1159:
1070:
53:
847:
1284:
949:
560:
710:
1043: ... In ancient times, when digging in the ground, a chief came upon a jewelled head-dress. The beginning of the year is calculated from the rising of the moon, when the chief put on this head-gear and wore his dress to receive the congratulations . Nowadays this custom is still continued. The natives and Chinese dwell side by side. Most gather their hair into a
1254:
legend, the "Singapura" name possibly dates to this period. Some argued that
Singapura was named after the "lion throne" Parameswara established in Palembang as a challenge to the Majapahit empire, and for which he was expelled from Palembang. Parameswara held the island of Singapore for a number of
1130:
Wang also reported that the
Siamese attacked Temasek (with no specific reference of Long Ya Men or Ban Zu) a few years before he visited, but the fortified city survived the attack which lasted a month. Ruins of the settlement on the hill were still visible in the early 19th century and were
1937:
Full original text: 門以單馬錫番兩山，相交若龍牙狀，中有水道以間之。田瘠稻少。天氣候熱，四五月多淫雨。俗好劫掠。昔酋長掘地而得玉冠。歲之始，以見月為正初，酋長戴冠披服受賀，今亦遞相傳授。男女兼中國人居之。多椎髻，穿短布衫。繫靑布捎。 地產粗降眞、斗錫。貿易之貨，用赤金、靑緞、花布、處甆器、鐵鼎之類。蓋以山無美材，貢無異貨。以通泉州之貨易，皆剽竊之物也。舶往西洋，本番置之不問。回船之際，至吉利門，舶人須駕箭稝，張布幕，利器械以防之。賊舟二三百隻必然來迎，敵數日。若僥倖順風，或不遇之。否則人為所戮，貨為所有，則人死係乎頃刻之間也。
1145:
provide evidence that
Singapore was a port of some importance in the 14th century and used for transactions between Malays and Chinese. Various documents suggest that following the decline of Srivijaya power, Temasek was alternately claimed by the Majapahit and the Siamese
1198:. It is unlikely there ever were lions in Singapore, though tigers continued to roam the island until the early 20th century. However, the lion motif is common in Hindu mythology, which was dominant in the region during that period (one of the words for "throne" in the
1300:
Archaeological evidence suggests that the main settlement on Fort
Canning was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards. Singapore became part of the Malacca Sultanate, and it was said to be the
725:
From primary historical texts dated before the 14th century, scholars have identified some 24 names that possibly referred to the island of
Singapore. The first possible mention of early Singapore dates to 2nd century
1313:. However, by the time the Portuguese arrived in the early 16th century, the Singapura that existed before Malacca was founded had already become "great ruins" according to the conqueror of Malacca
872:. Various dates between 10th to 13th century have been proposed for the inscriptions that is as yet undeciphered, and the script is suggested to be related to that used in Sumatran in that period.
838:
dynasty. Yijing mentioned several islands located in today's
Southeast Asia. One of which, called Mo-he-xin or Mo-ho-hsin (摩诃新), was argued by Brian E. Colless to be the ancient Singapore.
1337:
fled to
Singapore. In the 16th and early 17th century, it briefly regained some significance as a trading centre of the Malacca Sultanate's successor statte in Johor whose Sultan kept a
826:
1202:
is "singgasana", meaning "lion's seat" in
Sanskrit), and it has been speculated that the "Singapura" name, and the tale of the lion, were invented by court historians of the
2519:
1599:
1572:
501:
1190:), who landed on Temasek after surviving a storm in the 13th century. According to the tale, the prince saw a strange creature, which he was told was a
2292:
1631:
166:
1376:
The
Portuguese destroyed the outpost in Singapore in 1613, but shortly afterwards in the early 1620s, it was suggested that forts be built in the
868:, but was later blown up when Fort Fullerton was expanded and the river mouth widened. Only a few fragments survive, and it became known as the
588:
1476:
under direct rule from the
British East India Company following the confirmation of its status as British colony (along with the founding of
2064:
2086:
1887:
2783:
2480:
1408:
632:. However, historians generally attribute a 3rd-century Chinese traveller's record describing an island at the same location called
2977:
2605:
2534:
262:
3195:
2811:
348:
242:
1275:. While there are parallels between the mythical Sang Nila Utama and the historical Parameswara, they are regarded as distinct.
763:
or designated foreign trading port, as part of a chain of similar trading centres that linked Southeast Asia with India and the
2922:
2732:
1127:
were described as honest, and they wore "their hair short, with turban of gold-brocaded satin," and were dressed in red cloth.
410:
2656:
2347:
2251:
2215:
2188:
2048:
1991:
1916:
1871:
1844:
1817:
1787:
1671:
1514:
921:
481:
2554:
1717:
471:
396:
156:
1380:
to counter the rising power of the Dutch. Visitors to the area in the 17th century mentioned that it was inhabited by the
3153:
2493:
1614:
1473:
581:
146:
1035:
as the two hills of Temasek that looked like "Dragon's teeth" between which a strait runs, and wrote about the place:
2585:
2123:
1384:
who lived on water under the rule of Johor, but Singapore had largely sank into obscurity apart from a mention that
1158:
791:, as well as Singapore island itself. No archaeological evidence from this period has yet been found in Singapore.
2942:
2806:
2763:
2529:
2318:
864:
A large boulder measuring 3 metres in height and width, inscribed with writings, used to exist at the mouth of the
451:
184:
2113:
1097:
on their way back from the Western Oceans (西洋) may be met by pirates there who attacked with two to three hundred
908:
thought to have been written in 1535. Temasek may have diplomatic relationship with Vietnam, which recorded it as
2826:
2778:
1389:
535:
461:
310:
20:
1194:. Believing this to be an auspicious sign, he founded a settlement called Singapura, which means "Lion City" in
2678:
2625:
2473:
1069:
511:
3117:
3089:
2927:
2850:
2715:
574:
545:
52:
32:
1223:. The Javanese source cited by Pires instead suggests that Temasek was a Siamese vassal whose ruler, titled
2962:
2862:
2801:
2595:
2580:
2544:
2140:
1419:. This was spurred by the perceived need to establish a competitive port following the retrocession of the
1239:, and violently usurped the Sang Aji eight days after being welcomed into Temasek, subsequently fleeing to
620:
Prior to 1819, the island was known by several names. An early reference may be in the 2nd century work by
421:
368:
290:
2296:
1688:"Within and Beyond Academy: A Debate on Pulau Ujong amongst Jao Tsung-I, Hsu Yun-Tsiao and Tan Yeok Seong"
1635:
1576:
2952:
2693:
2615:
2610:
1755:
1135:. In 1928, pieces of gold ornaments dating to the mid-14th century was discovered at Fort Canning Hill.
272:
1288:
3112:
2620:
2600:
2007:
1950:
1541:
1481:
1400:
1330:
1061:
830:(A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea), travel accounts of the Buddhist monk
540:
3160:
3127:
3102:
3047:
3042:
3000:
2947:
2897:
2700:
2668:
2466:
1326:
1220:
704:
320:
1687:
846:
3037:
2768:
2661:
2509:
1163:
1138:
2012:
The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
1955:
The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
1546:
The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
1347:. In 1603, the Johor Malays formed an alliance with the Dutch and captured a Portuguese ship, the
1283:
3059:
3054:
2995:
2912:
2882:
2821:
2722:
2683:
1461:
378:
717:, VIII. 11th Map of Asia. Sabana given at the tip of the Malay Peninsula which was named as the
3025:
2972:
2917:
2892:
2836:
2737:
2727:
2710:
2673:
2568:
1412:
1228:
676:
491:
2205:
2178:
2072:
2038:
1981:
1891:
1861:
1807:
3069:
3020:
2957:
2773:
2644:
2630:
2549:
2337:
2241:
2090:
1777:
1661:
1465:
1457:
1420:
1349:
1314:
338:
214:
1906:
1834:
3146:
2987:
2967:
2907:
2877:
2831:
2751:
2688:
2590:
2501:
2015:
1958:
1549:
1404:
1272:
1171:
759:
664:
656:
637:
614:
101:
41:
8:
3010:
3005:
2867:
2796:
2539:
2524:
1441:
1044:
736:
358:
252:
232:
3169:
3074:
3064:
3015:
2932:
2887:
2872:
2816:
2431:
2115:
Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS RAFFLES No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition
1424:
971:(龍牙門) in the right panel. Temasek was described as having two different settlements by
606:
441:
300:
1162:
Statue of Sang Nila Utama erected for Singapore's bicentenntial commemorations at the
3107:
3097:
3030:
2404:
2343:
2247:
2211:
2184:
2119:
2044:
2019:
1987:
1962:
1912:
1867:
1840:
1813:
1783:
1737:
1667:
1553:
1520:
1510:
1436:
1260:
1203:
1147:
1116:
1074:
749:
718:
695:
from the 16th century, up till its founding as a British colony in the 19th century.
688:
406:
194:
111:
1431:
had ended, which would have left the British with their unprofitable settlements of
3174:
2788:
2705:
2394:
2386:
1890:. Community Television Foundation of South Florida. 10 January 2006. Archived from
1729:
1691:
1416:
1377:
1256:
1236:
1231:
from Palembang in the late 14th century. This Parameswara had fled to Temasek from
1119:, and a spring used to exist on the west side of the hill. In contrast to those of
810:
610:
564:
1932:
2902:
1469:
1428:
1385:
1187:
891:
869:
865:
859:
851:
806:
753:
692:
680:
672:
660:
625:
121:
1027:
1773:
1600:"The Identifications of Some of Ptolemy's Place Names in the Golden Khersonese"
1477:
1432:
1199:
1178:
1022:
799:
641:
2422:
Sheehan, J. J. (1934). "Seventeenth Century Visitors to the Malay Peninsula".
1733:
1695:
1524:
817:
account of cannibals with 5 or 6-inch tails living there. The extent to which
3189:
2408:
2399:
2023:
1966:
1741:
1657:
1557:
1215:
1132:
1000:
912:, as early as the 13th century. It is also recorded by the Chinese traveller
895:
831:
764:
431:
1484:. This event has generally been understood to mark the founding of colonial
3079:
2450:
Opium and empire : Chinese society in Colonial eh Singapore, 1800–1910
2363:
2270:
1453:, which he cites as an inspiration to claim Singapore in its introduction.
1370:
1365:
1360:
1191:
1176:
Sometime in its history, the name of Temasek was changed to Singapura. The
1142:
904:
835:
780:
2339:
The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India
1353:
off the east coast of Singapore; the looted porcelain came to be known as
948:
1446:
1439:. In his time as Governor of the Dutch East Indies, Raffles had compiled
1240:
1186:) contains a tale of a prince of Palembang, Sri Tri Buana (also known as
1048:
1040:
1005:
990:
972:
952:
937:
913:
684:
668:
645:
86:
2435:
1381:
1355:
1339:
1210:
727:
204:
709:
2937:
2489:
2458:
1485:
1359:, and the arbitration over the legality of the Dutch attack included
1334:
1310:
1306:
1232:
968:
956:
886:
Early Singapore was called "Temasek", possibly a word deriving from "
613:
established a trading settlement on the island and set in motion the
72:
1089:
and tin was produced there and the natives traded with Chinese from
1195:
1090:
1086:
960:
890:" (Malay for lake or sea) and taken to mean Sea-town in Malay. The
776:
2520:
Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)
1017:
then responded in 1325 with a tribute and trade mission to China.
3122:
1344:
1302:
1244:
964:
898:
eulogy written in 1365, listed a settlement on the island called
881:
814:
784:
731:
687:, and established the state of Malacca. It was controlled by the
652:
621:
82:
916:
who visited the island around 1330 and described a place called
902:
as a vassal of the Majapahit. The name is also mentioned in the
794:
A 3rd century Chinese written record described a locality named
2387:"Three Questions about Maritime Singapore, 16th–17th Centuries"
2295:. Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from
1634:. Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from
1268:
1107:
1098:
1052:
994:
667:. The island was alternately claimed during this period by the
624:
which identified a coastal port at the southernmost tip of the
91:
1415:, established a British trading post on the island along with
748:
was marked on the 11th Map of Asia at the southern tip of the
1094:
981:
788:
605:
refers to its pre-colonial era before 1819, when the British
1690:. International Journal of Diasporic Chinese Studies. 2019.
1575:. National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from
1101:(boats). Wang described another settlement on a hill behind
2112:
Kheng, Cheah Boon; Ismail, Abdul Rahman Haji, eds. (1998).
1264:
854:, inscribed with an unknown script, c 10th to 13th century.
775:
however varies, with various authors proposing it to be in
2145:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1805:
1607:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
1209:
A divergent account is provided by Portuguese apothecary
824:
Another possible reference to Singapore was found in the
821:
can be identified with Singapore is still debated today.
2164:
Crossroads: A Popular History of Malaysia and Singapore
2335:
1911:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1–2.
1573:"Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore"
730:
cartographic references in the Greco-Roman astronomer
16:
Pre-19th century records of the Southeast Asian island
1388:
was the location of a naval battle between Johor and
1206:
to glorify Sang Nila Utama and his line of descent.
1115:
meaning a "spring"). It is thought to be located on
1839:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 2.
1369:, widely considered to be the progentior of modern
959:based on the early 15th century navigation maps of
651:Singapore was known in the 13th to 14th century as
1287:Map of Singapura by Malay-Portuguese cartographer
756:) where Singapore may lie. It was identified as a
2207:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
2180:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800
2118:. Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd.
2040:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1983:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1863:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1779:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1509:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 19–20.
1021:is believed to be the entrance to the modern-day
3187:
2141:"The Malay Annals translated from Raffles MS 18"
2452:. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press.
2356:
502:2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
2421:
2265:
2263:
2203:
2176:
2087:"Archaeology in Singapore – Fort Canning Site"
2036:
1859:
1772:
679:fled to Malacca after an attack by either the
2474:
2239:
2089:. Southeast-Asian Archaeology. Archived from
2006:
1949:
1809:Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics
1806:Victor R Savage; Brenda Yeoh (15 June 2013).
1656:
1540:
1411:during its British occupation and subsequent
1255:years, until further attacks from either the
1123:who were prone to piracy, the inhabitants of
582:
2535:British Military Administration (1945–1946)
2260:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2111:
1979:
1945:
1943:
1507:Seven hundred years: a history of Singapore
1488:, and the beginning of its modern history.
659:perhaps towards the end of 14th century by
648:, as the first recording of its existence.
2481:
2467:
2384:
2342:. Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
1801:
1799:
1039:The fields are barren and there is little
589:
575:
2398:
1904:
1832:
943:
2545:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)
2243:A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005
2224:
2166:. Marshall Cavendish International Asia.
1940:
1663:A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005
1536:
1534:
1282:
1247:to escape retribution from the Siamese.
1157:
1068:
1003:sent a mission to obtain elephants from
947:
845:
708:
1796:
1715:
1597:
1278:
1153:
1111:(班卒, a transcription of the Malay name
798:(蒲羅中), possibly a transcription of the
705:Names of Singapore § Early records
3188:
2784:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park
2488:
2336:Affonso de Albuquerque (20 May 2010).
2285:
2462:
2161:
2155:
2138:
1531:
2293:"Singapore: History, Singapore 1994"
1888:"Singapore: Relations with Malaysia"
1468:whom he declared to be the rightful
1295:
936:is written in Chinese as 淡馬錫 in the
2325:. National Library Board Singapore.
2204:John N. Miksic (15 November 2013).
2177:John N. Miksic (15 November 2013).
2037:John N. Miksic (15 November 2013).
1860:John N. Miksic (15 November 2013).
1812:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 381.
1504:
13:
1722:Journal of Southeast Asian History
1718:"The Ancient History of Singapore"
1395:
1320:
841:
14:
3207:
2240:C.M. Turnbull (30 October 2009).
1409:Governor of the Dutch East Indies
999:It was recorded in 1320 that the
655:, with its name being changed to
2550:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)
1980:John Miksic (15 November 2013).
1908:Singapore: The Unexpected Nation
1836:Singapore: The Unexpected Nation
1570:
1474:its founding as a British colony
1413:Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen
558:
139:British colonial era (1819–1942)
51:
2530:Japanese occupation (1942–1945)
2525:Straits Settlements (1826–1942)
2442:
2415:
2378:
2329:
2311:
2210:. NUS Press. pp. 155–156.
2197:
2183:. NUS Press. pp. 155–163.
2170:
2132:
2105:
2079:
2057:
2030:
2000:
1973:
1925:
1898:
1880:
1866:. NUS Press. pp. 181–182.
1853:
1826:
1766:
1632:"Singapore: History, Singapore"
1480:as a contiguous polity) by the
1051:girded about with black cotton
698:
675:. The last ruler of Singapura,
311:Singapore Glass Factory strikes
21:Timeline of Singaporean history
3196:History of Singapore by period
2540:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)
1748:
1709:
1680:
1650:
1624:
1591:
1564:
1498:
1221:Portuguese conquest of Malacca
805:, "island at the end" (of the
1:
2364:"Singapore – Precolonial Era"
2319:"Singapura as "Falsa Demora""
2246:. NUS Press. pp. 21–22.
1905:Edwin Lee (15 October 2008).
1833:Edwin Lee (15 October 2008).
1782:. NUS Press. pp. 13–16.
1491:
1219:, composed shortly after the
2555:Republic of Singapore (1965–
2139:Brown, C.C. (October 1952).
1613:(III): 86–98. Archived from
1085:Wang further mentioned that
1060:Wang Dayuan, translation by
691:in the 15th century and the
422:1969 race riots of Singapore
7:
2978:Water supply and sanitation
1235:after being deposed by the
967:(淡馬錫) at the top left, and
615:history of modern Singapore
273:Anti-National Service Riots
10:
3212:
2923:National Courtesy Campaign
2385:Borschberg, Peter (2018).
2366:. U.S. Library of Congress
2273:. U.S. Library of Congress
2043:. NUS Press. p. 356.
2016:University of Malaya Press
1986:. NUS Press. p. 216.
1959:University of Malaya Press
1716:Colless, Brian E. (1969).
1550:University of Malaya Press
1482:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
1423:in the East Indies to the
1401:British East India Company
1331:Portuguese colonial empire
1169:
1131:described by the Resident
988:
879:
875:
857:
702:
603:early history of Singapore
263:Second Legislative Council
18:
3140:
3088:
2986:
2858:
2849:
2759:
2750:
2652:
2643:
2576:
2567:
2500:
1762:. National Library Board.
1734:10.1017/S0217781100004257
1696:10.1142/S1793724819000051
1666:. NUS Press. p. 20.
1267:forced him to move on to
321:Pulau Senang prison riots
243:First Legislative Council
2657:Administrative divisions
2515:Early history (pre–1819)
2510:Archaeology in Singapore
2400:10.4000/lerhistoria.3234
1505:Kwa, Chong Guan (2019).
1327:captured Malacca in 1511
1289:Manuel Godinho de Erédia
1047:, and wear short cotton
1031:, Wang Dayuan described
827:Nanhai Jigui Neifa Zhuan
813:. It mentions briefly a
291:Internal self-government
2822:Singapore Standard (SS)
1462:Temenggong Abdul Rahman
379:MacDonald House bombing
369:Race riots in Singapore
2918:Long hair in Singapore
1292:
1167:
1082:
1067:
986:
944:Long Ya Men and Ban Zu
855:
722:
452:Asian financial crisis
349:Singaporean referendum
2807:Proposed developments
2271:"Singapore – History"
1460:, signed by himself,
1458:1819 Singapore Treaty
1421:Dutch colonial empire
1315:Afonso de Albuquerque
1286:
1271:where he founded the
1250:Not withstanding the
1164:Raffles' Landing Site
1161:
1072:
1037:
951:
849:
712:
636:, a transcription of
462:Embassies attack plot
397:Republic of Singapore
215:Double Tenth incident
2586:Environmental issues
1894:on 22 December 2006.
1776:(15 November 2013).
1620:on 25 February 2017.
1598:Linehan, W. (1951).
1552:. pp. 151–152.
1405:Sir Stamford Raffles
1279:Early modern history
1273:Sultanate of Malacca
1172:Kingdom of Singapura
1154:Kingdom of Singapura
767:. Identification of
665:Kingdom of Singapura
565:Singapore portal
339:Merger with Malaysia
102:Kingdom of Singapura
2943:Population planning
2928:National Day Parade
2764:Economic statistics
2448:Trocki, C. (1990).
2162:Baker, Jim (2008).
2075:on 7 November 2010.
1760:Singapore Infopedia
1660:(30 October 2009).
1442:The History of Java
1343:(harbourmaster) at
1011:Dragon's Teeth Gate
783:, or just south of
482:Bus drivers' strike
359:Operation Coldstore
253:Maria Hertogh riots
185:Japanese Occupation
157:Straits Settlements
2933:No U-turn syndrome
2827:Telecommunications
2817:Singapore Exchange
2779:Monetary Authority
2018:. pp. 83–84.
1961:. pp. 82–83.
1425:Kingdom of Holland
1325:After Albuquerque
1293:
1168:
1139:Recent excavations
1083:
1077:, which was named
987:
856:
850:A fragment of the
723:
663:, the founder of
607:East India Company
442:Operation Spectrum
301:Hock Lee bus riots
3183:
3182:
3136:
3135:
3031:Singapore English
2845:
2844:
2746:
2745:
2733:Political parties
2679:Foreign relations
2639:
2638:
2349:978-1-108-01154-9
2253:978-9971-69-430-2
2217:978-9971-69-574-3
2190:978-9971-69-574-3
2151:(2&3): 1–276.
2065:"The Archaeology"
2050:978-9971-69-574-3
1993:978-9971-69-574-3
1918:978-981-230-796-5
1873:978-9971-69-574-3
1846:978-981-230-796-5
1819:978-981-4484-74-9
1789:978-9971-69-574-3
1756:"Singapore Stone"
1673:978-9971-69-430-2
1516:978-981-4828-10-9
1378:Singapore Straits
1305:of the legendary
1296:Malacca Sultanate
1261:Ayutthaya kingdom
1204:Malacca Sultanate
1148:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1117:Fort Canning Hill
1075:Fort Canning Hill
1073:Jewelry found at
1013:). The people of
750:Golden Khersonese
740:. A place called
719:Golden Khersonese
689:Malacca Sultanate
599:
598:
520:
519:
512:COVID-19 pandemic
492:Little India riot
407:ASEAN Declaration
387:
386:
329:
328:
281:
280:
223:
222:
195:Fall of Singapore
175:
174:
130:
129:
112:Malacca Sultanate
3203:
3163:
3156:
3149:
2863:Communitarianism
2856:
2855:
2792:
2757:
2756:
2650:
2649:
2574:
2573:
2558:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2299:on 23 March 2007
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2237:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2093:on 29 April 2007
2083:
2077:
2076:
2071:. Archived from
2069:World of Temasek
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2014:. Kuala Lumpur:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1957:. Kuala Lumpur:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1638:on 23 March 2007
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:on 26 April 2006
1568:
1562:
1561:
1548:. Kuala Lumpur:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1502:
1417:William Farquhar
1363:' treatise, the
1237:Majapahit Empire
1227:, was killed by
1065:
811:Singapore Island
611:Stamford Raffles
591:
584:
577:
563:
562:
561:
403:
402:
345:
344:
297:
296:
239:
238:
191:
190:
143:
142:
69:
68:
55:
45:
27:
26:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3132:
3084:
2982:
2963:Sex trafficking
2958:Public holidays
2903:Eat Frozen Pork
2841:
2790:
2742:
2635:
2563:
2556:
2496:
2487:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2420:
2416:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2238:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1948:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1771:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1539:
1532:
1517:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1470:Sultan of Johor
1429:Napoleonic Wars
1398:
1396:Colonial period
1386:Singapore River
1323:
1321:Johor Sultanate
1298:
1281:
1188:Sang Nila Utama
1174:
1156:
1066:
1059:
997:
989:Main articles:
946:
892:Nagarakretagama
884:
878:
870:Singapore Stone
866:Singapore River
862:
860:Singapore Stone
852:Singapore Stone
844:
842:Singapore Stone
807:Malay Peninsula
754:Malay Peninsula
707:
701:
693:Johor Sultanate
661:Sang Nila Utama
626:Malay Peninsula
595:
559:
557:
552:
551:
550:
530:
522:
521:
400:
389:
388:
342:
331:
330:
294:
283:
282:
236:
233:Post-war period
225:
224:
188:
177:
176:
140:
132:
131:
122:Johor Sultanate
90:
66:
43:
36:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Public housing
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2694:Prime Minister
2691:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Urban planning
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2441:
2414:
2377:
2355:
2348:
2328:
2310:
2284:
2259:
2252:
2223:
2216:
2196:
2189:
2169:
2154:
2131:
2124:
2104:
2078:
2056:
2049:
2029:
1999:
1992:
1972:
1939:
1924:
1917:
1897:
1879:
1872:
1852:
1845:
1825:
1818:
1795:
1788:
1774:John N. Miksic
1765:
1747:
1708:
1679:
1672:
1649:
1623:
1590:
1563:
1530:
1515:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1478:British Malaya
1451:Sejarah Melayu
1449:translate the
1397:
1394:
1350:Santa Catarina
1322:
1319:
1297:
1294:
1280:
1277:
1252:Sejarah Melayu
1200:Malay language
1179:Sejarah Melayu
1170:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1093:, but Chinese
1081:by Wang Dayuan
1057:
1025:. In his work
1023:Keppel Harbour
945:
942:
880:Main article:
877:
874:
858:Main article:
843:
840:
700:
697:
597:
596:
594:
593:
586:
579:
571:
568:
567:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
538:
532:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
488:
487:
484:
478:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
454:
448:
447:
444:
438:
437:
434:
428:
427:
424:
418:
417:
414:
401:
399:(1965–present)
395:
394:
391:
390:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
355:
354:
351:
343:
337:
336:
333:
332:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
313:
307:
306:
303:
295:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
249:
248:
245:
237:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
197:
189:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
172:
169:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
149:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
98:
97:
96:c.14th century
94:
79:
78:
75:
67:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
38:
37:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3208:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2662:Town Councils
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Urban renewal
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2430:(2): 94–107.
2429:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2393:(72): 31–54.
2392:
2388:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2125:967-9948-13-7
2121:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Paul Wheatley
2003:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:Paul Wheatley
1946:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1658:C.M. Turnbull
1653:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Paul Wheatley
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:, and Prince
1463:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1309:(or admiral)
1308:
1304:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:Suma Oriental
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:John Crawfurd
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1062:Paul Wheatley
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
992:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:of the Malay
923:
922:transcription
919:
915:
911:
907:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
883:
873:
871:
867:
861:
853:
848:
839:
837:
833:
829:
828:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Mediterranean
762:
761:
755:
752:(meaning the
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
733:
729:
720:
716:
711:
706:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
572:
570:
569:
566:
556:
555:
547:
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3161:Bibliography
3103:Coat of arms
3080:Singaporeans
3001:Architecture
2948:Prostitution
2898:Demographics
2716:Conscription
2701:Human rights
2669:Constitution
2514:
2449:
2444:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2391:Ler Historia
2390:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2358:
2338:
2331:
2323:Singapore SG
2322:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2242:
2206:
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2172:
2163:
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2091:the original
2081:
2073:the original
2068:
2059:
2039:
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2011:
2002:
1982:
1975:
1954:
1927:
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1701:November 22,
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1636:the original
1626:
1615:the original
1610:
1606:
1593:
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1577:the original
1571:Hack, Karl.
1566:
1545:
1506:
1500:
1466:Hussein Long
1455:
1450:
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1399:
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1371:maritime law
1366:Mare Liberum
1364:
1361:Hugo Grotius
1354:
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1184:Malay Annals
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1028:Daoyi Zhilüe
1026:
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928:). The name
925:
917:
910:Sach Ma Tich
909:
905:Malay Annals
903:
899:
887:
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825:
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819:Pu Luo Zhong
818:
802:
796:Pu Luo Zhong
795:
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699:Early period
650:
634:Pu Luo Chung
633:
629:
619:
602:
600:
167:Crown colony
62:
24:
2973:Social fund
2769:Agriculture
1728:(1): 7–10.
1447:John Leyden
1291:dated 1604.
1229:Parameswara
1121:Long Ya Men
1103:Long Ya Men
1033:Long Ya Men
1019:Long Ya Men
1006:Long Ya Men
991:Long Ya Men
973:Wang Dayuan
953:Mao Kun map
938:Mao Kun map
914:Wang Dayuan
803:Pulau Ujong
787:, or south
677:Parameswara
646:Pulau Ujong
341:(1963–1965)
293:(1955–1963)
235:(1945–1962)
187:(1942–1945)
87:Long Ya Men
42:History of
3060:Mass media
3055:Literature
2883:Disability
2791:(currency)
2723:Parliament
2684:Government
2606:Reservoirs
1525:1103575493
1492:References
1427:after the
1356:Kraak ware
1340:shahbandar
1211:Tome Pires
963:, showing
737:Geographia
715:Geographia
703:See also:
205:Sook Ching
65:(pre-1819)
19:See also:
3118:Lion head
3026:Languages
2938:OB marker
2893:Education
2837:Transport
2738:President
2674:Elections
2626:Waterways
2569:Geography
2490:Singapore
2409:0870-6182
2024:504030596
1967:504030596
1742:0217-7811
1558:504030596
1486:Singapore
1472:, led to
1437:Bencoolen
1407:, former
1403:employee
1392:in 1767.
1335:laksamana
1311:Hang Tuah
1307:laksamana
1257:Majapahit
1233:Palembang
1015:Longyamen
977:Longyamen
969:Longyamen
957:Wubei Zhi
930:Dan Ma Xi
918:Dan Ma Xi
834:from the
713:Ptolemy,
657:Singapura
640:'s early
638:Singapura
628:, called
516:2020–2022
476:2009–2010
267:1951–1955
247:1948–1951
171:1867–1942
161:1826–1867
151:1819–1826
126:1528–1819
116:1400–1511
106:1299–1398
73:Srivijaya
44:Singapore
3190:Category
3170:Category
3070:Religion
3021:Gambling
2812:Reserves
2774:Aviation
2711:Military
2645:Politics
2631:Wildlife
2494:articles
2436:41559513
2010:(1961).
1953:(1961).
1583:4 August
1544:(1961).
1445:and had
1329:for the
1225:Sang Aji
1196:Sanskrit
1091:Quanzhou
1087:lakawood
1058:—
961:Zheng He
920:(單馬錫, a
896:Javanese
809:), i.e.
779:or near
777:Selangor
760:emporion
758:nominon
681:Javanese
673:Javanese
671:and the
546:Military
536:Timeline
529:By topic
147:Founding
77:650–1377
33:a series
31:Part of
3147:Outline
3123:Merlion
3090:Symbols
3048:history
3043:culture
3011:Cuisine
2988:Culture
2968:Smoking
2908:Five Cs
2878:Driving
2851:Society
2832:Tourism
2789:Dollar
2752:Economy
2689:Cabinet
2596:Islands
2591:Geology
2581:Beaches
2557:present
2502:History
2370:18 June
2277:18 June
2097:18 July
1382:Seletes
1345:Kallang
1303:fiefdom
1259:or the
1245:Malacca
1243:, then
1213:in his
1105:called
1099:perahus
1053:sarongs
1045:chignon
965:Temasek
934:Temasek
926:Temasek
900:Tumasik
882:Temasek
876:Temasek
815:hearsay
785:Malacca
732:Ptolemy
685:Siamese
669:Siamese
653:Temasek
622:Ptolemy
609:led by
83:Temasek
3175:Portal
3128:Pledge
3113:Flower
3098:Anthem
3075:Sports
3006:Cinema
2913:Health
2868:Caning
2802:Labour
2797:Energy
2728:Police
2611:Rivers
2492:
2434:
2424:JMBRAS
2407:
2346:
2303:7 July
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1965:
1933:"島夷誌略"
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1870:
1843:
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1642:7 July
1556:
1523:
1513:
1433:Penang
1333:, its
1269:Melaka
1125:Ban Zu
1113:pancur
1108:Ban Zu
1009:(龍牙門,
1001:Mongol
995:Ban Zu
832:Yijing
773:Sabara
769:Sabana
746:Sabara
742:Sabana
630:Sabana
92:Ban Zu
35:on the
3154:Index
3065:Music
3016:Dance
2888:Women
2873:Crime
2601:Parks
2432:JSTOR
1618:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1456:This
1095:junks
1079:Banzu
1049:bajus
982:Banzu
955:from
888:tasik
800:Malay
789:Johor
781:Klang
644:name
642:Malay
541:Riots
411:ASEAN
3108:Flag
3038:LGBT
2405:ISSN
2372:2006
2344:ISBN
2305:2006
2279:2006
2248:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2099:2006
2045:ISBN
2020:OCLC
1988:ISBN
1963:OCLC
1913:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1738:ISSN
1703:2021
1668:ISBN
1644:2006
1611:xxiv
1585:2006
1554:OCLC
1521:OCLC
1511:ISBN
1435:and
1390:Siak
1265:Siam
1241:Muar
1192:lion
1041:padi
993:and
979:and
894:, a
836:Tang
601:The
506:2018
496:2013
486:2012
466:2001
456:1997
446:1987
436:1974
426:1969
416:1967
383:1965
373:1964
363:1963
353:1962
325:1963
315:1960
305:1955
277:1954
257:1950
219:1943
209:1942
199:1942
2996:Art
2706:Law
2395:doi
1730:doi
1692:doi
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1141:in
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