:British Energy 810: 807: 795:Court of Audit 739:Stephen Thomas 688: 685: 683: 680: 631:in Japan, and 553: 550: 451: 448: 446: 443: 437: 436:EPR1200 design 434: 418:Bérangère Abba 410:Court of Audit 370:post-Fukushima 356: 353: 350: 349: 346: 338: 337: 334: 330: 329: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 299: 295: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 251: 244: 243: 240: 236: 235: 231: 224: 221: 213: 212: 209: 198: 195: 112: 109: 107: 104: 81:Taishan 1 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8039: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7946:Yves Marignac 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7885: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822:Organisations 7820: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7726:CEA Cadarache 7724: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7596:Reactor types 7594: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569:(Superphénix) 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7525:Saint-Laurent 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7383: 7375: 7373: 7365: 7363: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7212:Generation IV 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7162:Breeder (FBR) 7160: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7148: 7139: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 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Reuters. 3206:29 November 3158:1 September 2574:21 December 2346:19 February 1652:10 February 1499:16 December 893:in the new 855:Rolls-Royce 834:, England. 659:criticality 542:criticality 488:and German 470:criticality 355:EPR2 design 156: [ 89:Flamanville 8016:Categories 7774:Fuel cycle 7753:CEA Saclay 7743:(Grenoble) 7651:EL-1 (Zoé) 7573:Fessenheim 7500:Gravelines 7445:Belleville 7039:PBR (PBMR) 6462:19 October 6418:31 January 6392:31 January 6366:29 October 6199:19 January 6020:12 January 5765:27 January 5501:19 October 5324:10 January 5298:10 October 4785:12 January 4779:EDF France 4692:14 October 4589:EDF France 3978:EDF Energy 3767:2 December 3677:4 February 3617:8 November 3595:31 October 3441:3 December 3397:10 October 3180:1 November 3127:Salem-News 3054:17 October 3028:17 October 2846:Forbes.com 2656:4 December 2549:3 February 2436:10 January 2413:10 January 2390:16 October 2243:30 January 2221:7 February 2199:7 February 2173:7 November 1903:6 December 1850:11 October 1460:References 1376:See also: 1318:See also: 1260:or Areva. 1254:Total S.A. 1241:See also: 1203:See also: 1181:Fennovoima 1169:See also: 1132:See also: 1095:See also: 1076:See also: 1072:Kazakhstan 1050:Sellafield 1048:site near 1039:Sizewell C 1023:See also: 980:See also: 953:Gravelines 914:See also: 889:, the new 887:Greg Clark 813:See also: 691:See also: 556:See also: 490:Siemens AG 454:See also: 248:Efficiency 192:decay heat 7866:Framatome 7788:Tricastin 7776:locations 7707:(concept) 7547:Brennilis 7530:Tricastin 7485:Dampierre 7091:Fluorides 6755:IPHWR-700 6750:IPHWR-540 6745:IPHWR-220 6534:Moderator 6521:Types of 6150:12 August 6145:0362-4331 6116:12 August 5876:12 August 5827:23 August 5731:0140-0460 5723:The Times 5676:14 August 5479:12 August 5398:5 October 5372:12 August 5271:0307-1235 5093:11 August 5088:0261-3077 5059:11 August 4498:14 August 4472:14 August 4412:Bloomberg 4356:. 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