371:. The level of Lake Algonquin dropped, ending the outflow through the Port Huron outlet. For several thousand years Early Lake Erie did not receive water from the upper basins. This low water stage lasted for 5,000 years. The lake lost over 90 percent of its inflow, becoming stagnant. The lake became eutrophic, acerbated by lower precipitation and increased evaporation. A closed or endorheic lake basin was created Bathymetric data compiled by National Geographic Data Center in 1998 located a former shoreline submerged below Lake Erie. The Buffalo Ridge shoreline in the eastern basin is 10 to 12 metres (33 to 39 ft) below the current river outlet. The central basin was separate from the eastern basin, but with isostatic rebound in the eastern end, the water topped the Norfolk Moraine, creating one lake with a deep channel called the Pennsylvania Channel. An alternative may have been a significant inflow of water from the south shore tributaries, raising the water level, while deepening the Pennsylvania Channel, until a single lake was created.
413:
29:
1659:
324:
45:
380:
1671:
1647:
52:
1635:
396:. This was 5,400 YBP. Lake Erie remained isolated, but continued to rise. The Middle Stage ended around 5,300 YBP when drainage from Lake Nipissing was again diverted through the Port Huron outlet. The increase in water, the growing humidity in the climate, and increased water levels created a large delta in western basin at the mouth of the ancestral
400:. The remaining depositional features in Lake Erie (i.e. the Buffalo Ridge, Norfolk Moraine, Conneaut Bank, and Presque Isle Bank) were flooded. These underwater obstacles altered water circulation patterns, forming new surface features, including Long Point, Ontario, and Presque Isle, Pennsylvania. The
429:
When Lake Erie reached its present level 3,500 YBP, the southern tributary river that had created incised channels through the lacustrine sediment and glacial till during the low-water stages was flooded. This created the drowned estuarine river mouths common along the western shore. These drowned
391:
It is believed that decreased precipitation and increased evaporation of set the changes created by the isostatic uplift.) This
Xerothermic or Hypsithermal Interval existed for approximately 5,000 years (10,300 to 5,300 YBP). As the uplift continued, the North Bay Outlet rose, and the upper basin
314:
Outlet, was over 50 metres (160 ft) lower than the present level of Lake Erie creating a non-glacial lake, called Early Lake Erie. At this stage water elevation was 120 metres (390 ft) above sea level. The lake consisted of two lobes, one in the eastern basin and a smaller lake in the
387:
About 10,000 YBP the water levels began to level off. At 7,500 YBP the elevation was 145 metres (476 ft). It continued to rise, by slowing for the next 2,000 years. This period has been called the "Middle Lake Erie". This would be 25 metres (82 ft) below the current lake level. An
430:
shores became the source of beach sand, forming the massive sand spits at Long Point and
Presque Isle, and creating new spits at Point Pelee, Ontario, and Cedar Point, Ohio. At the same time barrier beaches were formed across the mouths of most of the estuarine tributaries.
724:
Kaszycki CA. 1985. History of glacial Lake
Algonquin in the Haliburton Region, South Central Ontario. Pages 109–123, in Karrow PF, Calkin PE, eds.Quaternary Evolution of the Great Lakes. St. John's (Newfoundland): Geological Association of Canada Special Paper
708:
Calkin PE, Feenstra BH. 1985. Evolution of the Erie-basin Great Lakes. Pages 149–170, in Karrow PF, Calkin PE, eds. Quaternary
Evolution of the Great Lakes. St. John's (Newfoundland): Geological Association of Canada Special Paper
420:
Shoreline features indicate Lake Erie rose to a highstand, 3 to 4 metres (9.8 to 13.1 ft) above its present level about 4,700 YPB. The
Niagara River Outlet eroded to its current level about 3,500 YBP.
721:
Holcombe TL, Taylor LA, Reid DF, Warren JS, Vincent PA, Herdendorf CE. 2003. Revised Lake Erie postglacial lake level history based on new detailed bathymetry. Journal of Great Lakes
Research *29:681-704.
513:
Holcombe TL, Taylor LA, Reid DF, Warren JS, Vincent PA, Herdendorf CE. 2003. Revised Lake Erie postglacial lake level history based on new detailed bathymetry. Journal of Great Lakes
Research *29:681-704.
715:
Herdendorf CE, Braidech LL. 1972. Physical characteristics of the reef area of western Lake Erie. *Ohio
Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey Report of Investigation 82. 90 *pp.
705:
Brant RA, Herdendorf CE. 1972. Delineation of Great Lakes estuaries. Pages 710–718, in
Proceedings 15the Conference on Great Lakes Research. International Association for Great Lakes Research.
404:
delta was formed during this time, (5,000-3,600 YBP). The lacustrine clays under the delta have been radiocarbon dated at 7,300 YBP. Thus the delta began during Lake
Nipissing time
351:. The shallow central basin overflowed the Norfolk Moraine creating the Pennsylvania Channel into the eastern basin. The deeper eastern basin overflowed Niagara Escarpment by the
383:
Middle Stage of Early Lake Erie. Based on Herdendorf, 2013. Blue is full extent of the prehistoric lake with light blue for those waters of Lake Huron over the modern lake area.
310:
history of Lake Erie began with a flood of water over the Niagara Escarpment. The flood created a channel in the moraines and bedrock lower water level in the Erie basin. The
33:
Glacial Lakes Chippewa, Stanley, Early Erie and Early Ontario. Low-level lake stages during the end of the Wisconsin Glacial era in North America. Based on Larsen map, 1987.
1073:
731:
Lewis CFM, Cameron GDM, Anderson TW, Heil CW Jr, Gareau PL. 2012. Lake levels in the Erie Basin of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology 47:493-511.
251:
Lewis CFM, Cameron GDM, Anderson TW, Heil CW Jr, Gareau PL. 2012. Lake levels in the Erie Basin of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology 47:493-511.
1231:
331:
About 10,400 YBP the ice sheet advanced southward, blocking the Kirkfield Outlet. Once again, the Lake Erie basin received water from Lake Algonquin, through the
355:
for a brief time. There is still a division of ideas about whether Early Lake Erie overflowed the Niagara River at this time or remained without an overflow.
278:
Early-period Lake Erie was made up of smaller lakes (Lakes Warren, Wayne, Maumee and Lundy) with lower depths. Much of the ancient lake bed is now northern
1104:
771:
275:
The ancient lake was similar in size to the current lake during glacial retreat, but for some period the eastern half of the lake was covered with ice.
1726:
44:
1083:
1741:
718:
Herdendorf CE, Bailey ML. 1989. Evidence for an early delta of the Detroit River in western Lake Erie. Ohio Journal of Science 89:16-22.
557:
Research overview: Holocene development of Lake Erie; Charles E. Herdendorf; The Ohio Journal of Science, v112, n2 (2013), pgs 24-36
764:
728:
Larsen CE. 1987. Geological history of glacial Lake Algonquin and the Upper Great Lakes. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1801. 36 pp.
1696:
97:
1716:
757:
347:
system. The additional water created a marshy swamp in the western basin, then it created a river system through the
1746:
1721:
327:
Early or Low-Level Stage of Early Lake Erie. Herdendorf, 2013. Gray is deep water basin, blue is Early Lake Erie.
1751:
980:
1711:
1409:
1701:
294:(YBP) the Laurentian ice sheet had melted to the east, creating an outlet for the Lake Erie basin at the
1482:
1472:
850:
819:
1731:
1619:
1603:
1568:
494:
412:
306:
through the Kirkfield Outlet. This ended the outflow from Lake Algonquin into the Lake Erie Basin.
1706:
479:
749:
28:
1593:
1320:
1315:
323:
1573:
1558:
1389:
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1280:
1168:
1158:
1098:
1078:
489:
393:
269:
169:
134:
1226:
474:
379:
332:
8:
388:
alternative level at 30 metres (98 ft) has been proposed through radiocarbon dates.
226:
1515:
1736:
484:
368:
295:
155:
1301:
798:
439:
1553:
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1394:
1339:
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1187:
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878:
783:
336:
261:
1651:
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1216:
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185:
1690:
1675:
1505:
1467:
1437:
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1310:
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1221:
1192:
1048:
1022:
930:
925:
883:
444:
397:
352:
344:
311:
176:
162:
112:
99:
73:
1663:
1578:
1510:
1500:
1373:
1359:
1153:
1114:
1109:
1043:
999:
970:
965:
956:
873:
840:
835:
803:
464:
459:
449:
303:
744:
129:
1563:
1477:
1462:
1442:
1368:
1349:
1260:
1202:
1178:
1124:
1093:
1088:
1058:
1038:
1014:
1004:
975:
780:
469:
348:
148:
83:
1598:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1424:
1414:
1344:
1330:
1163:
1129:
893:
156:
1670:
170:
1533:
1053:
990:
909:
144:
845:
307:
712:
Herdendorf CE. 1990b. Great Lakes estuaries. Estuaries 13:493-503.
779:
265:
1525:
734:
Sears PB. 1942. Xerothermic theory. Botanical Review 8:708-736.
298:. Simultaneously, the ice sheet had opened a drainage between
1588:
268:
approximately 13,000 years ago. The early Erie fed waters to
1583:
279:
661:
Lewis 1969; Calkin and Feenstra 1985; Holcombe et al. 2003
621:
619:
617:
416:
Highstand shore of Lake Erie. Based on Herondon 2013.
614:
575:
Hobson and others 1969; Herdendorf and Braidech 1972
424:
1688:
318:
90:
688:Lewis and others 2012 and Pengelly et al. 1997
765:
652:Sears 1942; Phillips 1989; Shane et al. 2001
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
697:Brant and Herdendorf 1972; Herdendorf 1990b
772:
758:
534:
679:Raphael and Jaworski 1982; Kaszycki 1985
411:
378:
322:
51:
1689:
531:Holcomb et al. 2003; Lewis et al. 2012
367:opened between Lake Algonquin and the
1727:Geological history of the Great Lakes
753:
566:Calkin and Feenstra 1985; Larsen 1987
285:
264:that existed at the end of the last
738:
358:
13:
1742:Glacial lakes of the United States
14:
1763:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
50:
43:
27:
691:
682:
673:
664:
655:
646:
637:
628:
605:
374:
596:
587:
578:
569:
560:
525:
516:
507:
425:Transition to modern Lake Erie
1:
1697:Former lakes of North America
981:Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
500:
319:Discharge from Lake Algonquin
407:
16:Former lake in North America
7:
1717:Geology of New York (state)
670:(Herdendorf and Bailey 1989
433:
201:13,000 years before present
10:
1768:
851:West Siberian Glacial Lake
602:Kaszycki 1985; Larsen 1987
1628:
1620:List of prehistoric lakes
1612:
1604:Great Tehuelche Paleolake
1546:
1524:
1491:
1423:
1382:
1358:
1329:
1299:
1245:
1201:
1177:
1143:
1013:
989:
955:
948:
918:
902:
866:
859:
828:
812:
791:
495:List of prehistoric lakes
247:
243:
235:
225:
217:
213:241 mi (388 km)
209:
205:
197:
184:
168:
154:
140:
128:
89:
79:
69:
38:
26:
21:
611:Lewis et al. 1999, 2012.
480:Midcontinent Rift System
239:476 ft (145 m)
1747:Glacial lakes of Canada
1722:Geology of Pennsylvania
1074:Lake Houghton (glacial)
221:57 mi (92 km)
1316:Kankakee Outwash Plain
1232:Glacial Lake Sammamish
634:Coakley and Lewis 1985
417:
384:
328:
231:300 years in existence
1752:Glacial lakes of Ohio
1281:Lake Jordan (Montana)
1169:Glacial Lake Missoula
1159:Glacial Lake Columbia
1099:Nipissing Great Lakes
1079:Glacial Lake Iroquois
490:Nipissing Great Lakes
415:
392:entered the stage of
382:
326:
270:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1640:Geography portal
1410:Lake Nantucket Sound
1227:Glacial Lake Russell
745:Lake Erie Landscapes
625:Holcombe et al. 2003
475:Last glacial maximum
1712:Geology of Michigan
584:Holcomb et al. 2003
335:Outlet and the new
227:Residence time
109: /
1702:Geology of Indiana
1652:History portal
1105:Early Lake Ontario
485:Niagara Escarpment
418:
385:
369:St. Lawrence River
363:By 10,300 YBP the
329:
296:Niagara Escarpment
260:was a prehistoric
1684:
1683:
1676:Oceans portal
1542:
1541:
1212:Glacial Lake Hood
1101:(Multiple basins)
1035:(Multiple basins)
944:
943:
799:Lake Makgadikgadi
593:Lewis et al. 2012
440:Great Black Swamp
286:Early (low) Stage
255:
254:
236:Surface elevation
1759:
1732:Proglacial lakes
1674:
1673:
1664:Lakes portal
1662:
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1649:
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1638:
1637:
1636:
1516:Lake San Agustín
1395:Lake Connecticut
1340:Lake Monongahela
1291:Lake Musselshell
1276:Lake Great Falls
953:
952:
864:
863:
786:and related seas
784:proglacial lakes
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750:
739:External sources
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365:North Bay Outlet
359:Second low stage
172:
171:Primary outflows
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1707:Geology of Ohio
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1493:Rio Grande rift
1487:
1419:
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1325:
1295:
1241:
1197:
1188:Lake Bonneville
1173:
1139:
1135:Lake Whittlesey
1064:Early Lake Erie
1009:
985:
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879:Baltic Ice Lake
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337:St. Clair River
321:
315:central basin.
288:
262:proglacial lake
258:Early Lake Erie
192:
188: countries
179:
157:Primary inflows
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1554:Lake Ballivián
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1400:Lake Hitchcock
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1321:Lake Wisconsin
1318:
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1252:
1250:
1248:Missouri River
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1237:Lake Skokomish
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1229:
1224:
1219:
1217:Lake Nisqually
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1199:
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1145:Columbia River
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1140:
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1122:
1120:Lake Tonawanda
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1112:
1107:
1102:
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1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Lake Frontenac
1066:
1061:
1056:
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1046:
1041:
1036:
1033:Lake Algonquin
1030:
1028:Lake Admiralty
1025:
1019:
1017:
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1008:
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987:
986:
984:
983:
978:
973:
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962:
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945:
942:
941:
939:
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936:Lake Pickering
933:
928:
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904:
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487:
482:
477:
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467:
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455:Lake Algonquin
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432:
426:
423:
409:
406:
402:Lake St. Clair
394:Lake Nipissing
376:
373:
360:
357:
341:Lake St. Clair
320:
317:
300:Lake Algonquin
292:before present
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1547:South America
1545:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Lake Estancia
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1483:Lake Thompson
1481:
1479:
1476:
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1471:
1469:
1468:Lake Panamint
1466:
1464:
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1459:
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1449:
1446:
1444:
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1438:Lake Corcoran
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1433:Lake Cahuilla
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1416:
1413:
1411:
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1390:Lake Cape Cod
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1335:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Lake Kankakee
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1286:Lake McKenzie
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Lake Glendive
1269:
1267:
1266:Lake Cut Bank
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:Lake Chouteau
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Lake Puyallup
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1193:Lake Lahontan
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Lake Chippewa
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Champlain Sea
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
992:
988:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
958:
954:
951:
949:North America
947:
937:
934:
932:
931:Lake Lapworth
929:
927:
926:Lake Harrison
924:
923:
921:
919:Great Britain
917:
911:
908:
907:
905:
901:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:Littorina Sea
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
865:
862:
858:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
831:
827:
821:
820:Lake Washburn
818:
817:
815:
811:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
790:
785:
782:
775:
770:
768:
763:
761:
756:
755:
752:
746:
743:
742:
733:
730:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
694:
685:
676:
667:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
620:
618:
608:
599:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
528:
519:
510:
506:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Champlain Sea
443:
441:
438:
437:
431:
422:
414:
405:
403:
399:
398:Detroit River
395:
389:
381:
372:
370:
366:
356:
354:
353:Niagara River
350:
349:Pelee Passage
346:
345:Detroit River
342:
338:
334:
325:
316:
313:
312:Niagara River
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:12,000 years
283:
281:
276:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
198:First flooded
196:
193:United States
190:
187:
183:
180:Welland Canal
178:
177:Niagara River
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Detroit River
161:
159:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
122:
113:42.6°N 79.7°W
94:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
74:North America
72:
68:
46:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1579:Lake Minchin
1511:Lake Palomas
1501:Lake Alamosa
1473:Lake Russell
1374:Lake Passaic
1154:Lake Allison
1115:Lake Stanley
1110:Lake Saginaw
1063:
1044:Lake Chicago
1000:Lake Ojibway
971:Lake Bassano
966:Lake Agassiz
957:Nelson River
874:Ancylus Lake
841:Lake Tengger
836:Lake Bandung
804:Lake Ptolemy
693:
684:
675:
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
607:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
527:
522:Forsyth 1973
518:
509:
465:Lake Chicago
460:Lake Agassiz
450:Lake Ojibway
428:
419:
390:
386:
375:Middle Stage
362:
330:
304:Lake Ontario
289:
277:
274:
257:
256:
149:Erie Indians
1564:Lake Escara
1478:Lake Tecopa
1463:Lake Mojave
1443:Lake Harper
1383:New England
1369:Lake Albany
1350:Teays River
1302:Mississippi
1261:Lake Circle
1203:Puget Sound
1179:Great Basin
1125:Lake Warren
1094:Lake Minong
1089:Lake Maumee
1059:Lake Duluth
1039:Lake Arkona
1015:Great Lakes
1005:Tyrrell Sea
976:Lake Souris
781:Pleistocene
643:Forsyth 197
470:Lake Maumee
210:Max. length
135:former lake
118:42.6; -79.7
116: /
91:Coordinates
84:Great Lakes
1691:Categories
1599:Lake Tauca
1569:Inca Huasi
1458:Lake Modoc
1453:Lake Manly
1448:Lake Manix
1425:California
1415:Lake Stowe
1345:Lake Tight
1164:Lake Lewis
1130:Lake Wayne
1084:Lake Lundy
894:Yoldia Sea
867:Baltic Sea
813:Antarctica
501:References
333:Port Huron
248:References
218:Max. width
1737:Lake Erie
1534:Lake Atna
1054:Lake Dana
991:James Bay
910:Lake Komi
408:Highstand
147:from the
145:Lake Erie
141:Etymology
130:Lake type
1333:drainage
1304:drainage
993:drainage
959:drainage
846:Mundafan
434:See also
308:Holocene
70:Location
1613:Summary
1594:Salinas
266:ice age
104:79°42′W
101:42°36′N
1574:Mataro
1559:Cabana
1526:Alaska
1362:valley
1360:Hudson
1300:Upper
1246:Upper
1205:system
1181:system
1147:system
903:Russia
860:Europe
792:Africa
191:Canada
1589:Sajsi
186:Basin
80:Group
1584:Ouki
1331:Ohio
829:Asia
302:and
280:Ohio
725:30.
709:30.
1693::
616:^
536:^
282:.
272:.
773:e
766:t
759:v
343:-
339:-
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