2096:
2085:
1138:
Coccioni, Rodolfo; Montanari, Alessandro; Nice, David; Brinkhuis, Henk; Deino, Alain; Frontalini, Fabrizio; Liter, Fabrizio; Maiorano, Patricia; Monechi, Simonetta; Prods, Jörg; Rochette, Pierre; Sagnotti, Leonardo; Sideri, Marianna; Sprovieri, Mario; Tateo, Fabio; Touchard, Yannick; Can
Simaeys,
1024:. It is also coeval with the only regionally used upper Aldingan and lower Janjukian stages of Australia, the upper Refugian and lower Zemorrian stages of California and the lower Kiscellian
701:
1465:
727:
715:
782:
793:
1141:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy"
1333:
1458:
1305:
1028:
stage of
Central and eastern Europe. Other regionally used alternatives include the Stampian, Tongrian, Latdorfian and Vicksburgian.
564:
649:
582:
1045:
Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of
Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene".
1451:
524:
2129:
921:
and the stage was made in the second half of the 20th century, when stratigraphers saw the need to distinguish between
913:
derives its name from the same source. The name
Rupelian was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist
2124:
1002:
991:
17:
1217:
1140:
1326:
1013:
804:
738:
1299:
1474:
1295:
638:
1277:
1319:
2134:
1747:
1742:
968:
The top of the
Rupelian Stage (the base of the Chattian) is at the extinction of the foram genus
1080:
1290:
1017:
1243:
914:
1156:
1021:
869:
610:
961:, Italy). The transition with the Chattian has also been marked with a GSSP in August 2017 (
1054:
918:
858:
683:
1117:
937:
The base of the
Rupelian Stage (which is also the base of the Oligocene Series) is at the
8:
2078:
1255:, Bulletins de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
1187:
1058:
926:
850:
485:
2119:
1876:
1840:
922:
606:
1098:
1066:
1970:
1845:
1814:
1611:
1160:
1152:
1113:
1062:
1308:, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
2070:
2066:
2062:
1939:
1835:
1773:
1668:
1637:
1606:
865:
301:
43:
2095:
2089:
1908:
1778:
1673:
1642:
1443:
1302:, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
2113:
1809:
1799:
1768:
1731:
1663:
1632:
999:
942:
854:
819:
806:
753:
740:
673:
394:
74:
2100:
2031:
1881:
1804:
962:
705:
2026:
1895:
1871:
1716:
1511:
1165:
910:
49:
2021:
1981:
1924:
1824:
1721:
1595:
1495:
1411:
1180:
1025:
988:
958:
949:
938:
886:
880:
709:
459:
257:
94:
59:
2084:
874:
2036:
1986:
1960:
1919:
1866:
1711:
1687:
1568:
1558:
1547:
1406:
1385:
1380:
1365:
1355:
1342:
1010:
1006:
995:
984:
862:
797:
544:
450:
423:
413:
359:
313:
267:
99:
1996:
1991:
1955:
1855:
1788:
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1652:
1621:
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1532:
1506:
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1427:
1401:
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1311:
890:
603:
477:
441:
432:
233:
220:
89:
84:
69:
64:
54:
2010:
1950:
1700:
1537:
1521:
980:
973:
906:
383:
293:
104:
79:
2046:
1929:
1563:
1375:
1360:
731:
404:
340:
1137:
945:
902:
954:
1020:
21 through 24 and part of 25), and the lower
Hsandgolian
1044:
957:
for the base of the
Rupelian has been assigned in 1992 (
1099:"Decision on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary stratotype"
120:
889:Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the
1296:Neogene timescale (including the upper Paleogene)
2111:
1473:
1097:Silva, Isabella; Jenkins, D. (September 1993).
581:Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the
1459:
1327:
1139:Stefaan; Williams, Graham L. (1 March 2018).
1266:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.
1096:
1086:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
932:
1466:
1452:
1334:
1320:
1253:Rapport sur la carte géologique du Royaume
1197:. International Commission of Stratigraphy
1188:"International Commission of Stratigraphy"
588:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago
1164:
1081:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
901:The stage is named after the small river
1038:
14:
2112:
578:
1447:
1315:
1341:
1306:Stratigraphic chart of the Paleogene
917:in 1850. The separation between the
553:
532:
514:
2065:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1220:. p. The Paleobiology Database
24:
2069:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1157:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003
781:LAD of the Planktonic Foraminifer
25:
2146:
2073:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1284:
1215:
1209:
972:(which is also the base of foram
2094:
2083:
47:
29:First Age of the Oligocene Epoch
1118:10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i3/002
1067:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001
1014:European Land Mammal Mega Zones
1003:South American Land Mammal Ages
992:North American Land Mammal Ages
905:in Belgium, a tributary to the
1131:
1090:
1073:
513:
13:
1:
1512:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1236:
1031:
872:. It spans the time between
7:
1475:Geological history of Earth
1291:GeoWhen Database - Rupelian
1047:Global and Planetary Change
726:Massignano quarry section,
579:
215:
10:
2151:
2130:Rupelian first appearances
1748:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1743:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1507:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1278:Cambridge University Press
1274:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
979:The Rupelian overlaps the
2060:
2045:
2032:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2009:
1969:
1938:
1907:
1894:
1882:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1854:
1823:
1787:
1756:
1730:
1699:
1686:
1651:
1620:
1594:
1581:
1546:
1520:
1494:
1481:
1349:
835:
789:
785:(Base of Foram Zone P21b)
778:Upper boundary definition
777:
769:
722:
706:Planktonic Foraminiferans
698:Lower boundary definition
697:
689:
679:
669:
664:
656:
644:
634:
629:
621:
616:
599:
118:
113:
39:
34:
2027:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1872:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1717:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1569:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1559:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1218:"Mammal Paleogene zones"
1016:(the Rupelian spans the
933:Stratigraphic definition
885:. It is preceded by the
123:
2125:Oligocene geochronology
2022:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1987:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1982:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1925:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1815:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1722:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1533:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
896:
1992:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1961:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1920:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1867:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1712:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1538:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1018:Mammal Paleogene zones
206:−25 —
196:−30 —
186:−35 —
176:−40 —
166:−45 —
156:−50 —
146:−55 —
136:−60 —
126:−65 —
1997:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1956:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1877:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1564:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1022:Asian Land Mammal Age
2037:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1930:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1810:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1800:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1009:, Suevian and lower
857:or the lower of two
545:permanent ice-sheets
2092: •
2081: •
2079:Geologic time scale
1841:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1805:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1774:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1669:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1638:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1300:Paleogene timescale
1259:, p. 351-373.
1059:2005GPC....47...51Z
927:chronostratigraphic
915:André Hubert Dumont
853:, the older of two
836:Upper GSSP ratified
820:43.6466°N 13.4677°E
816: /
790:Upper boundary GSSP
770:Lower GSSP ratified
754:43.5328°N 13.6011°E
750: /
723:Lower boundary GSSP
690:Time span formality
2090:Geology portal
1951:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1846:Early (470–485 Ma)
1779:Early (393–419 Ma)
1674:Early (247–252 Ma)
1643:Early (174–201 Ma)
1612:Early (100–145 Ma)
1607:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
923:lithostratigraphic
851:geologic timescale
680:Stratigraphic unit
670:Chronological unit
657:Time scale(s) used
2107:
2106:
2005:
2004:
1971:Paleoproterozoic
1890:
1889:
1836:Late (444–458 Ma)
1769:Late (359–383 Ma)
1682:
1681:
1664:Late (201–237 Ma)
1633:Late (145–164 Ma)
1577:
1576:
1498:(present–2.58 Ma)
1486:(present–66.0 Ma)
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
843:
842:
798:Central Apennines
630:Usage information
594:
593:
574:
573:
552:
551:
531:
530:
16:(Redirected from
2142:
2101:World portal
2099:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2050:
2014:
1974:
1943:
1940:Mesoproterozoic
1912:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1859:
1828:
1792:
1761:
1735:
1704:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1656:
1625:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1551:
1525:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1352:
1351:
1343:Paleogene Period
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1267:
1262:
1246:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1195:Stratigraphy.org
1192:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1042:
1005:, the uppermost
884:
878:
831:
830:
828:
827:
826:
825:43.6466; 13.4677
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
765:
764:
762:
761:
760:
759:43.5328; 13.6011
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
716:Cribrohantkenina
600:Formerly part of
569:
559:
554:
547:
543:First Antarctic
538:
533:
520:
515:
488:
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471:
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46:
32:
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21:
2150:
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2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2135:Geological ages
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2082:
2074:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2012:
2001:
1972:
1965:
1941:
1934:
1910:
1909:Neoproterozoic
1899:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1898:
1897:
1896:Proterozoic Eon
1886:
1857:
1850:
1826:
1819:
1790:
1783:
1759:
1752:
1733:
1726:
1702:
1690:
1689:
1678:
1654:
1647:
1623:
1616:
1597:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1549:
1542:
1523:
1516:
1497:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1416:
1390:
1366:Oligocene Epoch
1356:Paleocene Epoch
1345:
1340:
1287:
1265:
1260:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1200:
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1190:
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1132:
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1120:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1043:
1039:
1034:
970:Chiloguembelina
935:
899:
879:
873:
824:
822:
818:
815:
810:
807:
805:
803:
802:
801:
783:Chiloguembelina
758:
756:
752:
749:
744:
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739:
737:
736:
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67:
62:
57:
52:
42:33.9 – 27.82
41:
40:
30:
23:
22:
18:Early Oligocene
15:
12:
11:
5:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2105:
2104:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1936:
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1927:
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1902:
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1884:
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1820:
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1812:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
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1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1732:Carboniferous
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1680:
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1601:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1550:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1524:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1463:
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1286:
1285:External links
1283:
1282:
1281:
1263:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1208:
1179:
1130:
1112:(3): 379–382.
1089:
1072:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
953:. An official
934:
931:
909:. The Belgian
898:
895:
841:
840:
839:September 2016
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661:
660:ICS Time Scale
658:
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645:Regional usage
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635:Celestial body
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623:
622:Name formality
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2115:
2102:
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2015:
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1975:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1906:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1688:Paleozoic Era
1685:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:(66.0–145 Ma)
1593:
1590:
1588:
1586:(66.0–252 Ma)
1580:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1219:
1216:Alroy, John.
1212:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1167:
1166:11573/1611823
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:Tinguirirican
997:
993:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
947:
944:
943:foraminiferan
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
894:
892:
888:
882:
876:
871:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
838:
834:
829:
799:
795:
794:Monte Cagnero
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
717:
712:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
692:
688:
685:
682:
678:
675:
672:
668:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
605:
602:
598:
586:
585:, as of 2021.
584:
577:
568:
561:
556:
555:
546:
540:
535:
534:
526:
522:
517:
516:
489:
479:
470:
461:
452:
443:
434:
425:
415:
406:
398:
389:
377:
352:
331:
307:
296:
295:
286:
285:
260:
259:
250:
249:
225:
224:
122:
117:
112:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
45:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2075:
2011:Archean Eon
1973:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1858:(485–539 Ma)
1827:(444–485 Ma)
1791:(419–444 Ma)
1760:(359–419 Ma)
1734:(299–359 Ma)
1703:(252–299 Ma)
1691:(252–539 Ma)
1655:(201–252 Ma)
1624:(145–201 Ma)
1583:Mesozoic Era
1483:Cenozoic Era
1422:
1361:Eocene Epoch
1273:
1269:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:Dumont, A.H.
1222:. Retrieved
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1194:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1151:(1): 17–32.
1148:
1144:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1109:
1105:
1092:
1075:
1053:(1): 51–66.
1050:
1046:
1040:
994:, the upper
978:
969:
967:
963:Monte Conero
948:
936:
900:
846:
844:
714:
708:
580:
468:
292:
266:
256:
232:
219:
26:
2047:Hadean Eon
1825:Ordovician
1596:Cretaceous
1496:Quaternary
1261:(in French)
1123:13 December
911:Rupel Group
849:is, in the
823: /
757: /
396:Maastricht.
2114:Categories
2049:(4–4.6 Ga)
2013:(2.5–4 Ga)
1942:(1–1.6 Ga)
1548:Paleogene
1412:Priabonian
1237:Literature
1032:References
1026:Paratethys
989:Arikareean
987:and lower
965:, Italy).
959:Massignano
950:Hantkenina
939:extinction
887:Priabonian
811:13°28′04″E
808:43°38′48″N
745:13°36′04″E
742:43°31′58″N
728:Massignano
710:Hantkenina
665:Definition
567:extinction
487:Aquitanian
460:Priabonian
114:Chronology
2076:See also:
1856:Cambrian
1789:Silurian
1758:Devonian
1653:Triassic
1622:Jurassic
1407:Bartonian
1386:Thanetian
1381:Selandian
1201:15 August
1172:29 August
1011:Arvernian
1007:Headonian
996:Mustersan
985:Whitneyan
863:Oligocene
617:Etymology
565:K-Pg mass
451:Bartonian
424:Thanetian
414:Selandian
2120:Rupelian
1701:Permian
1522:Neogene
1428:Chattian
1423:Rupelian
1402:Lutetian
1397:Ypresian
1145:Episodes
1106:Episodes
891:Chattian
847:Rupelian
648:Global (
604:Tertiary
478:Chattian
469:Rupelian
442:Lutetian
433:Ypresian
35:Rupelian
1224:15 July
1055:Bibcode
981:Orellan
976:P21b).
974:biozone
941:of the
929:names.
907:Scheldt
893:Stage.
861:of the
800:, Italy
734:, Italy
558:←
537:←
519:←
211:–
201:–
191:–
181:–
171:–
161:–
151:–
141:–
131:–
2055:
1376:Danian
870:Series
859:stages
732:Ancona
693:Formal
625:Formal
611:System
607:Period
509:
504:
499:
494:
405:Danian
1257:16(2)
1191:(PDF)
1102:(PDF)
1084:(PDF)
946:genus
919:group
903:Rupel
881:27.82
866:Epoch
684:Stage
639:Earth
1298:and
1270:2004
1249:1850
1226:2009
1203:2017
1174:2020
1125:2020
998:and
955:GSSP
925:and
897:Name
875:33.9
855:ages
845:The
773:1992
713:and
525:PETM
50:PreꞒ
1161:hdl
1153:doi
1114:doi
1063:doi
877:and
704:of
702:LAD
674:Age
650:ICS
583:ICS
2116::
2071:Ga
2067:Ma
2063:ka
1276:,
1272::
1268:;
1251::
1247:;
1193:.
1159:.
1149:41
1147:.
1143:.
1110:16
1108:.
1104:.
1061:.
1051:47
1049:.
983:,
883:Ma
796:,
730:,
100:Pg
44:Ma
1467:e
1460:t
1453:v
1335:e
1328:t
1321:v
1280:.
1228:.
1205:.
1176:.
1163::
1155::
1127:.
1116::
1069:.
1065::
1057::
868:/
652:)
609:/
387:C
385:M
376:e
374:n
372:e
370:c
368:o
366:g
364:i
362:l
360:O
351:e
349:n
347:e
345:c
343:o
341:E
330:e
328:n
326:e
324:c
322:o
320:e
318:l
316:a
314:P
305:K
303:L
294:N
284:e
282:n
280:e
278:g
276:o
274:e
272:l
270:a
268:P
258:K
248:c
246:i
244:o
242:z
240:o
238:n
236:e
234:C
223:Z
221:M
105:N
95:K
90:J
85:T
80:P
75:C
70:D
65:S
60:O
55:Ꞓ
20:)
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