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Generation II reactor designs generally had an original design life of 30 or 40 years. This date was set as the period over which loans taken out for the plant would be paid off. However, many generation II reactors are being life-extended to 50 or 60 years, and a second life-extension to 80 years
246:
The only remaining commercial Gen I plant, the Wylfa
Nuclear Power Station in Wales, was scheduled for closure in 2010. However, the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority announced in October 2010 that the Wylfa Nuclear Power Station will operate up to December
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may also be economical in many cases. By 2013 about 75% of still operating U.S. reactors had been granted life extension licenses to 60 years.
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for reactor designs, describing four 'generations', was proposed by the US Department of Energy when it introduced the concept of
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35:, and refers to the class of commercial reactors built until the end of the 1990s. Prototypical and older versions of
141:'s three destroyed reactors were generation II reactors; specifically Mark I Boiling water reactors (BWR) designed by
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265:(ORNL/TM-10071/R3 ed.). Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratories. pp. 43–45.
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designs. Typically, the modernization includes improved safety systems and a 60-year design life.
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came online and is likely to be the last generation II reactor to become operational in the
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is sometimes used for modernized generation II designs built post-2000, such as the
Chinese
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131:'s No.4 reactor that exploded was a generation II reactor, specifically
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reactors, which refer to the early prototype of power reactors, such as
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294:. Nuclear Engineering International. 1 October 2010. Archived from
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201:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 203.
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Cost
Estimate Guidelines for Advanced Nuclear Power Technologies
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Jamasb, Tooraj; William J. Nuttall; Michael G. Pollitt (2006).
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94:. The last commercial Gen I power reactor was located at the
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1115:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
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23:Generation II reactor vessels size comparison.
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1818:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
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98:and ceased operation at the end of 2015. The
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228:"Nuclear Reactors: Generation to Generation"
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199:Future electricity technologies and systems
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292:"No reason why NPPs cannot live beyond 60"
259:Delene, J.G.; Hudson, C.R. II (May 1993).
16:Design classification for nuclear reactors
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18:
343:Nuclear Reactors Knowledge Base at IAEA
2262:
1745:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
382:
320:. World Nuclear News. 19 December 2013
1987:
1750:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
1159:
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235:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
185:
117:, in competition with more expensive
2195:
2174:
1147:
147:Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station
1755:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
13:
1564:
715:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
14:
2286:
738:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
637:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
336:
318:"Renewal a bridge to replacement"
31:is a design classification for a
2199:
2173:
2162:
2161:
2149:
1838:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
927:Historical stockpiles and tests
1828:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
710:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
284:
215:
1:
2156:Nuclear technology portal
178:
2223:. You can help Knowledge by
2018:Field-reversed configuration
1628:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
7:
2270:Nuclear power reactor types
1975:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1160:
922:States with nuclear weapons
156:
96:Wylfa Nuclear Power Station
10:
2291:
2194:
1988:
1813:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
937:Tests in the United States
2143:
2099:
2051:
2008:
1998:
1950:
1938:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
1851:
1833:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
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1640:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
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145:. In 2016, unit 2 at the
1843:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
1459:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
795:Electron-beam processing
222:Stephen M. Goldberg and
62:These are contrasted to
1958:Organic nuclear reactor
1130:Nuclear power phase-out
1053:Nuclear decommissioning
993:Reactor-grade plutonium
743:Targeted alpha-particle
622:Accidents and incidents
119:generation III reactor
111:generation II+ reactor
104:generation IV reactors
24:
1120:Anti-nuclear movement
163:List of reactor types
29:generation II reactor
22:
2028:Reversed field pinch
1823:Traveling-wave (TWR)
1307:Supercritical (SCWR)
805:Gemstone irradiation
2275:Nuclear power stubs
2207:This article about
1193:Aqueous homogeneous
988:Reprocessed uranium
661:Safety and security
2107:Dense plasma focus
1022:Actinide chemistry
487:Isotope separation
384:Nuclear technology
25:
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949:Weapon-free zones
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768:Radiopharmacology
208:978-0-521-86049-9
139:Fukushima Daiichi
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2213:nuclear reactors
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1043:High-level (HLW)
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800:Food irradiation
790:Atomic gardening
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666:Nuclear meltdown
492:Nuclear material
482:Fissile material
477:Fertile material
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109:The designation
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298:on 13 June 2011
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33:nuclear reactor
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2117:Muon-catalyzed
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1342:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
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1273:
1271:
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1200:
1199:
1196:
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1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Nuclear power
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1085:Transmutation
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
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1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
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994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
981:
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978:
974:
971:
969:
965:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
938:
935:
933:
930:
929:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
913:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
895:
892:
888:
885:
883:
882:high-altitude
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
872:Proliferation
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
825:
821:
818:
816:
812:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
783:
779:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Brachytherapy
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
728:
726:
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713:
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664:
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639:
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635:
633:
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628:
625:
623:
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590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
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575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Cross section
552:
550:
547:
545:
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540:
537:
536:
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532:
528:
520:
517:
515:
512:
508:
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389:
385:
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366:
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349:
346:
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340:
319:
313:
297:
293:
287:
272:
268:
264:
263:
255:
248:
236:
229:
225:
224:Robert Rosner
218:
210:
204:
200:
193:
191:
189:
184:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
154:
152:
151:United States
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
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116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
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81:
77:
73:
69:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2225:expanding it
2206:
2191:
2178:
2166:
2147:
2127:Pyroelectric
2081:Laser-driven
1861:Sodium (SFR)
1788:fast-neutron
1627:
1173:
1063:Reprocessing
944:WMD treaties
763:Radiosurgery
733:Fast-neutron
705:Scintigraphy
322:. Retrieved
312:
300:. Retrieved
296:the original
286:
274:. Retrieved
261:
254:
245:
238:. Retrieved
217:
198:
137:
127:
123:
110:
108:
100:nomenclature
72:Shippingport
66:generation I
63:
61:
28:
26:
2038:Stellarator
2002:confinement
1896:Superphénix
1723:Molten-salt
1675:VHTR (HTGR)
1452:HW BLWR 250
1418:R4 Marviken
1347:Pressurized
1317:Heavy water
1301:many others
1230:Pressurized
1185:Light water
887:underground
845:Disarmament
753:Tomotherapy
748:Proton-beam
612:Power plant
574:Temperature
407:Engineering
324:21 December
276:9 September
240:1 September
2264:Categories
2063:(acoustic)
1680:PBR (PBMR)
1068:Spent fuel
1058:Repository
1038:Fuel cycle
1005:Activation
782:Processing
649:Propulsion
607:by country
539:Activation
302:14 October
179:References
2033:Spheromak
1732:Fluorides
1396:IPHWR-700
1391:IPHWR-540
1386:IPHWR-220
1175:Moderator
855:Explosion
830:Arms race
617:Economics
569:Reflector
564:Radiation
559:Generator
514:Plutonium
467:Deuterium
432:Radiation
402:Chemistry
173:System 80
133:RBMK-1000
129:Chernobyl
92:Dresden 1
2168:Category
2122:Polywell
2053:Inertial
2010:Magnetic
1765:TMSR-LF1
1760:TMSR-500
1740:Fuji MSR
1700:THTR-300
1540:Graphite
1403:PHWR KWU
1369:ACR-1000
1297:IPWR-900
1280:ACPR1000
1275:HPR-1000
1265:CPR-1000
1240:APR-1400
1031:Disposal
983:Actinide
976:Products
835:Delivery
678:Medicine
507:depleted
502:enriched
472:Helium-3
437:ionizing
226:(2011).
168:OPR-1000
157:See also
115:CPR-1000
2180:Commons
2091:Z-pinch
2061:Bubble
2043:Tokamak
1906:FBR-600
1886:CFR-600
1881:BN-1200
1547:coolant
1474:Organic
1359:CANDU 9
1356:CANDU 6
1324:coolant
1285:ACP1000
1260:CAP1400
1198:Boiling
1163:Fission
1010:Fission
954:Weapons
894:Warfare
877:Testing
867:History
860:effects
815:Weapons
725:Therapy
700:RadBall
687:Imaging
579:Thermal
544:Capture
531:Neutron
519:Thorium
497:Uranium
462:Tritium
442:braking
422:Fission
412:Physics
395:Science
88:Fermi 1
1991:Fusion
1951:Others
1891:Phénix
1876:BN-800
1871:BN-600
1866:BN-350
1695:HTR-PM
1690:HTR-10
1670:UHTREX
1635:Magnox
1630:(UNGG)
1523:Lucens
1518:KS 150
1255:ATMEA1
1235:AP1000
1218:Kerena
1098:Debate
850:Ethics
840:Design
823:Topics
654:rocket
632:Fusion
627:Policy
589:Fusion
549:Poison
427:Fusion
205:
90:, and
76:Magnox
2219:is a
2112:Migma
2100:Other
2069:Fusor
1968:Piqua
1963:Arbus
1921:PRISM
1663:MHR-T
1658:GTMHR
1588:EGP-6
1583:AMB-X
1558:Water
1503:HWGCR
1442:HWLWR
1381:IPHWR
1352:CANDU
1213:ESBWR
968:Waste
932:Tests
915:Lists
899:Yield
642:MMRTG
599:Power
247:2012.
231:(PDF)
41:CANDU
2221:stub
2215:for
2211:and
1928:Lead
1911:CEFR
1901:PFBR
1783:None
1593:RBMK
1578:AM-1
1508:EL-4
1482:WR-1
1464:AHWR
1408:MZFR
1376:CVTR
1365:AFCR
1292:VVER
1250:APWR
1245:APR+
1208:ABWR
1078:cask
1073:pool
1015:LLFP
904:TNTe
584:Fast
454:Fuel
326:2013
304:2010
278:2020
242:2018
203:ISBN
80:UNGG
57:VVER
55:and
53:RBMK
2000:by
1916:PFR
1707:PMR
1685:AVR
1607:Gas
1545:by
1513:KKN
1447:ATR
1362:EC6
1322:by
1270:EPR
1203:BWR
267:doi
84:AMB
49:AGR
45:BWR
37:PWR
2266::
1650:He
1616:CO
1492:CO
1413:R3
244:.
233:.
187:^
153:.
135:.
106:.
86:,
82:,
74:,
51:,
47:,
43:,
39:,
27:A
2252:e
2245:t
2238:v
2227:.
1790:)
1786:(
1618:2
1570:O
1568:2
1566:H
1494:2
1434:O
1432:2
1430:H
1339:O
1337:2
1335:D
376:e
369:t
362:v
328:.
306:.
280:.
269::
211:.
78:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
