5342:
5491:
5482:
5545:
3922:
4981:
4761:
4723:
17057:
4972:
2947:
6631:
7050:
7023:
6833:
5101:
3575:
3402:
6182:), before eliminating the rebellious vassal kings in 154 BC. This prompted some of the Xiongnu vassals to swap allegiances to the Han, starting in 147. Han court officials were initially hostile to the idea of disrupting the status quo by expanding into Xiongnu territory in the steppe. The surrendered Xiongnu were integrated into a parallel military and political structures loyal to the Han emperor, a step toward a potential Han challenge to the superiority of Xiongnu cavalry in steppe warfare. This also brought the Han into contact with the interstate trade networks through the Tarim Basin in the far northwest, allowing for the Han's expansion from a regional state to a universalist, cosmopolitan empire achieved in part through further marriage alliances with the
3182:
6400:
4742:
4819:
4810:
4648:
4902:
1085:
3697:
6516:
6201:
2485:
6372:
5082:
3200:
18963:
4624:
7092:
5927:
6235:
6226:
5610:
4553:
4107:
3143:
5246:
7069:
6656:
7112:
4893:
7585:
2749:
687:
6639:
2586:
6884:
6276:. Prior to the abolition of much of the conscription system after 30 AD, soldiers could be called up for future service following the completion of their terms. They had to continue training regularly to maintain their skills, and were subject to annual inspections of their military readiness. The year of active service was served either on the frontier, in a king's court, or in the capital under the Minister of the Guards. A small professional army was stationed near the capital.
4268:
7601:
5881:
7736:
6665:
5449:
6824:
6148:
5464:
5567:
5771:
124:
7132:
6530:
significant portion of its land tax revenue. To eliminate the influence of such private entrepreneurs, Emperor Wu nationalized the salt and iron industries in 117 BC and allowed many of the former industrialists to become officials administering the state monopolies. By the
Eastern Han, the central government monopolies were repealed in favour of production by commandery and county administrations, as well as private businessmen.
92:
6875:
2456:
6552:
5351:
6035:
16773:
4770:
5008:
18975:
4932:; each son received an equal share of the family property. Unlike the practice in later dynasties, the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune. Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their dowries, though this was usually much less than the shares of sons. A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a
6537:
interfered with the profitable trade in grain when he eliminated speculation by selling government stores of grain at a lower price than that demanded by merchants. Apart from
Emperor Ming's creation of a short-lived Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization, which was abolished in 68 AD, central-government price control regulations were largely absent during the Eastern Han.
2943:. The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers. On occasion, the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements, along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labour. The court also encouraged commoners, such as farmers, merchants, landowners, and hired labourers, to voluntarily migrate to the frontier.
4428:, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao.
6133:. Before 157 BC, some kingdoms were ruled by non-relatives, granted to them in return for their services to Emperor Gaozu. The administration of each kingdom was very similar to that of the central government. Although the emperor appointed the Chancellor of each kingdom, kings appointed all the remaining civil officials in their fiefs.
5807:)—where ministers were convened to reach a majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions. If the emperor rejected a court conference decision, he risked alienating his high ministers. Nevertheless, emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences.
6961:, like houses and towers, were found in Han tombs, perhaps to provide lodging for the dead in the afterlife. These provide valuable clues about lost wooden architecture. The artistic designs found on ceramic roof tiles of tower models are in some cases exact matches to Han roof tiles found at archaeological sites.
6176:
response to the
Emperor's threats. The Han moved to secure a treaty with the Xiongnu, aiming to clearly divide authority between them. The Han and Xiongnu now held one another out as the "two masters" with sole dominion over their respective peoples; they cemented this agreement with a marriage alliance (
6529:
In the early
Western Han, a wealthy salt or iron industrialist, whether a semi-autonomous king or wealthy merchant, could boast funds that rivalled the imperial treasury and amass a peasant workforce numbering in the thousands. This kept many peasants away from their farms and denied the government a
6094:
The heads of provinces, whose official title was changed from
Inspector to Governor and vice versa several times during Han, were responsible for inspecting several commandery-level and kingdom-level administrations. On the basis of their reports, the officials in these local administrations would be
6910:
Timber was the chief building material during the Han; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls, and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest
6486:
were paid in coin cash. The annual poll tax rate for adult men and women was 120 coins and 20 coins for minors. Merchants were required to pay a higher rate of 240 coins. The poll tax stimulated a money economy that necessitated the minting of over 28,000,000,000 coins from 118 BC to 5 AD,
5876:
The Grand
Commandant, whose title was changed to Grand Marshal in 119 BC before reverting to Grand Commandant in 51 AD, was the irregularly posted commander of the military and then regent during the Western Han period. In the Eastern Han era he was chiefly a civil official who shared many
5323:
and
Administrators of commanderies. Complex, high-profile, or unresolved cases were often deferred to the Minister of Justice in the capital or even the emperor. In each Han county was several districts, each overseen by a chief of police. Order in the cities was maintained by government officers in
2672:
in 154—the imperial court began enacting a series of reforms that limited the power of these kingdoms in 145, dividing their former territories into new commanderies under central control. Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff; this duty was assumed by the imperial court. Kings became
6310:), the Northern Army consisted of five regiments, each composed of several thousand soldiers. When central authority collapsed after 189 AD, wealthy landowners, members of the aristocracy/nobility, and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops.
5311:
Various cases for rape, physical abuse, and murder were prosecuted in court. Women, although usually having fewer rights by custom, were allowed to level civil and criminal charges against men. While suspects were jailed, convicted criminals were never imprisoned. Instead, punishments were commonly
4883:
Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry. However, a woman who had been
4718:
Wealthy landowners, such as nobles and officials, often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties, sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle. Unlike slaves, retainers could come and go from their master's home as they pleased. Physicians, pig breeders, and
4368:) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (
6143:
With these reforms, kings were reduced to being nominal heads of their fiefs, gaining a personal income from only a portion of the taxes collected in their kingdom. Similarly, the officials in the administrative staff of a full marquess's fief were appointed by the central government. A marquess's
5872:
The
Imperial Counsellor's chief duty was to conduct disciplinary procedures for officials. He shared similar duties with the Chancellor, such as receiving annual provincial reports. However, when his title was changed to Minister of Works in 8 BC, his chief duty became the oversight of public
4947:
The most common occupation for women was weaving clothes for the family, for sale at market, or for large textile enterprises that employed hundreds of women. Other women helped on their brothers' farms or became singers, dancers, sorceresses, respected medical physicians, and successful merchants
7338:
describes how, on one occasion, one of the metal balls was triggered without any of the observers feeling a disturbance. Several days later, a messenger arrived bearing news that an earthquake had struck in Longxi
Commandery (modern Gansu), the direction the device had indicated, which forced the
6494:
The small landowner-cultivators formed the majority of the Han tax base; this revenue was threatened during the latter half of
Eastern Han when many peasants fell into debt and were forced to work as farming tenants for wealthy landlords. The Han government enacted reforms in order to keep small
6102:
A commandery consisted of a group of counties, and was headed by an administrator. He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defence, lawsuits, seasonal instructions to farmers, and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system
4939:
Women were expected to obey the will of their father, then their husband, and then their adult son in old age. However, it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule, especially in regard to mothers over their sons, and empresses who ordered around and openly
6536:
was another profitable private industry nationalized by the central government in 98 BC. However, this was repealed in 81 BC and a property tax rate of two coins for every 0.2 litres (0.053 US gal) was levied for those who traded it privately. By 110 BC, Emperor Wu also
4714:
State-registered merchants, who were forced by law to wear white-coloured clothes and pay high commercial taxes, were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status. These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant
6490:
The widespread circulation of coin cash allowed successful merchants to invest money in land, empowering the very social class the government attempted to suppress through heavy commercial and property taxes. Emperor Wu even enacted laws which banned registered merchants from owning land, yet
6175:
whenever they felt threatened by imperial centralization of power. The seven years of Gaozu's reign featured defections by three vassal kings and one marquess, who then aligned themselves with the Xiongnu. Even imperial princes controlling fiefdoms would sometimes invite a Xiongnu invasion in
4864:
members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a
6844:: A pottery model of a palace from a Han dynasty tomb; the entrances to the emperor's palaces were strictly guarded by the Minister of the Guards; if it was found that a commoner, official, or noble entered without explicit permission via a tally system, the intruder was subject to execution.
4331:
was annihilated by Han forces within a year; however, the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings. Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated, many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militias and used these troops to amass power outside of the
6777:) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government officially sponsored it and encouraged peasants to use it. Han farmers also used the pit field system (
6502:
In 168 BC, the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming household's crop yield to one-thirtieth, and later to one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty. The consequent loss of government revenue was compensated for by increasing property taxes.
7156:) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, sometimes provided insufficient information on the various technologies they described. Nevertheless, some Han literary sources provide crucial information.
6911:
surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty. Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp points out the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, and claims that often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources are used by historians for clues about lost Han architecture.
3285:) was chosen as the heir and Wang Mang was appointed to serve as acting emperor for the child. Wang promised to relinquish his control to Liu Ying once he came of age. Despite this promise, and against protest and revolts from the nobility, Wang Mang claimed on 10 January that the divine
7211:
cart, invented during the Han period, measured journey lengths, using mechanical figures banging drums and gongs to indicate each distance travelled. This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century.
3120:). The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy. The Reformists, however, overturned these policies, favouring a cautious, non-expansionary approach to foreign policy, frugal
7708:
Although ox-carts and chariots were previously used in China, the wheelbarrow was first used in Han China in the 1st century BC. Han artwork of horse-drawn chariots shows that the Warring-States-Era heavy wooden yoke placed around a horse's chest was replaced by the softer
4797:
a dog figurine found in a Han tomb wearing a decorative dog collar, indicating their domestication as pets. Dog figurines are a common archaeological find in Han tombs, while it is also known from written sources that the emperor's imperial parks had kennels for keeping hunting
5312:
monetary fines, periods of forced hard labour for convicts, and the penalty of death by beheading. Early Han punishments of torturous mutilation were borrowed from Qin law. A series of reforms abolished mutilation punishments with progressively less-severe beatings by the
4702:
with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship. When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han, many gentry even considered the cultivation of morally-grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office.
3104:
The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court. The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu's reign and during the subsequent
6746:
The Han dynasty Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools, and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron
7563:
of the universe, theorizing that it was a sphere surrounding the Earth in the centre. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that
5869:. The Chancellor's other duties included managing provincial registers for land and population, leading court conferences, acting as judge in lawsuits, and recommending nominees for high office. He could appoint officials below the salary-rank of 600 bushels.
4132:
against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying
6098:
A governor could take various actions without permission from the imperial court. The lower-ranked inspector had executive powers only during times of crisis, such as raising militias across the commanderies under his jurisdiction to suppress a rebellion.
5490:
5481:
4706:
Farmers, namely small landowner–cultivators, were ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage labourers, and slaves. The Han dynasty made adjustments to
7146:
Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes-disinterested Confucian scholars who generally considered scientific and engineering endeavours to be far beneath them. Professional artisan-engineers
6457:
Since commandery-issued coins were often of inferior quality and lighter weight, the central government closed commandery mints and monopolized the issue of coinage in 113 BC. This central government issuance of coinage was overseen by the
3101:. The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in the early Eastern Han. The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty.
2744:
agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance, but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes, food, and wine to the Xiongnu.
4213:) favoured the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide.
3759:(modern-day Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.
6506:
The labour tax took the form of conscripted labour for one month per year, which was imposed upon male commoners aged fifteen to fifty-six. This could be avoided in Eastern Han with a commutable tax, since hired labour became more popular.
7766:
For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed
5645:. If the emperor did not behave according to proper ritual, ethics, and morals, he could disrupt the fine balance of these cosmological cycles and cause calamities such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, epidemics, and swarms of locusts.
5790:
In Han government, the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations; those who earned a
6946:, twenty-nine of which survive from the Han period, formed entrances of walled enclosures at shrine and tomb sites. These pillars feature artistic imitations of wooden and ceramic building components such as roof tiles, eaves, and
5417:, geese, cows, sheep, pigs, camels, and dogs (various types were bred specifically for food, while most were used as pets). Turtles and fish were taken from streams and lakes. Commonly hunted game, such as owl, pheasant, magpie,
6435:
In 144 BC, Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favour of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the
6988:
existed during the Han. However, there are only two known references to arch bridges in Han literature. There is only one relief sculpture dated to the Han period that depicts an arch bridge; it is located in Sichuan province.
3304:
land between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of
7331:
that, when disturbed by ground tremors, would trigger a set of gears that dropped a metal ball from one of eight dragon mouths (representing all eight directions) into a metal toad's mouth. The account of this device in the
7022:
4884:
widowed continued to belong to her husband's family after his death. In order to remarry, the widow would have to be returned to her family in exchange for a ransom fee. Her children would not be allowed to go with her.
5964:) was responsible for the maintenance of imperial stables, horses, carriages, and coach-houses for the emperor and his palace attendants, as well as the supply of horses for the armed forces. The Minister of Justice (
5519:
The types of clothing worn and the materials used during the Han period depended upon social class. Wealthy folk could afford silk robes, skirts, socks, and mittens, coats made of badger or fox fur, duck plumes, and
4760:
6895:: A ceramic architectural model of a grain storage tower with five layers of tiled rooftops and columns supporting the roofs of balconies on the first two floors, dated from the mid-Western Han to early Eastern Han.
16763:
6968:
chambers, and domed roofs. Underground vaults and domes did not require buttress supports since they were held in place by earthen pits. The use of brick vaults and domes in aboveground Han structures is unknown.
5363:, one a bowl, the other a tray; usually only wealthy officials, nobles, and merchants could afford domestic luxury items like lacquerwares, which were common commodities produced by skilled artisans and craftsmen.
5077:
opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments. Schools were established in far southern regions where standard Chinese texts were used to assimilate the local populace.
7190:
Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the
2232:, prompting the Han to appease the Xiongnu with a policy of marriage alliance and payments of tribute, though the Xiongnu continued to raid the Han's northern borders. Han policy changed in 133 BC, under
16498:
Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China, June 28 – July 3,
6495:
landowner-cultivators out of debt and on their own farms. These reforms included reducing taxes, temporary remissions of taxes, granting loans, and providing landless peasants temporary lodging and work in
7049:
16630:
Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route
6904:(78–139 AD) described the large imperial park in the suburbs of Chang'an as having tall towers where archers would shoot stringed arrows from the top in order to entertain the Western Han emperors.
7068:
6279:
During the Eastern Han, conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax. The Eastern Han court favoured the recruitment of a volunteer army. The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army (
3360:), attempted to restore the Han dynasty and occupied Chang'an as his capital. However, he was overwhelmed by the Red Eyebrow rebels who deposed, assassinated, and replaced him with the puppet monarch
3571:), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han.
6103:
first established by Emperor Wu. The head of a large county of about 10,000 households was called a Prefect, while the heads of smaller counties were called chiefs, and both could be referred to as
3082:
in 108 BC. The first nationwide census in Chinese history was taken in 2 AD; the Han's total population was registered as comprising 57,671,400 individuals across 12,366,470 households.
7219:
used by craftsmen for making minute measurements. These calipers contain inscriptions of the exact day and year they were manufactured. These tools are not mentioned in any Han literary sources.
6788:) for growing crops, which involved heavily fertilized pits that did not require ploughs or oxen and could be placed on sloping terrain. In the southern and small parts of central Han-era China,
5073:
The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and
4711:
and saw an increase in agricultural slaves. Artisans, technicians, tradespeople, and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants.
2169:(618–907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To finance its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the Han government
5341:
3398:. From 26 until 36 AD, Emperor Guangwu had to wage war against other regional warlords who claimed the title of emperor; when these warlords were defeated, China reunified under the Han.
16761:
4695:
who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige. The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses.
3591:
During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, China lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade the Hexi Corridor in
15445:
Liu, Guilin; Feng, Lisheng; Jiang, Airong; Zheng, Xiaohui (2003), "The Development of E-Mathematics Resources at Tsinghua University Library (THUL)", in Bai, Fengshan; Wegner, Bern (eds.),
4614:
6264:). Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers. The year of training was spent in one of three branches of the armed forces:
17056:
6140:. The Imperial Counsellors and Nine Ministers (excluding the Minister Coachman) of every kingdom were abolished, although the Chancellor was still appointed by the central government.
19005:
19000:
15266:
Jin, Guantao; Fan, Hongye; Liu, Qingfeng (1996), "Historical Changes in the Structure of Science and Technology (Part Two, a Commentary)", in Dainian, Fan; Cohen, Robert S. (eds.),
6313:
During times of war, the volunteer army was increased, and a much larger militia was raised across the country to supplement the Northern Army. In these circumstances, a general (
4150:) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However, the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the
2927:
invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that same year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region to consolidate their control:
5721:, was constructed outside the wall of Luoyang during Emperor Ming's reign. Important Buddhist canons were translated into Chinese during the 2nd century AD, including the
4033:) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them, and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife,
2677:
and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes. The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han.
5656:. Han-era Taoists assembled into small groups of hermits who attempted to achieve immortality through breathing exercises, sexual techniques, and the use of medical elixirs.
2831:
involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han. When this plot failed in 133 BC, Emperor Wu launched a series of
16762:
7500:
that used the Sun and Moon as time-markers throughout the year. During the spring and autumn periods of the 5th century BC, the Chinese established the Sifen calendar (
4715:
traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials.
4103:) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide.
7763:, or vital energy, channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance.
4655:
In the hierarchical social order, the emperor was at the apex of Han society and government. However, the emperor was often a minor, ruled over by a regent such as the
4227:) the eunuchs had the partisan prohibitions renewed and expanded, while also auctioning off top government offices. Many affairs of state were entrusted to the eunuchs
2173:
private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, creating government monopolies that were later repealed during the Eastern period. There were significant advances in
631:
617:
603:
578:
564:
6454:(618–907). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.
8115:
4388:) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with
6020:) served the emperor exclusively, providing him with entertainment and amusements, proper food and clothing, medicine and physical care, valuables and equipment.
3929:
barbarians, with bows and arrows and wearing pointed hats (left), against Han troops – Eastern Han-era, Tsangshan tomb, Linyi. Also visible in the
5998:) oversaw the imperial court's interactions with the empire's nobility and extended imperial family, such as granting fiefs and titles. The Minister of Finance (
17206:
7846:
6432:
that was not reduced until 175 BC, when Emperor Wen allowed private minters to manufacture coins that were precisely 2.6 g (0.092 oz) in weight.
6144:
chancellor was ranked as the equivalent of a county prefect. Like a king, the marquess collected a portion of the tax revenues in his fief as personal income.
4698:
By the Eastern Han, local elites of unattached scholars, teachers, students, and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a nationwide
4007:) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.
17235:
6029:
5914:) was the chief official in charge of religious rites, rituals, prayers, and the maintenance of ancestral temples and altars. The Minister of the Household (
5544:
4271:
4844:
2723:. Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders, and he established a trade
7091:
6755:
seeds by hand. The heavy mouldboard iron plough, also invented during the Han, required only one man to control it with two oxen to pull it. It had three
6428:), who abolished private minting. In 182 BC, Lü Zhi issued a bronze coin that was much lighter in weight than previous coins. This caused widespread
5678:
and good health if his devout followers would confess their sins, ban the worship of unclean gods who accepted meat sacrifices, and chant sections of the
8003:, Plate V, Fig. 15, for a photo of a Han-era fortress in Dunhuang, Gansu province that has rammed earth ramparts with defensive crenellations at the top.
6243:
A Chinese crossbow mechanism with a buttplate from either the late Warring States period or the early Han dynasty; made of bronze and inlaid with silver
3921:
6759:, a seed box for the drills, a tool which turned down the soil and could sow roughly 45,730 m (492,200 sq ft) of land in a single day.
16805:
6849:: A painted ceramic architectural model—found in an Eastern Han tomb at Jiazuo, Henan province—depicting a fortified manor with towers, a courtyard,
6607:, and rolled scrolls made from bamboo strips sewn together with hempen string; these were passed through drilled holes and secured with clay stamps.
14576:
16496:; Zhang, Lu (2010), "Condition, Conservation, and Reinforcement of the Yumen Pass and Hecang Earthen Ruins Near Dunhuang", in Neville Agnew (ed.),
7841:
6459:
4980:
4722:
7572:
occurred when the Moon obstructed sunlight from reaching the Earth. Although others disagreed with his model, Wang Chong accurately described the
5923:) was in charge of the emperor's security within the palace grounds, external imperial parks, and wherever the emperor made an outing by chariot.
3256:), respectively. During this time, a succession of her male relatives held the title of regent. Following the death of Ai, Wang Zhengjun's nephew
19050:
19045:
4876:, were especially important. A lack of either was considered dishonourable and the woman would have been seen not as a wife, but as a concubine.
7751:
Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the
3034:, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. The Han was eventually victorious and established the
7794:
to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds. Whereas the physician
3947:) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by
2555:, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang. Although Xiang Yu proved to be an effective commander, Liu Bang defeated him at the
17830:
6630:
3331:
to survive. Wang Mang's armies were incapable of quelling these enlarged rebel groups. Eventually, an insurgent mob forced their way into the
17134:
7272:
that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century
6011:
for the official bureaucracy and the armed forces who handled tax revenues and set standards for units of measurement. The Minister Steward (
7651:(AD 224–271), there is evidence that in the early 2nd century, cartographer Zhang Heng was the first to use scales and grids for maps.
19065:
16895:
15486:
Lo, Vivienne (2001), "The influence of nurturing life culture on the development of Western Han acumoxa therapy", in Hsu, Elisabeth (ed.),
4868:
Marriages were highly ritualized, particularly for the wealthy, and included many important steps. The giving of betrothal gifts, known as
14378:——— (1986), "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
6043:
5668:
4948:
who could afford their own silk clothes. Some women formed spinning collectives, aggregating the resources of several different families.
4971:
3581:
of a Xiongnu chieftain with impression and transcription, conferred by the Eastern Han government and inscribed with the following text:
2062:, and had a permanent impact on Chinese identity in later periods. The majority ethnic group of modern China refer to themselves as the "
7297:(78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To address the problem of slowed timekeeping in the
5606:), and the body-soul which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony.
2946:
2001:
1941:
16637:
Zhang, Guangda (2002), "The role of the Sogdians as translators of Buddhist texts", in Juliano, Annette L.; Lerner, Judith A. (eds.),
2668:. The loyalty of non-relatives to the emperor was questioned, and after several insurrections by Han kings—with the largest being the
17417:
17295:
6546:
6136:
However, in 145 BC, after several insurrections by the kings, Emperor Jing removed the kings' rights to appoint officials whose
4736:
4070:). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent
2174:
7179:. Around AD 180, Ding created a manually operated rotary fan used for air conditioning within palace buildings. Ding also used
4944:
labour duties, but often engaged in a range of income-earning occupations aside from their domestic chores of cooking and cleaning.
4328:
4290:
who might otherwise join the rebellions. The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical
1038:
4651:
Museum restoration of a household's lacquered furniture and furbishing. Lacquerware became a common luxury item in the Han dynasty.
6610:
The oldest known Chinese piece of hempen paper dates to the 2nd century BC. The standard papermaking process was invented by
6442:
535:
6567:; its sliding shutter allows for adjustments in the direction and brightness in light while it also traps smoke within the body.
4425:
4424:) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made
15774:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 9, Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling
7215:
Modern archaeologists have also unearthed specimens of devices used during the Han dynasty, for example a pair of sliding metal
17065:
17024:
16970:
7301:
of the inflow water clock, Zhang was the first in China to install an additional tank between the reservoir and inflow vessel.
6832:
6571:
The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology, comparable to the level of
5144:(78–163 AD) questioned whether human nature was innately good or evil and posed challenges to Dong's universal order. The
4547:
3039:
2423:
2328:
2265:
2085:
1631:
5100:
18783:
18165:
17244:
16726:
16665:
16646:
16615:
16584:
16565:
16547:
16528:
16506:
16482:
16431:
16412:
16393:
16371:
16352:
16300:
16236:
16209:
16161:
16142:
16094:
16071:
16005:
15980:
15955:
15936:
15912:
15893:
15874:
15852:
15804:
15781:
15762:
15739:
15720:
15701:
15682:
15663:
15641:
15593:
15574:
15555:
15536:
15517:
15495:
15476:
15454:
15435:
15344:
15320:
15301:
15275:
15256:
15234:
15189:
15138:
15119:
15100:
15081:
15059:
15040:
15019:
15000:
14963:
14942:
14890:
14868:
14845:
14826:
14804:
14783:
14761:
14739:
14720:
14701:
14653:
14634:
14615:
14596:
14542:
14494:
14475:
14452:
14425:
14387:
14368:
14326:
14307:
14280:
14261:
14242:
14220:
14197:
14175:
14156:
14137:
10774:
8094:
7368:
4472:
Yuan Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor. Yuan's power was greatly diminished after Cao defeated him at the
2649:—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten
1931:
1021:
15151:(1965), "The changing relationship between local society and the central political power in Former Han: 206 B.C. – 8 A.D.",
14587:
Ch'en, Ch'i-Yün (1986), "Confucian, Legalist, and Taoist thought in Later Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
7555:
and detailed records of comets that appeared in the night sky, including recording the appearance of the comet now known as
6399:
6107:. A Magistrate maintained law and order in his county, registered the populace for taxation, mobilized commoners for annual
5942:
in art and religious beliefs predated the Han and remained popular during the first half of Western Han and the Eastern Han.
5623:
In addition to his many other roles, the emperor acted as the highest priest in the land who made sacrifices to Heaven, the
16999:
7431:, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers were also used by the Greek mathematician
7171:
machine, which was of great importance to early textile manufacturing. The inventions of mechanical engineer and craftsman
5955:) was responsible for securing and patrolling the walls, towers, and gates of the imperial palaces. The Minister Coachman (
5865:
The Chancellor, whose title had changed in 8 BC to Minister over the Masses, was chiefly responsible for drafting the
3296:
Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery,
3181:
2973:'s travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered
1504:
1494:
18689:
14933:——— (1986), "The Economic and Social History of Later Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
6900:: A Han pottery model of a granary tower with windows and balcony placed several stories above the first-floor courtyard;
17240:
17201:
16989:
5983:
5760:
3035:
1973:
1135:
241:
144:
6643:
4741:
2147:
18835:
17835:
15363:
15180:
Hsu, Elisabeth (2001), "Pulse diagnostics in the Western Han: how mai and qi determine bing", in Hsu, Elisabeth (ed.),
7730:
6934:. The ruins of rammed-earth walls that once surrounded the capitals Chang'an and Luoyang still stand, along with their
6813:
6057:
The Han empire, excluding kingdoms and marquessates, was divided, in descending order of size, into political units of
5688:
5628:
4151:
4139:) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant
3767:
1125:
15843:
Nishijima, Sadao (1986), "The economic and social history of Former Han", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
7616:
existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the
6614:(AD 50–121) in 105. The oldest known surviving piece of paper with writing on it was found in the ruins of a Han
6137:
5792:
5596:. They believed that these items could be used by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a
3574:
3168:, were built during the Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) and was significantly rebuilt during the
2296:
increasingly involved themselves in the dynasty's court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between various
17479:
17250:
16310:
Thorp, Robert L. (1986), "Architectural principles in early Imperial China: structural problems and their solution",
4691:. Holders of the rank immediately below, that of ordinary marquess, received a pension, but had no territorial rule.
3401:
1802:
16818:
16104:
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2004), "The Tang architectural icon and the politics of Chinese architectural history",
7385:
5070:
cosmologies. Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe.
4818:
19055:
19020:
19010:
16888:
15732:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics
15311:
Kramers, Robert P. (1986), "The development of the Confucian schools", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
4880:
were typical, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's.
15354:
Lewis, Mark Edward; Hsieh, Mei-yu (2017). "Tianxia and the invention of empire in East Asia". In Wang, Ban (ed.).
5389:. Commonly eaten fruits and vegetables included chestnuts, pears, plums, peaches, melons, apricots, strawberries,
19030:
18461:
17396:
16778:
16682:
14444:
7355:
6409:
6200:
3615:
3327:
The flood dislodged thousands of peasant farmers, many of whom joined roving bandit and rebel groups such as the
1556:
531:
17623:
14836:
Demiéville, Paul (1986), "Philosophy and religion from Han to Sui", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
14535:
The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157
6171:, the Han emperors had great difficulties controlling their vassal kings, who often switched allegiances to the
3693:), who consistently defeated Chinese armies. However, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegrated after his death.
19040:
17213:
17084:
15112:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries AD
7934:
6935:
6572:
6564:
5973:) was the chief official in charge of upholding, administering, and interpreting the law. The Minister Herald (
5592:
Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at
5146:
5031:
gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. In 136 BC, he abolished all academic chairs not concerned with the
4809:
3478:
2602:
2357:
1994:
1946:
910:
713:
700:
5116:'s reign along the roadside of the imperial university right outside Luoyang, were made at the instigation of
19025:
19015:
18899:
17174:
17105:
17029:
16936:
16082:
7944:
6809:
5754:
5660:
5290:
5016:
4283:
3701:
3656:
3486:
2669:
2610:
2378:
2109:
2089:
1968:
1894:
1829:
979:
851:
729:
704:
67:
15713:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
15270:, translated by Kathleen Dugan and Jiang Mingshan, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 165–184,
4286:
in 184 AD, largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the
3782:. In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han empire received gifts from sovereigns in the
3320:. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the
2883:) finally submitted to the Han as a tributary vassal in 51 BC. Huhanye's rival claimant to the throne,
18894:
18778:
16974:
16855:
16827:
16381:
14676:
6205:
3009:). All of these countries eventually received Han embassies. These connections marked the beginning of the
2502:
2313:
2241:
1904:
15755:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing
14553:
14166:
An, Jiayao (2002), "When glass was treasured in China", in Juliano, Annette L.; Lerner, Judith A. (eds.),
4719:
butchers had fairly high social status, while occultist diviners, runners, and messengers had low status.
1046:
1029:
42:
19060:
18904:
17941:
17178:
16994:
16881:
16516:
7756:
7348:
6588:
6195:
5723:
5642:
5121:
5063:
4647:
2404:
1956:
1713:
1094:
807:
17:
7815:("Dissertation on Typhoid Fever"), it is thought that both he and Hua Tuo collaborated in compiling the
3992:
and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—
3417:
The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han (
2331:
by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and
18953:
17260:
17123:
16951:
16913:
16706:
15972:
7836:
7405:
6356:
6058:
5815:
5774:
A scene of historic paragons of filial piety conversing with one another, Chinese painted artwork on a
5637:. It was believed that the three realms of Heaven, Earth, and Mankind were linked by natural cycles of
5050:(179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of
4410:). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.
3059:
2398:
2273:
2143:
1961:
889:
15907:, Lanham, New York, Toronto, Plymouth: AltaMira Press, Division of Rowman and Littlefield Publishers,
15675:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3; Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
4901:
4683:
Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges. The highest rank, of full
4506:
in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north,
3696:
3260:(45 BC – 23 AD) was appointed regent as Marshall of State on 16 August under
18862:
18010:
17574:
16941:
16797:
16156:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum, pp. 283–285,
16137:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum, pp. 275–281,
15862:
14771:
6996:, some reaching depths over 100 m (330 ft), were created for the extraction of metal ores.
5717:
at this point was heavily associated with Huang–Lao Taoism. China's first known Buddhist temple, the
5320:
5294:
4306:
3775:
3461:). From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang. The era from his reign until
2924:
2817:
2517:. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in a rebellion. Two former rebel leaders,
2419:
2249:
1987:
1924:
1889:
1462:
1158:
1068:
38:
15584:
Mawer, Granville Allen (2013), "The Riddle of Cattigara", in Robert Nichols and Martin Woods (ed.),
15527:——— (1986), "The Former Han Dynasty", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
15184:, Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid, and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press, pp. 51–92,
7654:
Han dynasty Chinese sailed in a variety of ships different from those of previous eras, such as the
3951:
intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial
1668:
18820:
18795:
18645:
18304:
18299:
17230:
16963:
16958:
16925:
16696:
16606:——— (1986), "Han foreign relations", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
15569:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum, pp. 23–74,
15490:, Cambridge, New York, Oakleigh, Madrid and Cape Town: Cambridge University Press, pp. 19–50,
7759:. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that
6981:
6751:, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to carefully plant crops in rows instead of
6724:
6515:
6120:
5823:
5649:
5422:
5081:
4834:
4660:
4347:
3534:
3071:
2650:
2281:
2105:
1658:
1307:
319:
16021:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
14338:"Stone Reliefs of the Han Tombs in Shandong Province: Relationship Between Motifs and Composition"
6604:
6559:
in the shape of a kneeling female servant, dated to the 2nd century BC, found in the tomb of
2801:'s subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the
2484:
18887:
18768:
18309:
18262:
18205:
17904:
17848:
17596:
17273:
17034:
15966:
15289:
6340:
5633:
5557:
5090:
5086:
4933:
4552:
4453:). Emperor Xian fled from Chang'an in 195 AD to the ruins of Luoyang. Xian was persuaded by
4279:
3709:
3410:
3328:
3098:
2309:
2162:
1884:
7697:
found in Western vessels. Moreover, Han ships were the first in the world to be steered using a
18909:
18810:
18805:
18493:
18441:
18361:
18294:
18198:
18183:
18076:
17843:
17797:
17638:
17525:
17039:
16979:
16921:
16599:
Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations
15565:——— (2005), "Funerary Practice in Han Times", in Richard, Naomi Noble (ed.),
15427:
15419:
7678:
7397:
5166:
4443:
4262:
3618:
before establishing a garrison at Hami. After the new Protector General of the Western Regions
3522:
3462:
3365:
2998:
2548:
2386:
2332:
2108:. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the
2035:
1936:
1914:
1899:
1385:
1104:
16931:
14900:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1974), "Estate and family management in the Later Han as seen in the
7588:
An early Western Han dynasty silk map found in Tomb #3 of Mawangdui, depicting the Kingdom of
6417:
in favour of private minting of coins. This decision was reversed in 186 BC by his widow
6371:
5798:
However, state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference (
5659:
By the 2nd century AD, Taoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the
5289:(201–169 BC) portrayed the Qin as a brutal regime. However, archaeological evidence from
4514:(161–223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son
4480:(173–205 AD), who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance. His brothers
4093:
18840:
18800:
18613:
18488:
17552:
17542:
17501:
17472:
17223:
17191:
17111:
17098:
15694:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 1, Physics
14440:
7817:
7621:
7334:
6152:
6066:
5587:
5170:
5141:
5105:
4623:
4518:(187–226 AD) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as
3549:
3220:
3199:
2510:
2100:. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government called
1909:
1326:
211:
18728:
16477:, translated by K. C. Chang and collaborators, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,
15928:
Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: the Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China
7779:
as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the Chinese physician
2240:
to quell the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu were eventually defeated and forced to accept a status as
18995:
18933:
18763:
18733:
18608:
18539:
18510:
18429:
17763:
17601:
17591:
17373:
17285:
17128:
17044:
16984:
16793:
16224:
14398:
14185:
7740:
7690:
7617:
7471:
7436:
7401:
7381:
7261:
7098:
6965:
5931:
5811:
5729:
5196:
4503:
4045:
3937:
3806:
3235:
2568:
2059:
1951:
1164:
260:
18713:
16810:
16441:
Wang, Yu-ch'uan (1949), "An outline of The central government of the Former Han dynasty",
16171:
Straffin, Philip D. Jr (1998), "Liu Hui and the first Golden Age of Chinese mathematics",
14973:
Eiland, Murray (2003), "Looking at Ancient Chinese Dogs Looking at Ancient Chinese Dogs",
6930:, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls once stood, and two rammed-earth castles in
6234:
5926:
8:
18625:
18505:
18471:
18373:
18193:
18188:
18000:
17719:
17655:
17530:
17515:
17333:
17268:
17164:
16946:
16556:
Xue, Shiqi (2003), "Chinese lexicography past and present", in Hartmann, R. R. K. (ed.),
10590:
7393:
7160:
6958:
6927:
6323:
6254:
6225:
6168:
5819:
5703:
5278:
5227:
5129:
5113:
4400:
4217:
4060:
3978:
3885:
3833:
3755:) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to
3641:
3587:("The Chief of the Han Xiongnu, who have returned to righteousness and embraced the Han")
3350:
3261:
3224:
2832:
2802:
2768:
2415:
2317:
2237:
2190:
2165:
minted by the central government in 119 BC remained the standard in China until the
1116:
284:
18341:
18331:
16608:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
16228:
15603:
McClain, Ernest G.; Ming, Shui Hung (1979), "Chinese cyclic tunings in late antiquity",
15529:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
15249:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
15199:
Hsu, Mei-ling (1993), "The Qin maps: a clue to later Chinese cartographic development",
14380:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
14300:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
14151:, translated by Paul Groner, New Delhi: Jainendra Prakash Jain at Shri Jainendra Press,
7183:
as pivotal supports for one of his incense burners and invented the world's first known
7008:
to iron pans where it was distilled into salt. The distillation furnaces were heated by
5505:, with one holding a shield, the other a broom, Eastern Han Dynasty, from Lanjia Yard,
62:"Eastern Han" and "House of Liu" redirect here. For the Five Dynasties-era kingdom, see
18738:
18718:
18701:
18652:
18517:
18326:
18277:
18210:
18128:
18069:
18064:
18059:
18015:
17985:
17877:
17775:
17643:
17618:
16835:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Christopher Cullen, Carol Michaelson & Roel Sterckx (
16458:
16341:
16327:
16292:
Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science–from the Babylonians to the Mayas
16274:
16266:
16188:
16121:
16050:
15831:
15620:
15406:
15398:
15369:
15285:
15224:
15168:
15030:
14921:
14857:
14521:
14337:
14209:
7497:
7413:
7409:
7389:
7324:
7246:
7013:
6914:
Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and
6677:
6592:
6471:
6126:
6062:
5939:
5741:
5718:
5059:
4961:
4957:
4692:
4519:
3321:
3142:
3043:
3038:
in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defence and foreign affairs. The Han also
2787:
2646:
2590:
2269:
2101:
2019:
1919:
1099:
946:
938:
136:
16133:——— (2005a), "Pleasure tower model", in Richard, Naomi Noble (ed.),
8110:
5609:
5245:
5027:
in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under
4671:
lower than kings and all commoners excluding slaves, belonged to one of twenty ranks (
4106:
4048:
on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch
965:
18847:
18743:
18679:
18674:
18603:
18500:
18215:
18143:
18138:
17980:
17909:
17892:
17887:
17882:
17682:
17633:
17338:
16722:
16661:
16642:
16611:
16580:
16561:
16543:
16524:
16502:
16478:
16427:
16408:
16389:
16367:
16348:
16296:
16290:
16278:
16249:(1979), "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.",
16232:
16205:
16157:
16154:
Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines'
16138:
16135:
Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines'
16090:
16067:
16054:
16042:
16001:
15976:
15951:
15932:
15926:
15908:
15889:
15870:
15848:
15835:
15800:
15777:
15758:
15750:
15735:
15716:
15697:
15678:
15659:
15637:
15589:
15570:
15567:
Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines'
15551:
15532:
15513:
15491:
15472:
15450:
15431:
15359:
15340:
15334:
15330:
15316:
15297:
15271:
15252:
15230:
15185:
15172:
15134:
15115:
15096:
15077:
15055:
15036:
15015:
14996:
14990:
14959:
14953:
14938:
14886:
14864:
14841:
14822:
14814:
14800:
14779:
14757:
14735:
14716:
14697:
14649:
14630:
14611:
14592:
14538:
14490:
14471:
14464:
14448:
14421:
14415:
14383:
14364:
14322:
14303:
14276:
14257:
14238:
14216:
14193:
14171:
14152:
14133:
10770:
8090:
7674:
7625:
7556:
7487:
7475:
7328:
7327:
or ordinal direction of earthquakes from hundreds of kilometres away. It employed an
7192:
7164:
7120:
6964:
Over ten Han-era underground tombs have been found, many of them featuring archways,
6919:
6382:
5866:
5779:
5692:
5624:
5579:
5524:
with inlaid leather, pearls, and silk lining. Peasants commonly wore clothes made of
5120:(132–192 AD), who feared the Classics housed in the imperial library were being
5028:
4877:
4011:
3967:
3897:
3844:
3828:
3376:
3301:
3286:
3246:
3121:
3079:
3075:
2806:
2735:
2552:
2437:
2301:
2233:
2229:
2214:
2206:
2194:
2113:
1847:
1170:
873:
865:
583:
272:
15845:
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
15410:
15381:
Li, Hui-Lin (1974). "An archeological and historical account of cannabis in China".
15313:
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
15244:
14935:
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
14838:
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
14589:
Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
14437:
Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines'
7111:
6418:
18696:
18483:
18478:
18434:
18421:
18351:
18319:
18314:
18178:
18173:
18155:
18116:
18049:
18032:
17973:
17963:
17958:
17899:
17855:
17825:
17785:
17768:
17751:
17714:
17465:
17196:
16450:
16323:
16319:
16258:
16184:
16180:
16113:
16032:
15950:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,
15823:
15612:
15390:
15208:
15160:
14986:
14913:
14568:
14513:
14356:
7913:
7907:
7884:
7589:
7560:
7493:
7286:
7282:
7196:
6918:
remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth
6655:
6156:
5885:
5783:
5735:
5714:
5648:
It was believed that immortality could be achieved if one reached the lands of the
5593:
5583:
5015:
The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of
4708:
4668:
4618:
4610:
4522:. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between the
4473:
4287:
4197:
4180:
4082:
3997:
3911:
3607:
3578:
3094:
3067:
2915:
In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the
2905:
2665:
2593:
including the capital region (yellow) and ten semi-autonomous kingdoms, 195 BC
2564:
2556:
2513:
by conquest, but their regime became unstable after the death of the first emperor
2277:
2202:
2093:
2081:
2067:
1526:
1084:
1076:
772:
435:
431:
400:
17410:
16701:
15469:
Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science
7665:
was developed and realized during the Han era. Junk ships featured a square-ended
6249:
At the beginning of the Han, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for
3541:
3453:) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this period the capital was at
19035:
18914:
18882:
18755:
18723:
18706:
18662:
18657:
18635:
18630:
18588:
18581:
18556:
18416:
18411:
18252:
18133:
18027:
18022:
17990:
17815:
17805:
17699:
17692:
17687:
17672:
17628:
17510:
17496:
17445:
17424:
17363:
16822:
16347:, Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press,
15792:
14878:
14794:
14435:
Bower, Virginia (2005), "Standing man and woman", in Richard, Naomi Noble (ed.),
14291:
12591:
7878:
7831:
7795:
7584:
7420:
7419:
One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of
7361:
6954:
6736:
6681:
6491:
powerful merchants were able to avoid registration and own large tracts of land.
6462:, this duty being transferred to the Minister of Finance during the Eastern Han.
5128:
Some important texts were created and studied by scholars. Philosophy written by
4998:
4861:
4782:
4656:
4250:
4129:
3915:
3901:
3872:
3810:
3783:
3663:
3559:) in a campaign from AD 42 to 43. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the
3339:
3297:
3216:
3164:), located approximately 11 km (7 mi) northeast of the Western Han-era
3006:
2836:
2776:
2700:
2225:
2186:
2071:
837:
696:
296:
18336:
16577:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305
14863:, translated by Wang Pingxing, Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社),
7939:
7628:
from rice in the 1st century. This date could be revised if the tomb of Emperor
6957:
is the most common type of home portrayed in Han artwork. Ceramic architectural
6739:. Cast iron and pig iron could be converted into wrought iron and steel using a
6599:
or wooden boards. By the beginning of the Han, the chief writing materials were
6253:
into the military. The minimum age was reduced to twenty following the reign of
5982:) was the chief official in charge of receiving honoured guests like nobles and
4892:
4327:, was not quelled until 215 AD. Zhang Jue's massive rebellion across eight
3443:
3437:
3425:
3419:
2872:
After Wu's reign, Han forces continued to fight the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu leader
2582:(modern Xi'an) was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han.
2058:(25–220 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han dynasty is considered a
18979:
18857:
18852:
18815:
18790:
18773:
18684:
18669:
18640:
18598:
18446:
18406:
18401:
18356:
18282:
18242:
18232:
18222:
18037:
17916:
17810:
17677:
17559:
17403:
17218:
16865:
16246:
15651:
15464:
15069:
9160:
7856:
7644:
7552:
7447:
7372:. Han mathematical achievements include solving problems with right triangles,
7316:
7081:, 6 m (20 ft) in total height – the tomb of Gao Yi in
6985:
6860:
6708:
6638:
6619:
6079:
5902:
5378:
5222:
5074:
5051:
4857:
4699:
4523:
4034:
3996:—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife
3871:
where Chinese sources claim the Romans first landed, as well as embassies from
3860:
3856:
3848:
3734:
3548:
rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general
3406:
3332:
2828:
2529:
2466:
2429:
2097:
2075:
2039:
1428:
1345:
1000:
993:
821:
16262:
15827:
15212:
15164:
14883:
Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
7568:
occurred when the Earth obstructed sunlight falling onto the Moon, and that a
6587:
In the 1st millennium BC, typical ancient Chinese writing materials were
6413:
coin type from the Qin. In the beginning of the Han, Emperor Gaozu closed the
5046:(551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of
2585:
18989:
18938:
18825:
18620:
18593:
18566:
18544:
18522:
18289:
18272:
18257:
18101:
18054:
18042:
17968:
17860:
17734:
17729:
17704:
17586:
17431:
16470:
16152:——— (2005b), "Tower model", in Richard, Naomi Noble (ed.),
16046:
15814:
Nelson, Howard (1974), "Chinese maps: an exhibition at the British Library",
15505:
14749:
14295:
10323:
7694:
7629:
7612:
Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that
7569:
7565:
7507:
7463:
7455:
7443:, South Asia, but were not widely accepted in Europe until the 16th century.
7428:
7298:
6797:
6696:
6289:
6209:
6039:
5935:
5653:
5602:
5414:
5406:
5201:
5195:
on important figures were written by members of the gentry. There were also
5109:
5047:
5035:, and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian education at the
5032:
4929:
4786:
3993:
3926:
3875:
in northern India in 159 and 161. Óc Eo is also thought to be the port city "
3726:
3675:
3317:
3212:
2916:
2884:
2827:
However, a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a
2748:
2514:
2433:
2245:
2132:
1218:
1185:
18366:
18346:
16639:
Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road
15373:
14917:
14754:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
14572:
14504:
Bulling, A. (1962), "A landscape representation of the Western Han period",
14168:
Silk Road Studies VII: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road
8062:
6883:
5297:
reveal that many of the statutes in the Han law code compiled by Chancellor
18967:
18830:
18571:
18561:
18527:
18456:
18451:
18378:
18168:
18150:
18111:
18106:
18086:
18081:
17953:
17946:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17820:
17758:
17739:
17724:
17660:
17438:
17010:
16594:
15986:
14230:
7811:
7776:
7752:
7718:
7714:
7702:
7600:
7510:
at 365.25 days. This was replaced in 104 BC with the Taichu calendar (
7320:
6993:
6915:
6863:
extending from the third floor of the main tower to the smaller watchtower.
6740:
6732:
6576:
6521:
6483:
6479:
6451:
6250:
6160:
6129:—were ruled exclusively by the emperor's male relatives as semi-autonomous
5680:
5638:
5570:
A fragmentary Daoist manuscript from the 2nd century BC, ink on silk,
5402:
5382:
5067:
5055:
5024:
4489:
3989:
3952:
3906:
3795:
3313:
3147:
3086:
3063:
3014:
2955:
2940:
2681:
2653:. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu
2344:
2297:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2136:
2124:
2026:
and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived
1793:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1687:
1646:
1584:
1298:
1288:
1265:
955:
779:
749:
686:
308:
63:
9789:
9435:
7735:
5880:
5600:: the spirit-soul which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (
4374:) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on 22 September 189.
3187:
A Western Han painted ceramic mounted cavalryman from a general's tomb at
3097:. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as
18549:
18534:
18383:
18096:
18005:
17995:
17921:
17564:
17343:
17157:
17091:
17005:
16848:
16815:
16781:
was created from a revision of this article dated 27 April 2016
16493:
16286:
16016:
15993:
15922:
15510:
Everyday Life in Early Imperial China during the Han Period 202 BC–AD 220
15247:(1986), "Ch'in and Han law", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),
15148:
12627:
9741:
7851:
7772:
7768:
7659:
7640:
7613:
7573:
7531:
7373:
7290:
7234:
7200:
7140:
7124:
7116:
7075:
7056:
7029:
7009:
6977:
6973:
6947:
6943:
6789:
6756:
6731:
was non-existent in ancient China; however, the Han-era Chinese produced
6600:
6596:
6414:
5775:
5360:
5237:, which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu.
5231:
5192:
5175:
4940:
humiliated their fathers and brothers. Women were exempt from the annual
4925:
4869:
4853:
4267:
3956:
3930:
3852:
3454:
3324:, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.
3290:
3169:
3137:
3017:, bringing goods like Chinese silk and Roman glasswares between the two.
3002:
2866:
2862:
2716:
2689:
2579:
2551:
to determine who would have hegemony over China, which had fissured into
2506:
2362:
2260:. The lands north of the Han's borders were later overrun by the nomadic
2253:
2210:
2178:
2043:
2031:
2027:
1700:
1571:
1405:
1360:
1194:
1014:
692:
662:
569:
448:
198:
166:
148:
109:
16832:
16037:
16020:
14819:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
14004:
14002:
13222:
7241:, and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the
7016:. These boreholes perhaps reached a depth of 600 m (2000 ft).
6147:
5448:
4659:
or one of her male relatives. Ranked immediately below the emperor were
4556:
A late Eastern Han mural in a tomb, showing lively scenes of a banquet (
3394:
had forced the Red Eyebrows to surrender and executed their leaders for
3289:
called for the end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of his own: the
2022:(202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by
18576:
18393:
18267:
18227:
18160:
17358:
17353:
17152:
16625:
16462:
16386:
Fighting Ships of the Far East: China and Southeast Asia 202 BC–AD 1419
16331:
16270:
16192:
16125:
15402:
15394:
15288:(2010), "From the Eastern Han through the Western Jin (AD 25–317)", in
15268:
Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
14925:
14525:
14019:
14017:
13361:
10906:
7791:
7666:
7432:
7294:
7269:
7223:
7136:
7036:
6939:
6901:
6823:
6793:
6748:
6716:
6664:
6615:
6475:
6104:
6050:
5597:
5566:
5137:
4531:
4481:
4239:
4228:
3791:
3683:
3165:
3090:
2970:
2951:
2840:
2824:
agreement. Emperor Wu accepted this, despite continuing Xiongnu raids.
2757:
2704:
2491:
2445:
2213:
that discerned the cardinal direction of distant earthquakes by use of
2063:
1452:
1241:
882:
624:
15656:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations
15624:
13198:
12911:
12045:
11503:
9621:
6762:
To protect crops from wind and drought, the grain intendant Zhao Guo (
5905:, who each headed a specialized ministry. The Minister of Ceremonies (
5770:
5463:
3729:, which controlled territory across South and Central Asia, to subdue
736:
720:
123:
18466:
18237:
18121:
18091:
17872:
17746:
17537:
17313:
17280:
17147:
17117:
17078:
16873:
15220:
13999:
13502:
13480:
13478:
13476:
13318:
13270:
10272:
9669:
7705:
used for riverine transport, allowing them to sail on the high seas.
7686:
7655:
7451:
7377:
7242:
7238:
7226:
appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan
7172:
7131:
6720:
6712:
6429:
6213:
6008:
5675:
5571:
5506:
5455:
5426:
5418:
5325:
5313:
5250:
5162:
5043:
5020:
4597:
4414:
4358:
4295:
4117:
4049:
3876:
3771:
3667:
3537:; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30.
3526:
3361:
3275:
3257:
3133:
3110:
3085:
To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu
3047:
3010:
2963:
2895:
2835:
into Xiongnu territory. The assault culminated in 119 BC at the
2720:
2708:
2654:
2470:
2257:
2198:
2128:
2047:
2042:
period (220–280 AD). The dynasty was briefly interrupted by the
903:
362:
16811:
Han dynasty art with video commentary, Minneapolis Institute of Arts
16454:
16343:
Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom
16117:
15968:
Han Material Culture: An Archaeological Analysis and Vessel Typology
15356:
Chinese Visions of World Order: Tianxia, Culture, and World Politics
14664:
14625:
Chung, Chee Kit (2005), "Longyamen is Singapore: The Final Proof?",
14517:
14014:
13694:
12108:
11332:
11221:
9148:
8607:
8292:
7304:
Zhang also invented a device he termed an "earthquake weathervane" (
6108:
5877:
of the same censorial powers as the other two Councillors of State.
4941:
4377:
Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother
3822:
17867:
17650:
17608:
17547:
17348:
17308:
17186:
17141:
17019:
16087:
The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and Commentary
15616:
15449:, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 1–13,
14317:
Berggren, Lennart; Borwein, Jonathan M.; Borwein, Peter B. (2004),
13400:
7440:
7208:
7184:
7168:
7082:
7040:
6997:
6728:
6704:
6700:
6556:
6551:
6327:
6265:
6095:
promoted, demoted, dismissed, or prosecuted by the imperial court.
6034:
5521:
5398:
5254:
5188:
5180:
5151:
5133:
5117:
4684:
4593:
4507:
4477:
4458:
4457:(155–220 AD), then Governor of Yan Province in modern western
4389:
4378:
4158:
4071:
3799:
3779:
3715:
3645:
3630:
3530:
3458:
3188:
2986:
2959:
2936:
2851:
2712:
2544:
2533:
2518:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2023:
924:
793:
417:
413:
350:
234:
221:
13706:
13473:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11865:
11701:
11539:
11050:
10966:
10614:
7647:
for maps was not thoroughly described until the published work of
7548:
days. However, Emperor Zhang later reinstated the Sifen calendar.
6874:
5350:
4432:
3864:
3205:
A Western or Eastern Han bronze horse statuette with a lead saddle
2455:
2244:, and the Xiongnu confederation fragmented. The Han conquered the
17780:
17709:
17665:
17520:
17382:
17323:
17303:
15797:
The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature: Volume 1
15550:, Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press,
15052:
Chinese Architecture and Planning: Ideas, Methods, and Techniques
14713:
Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China: The Zhou Bi Suan Jing
13210:
12699:
11385:
11383:
11308:
10335:
10058:
10056:
9717:
9138:
9136:
9063:
9061:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8523:
7780:
7648:
7274:
7265:
7216:
7001:
6855:
6850:
6611:
6560:
6496:
6344:
6269:
6172:
6130:
5510:
5298:
5206:
4790:
4535:
4527:
4511:
4485:
4466:
4454:
4324:
4320:
4169:
3880:
3763:
3730:
3708:, excavated in Shaanxi, 1st–2nd century AD –
3705:
3671:
3619:
3560:
3545:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3215:(71 BC – 13 AD) was first empress, then
3151:
3106:
3051:
2994:
2978:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2873:
2753:
2724:
2699:) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the
2685:
2660:
By 196, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal
2382:
2340:
2293:
2261:
2221:
1595:
1446:
1440:
1005:
962:
657:
610:
596:
461:
374:
338:
182:
174:
91:
17581:
14417:
To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails
13351:
13349:
13347:
13345:
12776:
12774:
12357:
12347:
12345:
12188:
12186:
12074:
12072:
11906:
11904:
11795:
11793:
11791:
11754:
11752:
11643:
11641:
11580:
11578:
11257:
10650:
10289:
10287:
10200:
9870:
9765:
9693:
9220:
9097:
8595:
7289:, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a
6510:
5319:
Acting as a judge in lawsuits was one of the many duties of the
5007:
4827:
Western Han- or Xin-era murals showing men and women dressed in
4769:
4059:) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone
3382:
Under Guangwu's rule, the Han Empire was restored. Guangwu made
2096:
and the appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly
17613:
17488:
17389:
17328:
17318:
17073:
16658:
Remaking China's Public Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century
16221:
The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society
15010:
Fraser, Ian W. (2014), "Zhang Heng 张衡", in Brown, Kerry (ed.),
14646:
The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army
14058:
14056:
13574:
13550:
13000:
12988:
12171:
12084:
12057:
11946:
11515:
11173:
10424:
10422:
10128:
9848:
9846:
9821:
9819:
9753:
9729:
9681:
9657:
9447:
9389:
9387:
9121:
7952:
7698:
7605:
7593:
7459:
7446:
The Han applied mathematics to various diverse disciplines. In
7250:
7180:
6923:
6752:
6533:
5691:
during the Eastern Han, and was first mentioned in 65 AD.
5533:
5413:. Domesticated animals that were also eaten included chickens,
5394:
5390:
5374:
5286:
5184:
5036:
4990:
4839:
4515:
4336:
4291:
4140:
4125:
3948:
3756:
3611:
3596:
3494:
3055:
3046:
in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern
2982:
2974:
2798:
2731:
2618:
2475:
2462:
2389:, the resulting Han dynasty was named after the Hanzhong fief.
2336:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2182:
386:
216:
16806:"Han dynasty" by Emuseum – Minnesota State University, Mankato
14149:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamani to Early Mahayana
13951:
12887:
12521:
12519:
12198:
12035:
12033:
11921:
11919:
11380:
10176:
10053:
9244:
9172:
9133:
9109:
9058:
9048:
9046:
8992:
8953:
8924:
8900:
8888:
8715:
7596:
in southern China. The south direction is oriented at the top.
7268:
for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power
3925:
Eastern Han tombs sometimes have depiction of battles between
3521:), formally began on 5 August AD 25, when Liu Xiu became
3124:
reform, and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs.
18247:
17014:
14345:
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research
14104:
14029:
13766:
13378:
13376:
13342:
12810:
12798:
12771:
12747:
12492:
12381:
12342:
12282:
12210:
12183:
12135:
12069:
11901:
11829:
11817:
11788:
11749:
11713:
11665:
11638:
11614:
11602:
11575:
11563:
11479:
11419:
11269:
11086:
10894:
10848:
10846:
10819:
10284:
10224:
10140:
9806:
9804:
8852:
8251:
8249:
7922:
7670:
7285:, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the
7204:
7005:
6931:
6183:
6178:
5664:
5615:
5501:
5438:
5370:
4994:
4873:
4829:
4747:
4635:
4462:
4112:
3868:
3787:
3679:
3634:
3592:
2990:
2909:
2740:
2560:
984:
970:
652:
16426:, Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Publishing,
15886:
Acupuncture Medicine: Its Historical and Clinical Background
15093:
Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo: Sima Qian's Conquest of History
14053:
13975:
13903:
13891:
13855:
13843:
13831:
13807:
13742:
13670:
13622:
13437:
13294:
13282:
13246:
13234:
13186:
13080:
13078:
13051:
13039:
12468:
12398:
12396:
12270:
12125:
12123:
12096:
12020:
12018:
12016:
11989:
11491:
10795:
10783:
10419:
10311:
10299:
10212:
10002:
9843:
9816:
9486:
9384:
9321:
8811:
8775:
8631:
7747:; unearthed in 1973 in Hunan, from Tomb #3 at Mawangdui site
7353:
Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the
7339:
officials at court to admit the efficacy of Zhang's device.
4476:
in 200 AD. After Yuan died, Cao killed Yuan Shao's son
2969:
Even before the Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat
2567:
at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as
2304:. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large
16610:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–462,
15847:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 545–607,
15588:, Canberra: National Library of Australia, pp. 38–39,
15531:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–222,
15315:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 747–756,
15251:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 520–544,
14840:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 808–872,
14756:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 187–384,
14382:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 223–290,
14068:
13610:
13490:
13174:
12959:
12651:
12567:
12543:
12516:
12030:
11977:
11916:
11805:
11443:
11038:
11026:
11014:
10990:
10954:
10686:
10638:
10080:
10043:
10041:
10026:
9705:
9597:
9333:
9309:
9073:
9043:
8703:
8619:
8559:
8511:
8475:
8427:
8415:
8379:
8343:
8224:
8222:
7682:
7636:
concerning a model map of the empire is proven to be true.
6972:
From Han literary sources, it is known that wooden-trestle
6803:
6273:
5550:
5529:
5525:
5410:
5386:
4688:
3567:), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (
3465:
is known as the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD).
2771:. This is the first known monumental stone statue in China.
2674:
2441:
17457:
14696:, Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company,
13987:
13586:
13514:
13373:
12935:
12822:
12711:
12639:
11877:
11853:
11776:
11764:
11737:
11677:
11653:
11467:
11395:
11356:
11286:
11284:
11209:
11134:
10978:
10942:
10843:
10578:
10554:
10530:
10506:
10494:
10458:
10371:
10116:
9954:
9801:
9411:
9085:
8333:
8331:
8280:
8246:
8052:
8050:
7293:, waterwheel, and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer
5499:
Carved reliefs on stone tomb doors showing men dressed in
5425:
were consumed. Seasoning included sugar, honey, salt, and
4633:), Luoyang; the two figures in the foreground are playing
4021:) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (
3364:. Gengshi's distant cousin Liu Xiu, known posthumously as
3089:
several private industries. He created central government
16719:
The Government of the Qin and Han Empires: 221 BCE–220 CE
14752:(2007), "Chinese Mathematics", in Katz, Victor J. (ed.),
14732:
The Brush and the Spur: Chinese Culture and the Cockfight
13963:
13258:
13150:
13126:
13075:
13029:
13027:
12899:
12759:
12603:
12444:
12393:
12330:
12318:
12294:
12258:
12246:
12234:
12222:
12147:
12120:
12013:
11407:
11320:
11163:
11161:
11062:
10698:
10674:
10662:
10626:
10407:
10248:
10236:
9882:
9459:
9374:
9372:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9004:
8840:
8667:
8367:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8264:
7893:
6689:: A pair of iron scissors dating from the Eastern Han era
6292:
stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army (
4860:
members living in one household. Multiple generations of
4789:, Eastern Han – Sichuan Provincial Museum
4664:
2805:
for additional goods. In a court conference assembled by
2661:
1043:
1026:
943:
929:
915:
19006:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
19001:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
16816:
Early Imperial China: A Working Collection of Resources
16364:
Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History
14906:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
14256:, Seattle & London: University of Washington Press,
13797:
13795:
13793:
13778:
13682:
13598:
13562:
13330:
13306:
13012:
12786:
12723:
12615:
12579:
12456:
12432:
12420:
11841:
11527:
11455:
11431:
11197:
11110:
10930:
10746:
10566:
10518:
10482:
10470:
10395:
10383:
10347:
10260:
10092:
10038:
10014:
9990:
9978:
9942:
9918:
9894:
9831:
9196:
9033:
9031:
8799:
8234:
8219:
8183:
8116:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
6792:
were chiefly used to grow rice, while farmers along the
4951:
3379:
in 23 AD, was urged to succeed Gengshi as emperor.
2074:
are referred to respectively as the "Han language" and "
894:
15790:
15447:
Electronic Information and Communication in Mathematics
14776:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
14665:"Chinese lead ingots with barbarous Greek inscriptions"
13939:
13927:
13879:
13526:
12923:
12865:
12863:
12861:
12846:
12504:
12369:
12306:
12001:
11889:
11626:
11368:
11281:
11233:
10912:
10831:
10734:
10722:
10710:
10542:
10446:
10164:
10152:
9537:
9527:
9525:
9357:
9184:
8941:
8876:
8487:
8439:
8328:
8304:
8047:
7760:
7106:
6111:
duties, repaired schools, and supervised public works.
5713:), was one of its earliest Chinese adherents, although
5539:
4274:
in 219 AD, the penultimate year of the Han dynasty
4253:
with concubines and participating in military parades.
3863:
and his adopted son Marcus Aurelius have been found at
16064:
Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society: Volume 3
15869:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
14610:, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press,
14487:
Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography
14316:
14190:
Indo-Scythian Studies being Khotanese Texts Volume VII
13867:
13819:
13730:
13718:
13508:
13461:
13449:
13425:
13388:
13162:
13138:
13024:
12735:
12687:
12675:
12408:
11936:
11934:
11344:
11158:
11122:
11074:
10870:
10104:
9777:
9645:
9498:
9476:
9474:
9399:
9369:
9345:
9292:
9280:
9268:
8970:
8968:
8912:
8830:
8828:
8826:
8787:
8583:
8261:
8195:
8171:
8147:
8135:
6735:
by injecting excess oxygen into a furnace and causing
5930:
Animalistic guardian spirits of day and night wearing
5369:
The most common staple crops consumed during Han were
3762:
Foreign travellers to the Eastern Han empire included
3733:
and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler
3582:
3312: AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt build-up in the
2292:
commanderies in 108 BC. After 92 AD, palace
2276:. He further expanded Han territory into the northern
2127:
in education and court politics, synthesized with the
18951:
15658:, London: Syndics of the Cambridge University Press,
15294:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, volume 1
13915:
13790:
13646:
12978:
12976:
12974:
12947:
12875:
12834:
12159:
11965:
11296:
11185:
11002:
10918:
10858:
10602:
10434:
10359:
9633:
9585:
9256:
9028:
8980:
8864:
8763:
8535:
8463:
8451:
8403:
8316:
7925:
7896:
7305:
7249:
Administrator, mechanical engineer, and metallurgist
6778:
6030:
List of provinces and commanderies of the Han dynasty
5901:
Ranked below the Three Councillors of State were the
4196:). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested
3563:, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (
2335:. The Han dynasty came to an end in 220 AD when
870:
856:
842:
826:
812:
798:
784:
16560:, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 158–173,
15791:
Neinhauser, William H.; Hartman, Charles; Ma, Y.W.;
15076:, New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company,
14796:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
14080:
13754:
13634:
13114:
13090:
12858:
12663:
12480:
11725:
11689:
11590:
11551:
11245:
11146:
10807:
10188:
10068:
9966:
9930:
9906:
9858:
9573:
9561:
9522:
9510:
9423:
8739:
8727:
8547:
8207:
8159:
7159:
For example, in 15 BC the philosopher and poet
5795:. Theoretically, there were no limits to his power.
3700:
Eastern Han inscriptions on a lead ingot, using the
1812:
1734:
1614:
1547:
1477:
1351:
17439:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
14902:
Monthly Instructions for the Four Classes of People
14629:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
13658:
13102:
11931:
11098:
10882:
9549:
9471:
9016:
8965:
8823:
8751:
8691:
8655:
8035:
7919:
7916:
7890:
7887:
7579:
7115:A Han dynasty pottery model of two men operating a
5663:. Its followers believed that the sage-philosopher
4278:The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the
4157:Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor
3859:found in China, Roman medallions from the reign of
2264:confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful
16340:
15632:Morton, William Scott; Lewis, Charlton M. (2005),
14856:
14734:, Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
14466:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
14463:
14208:
14041:
13063:
12971:
12555:
10599:, pp. 29, 51, 54, 59–60, 65–68, 70–74, 77–78.
8391:
8355:
7604:An Eastern Han pottery boat model with a steering
5826:, the Imperial Counsellor or Excellency of Works (
3386:his capital in 25 AD, and by 27 his officers
3127:
2177:during the Han period, including the emergence of
2046:(9–23 AD) established by the usurping regent
15444:
14608:Han Dynasty China: Volume 1: Han Social Structure
14403:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities
14092:
13484:
9232:
9208:
8643:
8571:
8499:
8123:
6038:An Eastern Han devotional stone statue depicting
4924:Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks,
2756:warrior, at the mausoleum of Western Han general
2224:, a nomadic confederation centred in the eastern
2123:) onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored
2054:(202 BC – 9 AD) and the
18987:
16641:, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, pp. 75–78,
15998:The Shorter Science and Civilization in China: 4
15296:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 116–198,
14937:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 608–648,
14691:
14591:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 766–806,
14302:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 317–376,
14170:, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, pp. 79–94,
14023:
13700:
11338:
11263:
11227:
10972:
10656:
10620:
10329:
8679:
7842:Comparative studies of the Roman and Han empires
7233:, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron
4730:
2861:) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the
2730:In retaliation, the Xiongnu invaded what is now
17411:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
16080:
15636:(Fourth ed.), New York City: McGraw-Hill,
15586:Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita to Australia
15548:Divination, Mythology and Monarchy in Han China
15133:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
14985:
13957:
13556:
12531:
9609:
7731:Traditional Chinese medicine § Han dynasty
6069:. A county was divided into several districts (
5631:, and spirits of mountains and rivers known as
4116:from the late Eastern Han-era Dahuting Tomb in
3794:. He also initiated an unsuccessful mission to
3682:people. The Xianbei reached their apogee under
3316:had raised its water level and overwhelmed the
3001:); he also gathered information on Shendu (the
2038:(206–202 BC), and it was succeeded by the
14554:"Les pays d'Occident d'après le Heou Han chou"
10769:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83.
7315:), which the British sinologist and historian
6446:coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The
5884:A rubbing of a Han pictorial stone showing an
4687:, came with a state pension and a territorial
4319:Zhang Lu's rebellion, in what is now northern
2509:(221–207 BC). The Qin united the Chinese
2409:
17473:
17135:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
16889:
16537:
16223:, Leiden, New York, Köln: Koninklijke Brill,
16218:
15426:, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.
15054:, Stuttgart and London: Edition Axel Menges,
15012:The Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
14606:Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu (1972), Dull, Jack L. (ed.),
14399:"Chinese Historical Demography A D. 2 – 1982"
14290:Beck, Mansvelt (1986), "The fall of Han", in
14235:Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire
14211:Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World
14035:
13748:
13712:
11275:
10428:
7511:
7501:
7310:
7151:
6783:
6772:
6763:
6634:An array of bronze bells, Western Han dynasty
6625:
6511:Private manufacture and government monopolies
6334:
6317:
6305:
6296:
6283:
6091:), each containing about a hundred families.
6086:
6073:
6015:
6002:
5993:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5950:
5918:
5909:
5892:
5857:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5802:
5778:basketwork box, excavated from a tomb of the
5555:
5469:Woven silk textiles from Tomb #1 at Mawangdui
5265:
4675:
4639:, with the playing mat between them, and the
4628:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4369:
4208:
4191:
4134:
4110:A mural showing women dressed in traditional
4028:
4022:
3847:asserts that this was most likely a group of
2899:
2703:. By the end of his reign, he controlled the
2050:, and is thus separated into two periods—the
1995:
734:
718:
500:6,500,000 km (2,500,000 sq mi)
488:6,000,000 km (2,300,000 sq mi)
83:
18930:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
16424:The State and the Iron Industry in Han China
15948:The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World
15902:
15748:
14813:
14251:
14110:
14062:
13837:
13676:
13355:
13300:
13192:
12597:
12525:
12474:
12363:
12078:
12051:
11910:
11871:
11799:
11758:
11707:
11647:
11584:
11485:
11425:
11314:
10900:
10801:
10789:
10206:
10086:
10062:
10032:
10008:
9876:
9852:
9825:
9795:
9771:
9747:
9723:
9699:
9675:
9627:
9603:
9492:
9441:
9393:
9327:
9315:
9226:
9166:
9154:
9127:
9103:
9079:
9052:
8013:
7466:of 60 tones, calculating the difference at ⁄
7323:". This device was able to detect the exact
7101:tomb chamber at Luoyang made of small bricks
6114:
5554:talisman, part of the Wucheng bamboo slips (
5199:published during the Han period such as the
4745:Detail of a mural showing two women wearing
4667:family clan. The rest of society, including
4627:A mural from an Eastern Han tomb at Zhucun (
4510:(182–252 AD) dominating the south, and
4249:) while Emperor Ling spent much of his time
3955:. In 92 AD, with the aid of the eunuch
3867:in Vietnam. This was near the commandery of
2775:Despite the tribute and negotiation between
2461:Western Han painted ceramic jar with raised
2220:The Han dynasty had many conflicts with the
2135:. This policy endured until the fall of the
16601:, Berkeley: University of California Press.
16491:
16151:
16132:
15631:
15602:
15074:The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600
15028:
14995:, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
14537:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
14396:
14377:
14355:
13993:
13616:
13382:
13006:
12994:
12965:
12941:
12717:
12204:
12177:
12114:
12090:
12063:
12039:
11983:
11959:
11925:
11883:
11859:
11835:
11811:
11782:
11770:
11743:
11719:
11683:
11671:
11659:
11620:
11608:
11569:
11545:
11521:
11497:
11449:
10377:
10134:
9960:
9759:
9735:
9711:
9687:
9663:
9250:
9178:
9142:
9115:
9091:
9067:
9010:
8998:
8959:
8935:
8906:
8894:
8846:
8637:
8373:
8286:
8255:
8072:
7620:in a 2nd-century BC tomb. The general
7492:Mathematics were essential in drafting the
7435:around AD 275, and in the 7th-century
6618:that had been abandoned in AD 110, in
6499:until they could recover from their debts.
4918:: A Han pottery female dancer in silk robes
3666:. After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the
2664:family members, with the lone exception of
2256:from the Xiongnu, helping to establish the
2150:that had first been established during the
59:Imperial dynasty in China (202 BC – 220 AD)
23:
17480:
17466:
16896:
16882:
16103:
15353:
15153:Comparative Studies in Society and History
15014:, Great Barrington: Berkshire Publishing,
14955:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
14835:
12893:
11995:
11401:
11389:
10767:The Cambridge Illustrated History Of China
7349:Chinese mathematics § Han mathematics
7245:in China until about the 5th century. The
7177:Miscellaneous Notes on the Western Capital
5844:), and Grand Commandant or Grand Marshal (
5748:
5230:. Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the
5136:(43 BC – 28 AD),
5132:(53 BC – 18 AD),
3674:occupied the area from the borders of the
3525:. During the widespread rebellion against
3468:
2002:
1988:
685:
135:Principalities and centrally-administered
122:
24:
17418:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
16828:"Han Culture," Hanyangling Museum Website
16542:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell,
16501:, Getty Publications, pp. 351–352 ,
16245:
16219:Sun, Xiaochun; Kistemaker, Jacob (1997),
16036:
16012:(an abridgement of Joseph Needham's work)
16000:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
15965:Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2 February 2015),
15842:
15799:, Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
15776:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
15471:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
15358:. Duke University Press. pp. 25–48.
15284:
15265:
15114:, Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge,
14958:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
14885:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
14792:
14715:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
14643:
14586:
14551:
14484:
14363:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
12816:
12804:
12780:
12753:
12729:
12621:
12609:
12585:
12573:
12498:
12450:
12402:
12387:
12351:
12288:
12264:
12252:
12240:
12228:
12216:
12192:
12153:
12141:
12129:
12024:
11823:
11092:
11056:
10825:
10680:
10293:
10230:
10146:
9465:
9202:
8817:
8781:
8068:
8056:
7701:at the stern, in contrast to the simpler
7576:of the evaporation of water into clouds.
7423:. Negative numbers first appeared in the
6768:) created the alternating fields system (
6547:Science and technology of the Han dynasty
6540:
5429:. Beer and wine were regularly consumed.
5042:Unlike the original ideology espoused by
4936:, but it is unclear how common this was.
4294:religious societies led by faith healers
4256:
3629:) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in
3066:in 109 BC, followed by parts of the
2865:, and Han forces reached as far north as
2719:, subjugating over twenty states east of
2308:religious societies which instigated the
16789:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
16772:
16660:, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group,
16380:
16170:
16066:, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc,
16061:
15729:
15710:
15691:
15672:
14877:
14605:
14489:, Chicago: University Of Chicago Press,
14008:
13981:
13909:
13897:
13885:
13861:
13849:
13813:
13784:
13772:
13628:
13592:
13580:
13568:
13544:
13532:
13496:
13443:
13406:
13367:
13336:
13324:
13312:
13288:
13276:
13252:
13240:
13228:
13216:
13204:
13168:
13156:
13057:
13045:
12828:
12375:
12276:
12102:
11473:
11239:
11215:
11203:
10752:
10584:
10560:
10548:
10536:
10524:
10512:
10500:
10464:
10452:
10413:
10401:
10341:
10317:
10305:
10278:
10266:
10218:
10170:
10158:
10122:
8709:
8625:
8565:
8517:
8481:
8433:
8385:
8349:
8298:
8274:
8141:
7734:
7599:
7583:
7130:
7110:
6804:Structural and geo-technical engineering
6723:, were operational in China by the late
6637:
6629:
6550:
6514:
6487:an average of 220,000,000 coins a year.
6465:
6398:
6199:
6146:
6033:
5925:
5879:
5769:
5608:
5565:
5543:
5244:
5099:
5080:
5006:
4913:: A ceramic female servant in silk robes
4740:
4726:A Han dynasty brick relief with acrobats
4721:
4646:
4622:
4551:
4266:
4105:
3920:
3695:
3573:
3400:
3274:When Ping died on 3 February 6 AD,
3141:
3058:was brought into the Han realm with the
2945:
2797:) to reopen border markets, many of the
2747:
2738:in 200 BC. After negotiations, the
2584:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
18754:
16632:, vol. 1, London: Hakluyt Society.
15964:
15921:
15771:
15650:
15339:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
15310:
15243:
15095:, New York: Columbia University Press,
14503:
14470:, New York: Columbia University Press,
14206:
14127:
13945:
13724:
13180:
12852:
12510:
11374:
11044:
11032:
11020:
10996:
10960:
10740:
10716:
10692:
10644:
9274:
8870:
8000:
7983:
7474:discovered by the German mathematician
6646:. Chiselled and hammered gold, late Han
6642:Ornamental belt buckle, decorated with
6450:became China's standard coin until the
5509:, Sichuan – Sichuan Provincial Museum,
4168:) attempted a coup against the eunuchs
3606:) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the
3375:), after distinguishing himself at the
3271:1 BC – 6 AD).
2385:). Following Liu Bang's victory in the
14:
19051:3rd-century disestablishments in China
19046:3rd-century BC establishments in China
18988:
17025:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
16903:
16540:Gender in History: Global Perspectives
16515:
16421:
16402:
16361:
16285:
16199:
16015:
15945:
15861:
15813:
15336:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han
15128:
15068:
15009:
14992:China: A New History, Enlarged Edition
14972:
14748:
14729:
14710:
14461:
14270:
14184:
13873:
13825:
13736:
13640:
13604:
13520:
13509:Berggren, Borwein & Borwein (2004)
13467:
13455:
13431:
13419:
13394:
13144:
13033:
12792:
12693:
12681:
12657:
12645:
12633:
12462:
12438:
12426:
12414:
11362:
11350:
11167:
11140:
11008:
10984:
10948:
10936:
10876:
10852:
10608:
10596:
10572:
10488:
10476:
10440:
10389:
10365:
10110:
9810:
9783:
9651:
9639:
9591:
9378:
9190:
9037:
8986:
8947:
8882:
8793:
8673:
8493:
8445:
8421:
8397:
8337:
8310:
8153:
8109:
8089:(13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018.
8041:
7970:
6938:of brick arches, ditches, and ceramic
6216:, Henan, dated to the late Eastern Han
5687:Buddhism first entered Imperial China
5011:Model of the Han dynasty royal academy
4548:Society and culture of the Han dynasty
4541:
3637:, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn.
945:
872:
17461:
16877:
16716:
16636:
16574:
16366:, Durham: The Durham Academic Press,
16309:
15992:
15905:Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia
15883:
15583:
15564:
15545:
15526:
15504:
15463:
15329:
15219:
15090:
14951:
14932:
14899:
14778:, New York: Oxford University Press,
14770:
14662:
14627:Admiral Zheng He & Southeast Asia
14624:
14582:from the original on 10 October 2022.
14532:
14434:
14413:
14146:
14128:Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles (2000),
14086:
14074:
13969:
13921:
13760:
13688:
13652:
13264:
13132:
13120:
13084:
12929:
12905:
12869:
12765:
12549:
12336:
12324:
12312:
12300:
12165:
12007:
11971:
11632:
11413:
11326:
11302:
11290:
11251:
11191:
11068:
10924:
10864:
10837:
10813:
10764:
10728:
10704:
10668:
10632:
10254:
10242:
10194:
10182:
9912:
9888:
9579:
9567:
9543:
9429:
9417:
9363:
9022:
8974:
8918:
8858:
8834:
8805:
8757:
8745:
8733:
8697:
8661:
8613:
8601:
8589:
8553:
8529:
8240:
8228:
8213:
8201:
8189:
8177:
8165:
7996:
7516:) that measured the tropical year at
7425:Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
7369:Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
7062: – Babaoshan, Beijing.
6926:towers, rammed-earth sections of the
6460:Superintendent of Waterways and Parks
6381:(五銖) coin issued during the reign of
6138:salaries were higher than 400 bushels
6078:), the latter composed of a group of
5934:, Han-era paintings on ceramic tile;
5765:
5674:) was a holy prophet who would offer
5613:An Eastern Han bronze statuette of a
4952:Education, literature, and philosophy
4399:) and his brother Liu Xie—the future
3918:), where a Greek sailor had visited.
3678:in Manchuria to the Ili River of the
2962:, located at the eastern edge of the
2146:as well as significant growth in the
128:The Western Han dynasty in 2 AD
17000:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
16655:
16624:
16579:, London & New York: Routledge,
16523:, New Haven: Yale University Press,
16469:
16440:
15229:, Armonk & London: M.E. Sharpe,
15109:
15035:, New York: Rosen Publishing Group,
14854:
14420:, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press,
14289:
14237:, London & New York: Routledge,
14229:
13664:
13096:
13018:
12953:
12917:
12881:
12741:
12705:
12669:
12600:, pp. 1–2, 40–41, 122–123, 228.
12486:
11847:
11731:
11695:
11596:
11557:
11533:
11509:
11461:
11437:
11179:
11152:
11128:
11116:
11104:
11080:
10353:
10098:
10074:
10047:
10020:
9996:
9984:
9972:
9948:
9936:
9924:
9900:
9864:
9837:
9555:
9531:
9480:
8129:
7632:is excavated and the account in the
7107:Mechanical and hydraulic engineering
6582:
5540:Religion, cosmology, and metaphysics
5454:Woven silk textiles from Tomb #1 at
4499:), who sent their heads to Cao Cao.
4207:) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (
19066:Former countries in Chinese history
17241:Protectorate of the Western Regions
16990:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
16555:
16338:
16089:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
15417:
15198:
15179:
15147:
15049:
14679:from the original on 16 August 2021
14047:
13933:
13801:
13108:
13069:
12982:
12840:
12561:
11940:
11895:
10888:
9169:, pp. 54–55, 269–270, 600–601.
7608:at the stern and anchor at the bow.
6573:scientific and technological growth
6049:) in an official's cap and robe in
6023:
5989:The Minister of the Imperial Clan (
5761:List of emperors of the Han dynasty
4785:statue of a seated woman holding a
4431:Dong was killed by his adopted son
3036:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3013:trade network that extended to the
2820:of the ministers was to retain the
145:Protectorate of the Western Regions
56:
16759:
16676:
16605:
16593:
16443:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
15485:
15380:
14335:
14215:, New York: Enchanted Lion Books,
14165:
14098:
12636:, pp. 7, 36–37, 64–68, 75–76.
12537:
9615:
9516:
9504:
9453:
9405:
9351:
9339:
9303:
9286:
9262:
9238:
9214:
8769:
8721:
8685:
8649:
8577:
8541:
8505:
8469:
8457:
8409:
8361:
8322:
7319:described as "the ancestor of all
7055:A pair of Han period stone-carved
6814:Western Han dynasty imperial tombs
5187:(32–92 AD), and his daughter
5173:, being emulated initially by the
4643:game board to the side of the mat.
3786:, as well as from kings in modern
3670:valley in AD 91, the nomadic
3610:in AD 73, evicting them from
3223:during the reigns of the Emperors
2894:), was killed by Han forces under
2736:defeated the Han forces at Baideng
2377:, named after its location on the
494:
482:
57:
19077:
16736:
16538:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2011) ,
15422:, in Steinhardt, Nancy S. (ed.),
14252:Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. (2007),
12920:, pp. 1, 30, 39–40, 148–149.
11512:, pp. 143–144, 145–146, 177.
7454:(78–37 BC) realized that 53
7012:funnelled to the surface through
5264:), wife of the Marquess Li Cang (
5165:(145–86 BC) established the
2645:), thirteen centrally-controlled
707:(bottom right) Chinese characters
18973:
18961:
17251:Translation of government titles
17055:
16771:
16295:, New York: Simon and Schuster,
16204:, Singapore: Periplus Editions,
14793:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1996),
14254:Artisans in Early Imperial China
14120:
13538:
13412:
10765:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).
10758:
8006:
7989:
7976:
7912:
7883:
7624:created the world's first known
7580:Cartography, ships, and vehicles
7090:
7067:
7048:
7021:
6882:
6873:
6831:
6822:
6663:
6654:
6370:
6233:
6224:
5793:600-bushel salary-rank or higher
5489:
5480:
5462:
5447:
5349:
5340:
5240:
4979:
4970:
4900:
4891:
4817:
4808:
4768:
4759:
4502:After Cao's defeat at the naval
4010:When Empress Dowager Deng died,
3405:A Western Han period arrow from
3198:
3180:
2923:. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-
2483:
2454:
2161: – 256 BC).
2055:
2051:
2030:(221–206 BC) and a warring
1415:
1395:
1083:
629:
615:
601:
576:
562:
90:
17397:Book on Numbers and Computation
16558:Lexicography: Critical Concepts
16405:Iron and Steel in Ancient China
16202:Early Mapping of Southeast Asia
15931:, London: Thames & Hudson,
15903:O'Reilly, Dougald J.W. (2007),
15888:, Mineola: Dover Publications,
15730:——— (1986d),
15711:——— (1986c),
15692:——— (1986b),
15673:——— (1986a),
15182:Innovations in Chinese Medicine
15032:The Technology of Ancient China
14694:Readings in Han Chinese Thought
14692:Csikszentmihalyi, Mark (2006),
14648:, Rochester: Bear and Company,
14445:Princeton University Art Museum
13557:Shen, Crossley & Lun (1999)
13231:, pp. 116–119, Plate CLVI.
8616:, pp. 15–16, 33–35, 42–43.
7963:
7809:) is known to have written the
7755:cycles of yin and yang and the
7739:The physical exercise chart; a
7717:(386–534), the fully developed
7356:Book on Numbers and Computation
7260:) created a waterwheel-powered
7163:described the invention of the
7074:A stone-carved pillar-gate, or
6680:for making bronze gear wheels (
6403:Gold coins from the Eastern Han
6387:
6339:). Regiments were divided into
6259:
5708:
5171:tradition of official histories
4856:and typically had four to five
4604:
4405:
4394:
4332:collapsing imperial authority.
4222:
4065:
4016:
3972:
3942:
3838:
3815:
3739:
3370:
3355:
3344:
3266:
3251:
3240:
3229:
3128:Wang Mang's reign and civil war
2889:
2878:
2811:
2792:
2781:
2694:
2573:
2373:as prince of the small fief of
2322:
2230:defeated the Han in 200 BC
2118:
2066:" or "Han Chinese". The spoken
1044:
1027:
1006:
985:
971:
944:
930:
916:
895:
17214:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
17085:Records of the Grand Historian
16717:——— (2006),
16422:——— (2001),
16324:10.1080/00043079.1986.10788358
16185:10.1080/0025570x.1998.11996627
15634:China: Its History and Culture
15546:——— (1994),
15488:Innovation in Chinese Medicine
15465:Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Richard
14952:——— (1999),
14397:——— (1987),
14273:Mapping History: World History
14192:, Cambridge University Press,
13370:, pp. 30, 479 footnote e.
8119:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
8103:
8078:
7957:
7948:
7938:
7870:
7634:Records of the Grand Historian
7559:in 12 BC. They adopted a
7342:
6565:Liu Sheng, Prince of Zhongshan
6407:The Han dynasty inherited the
5359:Two Han dynasty red-and-black
5147:Records of the Grand Historian
5096:, unearthed in Linyi, Shandong
4488:were killed in 207 AD by
3517:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3490:
3482:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3160:
3155:
2752:Statue of a horse trampling a
2641:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2606:
2490:Reverse side of a Western Han
2358:Records of the Grand Historian
2144:periods of economic prosperity
1942:Science and technology history
871:
857:
843:
827:
813:
799:
785:
735:
719:
84:
13:
1:
17106:Records of the Three Kingdoms
17030:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
16937:Rebellion of the Seven States
16628:(1915), Henri Cordier (ed.),
16388:, Oxford: Osprey Publishing,
16062:Schaefer, Richard T. (2008),
14821:, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill,
13958:Fairbank & Goldman (1998)
13207:, pp. 99, 134, 151, 233.
9798:, pp. 597, 599, 601–602.
9444:, pp. 239–240, 497, 590.
8023:
7799:
7551:Han dynasty astronomers made
7237:, and were used in pounding,
7227:
7043: – Eastern Han
6944:Monumental stone pillar-gates
6810:Han dynasty tomb architecture
6707:, which can be remelted in a
6125:Kingdoms—roughly the size of
5755:Government of the Han dynasty
5661:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
5308:) were derived from Qin law.
5210:
4731:Marriage, gender, and kinship
4092:), had the brother-in-law of
3890:
3832:to have reached the court of
3768:translated works into Chinese
3743:
3306:
3028:
3021:
2670:Rebellion of the Seven States
2155:
2110:Rebellion of the Seven States
2060:golden age in Chinese history
1312:
1271:
1247:
1224:
1200:
1141:
68:House of Liu (disambiguation)
16856:Dynasties in Chinese history
16707:Resources in other libraries
16085:; Lun, Anthony W.C. (1999),
15029:Greenberger, Robert (2006),
14361:The Bureaucracy of Han Times
14011:, pp. 308–312, 319–323.
13327:, pp. 89, 110, 342–344.
13279:, pp. 183–184, 390–392.
12708:, pp. 103–105, 122–124.
10332:, pp. 172–173, 179–180.
10281:, pp. 104–105, 119–120.
9750:, pp. 473–474, 582–583.
9456:, pp. 450–451, 460–461.
8724:, pp. 390–391, 409–411.
8532:, pp. 196–197, 211–213.
8301:, pp. 175–189, 196–198.
8028:
7785:
7481:
7255:
6800:methods of rice production.
6423:
6419:Grand Empress Dowager Lü Zhi
5946:The Minister of the Guards (
5697:
5303:
5272:
5259:
5253:, draped over the coffin of
5183:(3–54 AD) with his son
5156:
5124:by University Academicians.
4494:
4448:
4437:
4419:
4383:
4363:
4352:
4341:
4311:
4300:
4284:Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion
4244:
4233:
4202:
4185:
4174:
4163:
4145:
4098:
4087:
4076:
4054:
4039:
4002:
3983:
3961:
3720:
3688:
3662:who then retreated into the
3650:
3624:
3601:
3554:
3280:
3115:
2856:
2845:
2762:
2559:(202 BC) in modern-day
2538:
2523:
2361:, after the collapse of the
2350:
2314:Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion
2238:series of military campaigns
7:
17487:
16521:The Arts of China to AD 900
15946:Pigott, Vincent C. (1999),
15420:"The Qin and Han dynasties"
14730:Cutter, Robert Joe (1989),
14711:Cullen, Christoper (2006),
14644:Cotterell, Maurice (2004),
14552:Chavannes, Édouard (1907),
14036:Sun & Kistemaker (1997)
13749:Sun & Kistemaker (1997)
13713:Sun & Kistemaker (1997)
11276:Sun & Kistemaker (1997)
8895:Wang, Li & Zhang (2010)
8604:, pp. 6, 15–16, 44–45.
7824:
7724:
7530:(~ 365.25016) days and the
7306:
6779:
6474:paid in a portion of their
6470:Aside from the landowner's
6392:), 25.5 mm in diameter
6361:
6330:led by a colonel or major (
6196:Military of the Han dynasty
6189:
6155:, depicted in full gallop,
5810:Below the emperor were his
5724:Sutra of Forty-two Chapters
5432:
5039:he had established in 124.
3614:and chasing them as far as
2950:The ruins of a Han dynasty
2589:Thirteen direct-controlled
2494:with a painted flower motif
2410:Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD)
2405:Timeline of the Han dynasty
2092:but shared power with both
170:(206 BC – 9 AD, 190–195 AD)
10:
19082:
17236:Provinces and commanderies
17124:Eight Immortals of Huainan
16952:War of the Heavenly Horses
16403:Wagner, Donald B. (1993),
16025:Journal of Chinese History
15973:Cambridge University Press
14859:Ancient Chinese Inventions
12598:Needham & Tsien (1986)
12526:Needham & Tsien (1986)
11182:, pp. 53, 59–63, 206.
8087:Collins English Dictionary
7837:Campaign against Dong Zhuo
7743:depicting the practice of
7728:
7691:solid transverse bulkheads
7485:
7346:
7203:that separated grain from
6807:
6644:Chinese mythical creatures
6626:Metallurgy and agriculture
6544:
6440:entirely in favour of the
6357:Economy of the Han dynasty
6354:
6350:
6193:
6118:
6047: 3rd century BC
6027:
5816:Three Councillors of State
5786:dating to the Eastern Han.
5758:
5752:
5672: 6th century BC
5577:
5436:
5161:) and finished by his son
4955:
4928:practices did not involve
4734:
4608:
4545:
4272:Provinces and commanderies
4260:
3725:) enlisted the aid of the
3583:
3131:
2833:massive military invasions
2829:limited engagement at Mayi
2427:
2413:
2402:
2399:History of the Han dynasty
2396:
2392:
2343:, usurped the throne from
2236:, when Han forces began a
2131:of later scholars such as
256:• 202–195 BC (first)
61:
18923:
18875:
18392:
17796:
17495:
17372:
17294:
17259:
17173:
17064:
17053:
16942:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
16912:
16862:
16853:
16845:
16702:Resources in your library
16263:10.1017/s014555320002294x
15828:10.1017/S0305741000011346
15512:, London: B.T. Batsford,
15213:10.1080/03085699308592766
15165:10.1017/S0010417500003777
14989:; Goldman, Merle (1998),
14485:Buisseret, David (1998),
14275:, London: Cartographica,
13617:McClain & Ming (1979)
13409:, p. 479 footnote e.
13383:Morton & Lewis (2005)
12942:Morton & Lewis (2005)
12499:Jin, Fan & Liu (1996)
12054:, pp. 564–565, 1234.
9961:Morton & Lewis (2005)
9630:, pp. 497, 500, 592.
9011:Morton & Lewis (2005)
8847:Morton & Lewis (2005)
8638:Morton & Lewis (2005)
8374:Morton & Lewis (2005)
7512:
7502:
7311:
7152:
7035:located at the temple of
6982:simple suspension bridges
6922:, rammed-earth and brick
6784:
6773:
6764:
6347:were the smallest units.
6335:
6326:, which was divided into
6318:
6306:
6297:
6284:
6115:Kingdoms and marquessates
6087:
6074:
6016:
6003:
5994:
5978:
5969:
5960:
5951:
5919:
5910:
5893:
5858:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5803:
5556:
5266:
4676:
4629:
4588:
4579:
4570:
4561:
4465:, to move the capital to
4370:
4209:
4192:
4135:
4029:
4023:
3568:
3564:
3074:and establishment of the
2900:
2420:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
2316:. Following the death of
2104:, as well as a number of
2020:imperial dynasty of China
1816:
1738:
1618:
1551:
1481:
1355:
1058:
1037:
1020:
1013:
999:
992:
978:
961:
954:
937:
923:
909:
902:
888:
881:
864:
850:
836:
820:
806:
792:
778:
771:
766:
762:
758:
748:
744:
728:
712:
684:
680:
675:
645:
541:
527:
523:
513:
509:
504:
492:
480:
475:
471:
458:
445:
428:
410:
406:
396:
392:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
328:
318:
314:
304:• 189–220 AD (last)
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
250:
240:
230:
204:
194:
159:
121:
99:
77:
16995:Trung sisters' rebellion
16959:Han conquest of Gojoseon
16926:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
15884:Omura, Yoshiaki (2003),
15772:Needham, Joseph (1988),
14533:Chang, Chun-shu (2007),
14462:Bowman, John S. (2000),
14439:, New Haven and London:
14147:Akira, Hirakawa (1998),
13219:, pp. 123, 233–234.
12117:, pp. 116, 120–122.
11996:Lewis & Hsieh (2017)
11059:, pp. 552–553, 576.
10913:Neinhauser et al. (1986)
10344:, pp. 106, 122–127.
10185:, pp. 631, 643–644.
9678:, pp. 499, 588–589.
9342:, pp. 405, 443–444.
9157:, pp. 196–198, 560.
8861:, pp. 162, 185–206.
7863:
7847:Han Emperors family tree
7639:Although the use of the
7384:, finding more accurate
7195:was used to operate the
6859:support brackets, and a
6725:Spring and Autumn period
6186:, another steppe power.
6159:34.5 cm in height.
6121:Kings of the Han dynasty
5824:Minister over the Masses
5650:Queen Mother of the West
5423:Chinese bamboo partridge
5060:harmonious relationships
4993:depicting Confucius and
4835:Queen Mother of the West
3093:administered largely by
3072:Han conquest of Gojoseon
3054:, and northern Vietnam.
3044:naval conquest of Nanyue
2651:semi-autonomous kingdoms
2597:At the beginning of the
2142:The Han dynasty oversaw
2106:semi-autonomous kingdoms
714:Traditional Chinese
103:202 BC – 9 AD; 25–220 AD
39:latest accepted revision
19056:3rd century BC in China
19021:2nd century BC in China
19011:1st century BC in China
17274:Ancient Chinese coinage
17035:Yellow Turban Rebellion
16575:Young, Gary K. (2001),
16362:Torday, Laszlo (1997),
16200:Suárez, Thomas (1999),
15757:, Taipei: Caves Books,
15734:, Taipei: Caves Books,
15715:, Taipei: Caves Books,
15696:, Taipei: Caves Books,
15677:, Taipei: Caves Books,
15131:Women in Imperial China
14918:10.1163/156852074X00110
14799:, New York: Routledge,
14573:10.1163/156853207x00111
14024:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
13701:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
12610:Day & McNeil (1996)
11339:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
11264:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
11228:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
10973:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
10657:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
10621:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
10330:Csikszentmihalyi (2006)
7028:A pair of stone-carved
6727:(722–481 BC). The
6695:Evidence suggests that
6525:polearm and iron dagger
5940:hybrid of man and beast
5749:Government and politics
5331:
5328:in the neighbourhoods.
4852:The Han-era family was
4442:) in a plot hatched by
4280:Yellow Turban Rebellion
4128:organized a widespread
3896:) as lying east of the
3710:Gansu Provincial Museum
3533:was free to raid Han's
3469:Eastern Han (25–220 AD)
3411:Gansu Provincial Museum
2673:nominal heads of their
2657:some of them as kings.
2310:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2088:. He presided over the
2086:Han society and culture
2084:was at the pinnacle of
730:Simplified Chinese
19031:200s BC establishments
17296:Science and technology
17040:End of the Han dynasty
16980:Han conquest of Nanyue
16767:
16743:Listen to this article
16656:Zhou, Jinghao (2003),
16251:Social Science History
15226:China: A Macro History
15110:Hill, John E. (2009),
14321:, New York: Springer,
14130:China in World History
13583:, pp. 24–25, 121.
11548:, pp. 8–9, 15–16.
7748:
7609:
7597:
7506:), which measured the
7458:was approximate to 31
7143:
7128:
6647:
6635:
6568:
6541:Science and technology
6526:
6404:
6217:
6164:
6054:
5943:
5898:
5787:
5620:
5575:
5563:
5282:
5277:), chancellor for the
5140:(27–100 AD), and
5125:
5097:
5012:
4752:
4727:
4652:
4644:
4601:
4408: 189–220 AD
4275:
4263:End of the Han dynasty
4257:End of the Han dynasty
4225: 168–189 AD
4121:
4068: 125–144 AD
4019: 106–125 AD
3934:
3843:) in AD 166, yet
3841: 146–168 AD
3818: 161–180 AD
3712:
3588:
3523:Emperor Guangwu of Han
3414:
3358: 157–141 BC
3335:and killed Wang Mang.
3173:
3005:valley) and Anxi (the
2999:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2966:
2839:, when Han commanders
2816:) in 135 BC, the
2795: 180–157 BC
2784: 174–160 BC
2772:
2697: 209–174 BC
2594:
2576: 202–195 BC
2327:), the palace eunuchs
2325: 168–189 AD
2266:conquests in the south
2175:science and technology
434:; Liu Bang proclaimed
66:. For other uses, see
19041:220 disestablishments
18900:Medieval great powers
17224:Three Ducal Ministers
17112:Flying Horse of Gansu
17099:Book of the Later Han
16766:
15129:Hinsch, Bret (2002),
15091:Hardy, Grant (1999),
15050:Guo, Qinghua (2005),
14855:Deng, Yingke (2005),
14441:Yale University Press
14336:Bi, Zhicheng (2019).
14207:Balchin, Jon (2003),
14132:, London: MacMillan,
14077:, pp. 15, 19–22.
12552:, pp. 89, 94–95.
11874:, pp. 1230–1231.
11710:, pp. 1223–1224.
8424:, pp. 77, 82–83.
7818:Shennong Ben Cao Jing
7738:
7729:Further information:
7603:
7587:
7494:astronomical calendar
7486:Further information:
7386:approximations for pi
7347:Further information:
7335:Book of the Later Han
7175:are mentioned in the
7134:
7114:
6808:Further information:
6641:
6633:
6554:
6518:
6497:agricultural colonies
6466:Taxation and property
6402:
6390: 141–87 BC
6343:and led by captains.
6203:
6153:Flying Horse of Gansu
6150:
6037:
5929:
5883:
5814:members known as the
5773:
5702:), a half-brother to
5689:through the Silk Road
5619:, 1st century AD
5612:
5588:Chinese folk religion
5578:Further information:
5569:
5547:
5437:Further information:
5324:the marketplaces and
5285:Han scholars such as
5248:
5169:for imperial China's
5108:; these stone-carved
5106:Xiping Stone Classics
5103:
5085:Han period inscribed
5084:
5010:
4956:Further information:
4744:
4725:
4663:who were of the same
4650:
4626:
4555:
4270:
4152:Partisan Prohibitions
4109:
3975: 88–105 AD
3924:
3820:) is recorded in the
3699:
3577:
3503:), also known as the
3404:
3221:grand empress dowager
3145:
2949:
2814: 141–87 BC
2767:), who fought in the
2751:
2627:), also known as the
2588:
2428:Further information:
2403:Further information:
2381:(in modern southwest
2300:of the empresses and
2270:Nanyue in 111 BC
2250:Inner Asian territory
2121: 141–87 BC
1807:(mainland, 1912–1949)
460:• Abdication to
212:Chinese folk religion
195:Common languages
19026:2nd century in China
19016:1st century in China
18910:European colonialism
18895:Ancient great powers
17286:Sino-Roman relations
17129:Mawangdui Silk Texts
17045:Battle of Red Cliffs
16985:Han conquest of Dian
16821:25 June 2010 at the
16798:More spoken articles
16382:Turnbull, Stephen R.
16173:Mathematics Magazine
15424:Chinese Architecture
14447:, pp. 242–245,
14271:Barnes, Ian (2007),
13775:, pp. 227, 414.
13715:, pp. 5, 21–23.
12660:, pp. 177, 191.
11317:, pp. 496, 592.
10429:Wiesner-Hanks (2011)
9726:, pp. 128, 580.
9420:, pp. 248, 251.
9229:, pp. 562, 660.
9106:, pp. 197, 560.
8071:, pp. 595–596;
7713:. Later, during the
7618:Mawangdui Silk Texts
7472:53 equal temperament
7462:. He also created a
7437:Bakhshali manuscript
7402:Gaussian elimination
7135:A modern replica of
6301:). Led by Colonels (
6206:chariots and cavalry
5730:Perfection of Wisdom
5711: 57–75 AD
4751:robes, from Dahuting
4565:), dance and music (
4504:Battle of Red Cliffs
4046:Marquess of Beixiang
3945: 75–88 AD
3704:in the style of the
3373: 25–57 AD
3347: 23–25 AD
3302:equally distributing
3232: 49–33 BC
3154:in Hecang Fortress (
2892: 56–36 BC
2881: 58–31 BC
2565:the title of Emperor
2284:and established the
2185:for steering ships,
2112:. From the reign of
1039:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
699:(top right), modern
695:(top left), Han-era
18905:Modern great powers
17165:Eastern Han Chinese
17066:Society and culture
16971:Southward expansion
16932:Lü Clan disturbance
16229:1997csdh.book.....S
16038:10.1017/jch.2022.25
15816:The China Quarterly
15418:Liu, Xujie (2002),
15286:Knechtges, David R.
14663:Cribb, Joe (1978),
14414:Block, Leo (2003),
14111:de Crespigny (2007)
14063:de Crespigny (2007)
14026:, pp. 181–182.
13984:, pp. 263–267.
13972:, pp. 93, 123.
13936:, pp. 103–104.
13912:, pp. 627–628.
13900:, pp. 390–391.
13864:, pp. 538–540.
13852:, pp. 580–581.
13838:de Crespigny (2007)
13816:, pp. 534–535.
13703:, pp. 173–175.
13677:de Crespigny (2007)
13631:, pp. 218–219.
13523:, pp. 219–222.
13446:, pp. 626–631.
13356:de Crespigny (2007)
13301:de Crespigny (2007)
13291:, pp. 396–400.
13267:, pp. 195–196.
13255:, pp. 283–285.
13243:, pp. 281–285.
13193:Barbieri-Low (2007)
13183:, pp. 207–208.
13135:, pp. 193–194.
13087:, pp. 191–194.
13060:, pp. 171–172.
13048:, pp. 161–188.
13021:, pp. 175–178.
13009:, pp. 283–284.
12997:, pp. 279–280.
12908:, pp. 360–378.
12896:, pp. 228–238.
12819:, pp. 568–572.
12807:, pp. 564–566.
12783:, pp. 561–563.
12768:, pp. 616–617.
12756:, pp. 563–564.
12648:, pp. 183–184.
12501:, pp. 178–179.
12475:de Crespigny (2007)
12390:, pp. 583–584.
12366:, pp. 564–565.
12364:de Crespigny (2007)
12354:, pp. 596–598.
12339:, pp. 149–150.
12327:, pp. 619–621.
12303:, pp. 173 174.
12291:, pp. 558–601.
12279:, pp. 113–114.
12219:, pp. 600–601.
12195:, pp. 587–588.
12180:, pp. 232–233.
12144:, pp. 586–587.
12105:, pp. 132–133.
12093:, pp. 117–118.
12079:de Crespigny (2007)
12066:, pp. 114–115.
12052:de Crespigny (2007)
11962:, pp. 105–106.
11911:de Crespigny (2007)
11898:, pp. 367–368.
11872:de Crespigny (2007)
11850:, pp. 158–160.
11826:, pp. 551–552.
11800:de Crespigny (2007)
11759:de Crespigny (2007)
11708:de Crespigny (2007)
11648:de Crespigny (2007)
11585:de Crespigny (2007)
11536:, pp. 147–148.
11524:, pp. 7–8, 14.
11486:de Crespigny (2007)
11464:, pp. 173–177.
11440:, pp. 141–143.
11426:de Crespigny (2007)
11416:, pp. 247–251.
11392:, pp. 821–822.
11365:, pp. 144–146.
11341:, pp. 116–117.
11329:, pp. 101–102.
11315:de Crespigny (2007)
11230:, pp. 140–141.
11143:, pp. 119–121.
11119:, pp. 53, 206.
11095:, pp. 581–583.
11071:, pp. 146–147.
11047:, pp. 528–529.
11035:, pp. 531–533.
11023:, pp. 532–535.
10999:, pp. 523–530.
10987:, pp. 110–112.
10963:, pp. 525–526.
10951:, pp. 117–119.
10901:de Crespigny (2007)
10855:, pp. 137–138.
10828:, pp. 773–794.
10802:Barbieri-Low (2007)
10790:de Crespigny (2007)
10707:, pp. 134–140.
10695:, pp. 753–755.
10671:, pp. 121–125.
10647:, pp. 754–756.
10635:, pp. 128–130.
10356:, pp. 57, 203.
10320:, pp. 127–128.
10308:, pp. 114–117.
10296:, pp. 576–577.
10257:, pp. 173–174.
10245:, pp. 621–622.
10233:, pp. 556–557.
10221:, pp. 104–111.
10209:, pp. 601–602.
10207:de Crespigny (2007)
10149:, pp. 552–553.
10137:, pp. 105–107.
10101:, pp. 353–357.
10087:de Crespigny (2007)
10063:de Crespigny (2007)
10050:, pp. 351–352.
10033:de Crespigny (2007)
10023:, pp. 349–351.
10009:de Crespigny (2007)
9999:, pp. 346–349.
9987:, pp. 345–346.
9951:, pp. 344–345.
9927:, pp. 339–344.
9903:, pp. 339–340.
9891:, pp. 628–629.
9879:, pp. 513–514.
9877:de Crespigny (2007)
9853:de Crespigny (2007)
9840:, pp. 319–322.
9826:de Crespigny (2007)
9813:, pp. 141–142.
9796:de Crespigny (2007)
9774:, pp. 597–598.
9772:de Crespigny (2007)
9762:, pp. 285–286.
9748:de Crespigny (2007)
9738:, pp. 284–285.
9724:de Crespigny (2007)
9702:, pp. 123–127.
9700:de Crespigny (2007)
9690:, pp. 283–284.
9676:de Crespigny (2007)
9666:, pp. 280–283.
9628:de Crespigny (2007)
9507:, pp. 460–461.
9493:de Crespigny (2007)
9442:de Crespigny (2007)
9408:, pp. 415–416.
9394:de Crespigny (2007)
9354:, pp. 444–446.
9328:de Crespigny (2007)
9316:de Crespigny (2007)
9306:, pp. 414–415.
9289:, pp. 413–414.
9265:, pp. 399–400.
9253:, pp. 237–238.
9227:de Crespigny (2007)
9181:, pp. 254–255.
9167:de Crespigny (2007)
9155:de Crespigny (2007)
9145:, pp. 251–254.
9130:, pp. 558–560.
9128:de Crespigny (2007)
9118:, pp. 249–250.
9104:de Crespigny (2007)
9080:de Crespigny (2007)
9070:, pp. 241–244.
9053:de Crespigny (2007)
9001:, pp. 232–234.
8962:, pp. 230–231.
8938:, pp. 227–230.
8909:, pp. 225–226.
8897:, pp. 351–352.
8820:, pp. 581–588.
8808:, pp. 160–161.
8784:, pp. 595–596.
8772:, pp. 448–453.
8712:, pp. 250–251.
8676:, pp. 104–117.
8628:, pp. 247–249.
8568:, pp. 241–242.
8544:, pp. 395–398.
8520:, pp. 237–240.
8484:, pp. 211–214.
8472:, pp. 389–391.
8460:, pp. 389–390.
8436:, pp. 195–196.
8412:, pp. 388–389.
8388:, pp. 192–195.
8352:, pp. 190–192.
8325:, pp. 387–388.
8243:, pp. 139–144.
8231:, pp. 122–125.
8192:, pp. 116–122.
8014:Barbieri-Low (2007)
7935:traditional Chinese
7470:(the same value of
7410:continued fractions
7394:Pythagorean theorem
7127:used to pound grain
6959:models of buildings
6699:, that convert raw
6603:, silk cloth, hemp
6519:A Han dynasty iron
6169:Emperor Jing of Han
6167:Until the reign of
5984:foreign ambassadors
5704:Emperor Ming of Han
5594:temples and shrines
5279:Kingdom of Changsha
5249:A silk banner from
5037:imperial university
4693:Scholar-bureaucrats
4542:Culture and society
4401:Emperor Xian of Han
4346:), half-brother to
4198:Empress Dowager Dou
4126:imperial university
4094:Consort Deng Mengnü
4061:Emperor Shun of Han
4044:) placed the child
4035:Empress Dowager Yan
3979:Empress Dowager Dou
3834:Emperor Huan of Han
3798:in AD 97 with
3642:Battle of Ikh Bayan
3535:Korean commanderies
3479:traditional Chinese
3349:), a descendant of
3318:flood control works
3243: 33–7 BC
3080:Lelang commanderies
2727:against the group.
2603:traditional Chinese
2563:. Liu Bang assumed
2424:Southward expansion
2280:, where Han forces
2274:Dian in 109 BC
703:(bottom left), and
178:(23–190 AD, 196 AD)
29:Page version status
19061:Dynasties of China
17383:Balanced Discourse
16922:Chu–Han Contention
16768:
16339:Tom, K.S. (1989),
15751:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin
15395:10.1007/BF02862859
15331:Lewis, Mark Edward
14815:de Crespigny, Rafe
13994:Greenberger (2006)
13691:, pp. 61, 69.
13499:, pp. 99–100.
13007:Steinhardt (2005b)
12995:Steinhardt (2005a)
12966:Steinhardt (2005a)
12718:Greenberger (2006)
12207:, pp. 47, 83.
12205:Bielenstein (1980)
12178:Bielenstein (1986)
12115:Bielenstein (1980)
12091:Bielenstein (1980)
12064:Bielenstein (1980)
12040:Bielenstein (1980)
11984:Bielenstein (1980)
11960:Bielenstein (1980)
11926:Bielenstein (1980)
11884:Bielenstein (1980)
11860:Bielenstein (1980)
11836:Bielenstein (1980)
11812:Bielenstein (1980)
11783:Bielenstein (1980)
11771:Bielenstein (1980)
11744:Bielenstein (1980)
11720:Bielenstein (1980)
11684:Bielenstein (1980)
11672:Bielenstein (1980)
11660:Bielenstein (1980)
11621:Bielenstein (1980)
11609:Bielenstein (1980)
11570:Bielenstein (1980)
11546:Bielenstein (1980)
11522:Bielenstein (1980)
11498:Bielenstein (1980)
11450:Bielenstein (1980)
10378:Bielenstein (1980)
10135:Bielenstein (1980)
9760:Bielenstein (1986)
9736:Bielenstein (1986)
9712:Bielenstein (1986)
9688:Bielenstein (1986)
9664:Bielenstein (1986)
9251:Bielenstein (1986)
9179:Bielenstein (1986)
9143:Bielenstein (1986)
9116:Bielenstein (1986)
9092:Bielenstein (1986)
9068:Bielenstein (1986)
8999:Bielenstein (1986)
8960:Bielenstein (1986)
8936:Bielenstein (1986)
8907:Bielenstein (1986)
8287:Bielenstein (1980)
8256:Bielenstein (1980)
8073:Bielenstein (1987)
7999:, p. 76; see
7945:simplified Chinese
7803: AD 150
7788: AD 208
7749:
7673:, a flat-bottomed
7610:
7598:
7498:lunisolar calendar
7414:roots of equations
7390:mathematical proof
7247:Nanyang Commandery
7201:winnowing machines
7144:
7129:
7004:were used to lift
6853:, tiled rooftops,
6648:
6636:
6569:
6527:
6426: 180 BC
6405:
6218:
6165:
6055:
5944:
5899:
5788:
5766:Central government
5742:Pratyutpanna Sutra
5719:White Horse Temple
5621:
5576:
5564:
5306: 193 BC
5283:
5275: 186 BC
5262: 168 BC
5218: 147 AD
5191:(45–116 AD).
5159: 110 BC
5126:
5104:A fragment of the
5098:
5013:
4962:Chinese literature
4958:Chinese philosophy
4878:Arranged marriages
4845:Dongping, Shandong
4753:
4737:Women in Han China
4728:
4653:
4645:
4602:
4583:), and wrestling (
4520:Emperor Wen of Wei
4497: 221 AD
4451: 192 AD
4440: 198 AD
4422: 192 AD
4397: 189 AD
4386: 199 AD
4366: 202 AD
4355: 189 AD
4344: 189 AD
4314: 216 AD
4303: 184 AD
4276:
4247: 189 AD
4236: 189 AD
4205: 172 AD
4188: 181 AD
4177: 172 AD
4166: 168 AD
4148: 168 AD
4124:Students from the
4122:
4101: 165 AD
4090: 150 AD
4079: 159 AD
4057: 132 AD
4042: 126 AD
4027:) and Jiang Jing (
4005: 121 AD
3964: 107 AD
3935:
3894: 150 AD
3774:from Parthia, and
3751: 100 AD
3723: AD 102
3713:
3691: AD 181
3589:
3487:simplified Chinese
3415:
3322:Shandong Peninsula
3254: 7–1 BC
3174:
3172:(280–316 AD).
3040:expanded southward
2967:
2859: 106 BC
2848: 117 BC
2818:majority consensus
2773:
2765: 117 BC
2611:simplified Chinese
2595:
2541: 195 BC
2526: 202 BC
2387:Chu–Han Contention
2282:conquered Gojoseon
2215:inverted pendulums
2195:raised-relief maps
2036:Chu–Han contention
1822:
1632:Five Dynasties and
1624:
1559:Southern dynasties
1487:
1386:Chu–Han Contention
370:• 208–220 AD
358:• 189–192 AD
346:• 193–190 BC
334:• 206–193 BC
35:
18949:
18948:
18871:
18870:
18836:Polish–Lithuanian
18011:Gurjara-Pratihara
17455:
17454:
16964:Four Commanderies
16872:
16871:
16863:Succeeded by
16833:The Han Synthesis
16764:
16728:978-0-87220-819-3
16683:Library resources
16667:978-0-275-97882-2
16648:978-2-503-52178-7
16617:978-0-521-24327-8
16586:978-0-415-24219-6
16567:978-0-415-25365-9
16549:978-1-4051-8995-8
16530:978-0-300-08284-5
16508:978-1-60606-013-1
16484:978-0-300-02723-5
16433:978-87-87062-83-1
16414:978-90-04-09632-5
16395:978-1-84176-386-6
16373:978-1-900838-03-0
16354:978-0-8248-1285-0
16302:978-0-684-83718-5
16238:978-90-04-10737-3
16211:978-962-593-470-9
16163:978-0-300-10797-5
16144:978-0-300-10797-5
16096:978-0-19-853936-0
16083:Crossley, John N.
16073:978-1-4129-2694-2
16007:978-0-521-32995-8
15982:978-1-316-27267-1
15957:978-0-924171-34-5
15938:978-0-500-05090-3
15914:978-0-7591-0279-8
15895:978-0-486-42850-5
15876:978-0-521-29653-3
15854:978-0-521-24327-8
15806:978-0-253-32983-7
15783:978-0-521-32021-4
15764:978-0-521-08690-5
15749:Needham, Joseph;
15741:978-0-521-07060-7
15722:978-0-521-05803-2
15703:978-0-521-05802-5
15684:978-0-521-05801-8
15665:978-0-521-05799-8
15643:978-0-07-141279-7
15595:978-0-642-27809-8
15576:978-0-300-10797-5
15557:978-0-521-45466-7
15538:978-0-521-24327-8
15519:978-0-87220-758-5
15497:978-0-521-80068-6
15478:978-0-521-55695-8
15456:978-3-540-40689-1
15437:978-0-300-09559-3
15346:978-0-674-02477-9
15322:978-0-521-24327-8
15303:978-0-521-85558-7
15277:978-0-7923-3463-7
15258:978-0-521-24327-8
15236:978-0-87332-452-6
15191:978-0-521-80068-6
15140:978-0-7425-1872-8
15121:978-1-4392-2134-1
15102:978-0-231-11304-5
15083:978-0-393-97374-7
15061:978-3-932565-54-0
15042:978-1-4042-0558-1
15021:978-1-933782-66-9
15002:978-0-674-11673-3
14987:Fairbank, John K.
14965:978-0-521-66991-7
14944:978-0-521-24327-8
14892:978-0-521-77064-4
14870:978-7-5085-0837-5
14847:978-0-521-24327-8
14828:978-9-004-15605-0
14806:978-0-415-06042-4
14785:978-0-19-514366-9
14763:978-0-691-11485-9
14750:Dauben, Joseph W.
14741:978-962-201-417-6
14722:978-0-521-03537-8
14703:978-0-87220-710-3
14655:978-1-59143-033-9
14636:978-981-230-329-5
14617:978-0-295-95068-6
14598:978-0-521-24327-8
14544:978-0-472-11534-1
14496:978-0-226-07993-6
14477:978-0-231-11004-4
14454:978-0-300-10797-5
14427:978-1-55750-209-4
14389:978-0-521-24327-8
14370:978-0-521-22510-6
14357:Bielenstein, Hans
14328:978-0-387-20571-7
14319:Pi: A Source Book
14309:978-0-521-24327-8
14282:978-1-84573-323-0
14263:978-0-295-98713-2
14244:978-0-415-72078-6
14222:978-1-59270-017-2
14199:978-0-521-11992-4
14177:978-2-503-52178-7
14158:978-81-208-0955-0
14139:978-0-312-22565-0
13804:, pp. 90–93.
13607:, pp. 65–66.
13595:, pp. 65–66.
13485:Liu et al. (2003)
12932:, pp. 91–92.
12894:Steinhardt (2004)
12843:, pp. 46–48.
12831:, pp. 68–69.
12795:, pp. 67–68.
12744:, pp. 54–55.
12576:, pp. 11–13.
12465:, pp. 13–14.
12441:, pp. 15–17.
12429:, pp. 21–22.
12315:, pp. 74–75.
12010:, pp. 70–71.
11998:, pp. 32–39.
11838:, pp. 90–92.
11722:, pp. 39–40.
11674:, pp. 34–35.
11635:, pp. 38–52.
11623:, pp. 23–24.
11611:, pp. 17–23.
11572:, pp. 10–13.
11476:, pp. 70–71.
11402:Demiéville (1986)
11390:Demiéville (1986)
11293:, pp. 78–79.
11218:, pp. 30–31.
11131:, pp. 57–58.
11083:, pp. 83–85.
10975:, pp. 23–24.
10939:, pp. 25–26.
10840:, pp. 14–15.
10776:978-0-521-19620-8
10731:, pp. 77–78.
10623:, pp. 24–25.
10587:, pp. 54–56.
10575:, pp. 74–75.
10563:, pp. 49–59.
10539:, pp. 17–18.
10515:, pp. 16–17.
10503:, pp. 37–43.
10491:, pp. 40–45.
10479:, pp. 38–39.
10467:, pp. 44–47.
10392:, pp. 46–47.
10125:, pp. 66–72.
10065:, pp. 36–37.
9546:, pp. 83–84.
9519:, pp. 83–84.
9366:, pp. 76–78.
9193:, pp. 24–25.
8950:, pp. 23–24.
8921:, pp. 46–48.
8885:, pp. 16–19.
8640:, pp. 54–55.
8592:, pp. 34–35.
8496:, pp. 91–92.
8448:, pp. 83–84.
8340:, pp. 75–77.
8313:, pp. 80–81.
8204:, pp. 44–46.
8180:, pp. 60–61.
8156:, pp. 25–26.
8096:978-0-008-28437-4
7626:raised-relief map
7488:Chinese astronomy
7476:Nicholas Mercator
7329:inverted pendulum
7307:houfeng didong yi
7258: 38 AD
7231: 20 AD
7117:winnowing machine
6583:Writing materials
5867:government budget
5818:. These were the
5780:Lelang Commandery
5700: 71 AD
5580:Chinese mythology
5321:county magistrate
5112:installed during
4997:, from a tomb of
4843:, from a tomb in
4426:Minister of Works
4335:General-in-chief
4316:), respectively.
3986: 97 AD
3898:Golden Chersonese
3851:. In addition to
3845:Rafe de Crespigny
3829:Book of Later Han
3657:Northern Xiongnu
3653: AD 92
3627: AD 75
3604: 88 AD
3557: AD 49
3435:) or Former Han (
3377:Battle of Kunyang
3287:Mandate of Heaven
3283: 25 AD
3118: 68 BC
2898:and Gan Yanshou (
2553:Eighteen Kingdoms
2438:Kingdom of Khotan
2355:According to the
2333:divide the empire
2302:empresses dowager
2203:armillary spheres
2012:
2011:
1969:Transport history
1895:Education history
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1848:Republic of China
1830:People's Republic
1803:Republic of China
1782:
1781:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1611:
1610:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1475:
1474:
1378:(206 BC – 220 AD)
1308:Spring and Autumn
1171:Liao civilization
1062:
1061:
1054:
1053:
911:Yale Romanization
852:Yale Romanization
773:Standard Mandarin
691:"Han" in ancient
671:
670:
641:
640:
637:
636:
589:
588:
584:Eighteen Kingdoms
497:Eastern Han peak)
485:Western Han peak)
268:• 141–87 BC
47:28 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
19073:
18978:
18977:
18976:
18966:
18965:
18964:
18957:
18752:
18751:
18417:Austro-Hungarian
18117:Chagatai Khanate
17482:
17475:
17468:
17459:
17458:
17059:
16898:
16891:
16884:
16875:
16874:
16860:206 BC – AD 220
16846:Preceded by
16843:
16842:
16839:, Oct. 14, 2004)
16788:
16786:
16775:
16774:
16765:
16755:
16753:
16749:
16744:
16732:
16671:
16652:
16633:
16621:
16602:
16590:
16571:
16552:
16534:
16512:
16488:
16475:Han Civilization
16466:
16449:(1/2): 134–187,
16437:
16418:
16399:
16377:
16358:
16346:
16335:
16312:The Art Bulletin
16306:
16282:
16257:(3/4): 115–138,
16242:
16215:
16196:
16167:
16148:
16129:
16106:The Art Bulletin
16100:
16081:Shen, Kangshen;
16077:
16058:
16040:
16011:
15989:
15961:
15942:
15918:
15899:
15880:
15858:
15839:
15810:
15793:West, Stephen H.
15787:
15768:
15745:
15726:
15707:
15688:
15669:
15647:
15628:
15599:
15580:
15561:
15542:
15523:
15501:
15482:
15460:
15441:
15414:
15377:
15350:
15326:
15307:
15281:
15262:
15240:
15216:
15195:
15176:
15144:
15125:
15106:
15087:
15065:
15046:
15025:
15006:
14982:
14969:
14948:
14929:
14896:
14879:Di Cosmo, Nicola
14874:
14862:
14851:
14832:
14810:
14789:
14767:
14745:
14726:
14707:
14688:
14686:
14684:
14659:
14640:
14621:
14602:
14583:
14581:
14558:
14548:
14529:
14500:
14481:
14469:
14458:
14431:
14410:
14393:
14374:
14352:
14342:
14332:
14313:
14292:Twitchett, Denis
14286:
14267:
14248:
14226:
14214:
14203:
14181:
14162:
14143:
14114:
14108:
14102:
14096:
14090:
14084:
14078:
14072:
14066:
14060:
14051:
14045:
14039:
14033:
14027:
14021:
14012:
14006:
13997:
13991:
13985:
13979:
13973:
13967:
13961:
13955:
13949:
13943:
13937:
13931:
13925:
13919:
13913:
13907:
13901:
13895:
13889:
13883:
13877:
13871:
13865:
13859:
13853:
13847:
13841:
13835:
13829:
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13817:
13811:
13805:
13799:
13788:
13782:
13776:
13770:
13764:
13758:
13752:
13746:
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13734:
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13608:
13602:
13596:
13590:
13584:
13578:
13572:
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13560:
13554:
13548:
13547:, pp. 84–86
13542:
13536:
13530:
13524:
13518:
13512:
13506:
13500:
13494:
13488:
13487:, pp. 9–10.
13482:
13471:
13465:
13459:
13453:
13447:
13441:
13435:
13429:
13423:
13416:
13410:
13404:
13398:
13392:
13386:
13380:
13371:
13365:
13359:
13353:
13340:
13334:
13328:
13322:
13316:
13310:
13304:
13298:
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13286:
13280:
13274:
13268:
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13220:
13214:
13208:
13202:
13196:
13190:
13184:
13178:
13172:
13166:
13160:
13159:, pp. 2, 9.
13154:
13148:
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13124:
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13100:
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13088:
13082:
13073:
13067:
13061:
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13037:
13031:
13022:
13016:
13010:
13004:
12998:
12992:
12986:
12980:
12969:
12963:
12957:
12956:, pp. 1–39.
12951:
12945:
12939:
12933:
12927:
12921:
12915:
12909:
12903:
12897:
12891:
12885:
12884:, pp. 1–40.
12879:
12873:
12867:
12856:
12850:
12844:
12838:
12832:
12826:
12820:
12817:Nishijima (1986)
12814:
12808:
12805:Nishijima (1986)
12802:
12796:
12790:
12784:
12781:Nishijima (1986)
12778:
12769:
12763:
12757:
12754:Nishijima (1986)
12751:
12745:
12739:
12733:
12730:Cotterell (2004)
12727:
12721:
12715:
12709:
12703:
12697:
12691:
12685:
12679:
12673:
12667:
12661:
12655:
12649:
12643:
12637:
12631:
12625:
12622:Cotterell (2004)
12619:
12613:
12607:
12601:
12595:
12589:
12586:Buisseret (1998)
12583:
12577:
12574:Cotterell (2004)
12571:
12565:
12559:
12553:
12547:
12541:
12535:
12529:
12523:
12514:
12508:
12502:
12496:
12490:
12484:
12478:
12472:
12466:
12460:
12454:
12451:Nishijima (1986)
12448:
12442:
12436:
12430:
12424:
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12412:
12406:
12403:Nishijima (1986)
12400:
12391:
12388:Nishijima (1986)
12385:
12379:
12373:
12367:
12361:
12355:
12352:Nishijima (1986)
12349:
12340:
12334:
12328:
12322:
12316:
12310:
12304:
12298:
12292:
12289:Nishijima (1986)
12286:
12280:
12274:
12268:
12265:Nishijima (1986)
12262:
12256:
12253:Nishijima (1986)
12250:
12244:
12241:Nishijima (1986)
12238:
12232:
12229:Nishijima (1986)
12226:
12220:
12217:Nishijima (1986)
12214:
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12202:
12196:
12193:Nishijima (1986)
12190:
12181:
12175:
12169:
12163:
12157:
12154:Nishijima (1986)
12151:
12145:
12142:Nishijima (1986)
12139:
12133:
12130:Nishijima (1986)
12127:
12118:
12112:
12106:
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12094:
12088:
12082:
12076:
12067:
12061:
12055:
12049:
12043:
12037:
12028:
12025:Nishijima (1986)
12022:
12011:
12005:
11999:
11993:
11987:
11981:
11975:
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11899:
11893:
11887:
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11875:
11869:
11863:
11857:
11851:
11845:
11839:
11833:
11827:
11824:Nishijima (1986)
11821:
11815:
11809:
11803:
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11531:
11525:
11519:
11513:
11507:
11501:
11500:, pp. 7–17.
11495:
11489:
11483:
11477:
11471:
11465:
11459:
11453:
11447:
11441:
11435:
11429:
11423:
11417:
11411:
11405:
11399:
11393:
11387:
11378:
11372:
11366:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11342:
11336:
11330:
11324:
11318:
11312:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11288:
11279:
11273:
11267:
11261:
11255:
11249:
11243:
11237:
11231:
11225:
11219:
11213:
11207:
11201:
11195:
11189:
11183:
11177:
11171:
11165:
11156:
11150:
11144:
11138:
11132:
11126:
11120:
11114:
11108:
11102:
11096:
11093:Nishijima (1986)
11090:
11084:
11078:
11072:
11066:
11060:
11057:Nishijima (1986)
11054:
11048:
11042:
11036:
11030:
11024:
11018:
11012:
11006:
11000:
10994:
10988:
10982:
10976:
10970:
10964:
10958:
10952:
10946:
10940:
10934:
10928:
10922:
10916:
10910:
10904:
10898:
10892:
10886:
10880:
10874:
10868:
10862:
10856:
10850:
10841:
10835:
10829:
10823:
10817:
10811:
10805:
10799:
10793:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10762:
10756:
10750:
10744:
10738:
10732:
10726:
10720:
10714:
10708:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10684:
10678:
10672:
10666:
10660:
10654:
10648:
10642:
10636:
10630:
10624:
10618:
10612:
10606:
10600:
10594:
10588:
10582:
10576:
10570:
10564:
10558:
10552:
10546:
10540:
10534:
10528:
10522:
10516:
10510:
10504:
10498:
10492:
10486:
10480:
10474:
10468:
10462:
10456:
10450:
10444:
10438:
10432:
10426:
10417:
10416:, pp. 9–10.
10411:
10405:
10399:
10393:
10387:
10381:
10375:
10369:
10363:
10357:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10327:
10321:
10315:
10309:
10303:
10297:
10294:Nishijima (1986)
10291:
10282:
10276:
10270:
10264:
10258:
10252:
10246:
10240:
10234:
10231:Nishijima (1986)
10228:
10222:
10216:
10210:
10204:
10198:
10192:
10186:
10180:
10174:
10168:
10162:
10156:
10150:
10147:Nishijima (1986)
10144:
10138:
10132:
10126:
10120:
10114:
10108:
10102:
10096:
10090:
10084:
10078:
10072:
10066:
10060:
10051:
10045:
10036:
10030:
10024:
10018:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9994:
9988:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9964:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9856:
9850:
9841:
9835:
9829:
9823:
9814:
9808:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9775:
9769:
9763:
9757:
9751:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9715:
9709:
9703:
9697:
9691:
9685:
9679:
9673:
9667:
9661:
9655:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9631:
9625:
9619:
9613:
9607:
9601:
9595:
9589:
9583:
9577:
9571:
9565:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9541:
9535:
9529:
9520:
9514:
9508:
9502:
9496:
9490:
9484:
9478:
9469:
9466:Chavannes (1907)
9463:
9457:
9451:
9445:
9439:
9433:
9427:
9421:
9415:
9409:
9403:
9397:
9391:
9382:
9376:
9367:
9361:
9355:
9349:
9343:
9337:
9331:
9325:
9319:
9313:
9307:
9301:
9290:
9284:
9278:
9272:
9266:
9260:
9254:
9248:
9242:
9236:
9230:
9224:
9218:
9212:
9206:
9203:Knechtges (2010)
9200:
9194:
9188:
9182:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9152:
9146:
9140:
9131:
9125:
9119:
9113:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9089:
9083:
9077:
9071:
9065:
9056:
9050:
9041:
9035:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8978:
8972:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8933:
8922:
8916:
8910:
8904:
8898:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8874:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8844:
8838:
8832:
8821:
8818:Nishijima (1986)
8815:
8809:
8803:
8797:
8796:, pp. 1–17.
8791:
8785:
8782:Nishijima (1986)
8779:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8689:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8665:
8659:
8653:
8647:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8623:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8377:
8371:
8365:
8364:, pp. 9–10.
8359:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8259:
8253:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8187:
8181:
8175:
8169:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8082:
8076:
8069:Nishijima (1986)
8066:
8060:
8057:Taagepera (1979)
8054:
8045:
8039:
8017:
8010:
8004:
7993:
7987:
7980:
7974:
7973:, pp. 21–22
7967:
7961:
7959:
7950:
7942:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7911:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7882:
7874:
7808:
7804:
7801:
7789:
7787:
7741:painting on silk
7693:in the place of
7561:geocentric model
7547:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7505:
7504:
7421:negative numbers
7406:linear equations
7398:decimal fraction
7314:
7313:
7309:
7287:celestial sphere
7283:armillary sphere
7264:that worked the
7259:
7257:
7232:
7229:
7155:
7154:
7094:
7071:
7052:
7025:
7014:bamboo pipelines
6936:drainage systems
6886:
6877:
6835:
6826:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6767:
6766:
6676:: A Han dynasty
6667:
6658:
6555:A gilded bronze
6427:
6425:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6338:
6337:
6321:
6320:
6309:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6287:
6286:
6263:
6261:
6237:
6228:
6204:A mural showing
6163:(25–220 AD)
6157:bronze sculpture
6090:
6089:
6077:
6076:
6048:
6045:
6024:Local government
6019:
6018:
6006:
6005:
5997:
5996:
5981:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5954:
5953:
5938:writes that the
5922:
5921:
5913:
5912:
5896:
5895:
5886:ancestor worship
5873:works projects.
5861:
5860:
5852:
5851:
5843:
5842:
5834:
5833:
5806:
5805:
5784:Korean Peninsula
5736:Shurangama Sutra
5715:Chinese Buddhism
5712:
5710:
5701:
5699:
5673:
5670:
5584:Chinese theology
5561:
5560:
5493:
5484:
5466:
5451:
5353:
5344:
5307:
5305:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5261:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5160:
5158:
4983:
4974:
4904:
4895:
4865:paternal uncle.
4821:
4812:
4772:
4763:
4709:slavery in China
4679:
4678:
4632:
4631:
4619:Four occupations
4615:Marquis Baocheng
4611:Chinese nobility
4591:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4498:
4496:
4474:Battle of Guandu
4469:in 196 AD.
4452:
4450:
4441:
4439:
4423:
4421:
4409:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4387:
4385:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4357:), plotted with
4356:
4354:
4345:
4343:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4248:
4246:
4237:
4235:
4226:
4224:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4190:), and Wang Fu (
4189:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4102:
4100:
4091:
4089:
4083:Empress Liang Na
4080:
4078:
4069:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4043:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4006:
4004:
3998:Empress Deng Sui
3987:
3985:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3963:
3946:
3944:
3912:Gulf of Thailand
3895:
3892:
3853:Roman glasswares
3842:
3840:
3819:
3817:
3778:from Kushan-era
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3724:
3722:
3692:
3690:
3654:
3652:
3628:
3626:
3608:Battle of Yiwulu
3605:
3603:
3586:
3585:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3556:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3484:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3374:
3372:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3311:
3308:
3293:(9–23 AD).
3284:
3282:
3270:
3268:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3202:
3184:
3162:
3157:
3119:
3117:
3095:former merchants
3068:Korean Peninsula
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
2906:Battle of Zhizhi
2903:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2880:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2815:
2813:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2766:
2764:
2698:
2696:
2680:To the north of
2643:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2577:
2575:
2557:Battle of Gaixia
2542:
2540:
2527:
2525:
2503:imperial dynasty
2487:
2458:
2326:
2324:
2278:Korean Peninsula
2187:negative numbers
2160:
2157:
2122:
2120:
2068:Sinitic language
2004:
1997:
1990:
1932:Military history
1890:Economic history
1878:Related articles
1855:
1837:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1674:
1664:
1652:
1639:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1600:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1527:Sixteen Kingdoms
1510:
1500:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1434:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1304:
1294:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1087:
1077:History of China
1064:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1009:
1008:
988:
987:
974:
973:
950:
949:
948:
933:
932:
919:
918:
898:
897:
877:
876:
875:
860:
859:
846:
845:
832:
831:
830:
816:
815:
802:
801:
788:
787:
764:
763:
740:
739:
724:
723:
689:
673:
672:
633:
632:
619:
618:
605:
604:
593:
592:
580:
579:
566:
565:
559:
558:
543:
542:
496:
484:
432:Battle of Gaixia
292:• 25–57 AD
280:• 74–48 BC
187:
179:
171:
143:
134:
126:
114:
113:
94:
88:
87:
86:
75:
74:
21:
19081:
19080:
19076:
19075:
19074:
19072:
19071:
19070:
18986:
18985:
18984:
18974:
18972:
18962:
18960:
18952:
18950:
18945:
18934:American Empire
18919:
18915:African empires
18867:
18750:
18442:Central African
18388:
18206:Romano-Germanic
17792:
17526:Middle Assyrian
17499:
17491:
17486:
17456:
17451:
17446:Zhoubi Suanjing
17425:Huangdi Neijing
17390:Book of Origins
17368:
17364:Zhang Zhongjing
17290:
17255:
17169:
17060:
17051:
16947:Han–Xiongnu War
16908:
16902:
16868:
16859:
16851:
16823:Wayback Machine
16802:
16801:
16790:
16784:
16782:
16779:This audio file
16776:
16769:
16760:
16757:
16751:
16747:
16746:
16742:
16739:
16729:
16713:
16712:
16711:
16691:
16690:
16686:
16679:
16677:Further reading
16674:
16668:
16649:
16618:
16587:
16568:
16550:
16531:
16517:Watson, William
16509:
16485:
16455:10.2307/2718206
16434:
16415:
16396:
16374:
16355:
16303:
16247:Taagepera, Rein
16239:
16212:
16164:
16145:
16118:10.2307/3177416
16097:
16074:
16008:
15983:
15958:
15939:
15915:
15896:
15877:
15855:
15807:
15784:
15765:
15742:
15723:
15704:
15685:
15666:
15652:Needham, Joseph
15644:
15605:Ethnomusicology
15596:
15577:
15558:
15539:
15520:
15498:
15479:
15457:
15438:
15383:Economic Botany
15366:
15347:
15323:
15304:
15278:
15259:
15245:Hulsewé, A.F.P.
15237:
15192:
15141:
15122:
15103:
15084:
15070:Hansen, Valerie
15062:
15043:
15022:
15003:
14966:
14945:
14893:
14871:
14848:
14829:
14807:
14786:
14764:
14742:
14723:
14704:
14682:
14680:
14656:
14637:
14618:
14599:
14579:
14556:
14545:
14518:10.2307/3249129
14497:
14478:
14455:
14428:
14390:
14371:
14340:
14329:
14310:
14283:
14264:
14245:
14223:
14200:
14178:
14159:
14140:
14123:
14118:
14117:
14113:, p. 1055.
14109:
14105:
14097:
14093:
14085:
14081:
14073:
14069:
14061:
14054:
14046:
14042:
14038:, pp. 3–4.
14034:
14030:
14022:
14015:
14009:Needham (1986c)
14007:
14000:
13992:
13988:
13982:Needham (1986c)
13980:
13976:
13968:
13964:
13956:
13952:
13944:
13940:
13932:
13928:
13920:
13916:
13910:Needham (1986d)
13908:
13904:
13898:Needham (1986d)
13896:
13892:
13886:Turnbull (2002)
13884:
13880:
13872:
13868:
13862:Needham (1986a)
13860:
13856:
13850:Needham (1986a)
13848:
13844:
13836:
13832:
13824:
13820:
13814:Needham (1986a)
13812:
13808:
13800:
13791:
13785:Needham (1986a)
13783:
13779:
13773:Needham (1986a)
13771:
13767:
13759:
13755:
13747:
13743:
13735:
13731:
13723:
13719:
13711:
13707:
13699:
13695:
13687:
13683:
13675:
13671:
13663:
13659:
13651:
13647:
13639:
13635:
13629:Needham (1986b)
13627:
13623:
13615:
13611:
13603:
13599:
13593:Needham (1986a)
13591:
13587:
13581:Needham (1986a)
13579:
13575:
13569:Straffin (1998)
13567:
13563:
13555:
13551:
13545:Needham (1986a)
13543:
13539:
13533:Needham (1986a)
13531:
13527:
13519:
13515:
13507:
13503:
13497:Needham (1986a)
13495:
13491:
13483:
13474:
13466:
13462:
13454:
13450:
13444:Needham (1986a)
13442:
13438:
13430:
13426:
13417:
13413:
13407:Needham (1986c)
13405:
13401:
13393:
13389:
13381:
13374:
13368:Needham (1986c)
13366:
13362:
13358:, p. 1050.
13354:
13343:
13337:Needham (1986a)
13335:
13331:
13325:Needham (1986c)
13323:
13319:
13313:Needham (1986c)
13311:
13307:
13299:
13295:
13289:Needham (1986c)
13287:
13283:
13277:Needham (1986c)
13275:
13271:
13263:
13259:
13253:Needham (1986c)
13251:
13247:
13241:Needham (1986c)
13239:
13235:
13229:Needham (1986c)
13227:
13223:
13217:Needham (1986b)
13215:
13211:
13205:Needham (1986c)
13203:
13199:
13191:
13187:
13179:
13175:
13169:Needham (1986c)
13167:
13163:
13157:Needham (1986c)
13155:
13151:
13143:
13139:
13131:
13127:
13119:
13115:
13107:
13103:
13095:
13091:
13083:
13076:
13068:
13064:
13058:Needham (1986c)
13056:
13052:
13046:Needham (1986d)
13044:
13040:
13032:
13025:
13017:
13013:
13005:
13001:
12993:
12989:
12981:
12972:
12964:
12960:
12952:
12948:
12940:
12936:
12928:
12924:
12916:
12912:
12904:
12900:
12892:
12888:
12880:
12876:
12868:
12859:
12851:
12847:
12839:
12835:
12827:
12823:
12815:
12811:
12803:
12799:
12791:
12787:
12779:
12772:
12764:
12760:
12752:
12748:
12740:
12736:
12728:
12724:
12716:
12712:
12704:
12700:
12692:
12688:
12680:
12676:
12668:
12664:
12656:
12652:
12644:
12640:
12632:
12628:
12620:
12616:
12608:
12604:
12596:
12592:
12584:
12580:
12572:
12568:
12560:
12556:
12548:
12544:
12536:
12532:
12524:
12517:
12509:
12505:
12497:
12493:
12485:
12481:
12473:
12469:
12461:
12457:
12449:
12445:
12437:
12433:
12425:
12421:
12417:, pp. 1–2.
12413:
12409:
12401:
12394:
12386:
12382:
12376:Needham (1986c)
12374:
12370:
12362:
12358:
12350:
12343:
12335:
12331:
12323:
12319:
12311:
12307:
12299:
12295:
12287:
12283:
12275:
12271:
12263:
12259:
12251:
12247:
12239:
12235:
12227:
12223:
12215:
12211:
12203:
12199:
12191:
12184:
12176:
12172:
12164:
12160:
12152:
12148:
12140:
12136:
12128:
12121:
12113:
12109:
12101:
12097:
12089:
12085:
12081:, p. 1234.
12077:
12070:
12062:
12058:
12050:
12046:
12038:
12031:
12023:
12014:
12006:
12002:
11994:
11990:
11982:
11978:
11970:
11966:
11958:
11947:
11939:
11932:
11924:
11917:
11913:, p. 1230.
11909:
11902:
11894:
11890:
11882:
11878:
11870:
11866:
11858:
11854:
11846:
11842:
11834:
11830:
11822:
11818:
11810:
11806:
11802:, p. 1228.
11798:
11789:
11781:
11777:
11769:
11765:
11761:, p. 1224.
11757:
11750:
11742:
11738:
11730:
11726:
11718:
11714:
11706:
11702:
11694:
11690:
11682:
11678:
11670:
11666:
11658:
11654:
11650:, p. 1223.
11646:
11639:
11631:
11627:
11619:
11615:
11607:
11603:
11595:
11591:
11587:, p. 1222.
11583:
11576:
11568:
11564:
11556:
11552:
11544:
11540:
11532:
11528:
11520:
11516:
11508:
11504:
11496:
11492:
11488:, p. 1221.
11484:
11480:
11472:
11468:
11460:
11456:
11448:
11444:
11436:
11432:
11428:, p. 1216.
11424:
11420:
11412:
11408:
11400:
11396:
11388:
11381:
11373:
11369:
11361:
11357:
11349:
11345:
11337:
11333:
11325:
11321:
11313:
11309:
11301:
11297:
11289:
11282:
11278:, pp. 2–3.
11274:
11270:
11262:
11258:
11250:
11246:
11238:
11234:
11226:
11222:
11214:
11210:
11202:
11198:
11190:
11186:
11178:
11174:
11166:
11159:
11151:
11147:
11139:
11135:
11127:
11123:
11115:
11111:
11103:
11099:
11091:
11087:
11079:
11075:
11067:
11063:
11055:
11051:
11043:
11039:
11031:
11027:
11019:
11015:
11007:
11003:
10995:
10991:
10983:
10979:
10971:
10967:
10959:
10955:
10947:
10943:
10935:
10931:
10923:
10919:
10911:
10907:
10903:, p. 1049.
10899:
10895:
10887:
10883:
10875:
10871:
10863:
10859:
10851:
10844:
10836:
10832:
10824:
10820:
10812:
10808:
10800:
10796:
10788:
10784:
10777:
10763:
10759:
10751:
10747:
10739:
10735:
10727:
10723:
10715:
10711:
10703:
10699:
10691:
10687:
10679:
10675:
10667:
10663:
10659:, pp. 7–8.
10655:
10651:
10643:
10639:
10631:
10627:
10619:
10615:
10607:
10603:
10595:
10591:
10583:
10579:
10571:
10567:
10559:
10555:
10547:
10543:
10535:
10531:
10527:, pp. 6–9.
10523:
10519:
10511:
10507:
10499:
10495:
10487:
10483:
10475:
10471:
10463:
10459:
10451:
10447:
10439:
10435:
10427:
10420:
10412:
10408:
10404:, pp. 3–9.
10400:
10396:
10388:
10384:
10376:
10372:
10364:
10360:
10352:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10328:
10324:
10316:
10312:
10304:
10300:
10292:
10285:
10277:
10273:
10265:
10261:
10253:
10249:
10241:
10237:
10229:
10225:
10217:
10213:
10205:
10201:
10193:
10189:
10181:
10177:
10169:
10165:
10157:
10153:
10145:
10141:
10133:
10129:
10121:
10117:
10109:
10105:
10097:
10093:
10085:
10081:
10073:
10069:
10061:
10054:
10046:
10039:
10031:
10027:
10019:
10015:
10007:
10003:
9995:
9991:
9983:
9979:
9971:
9967:
9959:
9955:
9947:
9943:
9935:
9931:
9923:
9919:
9911:
9907:
9899:
9895:
9887:
9883:
9875:
9871:
9863:
9859:
9851:
9844:
9836:
9832:
9824:
9817:
9809:
9802:
9794:
9790:
9782:
9778:
9770:
9766:
9758:
9754:
9746:
9742:
9734:
9730:
9722:
9718:
9710:
9706:
9698:
9694:
9686:
9682:
9674:
9670:
9662:
9658:
9650:
9646:
9638:
9634:
9626:
9622:
9614:
9610:
9604:O'Reilly (2007)
9602:
9598:
9590:
9586:
9578:
9574:
9566:
9562:
9554:
9550:
9542:
9538:
9530:
9523:
9515:
9511:
9503:
9499:
9491:
9487:
9479:
9472:
9464:
9460:
9452:
9448:
9440:
9436:
9428:
9424:
9416:
9412:
9404:
9400:
9396:, pp. 5–6.
9392:
9385:
9377:
9370:
9362:
9358:
9350:
9346:
9338:
9334:
9326:
9322:
9314:
9310:
9302:
9293:
9285:
9281:
9273:
9269:
9261:
9257:
9249:
9245:
9237:
9233:
9225:
9221:
9213:
9209:
9201:
9197:
9189:
9185:
9177:
9173:
9165:
9161:
9153:
9149:
9141:
9134:
9126:
9122:
9114:
9110:
9102:
9098:
9090:
9086:
9078:
9074:
9066:
9059:
9051:
9044:
9036:
9029:
9021:
9017:
9009:
9005:
8997:
8993:
8985:
8981:
8973:
8966:
8958:
8954:
8946:
8942:
8934:
8925:
8917:
8913:
8905:
8901:
8893:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8869:
8865:
8857:
8853:
8845:
8841:
8833:
8824:
8816:
8812:
8804:
8800:
8792:
8788:
8780:
8776:
8768:
8764:
8756:
8752:
8744:
8740:
8732:
8728:
8720:
8716:
8710:Di Cosmo (2002)
8708:
8704:
8696:
8692:
8684:
8680:
8672:
8668:
8660:
8656:
8648:
8644:
8636:
8632:
8626:Di Cosmo (2002)
8624:
8620:
8612:
8608:
8600:
8596:
8588:
8584:
8576:
8572:
8566:Di Cosmo (2002)
8564:
8560:
8556:, pp. 5–8.
8552:
8548:
8540:
8536:
8528:
8524:
8518:Di Cosmo (2002)
8516:
8512:
8504:
8500:
8492:
8488:
8482:Di Cosmo (2002)
8480:
8476:
8468:
8464:
8456:
8452:
8444:
8440:
8434:Di Cosmo (2002)
8432:
8428:
8420:
8416:
8408:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8386:Di Cosmo (2002)
8384:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8360:
8356:
8350:Di Cosmo (2002)
8348:
8344:
8336:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8309:
8305:
8299:Di Cosmo (2002)
8297:
8293:
8285:
8281:
8273:
8262:
8254:
8247:
8239:
8235:
8227:
8220:
8212:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8176:
8172:
8164:
8160:
8152:
8148:
8142:Schaefer (2008)
8140:
8136:
8128:
8124:
8108:
8104:
8097:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8067:
8063:
8055:
8048:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8020:
8011:
8007:
7994:
7990:
7981:
7977:
7968:
7964:
7915:
7906:
7905:
7886:
7877:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7832:Battle of Jushi
7827:
7806:
7802:
7796:Zhang Zhongjing
7784:
7733:
7727:
7695:structural ribs
7641:graduated scale
7592:and Kingdom of
7582:
7553:star catalogues
7544:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7490:
7484:
7469:
7362:Zhoubi Suanjing
7351:
7345:
7254:
7230:
7109:
7102:
7097:An Eastern Han
7095:
7086:
7072:
7063:
7053:
7044:
7026:
6986:pontoon bridges
6984:, and floating
6955:courtyard house
6908:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6896:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6879:
6878:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6845:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6828:
6827:
6816:
6806:
6798:transplantation
6737:decarburisation
6693:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6682:Shanghai Museum
6670:
6669:
6668:
6660:
6659:
6628:
6585:
6549:
6543:
6513:
6468:
6422:
6415:government mint
6397:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6375:
6364:
6359:
6353:
6258:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6230:
6229:
6198:
6192:
6123:
6117:
6046:
6032:
6026:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5707:
5696:
5671:
5590:
5542:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5486:
5485:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5459:
5458:
5452:
5441:
5435:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5346:
5345:
5334:
5302:
5271:
5258:
5243:
5217:
5213:
5155:
5075:private schools
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4999:Dongping County
4986:
4985:
4984:
4976:
4975:
4964:
4954:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4897:
4896:
4862:extended family
4850:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4814:
4813:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4739:
4733:
4673:ershi gongcheng
4657:empress dowager
4621:
4607:
4574:), acrobatics (
4550:
4544:
4493:
4447:
4436:
4418:
4404:
4393:
4382:
4362:
4351:
4340:
4310:
4299:
4265:
4259:
4243:
4232:
4221:
4201:
4184:
4173:
4162:
4144:
4130:student protest
4097:
4086:
4075:
4064:
4053:
4038:
4015:
4001:
3982:
3971:
3960:
3941:
3916:South China Sea
3902:Malay Peninsula
3893:
3879:" described by
3849:Roman merchants
3837:
3814:
3811:Marcus Aurelius
3784:Parthian Empire
3750:
3746:
3738:
3719:
3687:
3664:Altai Mountains
3655:) defeated the
3649:
3644:in AD 89,
3623:
3600:
3553:
3529:, the state of
3471:
3463:the fall of Han
3369:
3366:Emperor Guangwu
3354:
3343:
3340:Gengshi Emperor
3309:
3279:
3265:
3250:
3239:
3228:
3217:empress dowager
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3140:
3132:Main articles:
3130:
3114:
3031:
3024:
3007:Parthian Empire
2997:, formerly the
2888:
2877:
2855:
2844:
2837:Battle of Mobei
2810:
2791:
2780:
2777:Laoshang Chanyu
2769:Han–Xiongnu War
2761:
2701:Eurasian Steppe
2693:
2572:
2537:
2522:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2459:
2448:
2426:
2416:Han–Xiongnu War
2412:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2353:
2321:
2226:Eurasian steppe
2158:
2117:
2072:written Chinese
2008:
1979:
1978:
1974:Women's history
1880:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1811:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1598:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1400:(202 BC – 9 AD)
1399:
1389:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1292:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1120:
1119:
838:Tongyong Pinyin
828:
808:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
708:
697:clerical script
667:
630:
616:
602:
577:
563:
532:Ban Liang coins
516:
464:
451:
438:
421:
420:as King of Han
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
305:
297:Emperor Guangwu
293:
281:
269:
257:
226:
190:
185:
177:
169:
155:
154:
141:
132:
117:
107:
106:
95:
89:
82:
80:
71:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19079:
19069:
19068:
19063:
19058:
19053:
19048:
19043:
19038:
19033:
19028:
19023:
19018:
19013:
19008:
19003:
18998:
18983:
18982:
18970:
18947:
18946:
18944:
18943:
18942:
18941:
18936:
18927:
18925:
18921:
18920:
18918:
18917:
18912:
18907:
18902:
18897:
18892:
18891:
18890:
18879:
18877:
18873:
18872:
18869:
18868:
18866:
18865:
18860:
18855:
18850:
18845:
18844:
18843:
18833:
18828:
18823:
18818:
18813:
18808:
18803:
18798:
18793:
18788:
18787:
18786:
18781:
18771:
18766:
18760:
18758:
18749:
18748:
18747:
18746:
18741:
18736:
18731:
18726:
18716:
18711:
18710:
18709:
18699:
18694:
18693:
18692:
18687:
18682:
18672:
18667:
18666:
18665:
18660:
18650:
18649:
18648:
18643:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18618:
18617:
18616:
18611:
18601:
18596:
18591:
18586:
18585:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18554:
18553:
18552:
18547:
18537:
18532:
18531:
18530:
18525:
18515:
18514:
18513:
18508:
18498:
18497:
18496:
18491:
18481:
18476:
18475:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18454:
18444:
18439:
18438:
18437:
18432:
18424:
18419:
18414:
18409:
18404:
18398:
18396:
18390:
18389:
18387:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18370:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18329:
18324:
18323:
18322:
18317:
18312:
18307:
18302:
18297:
18287:
18286:
18285:
18280:
18275:
18270:
18260:
18255:
18250:
18245:
18240:
18235:
18230:
18225:
18220:
18219:
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18213:
18203:
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18196:
18191:
18186:
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18176:
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18094:
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18062:
18057:
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17865:
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17863:
17853:
17852:
17851:
17846:
17838:
17833:
17828:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17808:
17802:
17800:
17798:Post-classical
17794:
17793:
17791:
17790:
17789:
17788:
17778:
17773:
17772:
17771:
17766:
17756:
17755:
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17707:
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17641:
17636:
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17616:
17611:
17606:
17605:
17604:
17599:
17597:Middle Kingdom
17594:
17584:
17579:
17578:
17577:
17572:
17567:
17557:
17556:
17555:
17553:Neo-Babylonian
17550:
17545:
17543:Old Babylonian
17535:
17534:
17533:
17528:
17518:
17513:
17507:
17505:
17493:
17492:
17485:
17484:
17477:
17470:
17462:
17453:
17452:
17450:
17449:
17442:
17435:
17428:
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17414:
17407:
17400:
17393:
17386:
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17370:
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17356:
17351:
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17341:
17336:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17316:
17311:
17306:
17300:
17298:
17292:
17291:
17289:
17288:
17283:
17278:
17277:
17276:
17265:
17263:
17257:
17256:
17254:
17253:
17248:
17245:Chief Official
17238:
17233:
17228:
17227:
17226:
17221:
17219:Nine Ministers
17211:
17210:
17209:
17204:
17194:
17189:
17183:
17181:
17171:
17170:
17168:
17167:
17162:
17161:
17160:
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17145:
17138:
17131:
17126:
17121:
17114:
17109:
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17095:
17088:
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17076:
17070:
17068:
17062:
17061:
17054:
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17050:
17049:
17048:
17047:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17008:
17003:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16975:Han–Minyue War
16968:
16967:
16966:
16956:
16955:
16954:
16949:
16939:
16934:
16929:
16918:
16916:
16910:
16909:
16901:
16900:
16893:
16886:
16878:
16870:
16869:
16866:Three Kingdoms
16864:
16861:
16852:
16847:
16841:
16840:
16830:
16825:
16813:
16808:
16791:
16777:
16770:
16758:
16741:
16740:
16738:
16737:External links
16735:
16734:
16733:
16727:
16710:
16709:
16704:
16699:
16693:
16692:
16681:
16680:
16678:
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16616:
16603:
16591:
16585:
16572:
16566:
16553:
16548:
16535:
16529:
16513:
16507:
16492:Wang, Xudang;
16489:
16483:
16471:Wang, Zhongshu
16467:
16438:
16432:
16419:
16413:
16400:
16394:
16378:
16372:
16359:
16353:
16336:
16318:(3): 360–378,
16307:
16301:
16283:
16243:
16237:
16216:
16210:
16197:
16179:(3): 163–181,
16168:
16162:
16149:
16143:
16130:
16112:(2): 228–254,
16101:
16095:
16078:
16072:
16059:
16013:
16006:
15994:Ronan, Colin A
15990:
15981:
15962:
15956:
15943:
15937:
15919:
15913:
15900:
15894:
15881:
15875:
15859:
15853:
15840:
15811:
15805:
15788:
15782:
15769:
15763:
15746:
15740:
15727:
15721:
15708:
15702:
15689:
15683:
15670:
15664:
15648:
15642:
15629:
15617:10.2307/851462
15611:(2): 205–224,
15600:
15594:
15581:
15575:
15562:
15556:
15543:
15537:
15524:
15518:
15506:Loewe, Michael
15502:
15496:
15483:
15477:
15461:
15455:
15442:
15436:
15415:
15389:(4): 437–448.
15378:
15365:978-0822372448
15364:
15351:
15345:
15327:
15321:
15308:
15302:
15282:
15276:
15263:
15257:
15241:
15235:
15217:
15196:
15190:
15177:
15159:(4): 358–370,
15145:
15139:
15126:
15120:
15107:
15101:
15088:
15082:
15066:
15060:
15047:
15041:
15026:
15020:
15007:
15001:
14983:
14970:
14964:
14949:
14943:
14930:
14912:(2): 173–205,
14897:
14891:
14875:
14869:
14852:
14846:
14833:
14827:
14811:
14805:
14790:
14784:
14772:Davis, Paul K.
14768:
14762:
14746:
14740:
14727:
14721:
14708:
14702:
14689:
14660:
14654:
14641:
14635:
14622:
14616:
14603:
14597:
14584:
14549:
14543:
14530:
14512:(4): 293–317,
14501:
14495:
14482:
14476:
14459:
14453:
14432:
14426:
14411:
14394:
14388:
14375:
14369:
14353:
14333:
14327:
14314:
14308:
14296:Loewe, Michael
14287:
14281:
14268:
14262:
14249:
14243:
14227:
14221:
14204:
14198:
14182:
14176:
14163:
14157:
14144:
14138:
14124:
14122:
14119:
14116:
14115:
14103:
14091:
14079:
14067:
14065:, p. 332.
14052:
14040:
14028:
14013:
13998:
13986:
13974:
13962:
13950:
13948:, p. 156.
13946:Adshead (2000)
13938:
13926:
13924:, p. 152.
13914:
13902:
13890:
13878:
13876:, p. 359.
13866:
13854:
13842:
13840:, p. 659.
13830:
13828:, p. 125.
13818:
13806:
13789:
13787:, p. 468.
13777:
13765:
13753:
13741:
13739:, p. 214.
13729:
13725:Balchin (2003)
13717:
13705:
13693:
13681:
13679:, p. 498.
13669:
13657:
13655:, p. 168.
13645:
13633:
13621:
13619:, p. 212.
13609:
13597:
13585:
13573:
13571:, p. 166.
13561:
13559:, p. 388.
13549:
13537:
13525:
13513:
13501:
13489:
13472:
13470:, p. 212.
13460:
13458:, p. 376.
13448:
13436:
13434:, p. 375.
13424:
13422:, p. 375.
13411:
13399:
13397:, p. 595.
13387:
13372:
13360:
13341:
13339:, p. 343.
13329:
13317:
13315:, p. 370.
13305:
13303:, p. 184.
13293:
13281:
13269:
13257:
13245:
13233:
13221:
13209:
13197:
13195:, p. 197.
13185:
13181:Needham (1988)
13173:
13161:
13149:
13147:, p. 370.
13137:
13125:
13113:
13111:, p. 103.
13101:
13099:, p. 105.
13089:
13074:
13062:
13050:
13038:
13036:, p. 108.
13023:
13011:
12999:
12987:
12970:
12968:, p. 279.
12958:
12946:
12934:
12922:
12910:
12898:
12886:
12874:
12857:
12855:, p. 312.
12853:Bulling (1962)
12845:
12833:
12821:
12809:
12797:
12785:
12770:
12758:
12746:
12734:
12722:
12710:
12698:
12696:, p. 336.
12686:
12684:, p. 186.
12674:
12672:, p. 125.
12662:
12650:
12638:
12626:
12614:
12612:, p. 122.
12602:
12590:
12578:
12566:
12554:
12542:
12530:
12515:
12513:, p. 111.
12511:Needham (1972)
12503:
12491:
12489:, p. 100.
12479:
12477:, p. 605.
12467:
12455:
12453:, p. 600.
12443:
12431:
12419:
12407:
12405:, p. 584.
12392:
12380:
12368:
12356:
12341:
12329:
12317:
12305:
12293:
12281:
12269:
12267:, p. 577.
12257:
12255:, p. 601.
12245:
12243:, p. 588.
12233:
12231:, p. 598.
12221:
12209:
12197:
12182:
12170:
12168:, p. 609.
12158:
12156:, p. 587.
12146:
12134:
12132:, p. 586.
12119:
12107:
12095:
12083:
12068:
12056:
12044:
12042:, p. 114.
12029:
12027:, p. 599.
12012:
12000:
11988:
11986:, p. 108.
11976:
11974:, p. 126.
11964:
11945:
11943:, p. 360.
11930:
11928:, p. 100.
11915:
11900:
11888:
11876:
11864:
11852:
11840:
11828:
11816:
11814:, p. 103.
11804:
11787:
11775:
11763:
11748:
11736:
11734:, p. 155.
11724:
11712:
11700:
11698:, p. 154.
11688:
11676:
11664:
11652:
11637:
11625:
11613:
11601:
11599:, p. 151.
11589:
11574:
11562:
11560:, p. 150.
11550:
11538:
11526:
11514:
11502:
11490:
11478:
11466:
11454:
11452:, p. 144.
11442:
11430:
11418:
11406:
11404:, p. 823.
11394:
11379:
11377:, p. 112.
11375:Needham (1972)
11367:
11355:
11353:, p. 144.
11343:
11331:
11319:
11307:
11305:, p. 201.
11295:
11280:
11268:
11266:, p. 167.
11256:
11244:
11232:
11220:
11208:
11206:, p. 128.
11196:
11194:, p. 139.
11184:
11172:
11170:, p. 119.
11157:
11155:, p. 206.
11145:
11133:
11121:
11109:
11097:
11085:
11073:
11061:
11049:
11045:Hulsewé (1986)
11037:
11033:Hulsewé (1986)
11025:
11021:Hulsewé (1986)
11013:
11001:
10997:Hulsewé (1986)
10989:
10977:
10965:
10961:Hulsewé (1986)
10953:
10941:
10929:
10927:, p. 222.
10917:
10915:, p. 212.
10905:
10893:
10891:, p. 161.
10881:
10879:, p. 185.
10869:
10867:, p. 645.
10857:
10842:
10830:
10818:
10806:
10804:, p. 207.
10794:
10792:, p. 513.
10782:
10775:
10757:
10755:, p. 103.
10745:
10743:, p. 757.
10741:Kramers (1986)
10733:
10721:
10719:, p. 754.
10717:Kramers (1986)
10709:
10697:
10693:Kramers (1986)
10685:
10683:, p. 769.
10673:
10661:
10649:
10645:Kramers (1986)
10637:
10625:
10613:
10601:
10589:
10577:
10565:
10553:
10541:
10529:
10517:
10505:
10493:
10481:
10469:
10457:
10445:
10433:
10418:
10406:
10394:
10382:
10370:
10358:
10346:
10334:
10322:
10310:
10298:
10283:
10271:
10269:, p. 112.
10259:
10247:
10235:
10223:
10211:
10199:
10187:
10175:
10163:
10151:
10139:
10127:
10115:
10113:, p. 206.
10103:
10091:
10079:
10077:, p. 352.
10067:
10052:
10037:
10025:
10013:
10011:, p. 158.
10001:
9989:
9977:
9975:, p. 345.
9965:
9953:
9941:
9939:, p. 344.
9929:
9917:
9905:
9893:
9881:
9869:
9867:, p. 323.
9857:
9855:, p. 511.
9842:
9830:
9828:, p. 602.
9815:
9800:
9788:
9786:, p. 141.
9776:
9764:
9752:
9740:
9728:
9716:
9714:, p. 284.
9704:
9692:
9680:
9668:
9656:
9654:, p. 136.
9644:
9632:
9620:
9608:
9596:
9584:
9572:
9560:
9548:
9536:
9534:, p. 153.
9521:
9509:
9497:
9495:, p. 600.
9485:
9470:
9468:, p. 185.
9458:
9446:
9434:
9422:
9410:
9398:
9383:
9381:, p. 393.
9368:
9356:
9344:
9332:
9330:, p. 171.
9320:
9308:
9291:
9279:
9275:Psarras (2015)
9267:
9255:
9243:
9241:, p. 454.
9231:
9219:
9217:, p. 450.
9207:
9205:, p. 116.
9195:
9183:
9171:
9159:
9147:
9132:
9120:
9108:
9096:
9094:, p. 248.
9084:
9082:, p. 568.
9072:
9057:
9055:, p. 196.
9042:
9040:, p. 135.
9027:
9015:
9003:
8991:
8989:, p. 134.
8979:
8964:
8952:
8940:
8923:
8911:
8899:
8887:
8875:
8871:Paludan (1998)
8863:
8851:
8839:
8822:
8810:
8798:
8786:
8774:
8762:
8750:
8748:, p. 198.
8738:
8736:, p. 174.
8726:
8714:
8702:
8690:
8678:
8666:
8654:
8652:, p. 407.
8642:
8630:
8618:
8606:
8594:
8582:
8580:, p. 391.
8570:
8558:
8546:
8534:
8522:
8510:
8508:, p. 390.
8498:
8486:
8474:
8462:
8450:
8438:
8426:
8414:
8402:
8390:
8378:
8366:
8354:
8342:
8327:
8315:
8303:
8291:
8289:, p. 105.
8279:
8260:
8258:, p. 106.
8245:
8233:
8218:
8216:, p. 122.
8206:
8194:
8182:
8170:
8168:, p. 116.
8158:
8146:
8144:, p. 279.
8134:
8122:
8102:
8095:
8077:
8061:
8059:, p. 128.
8046:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8005:
8001:Needham (1972)
7988:
7986:, p. 112.
7984:Needham (1972)
7975:
7962:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7857:Ten Attendants
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:medical text.
7726:
7723:
7721:was invented.
7645:grid reference
7581:
7578:
7566:lunar eclipses
7557:Halley's Comet
7483:
7480:
7467:
7456:perfect fifths
7448:musical tuning
7382:matrix methods
7344:
7341:
7317:Joseph Needham
7108:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7096:
7089:
7087:
7073:
7066:
7064:
7054:
7047:
7045:
7027:
7020:
6891:
6890:
6881:
6880:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6861:covered bridge
6840:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6805:
6802:
6715:by means of a
6709:cupola furnace
6697:blast furnaces
6672:
6671:
6662:
6661:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6627:
6624:
6620:Inner Mongolia
6584:
6581:
6545:Main article:
6542:
6539:
6512:
6509:
6484:property taxes
6467:
6464:
6376:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6355:Main article:
6352:
6349:
6242:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6194:Main article:
6191:
6188:
6119:Main article:
6116:
6113:
6025:
6022:
5903:Nine Ministers
5767:
5764:
5753:Main article:
5750:
5747:
5541:
5538:
5498:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5434:
5431:
5415:Mandarin ducks
5391:red bayberries
5379:foxtail millet
5358:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5242:
5239:
5167:standard model
4989:A Western Han
4988:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4953:
4950:
4909:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4858:nuclear family
4826:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4777:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4732:
4729:
4606:
4603:
4546:Main article:
4543:
4540:
4524:Three Kingdoms
4261:Main article:
4258:
4255:
4081:), brother of
3861:Antoninus Pius
3764:Buddhist monks
3735:Vima Kadphises
3702:Greek alphabet
3470:
3467:
3407:Inner Mongolia
3333:Weiyang Palace
3219:, and finally
3204:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3129:
3126:
3099:bronze coinage
2912:, Kazakhstan.
2684:, the nomadic
2511:Warring States
2501:China's first
2489:
2482:
2481:
2460:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2430:Loulan Kingdom
2411:
2408:
2397:Main article:
2394:
2391:
2352:
2349:
2329:were massacred
2228:. The Xiongnu
2090:Han government
2076:Han characters
2040:Three Kingdoms
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Jewish history
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1836:(1949–present)
1825:
1823:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1435:
1429:Three Kingdoms
1423:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:Warring States
1324:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1260:
1259:
1237:
1236:
1232: 1046 BC
1213:
1212:
1208: 1600 BC
1190:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1153:
1149: 2000 BC
1130:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:Historiography
1102:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1001:Middle Chinese
997:
996:
994:Middle Chinese
990:
989:
982:
976:
975:
968:
959:
958:
952:
951:
941:
935:
934:
927:
921:
920:
913:
907:
906:
904:Yue: Cantonese
900:
899:
892:
886:
885:
879:
878:
868:
862:
861:
854:
848:
847:
840:
834:
833:
824:
818:
817:
810:
804:
803:
796:
790:
789:
782:
776:
775:
769:
768:
767:Transcriptions
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
741:
732:
726:
725:
716:
710:
709:
690:
682:
681:
678:
677:
669:
668:
666:
665:
660:
655:
649:
647:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
627:
621:
620:
613:
607:
606:
599:
590:
587:
586:
581:
573:
572:
567:
555:
554:
549:
539:
538:
529:
525:
524:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
490:
489:
486:
478:
477:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
459:
456:
455:
452:
446:
443:
442:
439:
429:
426:
425:
422:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
397:Historical era
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
382:• 220 AD
381:
378:
377:
372:
369:
366:
365:
360:
357:
354:
353:
348:
345:
342:
341:
336:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
303:
300:
299:
294:
291:
288:
287:
282:
279:
276:
275:
270:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
225:
224:
219:
214:
208:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
189:
188:
180:
172:
163:
161:
157:
156:
153:
152:
139:
129:
127:
119:
118:
116:
115:
104:
100:
97:
96:
81:
78:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19078:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
19029:
19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18993:
18991:
18981:
18971:
18969:
18959:
18958:
18955:
18940:
18939:Soviet empire
18937:
18935:
18932:
18931:
18929:
18928:
18926:
18924:Miscellaneous
18922:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18889:
18886:
18885:
18884:
18881:
18880:
18878:
18874:
18864:
18861:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18849:
18846:
18842:
18839:
18838:
18837:
18834:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18822:
18819:
18817:
18814:
18812:
18809:
18807:
18804:
18802:
18799:
18797:
18794:
18792:
18789:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18776:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18761:
18759:
18757:
18753:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18725:
18722:
18721:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18708:
18705:
18704:
18703:
18700:
18698:
18695:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18681:
18678:
18677:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18655:
18654:
18651:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18623:
18622:
18619:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18606:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18592:
18590:
18587:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18559:
18558:
18555:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18543:
18542:
18541:
18538:
18536:
18533:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18523:German Empire
18521:
18520:
18519:
18516:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18503:
18502:
18499:
18495:
18492:
18490:
18487:
18486:
18485:
18482:
18480:
18477:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18449:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18428:
18427:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18400:
18399:
18397:
18395:
18391:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18334:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
18303:
18301:
18298:
18296:
18293:
18292:
18291:
18288:
18284:
18281:
18279:
18276:
18274:
18271:
18269:
18266:
18265:
18264:
18263:Turco-Persian
18261:
18259:
18256:
18254:
18251:
18249:
18246:
18244:
18241:
18239:
18236:
18234:
18231:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18217:
18214:
18212:
18209:
18208:
18207:
18204:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18180:
18177:
18175:
18172:
18171:
18170:
18167:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18145:
18142:
18140:
18137:
18135:
18132:
18131:
18130:
18127:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18113:
18110:
18108:
18105:
18104:
18103:
18100:
18098:
18095:
18093:
18090:
18088:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18052:
18051:
18048:
18044:
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18025:
18024:
18021:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18003:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17962:
17961:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17919:
17918:
17915:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17902:
17901:
17898:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17875:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17862:
17859:
17858:
17857:
17854:
17850:
17847:
17845:
17842:
17841:
17839:
17837:
17834:
17832:
17829:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17803:
17801:
17799:
17795:
17787:
17784:
17783:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17761:
17760:
17757:
17753:
17750:
17749:
17748:
17745:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17721:
17718:
17716:
17713:
17712:
17711:
17708:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17698:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17675:
17674:
17671:
17667:
17664:
17662:
17659:
17658:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17645:
17642:
17640:
17637:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17621:
17620:
17617:
17615:
17612:
17610:
17607:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17589:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17576:
17573:
17571:
17568:
17566:
17563:
17562:
17561:
17558:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17540:
17539:
17536:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17523:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17498:
17494:
17490:
17483:
17478:
17476:
17471:
17469:
17464:
17463:
17460:
17448:
17447:
17443:
17441:
17440:
17436:
17434:
17433:
17432:Shuowen Jiezi
17429:
17427:
17426:
17422:
17420:
17419:
17415:
17413:
17412:
17408:
17406:
17405:
17401:
17399:
17398:
17394:
17392:
17391:
17387:
17385:
17384:
17380:
17379:
17377:
17375:
17371:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17301:
17299:
17297:
17293:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17279:
17275:
17272:
17271:
17270:
17267:
17266:
17264:
17262:
17258:
17252:
17249:
17246:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17216:
17215:
17212:
17208:
17205:
17203:
17200:
17199:
17198:
17195:
17193:
17190:
17188:
17185:
17184:
17182:
17180:
17176:
17172:
17166:
17163:
17159:
17156:
17155:
17154:
17151:
17149:
17146:
17144:
17143:
17139:
17137:
17136:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17119:
17115:
17113:
17110:
17108:
17107:
17103:
17101:
17100:
17096:
17094:
17093:
17089:
17087:
17086:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17071:
17069:
17067:
17063:
17058:
17046:
17043:
17042:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17012:
17009:
17007:
17004:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16972:
16969:
16965:
16962:
16961:
16960:
16957:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16944:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16933:
16930:
16927:
16923:
16920:
16919:
16917:
16915:
16911:
16906:
16899:
16894:
16892:
16887:
16885:
16880:
16879:
16876:
16867:
16858:
16857:
16850:
16844:
16838:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16820:
16817:
16814:
16812:
16809:
16807:
16804:
16803:
16799:
16795:
16780:
16730:
16724:
16720:
16715:
16714:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16694:
16689:
16684:
16669:
16663:
16659:
16654:
16650:
16644:
16640:
16635:
16631:
16627:
16623:
16619:
16613:
16609:
16604:
16600:
16596:
16595:Yü, Ying-shih
16592:
16588:
16582:
16578:
16573:
16569:
16563:
16559:
16554:
16551:
16545:
16541:
16536:
16532:
16526:
16522:
16518:
16514:
16510:
16504:
16500:
16495:
16490:
16486:
16480:
16476:
16472:
16468:
16464:
16460:
16456:
16452:
16448:
16444:
16439:
16435:
16429:
16425:
16420:
16416:
16410:
16406:
16401:
16397:
16391:
16387:
16383:
16379:
16375:
16369:
16365:
16360:
16356:
16350:
16345:
16344:
16337:
16333:
16329:
16325:
16321:
16317:
16313:
16308:
16304:
16298:
16294:
16293:
16288:
16284:
16280:
16276:
16272:
16268:
16264:
16260:
16256:
16252:
16248:
16244:
16240:
16234:
16230:
16226:
16222:
16217:
16213:
16207:
16203:
16198:
16194:
16190:
16186:
16182:
16178:
16174:
16169:
16165:
16159:
16155:
16150:
16146:
16140:
16136:
16131:
16127:
16123:
16119:
16115:
16111:
16107:
16102:
16098:
16092:
16088:
16084:
16079:
16075:
16069:
16065:
16060:
16056:
16052:
16048:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16030:
16026:
16022:
16018:
16014:
16009:
16003:
15999:
15995:
15991:
15988:
15984:
15978:
15974:
15970:
15969:
15963:
15959:
15953:
15949:
15944:
15940:
15934:
15930:
15929:
15924:
15920:
15916:
15910:
15906:
15901:
15897:
15891:
15887:
15882:
15878:
15872:
15868:
15864:
15863:Norman, Jerry
15860:
15856:
15850:
15846:
15841:
15837:
15833:
15829:
15825:
15821:
15817:
15812:
15808:
15802:
15798:
15794:
15789:
15785:
15779:
15775:
15770:
15766:
15760:
15756:
15752:
15747:
15743:
15737:
15733:
15728:
15724:
15718:
15714:
15709:
15705:
15699:
15695:
15690:
15686:
15680:
15676:
15671:
15667:
15661:
15657:
15653:
15649:
15645:
15639:
15635:
15630:
15626:
15622:
15618:
15614:
15610:
15606:
15601:
15597:
15591:
15587:
15582:
15578:
15572:
15568:
15563:
15559:
15553:
15549:
15544:
15540:
15534:
15530:
15525:
15521:
15515:
15511:
15507:
15503:
15499:
15493:
15489:
15484:
15480:
15474:
15470:
15466:
15462:
15458:
15452:
15448:
15443:
15439:
15433:
15429:
15425:
15421:
15416:
15412:
15408:
15404:
15400:
15396:
15392:
15388:
15384:
15379:
15375:
15371:
15367:
15361:
15357:
15352:
15348:
15342:
15338:
15337:
15332:
15328:
15324:
15318:
15314:
15309:
15305:
15299:
15295:
15291:
15290:Owen, Stephen
15287:
15283:
15279:
15273:
15269:
15264:
15260:
15254:
15250:
15246:
15242:
15238:
15232:
15228:
15227:
15222:
15218:
15214:
15210:
15206:
15202:
15197:
15193:
15187:
15183:
15178:
15174:
15170:
15166:
15162:
15158:
15154:
15150:
15146:
15142:
15136:
15132:
15127:
15123:
15117:
15113:
15108:
15104:
15098:
15094:
15089:
15085:
15079:
15075:
15071:
15067:
15063:
15057:
15053:
15048:
15044:
15038:
15034:
15033:
15027:
15023:
15017:
15013:
15008:
15004:
14998:
14994:
14993:
14988:
14984:
14980:
14976:
14975:Athena Review
14971:
14967:
14961:
14957:
14956:
14950:
14946:
14940:
14936:
14931:
14927:
14923:
14919:
14915:
14911:
14907:
14903:
14898:
14894:
14888:
14884:
14880:
14876:
14872:
14866:
14861:
14860:
14853:
14849:
14843:
14839:
14834:
14830:
14824:
14820:
14816:
14812:
14808:
14802:
14798:
14797:
14791:
14787:
14781:
14777:
14773:
14769:
14765:
14759:
14755:
14751:
14747:
14743:
14737:
14733:
14728:
14724:
14718:
14714:
14709:
14705:
14699:
14695:
14690:
14678:
14674:
14670:
14666:
14661:
14657:
14651:
14647:
14642:
14638:
14632:
14628:
14623:
14619:
14613:
14609:
14604:
14600:
14594:
14590:
14585:
14578:
14574:
14570:
14566:
14562:
14555:
14550:
14546:
14540:
14536:
14531:
14527:
14523:
14519:
14515:
14511:
14507:
14506:Artibus Asiae
14502:
14498:
14492:
14488:
14483:
14479:
14473:
14468:
14467:
14460:
14456:
14450:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14433:
14429:
14423:
14419:
14418:
14412:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14395:
14391:
14385:
14381:
14376:
14372:
14366:
14362:
14358:
14354:
14350:
14346:
14339:
14334:
14330:
14324:
14320:
14315:
14311:
14305:
14301:
14297:
14293:
14288:
14284:
14278:
14274:
14269:
14265:
14259:
14255:
14250:
14246:
14240:
14236:
14232:
14231:Ball, Warwick
14228:
14224:
14218:
14213:
14212:
14205:
14201:
14195:
14191:
14187:
14186:Bailey, H. W.
14183:
14179:
14173:
14169:
14164:
14160:
14154:
14150:
14145:
14141:
14135:
14131:
14126:
14125:
14121:Sources cited
14112:
14107:
14101:, p. 23.
14100:
14095:
14089:, p. 65.
14088:
14083:
14076:
14071:
14064:
14059:
14057:
14050:, p. 75.
14049:
14044:
14037:
14032:
14025:
14020:
14018:
14010:
14005:
14003:
13996:, p. 13.
13995:
13990:
13983:
13978:
13971:
13966:
13960:, p. 93.
13959:
13954:
13947:
13942:
13935:
13930:
13923:
13918:
13911:
13906:
13899:
13894:
13888:, p. 14.
13887:
13882:
13875:
13874:Nelson (1974)
13870:
13863:
13858:
13851:
13846:
13839:
13834:
13827:
13826:Hansen (2000)
13822:
13815:
13810:
13803:
13798:
13796:
13794:
13786:
13781:
13774:
13769:
13763:, p. 64.
13762:
13757:
13751:, p. 62.
13750:
13745:
13738:
13737:Dauben (2007)
13733:
13727:, p. 27.
13726:
13721:
13714:
13709:
13702:
13697:
13690:
13685:
13678:
13673:
13667:, p. 67.
13666:
13661:
13654:
13649:
13642:
13641:Cullen (2006)
13637:
13630:
13625:
13618:
13613:
13606:
13605:Teresi (2002)
13601:
13594:
13589:
13582:
13577:
13570:
13565:
13558:
13553:
13546:
13541:
13535:, p. 22.
13534:
13529:
13522:
13521:Dauben (2007)
13517:
13511:, p. 27.
13510:
13505:
13498:
13493:
13486:
13481:
13479:
13477:
13469:
13468:Dauben (2007)
13464:
13457:
13456:Fraser (2014)
13452:
13445:
13440:
13433:
13432:Fraser (2014)
13428:
13421:
13420:Fraser (2014)
13415:
13408:
13403:
13396:
13395:Bowman (2000)
13391:
13385:, p. 70.
13384:
13379:
13377:
13369:
13364:
13357:
13352:
13350:
13348:
13346:
13338:
13333:
13326:
13321:
13314:
13309:
13302:
13297:
13290:
13285:
13278:
13273:
13266:
13261:
13254:
13249:
13242:
13237:
13230:
13225:
13218:
13213:
13206:
13201:
13194:
13189:
13182:
13177:
13170:
13165:
13158:
13153:
13146:
13145:Fraser (2014)
13141:
13134:
13129:
13123:, p. 91.
13122:
13117:
13110:
13105:
13098:
13093:
13086:
13081:
13079:
13072:, p. 56.
13071:
13066:
13059:
13054:
13047:
13042:
13035:
13034:Watson (2000)
13030:
13028:
13020:
13015:
13008:
13003:
12996:
12991:
12985:, p. 55.
12984:
12979:
12977:
12975:
12967:
12962:
12955:
12950:
12944:, p. 56.
12943:
12938:
12931:
12926:
12919:
12914:
12907:
12902:
12895:
12890:
12883:
12878:
12872:, p. 76.
12871:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12854:
12849:
12842:
12837:
12830:
12825:
12818:
12813:
12806:
12801:
12794:
12793:Hinsch (2002)
12789:
12782:
12777:
12775:
12767:
12762:
12755:
12750:
12743:
12738:
12732:, p. 24.
12731:
12726:
12720:, p. 12.
12719:
12714:
12707:
12702:
12695:
12694:Wagner (1993)
12690:
12683:
12682:Pigott (1999)
12678:
12671:
12666:
12659:
12658:Pigott (1999)
12654:
12647:
12646:Pigott (1999)
12642:
12635:
12634:Wagner (2001)
12630:
12624:, p. 11.
12623:
12618:
12611:
12606:
12599:
12594:
12588:, p. 12.
12587:
12582:
12575:
12570:
12564:, p. 99.
12563:
12558:
12551:
12546:
12539:
12534:
12528:, p. 38.
12527:
12522:
12520:
12512:
12507:
12500:
12495:
12488:
12483:
12476:
12471:
12464:
12463:Wagner (2001)
12459:
12452:
12447:
12440:
12439:Wagner (2001)
12435:
12428:
12427:Hinsch (2002)
12423:
12416:
12415:Wagner (2001)
12411:
12404:
12399:
12397:
12389:
12384:
12378:, p. 22.
12377:
12372:
12365:
12360:
12353:
12348:
12346:
12338:
12333:
12326:
12321:
12314:
12309:
12302:
12297:
12290:
12285:
12278:
12273:
12266:
12261:
12254:
12249:
12242:
12237:
12230:
12225:
12218:
12213:
12206:
12201:
12194:
12189:
12187:
12179:
12174:
12167:
12162:
12155:
12150:
12143:
12138:
12131:
12126:
12124:
12116:
12111:
12104:
12099:
12092:
12087:
12080:
12075:
12073:
12065:
12060:
12053:
12048:
12041:
12036:
12034:
12026:
12021:
12019:
12017:
12009:
12004:
11997:
11992:
11985:
11980:
11973:
11968:
11961:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11942:
11937:
11935:
11927:
11922:
11920:
11912:
11907:
11905:
11897:
11892:
11886:, p. 96.
11885:
11880:
11873:
11868:
11862:, p. 91.
11861:
11856:
11849:
11844:
11837:
11832:
11825:
11820:
11813:
11808:
11801:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11785:, p. 47.
11784:
11779:
11773:, p. 43.
11772:
11767:
11760:
11755:
11753:
11746:, p. 41.
11745:
11740:
11733:
11728:
11721:
11716:
11709:
11704:
11697:
11692:
11686:, p. 38.
11685:
11680:
11673:
11668:
11662:, p. 31.
11661:
11656:
11649:
11644:
11642:
11634:
11629:
11622:
11617:
11610:
11605:
11598:
11593:
11586:
11581:
11579:
11571:
11566:
11559:
11554:
11547:
11542:
11535:
11530:
11523:
11518:
11511:
11506:
11499:
11494:
11487:
11482:
11475:
11470:
11463:
11458:
11451:
11446:
11439:
11434:
11427:
11422:
11415:
11410:
11403:
11398:
11391:
11386:
11384:
11376:
11371:
11364:
11363:Hansen (2000)
11359:
11352:
11351:Hansen (2000)
11347:
11340:
11335:
11328:
11323:
11316:
11311:
11304:
11299:
11292:
11287:
11285:
11277:
11272:
11265:
11260:
11254:, p. 55.
11253:
11248:
11242:, p. 71.
11241:
11236:
11229:
11224:
11217:
11212:
11205:
11200:
11193:
11188:
11181:
11176:
11169:
11168:Hansen (2000)
11164:
11162:
11154:
11149:
11142:
11141:Hansen (2000)
11137:
11130:
11125:
11118:
11113:
11107:, p. 52.
11106:
11101:
11094:
11089:
11082:
11077:
11070:
11065:
11058:
11053:
11046:
11041:
11034:
11029:
11022:
11017:
11011:, p. 82.
11010:
11009:Hinsch (2002)
11005:
10998:
10993:
10986:
10985:Hansen (2000)
10981:
10974:
10969:
10962:
10957:
10950:
10949:Hansen (2000)
10945:
10938:
10937:Cutter (1989)
10933:
10926:
10921:
10914:
10909:
10902:
10897:
10890:
10885:
10878:
10877:Norman (1988)
10873:
10866:
10861:
10854:
10853:Hansen (2000)
10849:
10847:
10839:
10834:
10827:
10822:
10816:, p. 57.
10815:
10810:
10803:
10798:
10791:
10786:
10778:
10772:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10749:
10742:
10737:
10730:
10725:
10718:
10713:
10706:
10701:
10694:
10689:
10682:
10677:
10670:
10665:
10658:
10653:
10646:
10641:
10634:
10629:
10622:
10617:
10611:, p. 29.
10610:
10609:Hinsch (2002)
10605:
10598:
10597:Hinsch (2002)
10593:
10586:
10581:
10574:
10573:Hinsch (2002)
10569:
10562:
10557:
10551:, p. 17.
10550:
10545:
10538:
10533:
10526:
10521:
10514:
10509:
10502:
10497:
10490:
10489:Hinsch (2002)
10485:
10478:
10477:Hinsch (2002)
10473:
10466:
10461:
10455:, p. 34.
10454:
10449:
10443:, p. 35.
10442:
10441:Hinsch (2002)
10437:
10431:, p. 30.
10430:
10425:
10423:
10415:
10410:
10403:
10398:
10391:
10390:Hinsch (2002)
10386:
10380:, p. 83.
10379:
10374:
10368:, p. 77.
10367:
10366:Eiland (2003)
10362:
10355:
10350:
10343:
10338:
10331:
10326:
10319:
10314:
10307:
10302:
10295:
10290:
10288:
10280:
10275:
10268:
10263:
10256:
10251:
10244:
10239:
10232:
10227:
10220:
10215:
10208:
10203:
10197:, p. 80.
10196:
10191:
10184:
10179:
10173:, p. 84.
10172:
10167:
10161:, p. 16.
10160:
10155:
10148:
10143:
10136:
10131:
10124:
10119:
10112:
10111:Hinsch (2002)
10107:
10100:
10095:
10089:, p. 37.
10088:
10083:
10076:
10071:
10064:
10059:
10057:
10049:
10044:
10042:
10035:, p. 36.
10034:
10029:
10022:
10017:
10010:
10005:
9998:
9993:
9986:
9981:
9974:
9969:
9963:, p. 62.
9962:
9957:
9950:
9945:
9938:
9933:
9926:
9921:
9915:, p. 84.
9914:
9909:
9902:
9897:
9890:
9885:
9878:
9873:
9866:
9861:
9854:
9849:
9847:
9839:
9834:
9827:
9822:
9820:
9812:
9811:Hansen (2000)
9807:
9805:
9797:
9792:
9785:
9784:Hansen (2000)
9780:
9773:
9768:
9761:
9756:
9749:
9744:
9737:
9732:
9725:
9720:
9713:
9708:
9701:
9696:
9689:
9684:
9677:
9672:
9665:
9660:
9653:
9652:Hansen (2000)
9648:
9642:, p. 25.
9641:
9640:Hinsch (2002)
9636:
9629:
9624:
9617:
9612:
9606:, p. 97.
9605:
9600:
9594:, p. 92.
9593:
9592:Suárez (1999)
9588:
9582:, p. 38.
9581:
9576:
9570:, p. 29.
9569:
9564:
9558:, p. 52.
9557:
9552:
9545:
9540:
9533:
9528:
9526:
9518:
9513:
9506:
9501:
9494:
9489:
9483:, p. 27.
9482:
9477:
9475:
9467:
9462:
9455:
9450:
9443:
9438:
9432:, p. 75.
9431:
9426:
9419:
9414:
9407:
9402:
9395:
9390:
9388:
9380:
9379:Torday (1997)
9375:
9373:
9365:
9360:
9353:
9348:
9341:
9336:
9329:
9324:
9318:, p. 73.
9317:
9312:
9305:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9288:
9283:
9277:, p. 19.
9276:
9271:
9264:
9259:
9252:
9247:
9240:
9235:
9228:
9223:
9216:
9211:
9204:
9199:
9192:
9191:Hinsch (2002)
9187:
9180:
9175:
9168:
9163:
9156:
9151:
9144:
9139:
9137:
9129:
9124:
9117:
9112:
9105:
9100:
9093:
9088:
9081:
9076:
9069:
9064:
9062:
9054:
9049:
9047:
9039:
9038:Hansen (2000)
9034:
9032:
9025:, p. 23.
9024:
9019:
9013:, p. 58.
9012:
9007:
9000:
8995:
8988:
8987:Hansen (2000)
8983:
8977:, p. 66.
8976:
8971:
8969:
8961:
8956:
8949:
8948:Hinsch (2002)
8944:
8937:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8920:
8915:
8908:
8903:
8896:
8891:
8884:
8883:Wagner (2001)
8879:
8873:, p. 41.
8872:
8867:
8860:
8855:
8849:, p. 57.
8848:
8843:
8837:, p. 75.
8836:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8819:
8814:
8807:
8802:
8795:
8794:Wagner (2001)
8790:
8783:
8778:
8771:
8766:
8760:, p. 83.
8759:
8754:
8747:
8742:
8735:
8730:
8723:
8718:
8711:
8706:
8700:, p. 70.
8699:
8694:
8688:, p. 83.
8687:
8682:
8675:
8674:Torday (1997)
8670:
8664:, p. 69.
8663:
8658:
8651:
8646:
8639:
8634:
8627:
8622:
8615:
8610:
8603:
8598:
8591:
8586:
8579:
8574:
8567:
8562:
8555:
8550:
8543:
8538:
8531:
8526:
8519:
8514:
8507:
8502:
8495:
8494:Torday (1997)
8490:
8483:
8478:
8471:
8466:
8459:
8454:
8447:
8446:Torday (1997)
8442:
8435:
8430:
8423:
8422:Torday (1997)
8418:
8411:
8406:
8399:
8398:Qingbo (2023)
8394:
8387:
8382:
8376:, p. 52.
8375:
8370:
8363:
8358:
8351:
8346:
8339:
8338:Torday (1997)
8334:
8332:
8324:
8319:
8312:
8311:Torday (1997)
8307:
8300:
8295:
8288:
8283:
8277:, p. 76.
8276:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8265:
8257:
8252:
8250:
8242:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8223:
8215:
8210:
8203:
8198:
8191:
8186:
8179:
8174:
8167:
8162:
8155:
8154:Bailey (1985)
8150:
8143:
8138:
8132:, p. 34.
8131:
8126:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8106:
8098:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8075:, p. 14.
8074:
8070:
8065:
8058:
8053:
8051:
8044:, p. 63.
8043:
8042:Barnes (2007)
8038:
8034:
8016:, p. 36.
8015:
8009:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7985:
7979:
7972:
7971:Hinsch (2002)
7966:
7960:
7954:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7930:
7909:
7901:
7880:
7873:
7869:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7813:
7797:
7793:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7722:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7681:hull with no
7680:
7679:carvel-shaped
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7630:Qin Shi Huang
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7607:
7602:
7595:
7591:
7586:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7570:solar eclipse
7567:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7549:
7533:
7509:
7508:tropical year
7499:
7495:
7489:
7479:
7478:, i.e. 3/2).
7477:
7473:
7465:
7464:musical scale
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7429:counting rods
7426:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7396:, use of the
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7350:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7308:
7302:
7300:
7299:pressure head
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7150:
7142:
7138:
7133:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7113:
7100:
7093:
7088:
7085:, Eastern Han
7084:
7080:
7078:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7059:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7032:
7024:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
7000:drilling and
6999:
6995:
6990:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6970:
6967:
6962:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6912:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6885:
6876:
6862:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6834:
6825:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6771:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6666:
6657:
6645:
6640:
6632:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6523:
6517:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6498:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6433:
6431:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6401:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6358:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6295:
6291:
6290:standing army
6288:), while the
6282:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6256:
6252:
6236:
6227:
6215:
6211:
6210:Dahuting tomb
6207:
6202:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6081:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6052:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6021:
6014:
6010:
6001:
5992:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5958:
5949:
5941:
5937:
5936:Michael Loewe
5933:
5932:Han-era robes
5928:
5924:
5917:
5908:
5904:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5801:
5796:
5794:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5762:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5716:
5705:
5694:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5655:
5654:Mount Penglai
5651:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5627:known as the
5626:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5598:two-part soul
5595:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5573:
5568:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5546:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5492:
5483:
5465:
5457:
5450:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5407:mustard plant
5404:
5403:bamboo shoots
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5343:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5241:Law and order
5238:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5202:Shuowen Jiezi
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5110:Five Classics
5107:
5102:
5095:
5094:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5048:Dong Zhongshu
5045:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:Five Classics
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4973:
4963:
4959:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:primogeniture
4927:
4917:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4820:
4811:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4787:bronze mirror
4784:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4738:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4649:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4599:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4568:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4445:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4416:
4411:
4402:
4391:
4380:
4375:
4360:
4349:
4338:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:and southern
4322:
4317:
4308:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4241:
4230:
4219:
4214:
4199:
4182:
4171:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4142:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4095:
4084:
4073:
4062:
4051:
4047:
4036:
4013:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3994:Consort Liang
3991:
3980:
3969:
3958:
3954:
3953:consort clans
3950:
3939:
3938:Emperor Zhang
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3812:
3808:
3807:Roman embassy
3803:
3802:as emissary.
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3758:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3727:Kushan Empire
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3676:Buyeo Kingdom
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3598:
3594:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:Trưng Sisters
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3412:
3409:, now in the
3408:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3363:
3352:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3303:
3299:
3298:nationalizing
3294:
3292:
3288:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3237:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3213:Wang Zhengjun
3201:
3190:
3183:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3025: 115 BC
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:Hexi Corridor
2913:
2911:
2907:
2897:
2886:
2885:Zhizhi Chanyu
2875:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2789:
2778:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2734:, where they
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2569:Emperor Gaozu
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2535:
2531:
2520:
2516:
2515:Qin Shi Huang
2512:
2508:
2504:
2493:
2492:bronze mirror
2486:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:Shule Kingdom
2431:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:consort clans
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Hexi Corridor
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2148:money economy
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:Dong Zhongshu
2130:
2126:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:known as the
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Naval history
1935:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:Music history
1918:
1916:
1915:Media history
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Legal history
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1854:1949–present)
1850:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1669:Southern Song
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:Northern Song
1656:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1325:
1320: 476 BC
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:(1046–771 BC)
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279: 256 BC
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1023:
1022:Baxter (1992)
1019:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
983:
981:
977:
969:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
947:
942:
940:
936:
928:
926:
922:
914:
912:
908:
905:
901:
893:
891:
887:
884:
880:
874:
869:
867:
863:
855:
853:
849:
841:
839:
835:
825:
823:
819:
811:
809:
805:
797:
795:
791:
783:
781:
777:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
733:
731:
727:
722:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
688:
683:
679:
674:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
648:
646:Today part of
644:
628:
626:
623:
622:
614:
612:
609:
608:
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:
585:
582:
575:
574:
571:
568:
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
508:
503:
499:
491:
487:
479:
474:
470:
466:
463:
457:
453:
450:
444:
440:
437:
433:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
405:
402:
399:
395:
391:
388:
385:
379:
376:
373:
367:
364:
361:
355:
352:
349:
343:
340:
337:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
301:
298:
295:
289:
286:
283:
277:
274:
271:
265:
262:
261:Emperor Gaozu
259:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
229:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
184:
181:
176:
173:
168:
165:
164:
162:
158:
150:
146:
140:
138:
131:
130:
125:
120:
111:
105:
102:
101:
98:
93:
76:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
18690:Contemporary
18540:Indo-Persian
18528:Nazi Germany
18472:Contemporary
18374:Vijayanagara
18273:Great Seljuk
18184:Thessalonica
18112:Golden Horde
17752:Carthaginian
17569:
17531:Neo-Assyrian
17516:Neo-Sumerian
17444:
17437:
17430:
17423:
17416:
17409:
17402:
17395:
17388:
17381:
17140:
17133:
17116:
17104:
17097:
17090:
17083:
17011:Red Eyebrows
16904:
16854:
16836:
16718:
16697:Online books
16687:
16657:
16638:
16629:
16607:
16598:
16576:
16557:
16539:
16520:
16497:
16494:Li, Zuixiong
16474:
16446:
16442:
16423:
16404:
16385:
16363:
16342:
16315:
16311:
16291:
16287:Teresi, Dick
16254:
16250:
16220:
16201:
16176:
16172:
16153:
16134:
16109:
16105:
16086:
16063:
16031:(1): 48–49.
16028:
16024:
16017:Qingbo, Duan
15997:
15987:Google Books
15985:– via
15967:
15947:
15927:
15923:Paludan, Ann
15904:
15885:
15866:
15844:
15819:
15815:
15796:
15773:
15754:
15731:
15712:
15693:
15674:
15655:
15633:
15608:
15604:
15585:
15566:
15547:
15528:
15509:
15487:
15468:
15446:
15423:
15386:
15382:
15374:j.ctv11cw3gv
15355:
15335:
15312:
15293:
15267:
15248:
15225:
15204:
15200:
15181:
15156:
15152:
15149:Hsu, Cho-Yun
15130:
15111:
15092:
15073:
15051:
15031:
15011:
14991:
14978:
14974:
14954:
14934:
14909:
14905:
14901:
14882:
14858:
14837:
14818:
14795:
14775:
14753:
14731:
14712:
14693:
14681:, retrieved
14672:
14668:
14645:
14626:
14607:
14588:
14564:
14560:
14534:
14509:
14505:
14486:
14465:
14436:
14416:
14409:, Stockholm.
14406:
14402:
14379:
14360:
14348:
14344:
14318:
14299:
14272:
14253:
14234:
14210:
14189:
14167:
14148:
14129:
14106:
14094:
14087:Loewe (1994)
14082:
14075:Omura (2003)
14070:
14043:
14031:
13989:
13977:
13970:Block (2003)
13965:
13953:
13941:
13929:
13922:Chung (2005)
13917:
13905:
13893:
13881:
13869:
13857:
13845:
13833:
13821:
13809:
13780:
13768:
13761:Huang (1988)
13756:
13744:
13732:
13720:
13708:
13696:
13689:Loewe (1994)
13684:
13672:
13660:
13653:Lloyd (1996)
13648:
13643:, p. 7.
13636:
13624:
13612:
13600:
13588:
13576:
13564:
13552:
13540:
13528:
13516:
13504:
13492:
13463:
13451:
13439:
13427:
13414:
13402:
13390:
13363:
13332:
13320:
13308:
13296:
13284:
13272:
13265:Loewe (1968)
13260:
13248:
13236:
13224:
13212:
13200:
13188:
13176:
13171:, p. 2.
13164:
13152:
13140:
13133:Loewe (1968)
13128:
13121:Ronan (1994)
13116:
13104:
13092:
13085:Loewe (1968)
13065:
13053:
13041:
13014:
13002:
12990:
12961:
12949:
12937:
12930:Chang (2007)
12925:
12913:
12906:Thorp (1986)
12901:
12889:
12877:
12870:Ebrey (1999)
12848:
12836:
12824:
12812:
12800:
12788:
12766:Ebrey (1986)
12761:
12749:
12737:
12725:
12713:
12701:
12689:
12677:
12665:
12653:
12641:
12629:
12617:
12605:
12593:
12581:
12569:
12557:
12550:Loewe (1968)
12545:
12533:
12506:
12494:
12482:
12470:
12458:
12446:
12434:
12422:
12410:
12383:
12371:
12359:
12337:Loewe (1986)
12332:
12325:Ebrey (1986)
12320:
12313:Ebrey (1999)
12308:
12301:Ebrey (1974)
12296:
12284:
12272:
12260:
12248:
12236:
12224:
12212:
12200:
12173:
12166:Ebrey (1986)
12161:
12149:
12137:
12110:
12098:
12086:
12059:
12047:
12008:Chang (2007)
12003:
11991:
11979:
11972:Loewe (1986)
11967:
11891:
11879:
11867:
11855:
11843:
11831:
11819:
11807:
11778:
11766:
11739:
11727:
11715:
11703:
11691:
11679:
11667:
11655:
11633:Loewe (1994)
11628:
11616:
11604:
11592:
11565:
11553:
11541:
11529:
11517:
11505:
11493:
11481:
11469:
11457:
11445:
11433:
11421:
11414:Akira (1998)
11409:
11397:
11370:
11358:
11346:
11334:
11327:Loewe (2005)
11322:
11310:
11303:Loewe (1986)
11298:
11291:Ebrey (1999)
11271:
11259:
11252:Loewe (1994)
11247:
11235:
11223:
11211:
11199:
11192:Loewe (1968)
11187:
11175:
11148:
11136:
11124:
11112:
11100:
11088:
11076:
11069:Loewe (1968)
11064:
11052:
11040:
11028:
11016:
11004:
10992:
10980:
10968:
10956:
10944:
10932:
10925:Lewis (2007)
10920:
10908:
10896:
10884:
10872:
10865:Ebrey (1986)
10860:
10838:Hardy (1999)
10833:
10826:Ch'en (1986)
10821:
10814:Huang (1988)
10809:
10797:
10785:
10766:
10760:
10748:
10736:
10729:Ebrey (1999)
10724:
10712:
10705:Loewe (1994)
10700:
10688:
10681:Ch'en (1986)
10676:
10669:Loewe (1994)
10664:
10652:
10640:
10633:Loewe (1994)
10628:
10616:
10604:
10592:
10580:
10568:
10556:
10544:
10532:
10520:
10508:
10496:
10484:
10472:
10460:
10448:
10436:
10409:
10397:
10385:
10373:
10361:
10349:
10337:
10325:
10313:
10301:
10274:
10262:
10255:Ebrey (1974)
10250:
10243:Ebrey (1986)
10238:
10226:
10214:
10202:
10195:Ebrey (1999)
10190:
10183:Ebrey (1986)
10178:
10166:
10154:
10142:
10130:
10118:
10106:
10094:
10082:
10070:
10028:
10016:
10004:
9992:
9980:
9968:
9956:
9944:
9932:
9920:
9913:Ebrey (1999)
9908:
9896:
9889:Ebrey (1986)
9884:
9872:
9860:
9833:
9791:
9779:
9767:
9755:
9743:
9731:
9719:
9707:
9695:
9683:
9671:
9659:
9647:
9635:
9623:
9611:
9599:
9587:
9580:Mawer (2013)
9575:
9568:Young (2001)
9563:
9551:
9544:Young (2001)
9539:
9512:
9500:
9488:
9461:
9449:
9437:
9430:Zhang (2002)
9425:
9418:Akira (1998)
9413:
9401:
9364:Cribb (1978)
9359:
9347:
9335:
9323:
9311:
9282:
9270:
9258:
9246:
9234:
9222:
9210:
9198:
9186:
9174:
9162:
9150:
9123:
9111:
9099:
9087:
9075:
9023:Lewis (2007)
9018:
9006:
8994:
8982:
8975:Ebrey (1999)
8955:
8943:
8919:Huang (1988)
8914:
8902:
8890:
8878:
8866:
8859:Loewe (1986)
8854:
8842:
8835:Ebrey (1999)
8813:
8806:Loewe (1986)
8801:
8789:
8777:
8765:
8758:Ebrey (1999)
8753:
8746:Loewe (1986)
8741:
8734:Chang (2007)
8729:
8717:
8705:
8698:Ebrey (1999)
8693:
8681:
8669:
8662:Ebrey (1999)
8657:
8645:
8633:
8621:
8614:Chang (2007)
8609:
8602:Chang (2007)
8597:
8590:Chang (2007)
8585:
8573:
8561:
8554:Chang (2007)
8549:
8537:
8530:Loewe (1986)
8525:
8513:
8501:
8489:
8477:
8465:
8453:
8441:
8429:
8417:
8405:
8393:
8381:
8369:
8357:
8345:
8318:
8306:
8294:
8282:
8241:Loewe (1986)
8236:
8229:Loewe (1986)
8214:Loewe (1986)
8209:
8202:Davis (2001)
8197:
8190:Loewe (1986)
8185:
8178:Ebrey (1999)
8173:
8166:Loewe (1986)
8161:
8149:
8137:
8125:
8114:
8105:
8086:
8080:
8064:
8037:
8008:
7997:Ebrey (1999)
7991:
7978:
7965:
7956:
7872:
7816:
7812:Shanghan lun
7810:
7777:calisthenics
7765:
7753:cosmological
7750:
7744:
7719:horse collar
7715:Northern Wei
7711:breast strap
7710:
7707:
7703:steering oar
7660:
7653:
7638:
7633:
7611:
7550:
7491:
7445:
7424:
7418:
7412:to find the
7388:, providing
7374:square roots
7367:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7333:
7321:seismographs
7303:
7280:
7273:
7262:reciprocator
7235:trip hammers
7221:
7214:
7193:crank handle
7189:
7176:
7158:
7148:
7145:
7121:crank handle
7076:
7057:
7030:
6992:Underground
6991:
6978:arch bridges
6974:beam bridges
6971:
6963:
6952:
6916:rammed earth
6913:
6909:
6897:
6892:
6854:
6846:
6841:
6790:paddy fields
6769:
6761:
6757:ploughshares
6745:
6733:wrought iron
6694:
6686:
6673:
6609:
6601:clay tablets
6597:bamboo slips
6593:oracle bones
6586:
6579:(960–1279).
6577:Song dynasty
6570:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6505:
6501:
6493:
6489:
6469:
6456:
6452:Tang dynasty
6447:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6408:
6406:
6378:
6331:
6314:
6312:
6302:
6293:
6280:
6278:
6262: 87–74
6255:Emperor Zhao
6251:conscription
6248:
6177:
6166:
6161:Wuwei, Gansu
6142:
6135:
6127:commanderies
6124:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6070:
6063:commanderies
6056:
6012:
5999:
5990:
5988:
5974:
5965:
5956:
5947:
5945:
5916:Guang lu xun
5915:
5906:
5900:
5889:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5854:
5845:
5836:
5827:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5789:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5686:
5681:Tao Te Ching
5679:
5658:
5647:
5639:yin and yang
5632:
5625:main deities
5622:
5614:
5601:
5591:
5549:
5548:Han dynasty
5518:
5500:
5385:, rice, and
5383:proso millet
5368:
5361:lacquerwares
5318:
5310:
5291:Zhangjiashan
5284:
5232:
5221:
5200:
5197:dictionaries
5179:authored by
5174:
5145:
5127:
5122:interpolated
5114:Emperor Ling
5092:
5087:bamboo slips
5072:
5056:filial piety
5041:
5025:Confucianism
5023:Taoism, and
5014:
4946:
4938:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4882:
4867:
4851:
4838:
4828:
4794:
4778:
4746:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4700:gentry class
4697:
4682:
4672:
4654:
4640:
4634:
4605:Social class
4592:), from the
4584:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4501:
4490:Gongsun Kang
4471:
4461:and eastern
4430:
4412:
4390:Emperor Shao
4376:
4334:
4318:
4288:gentry class
4277:
4218:Emperor Ling
4215:
4156:
4123:
4111:
4009:
3990:house arrest
3988:) put under
3936:
3907:Magnus Sinus
3905:
3904:) along the
3884:
3827:
3821:
3804:
3761:
3714:
3658:
3639:
3590:
3539:
3516:
3504:
3498:
3474:
3472:
3448:
3430:
3416:
3381:
3351:Emperor Jing
3337:
3329:Red Eyebrows
3326:
3314:Yellow River
3295:
3273:
3262:Emperor Ping
3211:
3161:Hécāng chéng
3159:
3148:rammed earth
3103:
3087:nationalised
3084:
3064:Dian Kingdom
3032: 60 BC
3019:
3015:Roman Empire
2968:
2956:rammed earth
2914:
2908:, in modern
2871:
2826:
2821:
2774:
2739:
2729:
2682:China proper
2679:
2659:
2647:commanderies
2640:
2628:
2622:
2598:
2596:
2591:commanderies
2500:
2474:
2365:the hegemon
2356:
2354:
2345:Emperor Xian
2318:Emperor Ling
2219:
2211:seismometers
2171:nationalized
2167:Tang dynasty
2152:Zhou dynasty
2141:
2137:Qing dynasty
2125:Confucianism
2102:commanderies
2098:gentry class
2094:the nobility
2080:
2015:
2013:
1910:LGBT history
1846:
1828:
1801:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1667:
1657:
1645:
1634:Ten Kingdoms
1630:
1583:
1570:
1557:Northern and
1555:
1525:
1503:
1493:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:(220–280 AD)
1427:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1390:(206–202 BC)
1384:
1373:
1372:
1365:(221–207 BC)
1359:
1330:(475–221 BC)
1303:(771–256 BC)
1299:Eastern Zhou
1297:
1289:Western Zhou
1287:
1264:
1240:
1217:
1193:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1134:
1124:
956:Southern Min
890:Romanization
780:Hanyu Pinyin
750:Hanyu Pinyin
552:Succeeded by
551:
546:
536:Wu Zhu coins
515:• 2 AD
309:Emperor Xian
285:Emperor Xuan
186:(196–220 AD)
137:commanderies
72:
64:Northern Han
46:
37:This is the
31:
18996:Han dynasty
18278:Khwarezmian
18211:Carolingian
18016:Rashtrakuta
17720:Shaishunaga
17619:Hellenistic
17602:New Kingdom
17592:Old Kingdom
17344:Luoxia Hong
17207:Family tree
17092:Book of Han
17006:Xin dynasty
16905:Han dynasty
16849:Qin dynasty
16837:In Our Time
16721:, Hackett,
16688:Han dynasty
16626:Yule, Henry
15822:: 357–362,
15201:Imago Mundi
14981:(3): 75–79.
14669:Coin Hoards
14567:: 149–244,
13665:Deng (2005)
13097:Wang (1982)
13019:Wang (1982)
12954:Wang (1982)
12918:Wang (1982)
12882:Wang (1982)
12829:Ch'ü (1972)
12742:Wang (1982)
12706:Wang (1982)
12670:Wang (1982)
12487:Wang (1982)
12277:Ch'ü (1972)
12103:Ch'ü (1972)
11848:Wang (1949)
11732:Wang (1949)
11696:Wang (1949)
11597:Wang (1949)
11558:Wang (1949)
11534:Wang (1949)
11510:Wang (1949)
11474:Ch'ü (1972)
11462:Wang (1949)
11438:Wang (1949)
11240:Ch'ü (1972)
11216:Ch'ü (1972)
11204:Ch'ü (1972)
11180:Wang (1982)
11153:Wang (1982)
11129:Wang (1982)
11117:Wang (1982)
11105:Wang (1982)
11081:Wang (1982)
10753:Ch'ü (1972)
10585:Ch'ü (1972)
10561:Ch'ü (1972)
10549:Ch'ü (1972)
10537:Ch'ü (1972)
10525:Ch'ü (1972)
10513:Ch'ü (1972)
10501:Ch'ü (1972)
10465:Ch'ü (1972)
10453:Ch'ü (1972)
10414:Ch'ü (1972)
10402:Ch'ü (1972)
10354:Wang (1982)
10342:Ch'ü (1972)
10318:Ch'ü (1972)
10306:Ch'ü (1972)
10279:Ch'ü (1972)
10267:Ch'ü (1972)
10219:Ch'ü (1972)
10171:Ch'ü (1972)
10159:Ch'ü (1972)
10123:Ch'ü (1972)
10099:Beck (1986)
10075:Beck (1986)
10048:Beck (1986)
10021:Beck (1986)
9997:Beck (1986)
9985:Beck (1986)
9973:Beck (1986)
9949:Beck (1986)
9937:Beck (1986)
9925:Beck (1986)
9901:Beck (1986)
9865:Beck (1986)
9838:Beck (1986)
9556:Yule (1915)
9532:Ball (2016)
9481:Hill (2009)
8275:Ch'ü (1972)
8130:Zhou (2003)
7852:Shuanggudui
7790:), he used
7773:acupuncture
7769:moxibustion
7757:five phases
7614:cartography
7574:water cycle
7532:lunar month
7343:Mathematics
7291:water clock
7270:chain pumps
7141:seismometer
7125:tilt hammer
7010:natural gas
6994:mine shafts
6948:balustrades
6940:water pipes
6898:Right image
6847:Right image
6711:to produce
6687:Right image
6575:during the
6105:magistrates
5776:lacquerware
5643:five phases
5629:Five Powers
5193:Biographies
5176:Book of Han
5150:started by
5064:five phases
4926:inheritance
4916:Right image
4870:bride price
4854:patrilineal
4837:dressed in
4833:, with the
4251:roleplaying
3957:Zheng Zhong
3931:Yinan tombs
3809:of Emperor
3616:Lake Barkol
3579:Bronze seal
3475:Eastern Han
3291:Xin dynasty
3170:Western Jin
3150:ruins of a
3138:Xin dynasty
3003:Indus River
2867:Lake Baikal
2863:Gobi Desert
2788:Emperor Wen
2717:Tarim Basin
2707:regions of
2705:Inner Asian
2690:Modu Chanyu
2599:Western Han
2507:Qin dynasty
2363:Qin dynasty
2268:, annexing
2254:Tarim Basin
2242:Han vassals
2191:mathematics
2179:papermaking
2163:The coinage
2159: 1050
2082:The emperor
2056:Eastern Han
2052:Western Han
2044:Xin dynasty
2032:interregnum
2028:Qin dynasty
2016:Han dynasty
1957:Discoveries
1952:Cartography
1947:Archaeology
1885:Art history
1774:(1644–1912)
1761:(1368–1644)
1748:(1271–1368)
1718:(1115–1234)
1705:(1038–1227)
1701:Western Xia
1673:(1127–1279)
1505:Eastern Jin
1495:Western Jin
1420:(25–220 AD)
1416:Eastern Han
1396:Western Han
1275: 1046
1255: 1046
1251: 1250
1228: 1600
1204: 2070
1145: 8500
1126:Paleolithic
1117:Prehistoric
1015:Old Chinese
701:traditional
693:seal script
676:Han dynasty
663:North Korea
570:Qin dynasty
547:Preceded by
449:Xin dynasty
199:Old Chinese
149:Tarim Basin
18:Eastern han
18990:Categories
18848:Portuguese
18729:Revival Le
18719:Vietnamese
18362:Later Tran
18332:Vietnamese
18228:Singhasari
18216:Holy Roman
17840:Bulgarian
17776:Satavahana
17747:Phoenician
17683:Achaemenid
17644:Indo-Greek
17624:Macedonian
17538:Babylonian
17359:Zhang Heng
17354:Wang Chong
17175:Government
17153:Han poetry
16794:Audio help
16785:2016-04-27
15221:Huang, Ray
15207:: 90–100,
14561:T'oung Pao
14351:: 175–177.
14048:Hsu (2001)
13934:Tom (1989)
13802:Hsu (1993)
13109:Tom (1989)
13070:Liu (2002)
12983:Liu (2002)
12841:Guo (2005)
12562:Tom (1989)
11941:Hsu (1965)
11896:Hsu (1965)
10889:Xue (2003)
8024:References
7807: 219
7805: – c.
7792:anesthesia
7656:tower ship
7433:Diophantus
7378:cube roots
7295:Zhang Heng
7224:waterwheel
7165:belt drive
7161:Yang Xiong
7137:Zhang Heng
7037:Mount Song
6928:Great Wall
6920:city walls
6902:Zhang Heng
6893:Left image
6842:Left image
6794:Huai River
6749:seed drill
6717:cold blast
6674:Left image
6616:watchtower
6589:bronzeware
6563:, wife of
6476:crop yield
6438:ban liangs
6383:Emperor Wu
6051:Dujiangyan
6028:See also:
6007:) was the
5986:at court.
5828:Yushi dafu
5820:Chancellor
5759:See also:
5326:constables
5228:Yang Xiong
5220:) and the
5216: – c.
5138:Wang Chong
5130:Yang Xiong
5093:Art of War
5091:Sun Bin's
5029:Emperor Wu
5001:, Shandong
4911:Left image
4735:See also:
4609:See also:
4532:Eastern Wu
4482:Yuan Shang
4348:Empress He
4240:Zhang Rang
4229:Zhao Zhong
4012:Emperor An
3968:Emperor He
3910:(i.e. the
3770:, such as
3749: – c.
3684:Tanshihuai
3584:漢匈奴,歸義親,漢長
3166:Yumen Pass
3091:monopolies
2971:Zhang Qian
2952:watchtower
2841:Huo Qubing
2807:Emperor Wu
2803:Great Wall
2758:Huo Qubing
2715:, and the
2688:chieftain
2629:Former Han
2547:, engaged
2446:Tocharians
2414:See also:
2369:appointed
2339:, king of
2234:Emperor Wu
2114:Emperor Wu
2064:Han people
1962:Inventions
1692:(916–1125)
1663:(960–1127)
1651:(960–1279)
1318: – c.
1316: 770
1277: – c.
1253: – c.
1242:Late Shang
1230: – c.
1206: – c.
1147: – c.
822:Wade–Giles
705:simplified
625:Eastern Wu
519:57,671,400
505:Population
416:appointed
320:Chancellor
273:Emperor Wu
231:Government
108:(9–23 AD:
18841:Couronian
18479:Ethiopian
18467:Manchukuo
18422:Brazilian
18268:Ghaznavid
18238:Srivijaya
18189:Trebizond
18174:Byzantine
18156:North Sea
18151:Norwegian
18139:Almoravid
18122:Ilkhanate
18092:Majapahit
18065:Muromachi
17974:Solomonic
17959:Ethiopian
17873:Caliphate
17806:Aragonese
17634:Ptolemaic
17334:Liu Xiang
17314:Ding Huan
17281:Silk Road
17148:Old Texts
17118:Huainanzi
17079:Sima Qian
16750:hour and
16407:, Brill,
16279:147379141
16055:251690411
16047:2059-1632
15836:154338508
15173:146695190
14675:: 76–78,
14099:Lo (2001)
13418:Cited in
12538:Li (1974)
9616:Bi (2019)
9517:An (2002)
9505:Yü (1986)
9454:Yü (1986)
9406:Yü (1986)
9352:Yü (1986)
9340:Yü (1986)
9304:Yü (1986)
9287:Yü (1986)
9263:Yü (1986)
9239:Yü (1986)
9215:Yü (1986)
8770:Yü (1986)
8722:Yü (1986)
8686:An (2002)
8650:Yü (1986)
8578:Yü (1986)
8542:Yü (1986)
8506:Yü (1986)
8470:Yü (1986)
8458:Yü (1986)
8410:Yü (1986)
8362:Yü (1967)
8323:Yü (1986)
8029:Citations
8012:See also
7995:See also
7982:See also
7969:See also
7687:sternpost
7482:Astronomy
7452:Jing Fang
7427:as black
7404:to solve
7243:watermill
7239:threshing
7173:Ding Huan
6770:daitianfa
6743:process.
6721:hot blast
6713:cast iron
6430:inflation
6410:ban liang
6341:companies
6328:regiments
6214:Zhengzhou
6208:from the
6059:provinces
6053:, Sichuan
6009:treasurer
6000:da sìnong
5991:Zongzheng
5975:Da honglu
5837:Da sikong
5676:salvation
5572:Mawangdui
5507:Pi County
5456:Mawangdui
5427:soy sauce
5419:sika deer
5314:bastinado
5251:Mawangdui
5214: 58
5163:Sima Qian
5044:Confucius
5021:Huang-Lao
4661:the kings
4598:Zhengzhou
4415:Dong Zhuo
4359:Yuan Shao
4329:provinces
4296:Zhang Jue
4118:Zhengzhou
4050:Sun Cheng
3886:Geography
3877:Cattigara
3776:Lokaksema
3772:An Shigao
3747: 90
3668:Ili River
3527:Wang Mang
3505:Later Han
3413:, Lanzhou
3362:Liu Penzi
3276:Ruzi Ying
3258:Wang Mang
3191:, Shaanxi
3134:Wang Mang
3111:Huo Guang
3070:with the
3048:Guangdong
3011:Silk Road
2964:Silk Road
2904:) at the
2896:Chen Tang
2721:Samarkand
2709:Manchuria
2655:enfeoffed
2471:phoenixes
2379:Han River
2351:Etymology
2258:Silk Road
2207:astronomy
2201:-powered
2199:hydraulic
2139:in 1912.
2129:cosmology
2048:Wang Mang
1638:(907–979)
1599:(690–705)
1589:(618–907)
1576:(581–618)
1563:(420–589)
1531:(304–439)
1509:(317–420)
1499:(266–316)
1467:(266–420)
1410:(9–23 AD)
1136:Neolithic
1100:Dynasties
363:Dong Zhuo
205:Religion
18821:Japanese
18784:Scottish
18764:American
18756:Colonial
18685:Imperial
18653:Moroccan
18589:Japanese
18567:Afsharid
18426:Burmese
18412:Austrian
18367:Later Le
18342:Early Le
18327:Venetian
18253:Tiwanaku
18166:Hellenic
18129:Moroccan
18060:Kamakura
18050:Japanese
18033:Saffarid
17986:Georgian
17900:Chalukya
17878:Rashidun
17868:Calakmul
17836:Bruneian
17715:Haryanka
17693:Sasanian
17688:Parthian
17639:Bactrian
17629:Seleucid
17609:Goguryeo
17587:Egyptian
17521:Assyrian
17511:Akkadian
17502:Colonies
17349:Sima Tan
17309:Cai Yong
17187:Ban Chao
17179:military
17142:Yiwu Zhi
17020:Chengjia
16819:Archived
16796: ·
16597:(1967),
16519:(2000),
16473:(1982),
16384:(2002),
16289:(2002),
16019:(2023).
15996:(1994),
15925:(1998),
15865:(1988),
15795:(1986),
15753:(1986),
15654:(1972),
15508:(1968),
15467:(1996),
15411:19866569
15333:(2007),
15223:(1988),
15072:(2000),
14881:(2002),
14817:(2007),
14774:(2001),
14677:archived
14577:archived
14359:(1980),
14298:(eds.),
14233:(2016),
14188:(1985),
7825:See also
7725:Medicine
7590:Changsha
7441:Gandhara
7366:and the
7325:cardinal
7217:calipers
7209:odometer
7185:zoetrope
7169:quilling
7041:Dengfeng
7002:derricks
6998:Borehole
6851:verandas
6729:bloomery
6705:pig iron
6701:iron ore
6557:oil lamp
6480:poll tax
6472:land tax
6362:Currency
6345:Platoons
6324:division
6322:) led a
6315:jiangjun
6266:infantry
6190:Military
6131:fiefdoms
6067:counties
5907:Taichang
5693:Liu Ying
5641:and the
5522:slippers
5433:Clothing
5399:calabash
5295:Shuihudi
5255:Lady Dai
5189:Ban Zhao
5181:Ban Biao
5152:Sima Tan
5134:Huan Tan
5118:Cai Yong
5068:yin-yang
5017:Legalism
4685:marquess
4596:tomb in
4594:Dahuting
4508:Sun Quan
4478:Yuan Tan
4459:Shandong
4444:Wang Yun
4413:General
4379:Yuan Shu
4307:Zhang Lu
4159:Chen Fan
4072:Liang Ji
3800:Gan Ying
3780:Gandhara
3716:Ban Chao
3646:Dou Xian
3631:Karasahr
3531:Goguryeo
3457:(modern
3455:Chang'an
3310: 3
3189:Xianyang
3060:conquest
2987:Sogdiana
2960:Dunhuang
2954:made of
2937:Dunhuang
2852:Wei Qing
2713:Mongolia
2666:Changsha
2580:Chang'an
2549:in a war
2534:Liu Bang
2519:Xiang Yu
2505:was the
2375:Hanzhong
2371:Liu Bang
2367:Xiang Yu
2312:and the
2024:Liu Bang
1925:Timeline
1852:(Taiwan,
1832:of China
1346:Imperial
1095:Timeline
1069:a series
1067:Part of
925:Jyutping
794:Bopomofo
528:Currency
493:100 AD (
418:Liu Bang
414:Xiang Yu
401:Imperial
351:Cao Shen
235:Monarchy
222:Buddhism
167:Chang'an
43:reviewed
18980:History
18954:Portals
18888:largest
18883:Empires
18863:Swedish
18858:Spanish
18853:Russian
18816:Italian
18791:Chinese
18779:English
18774:British
18769:Belgian
18744:Vietnam
18734:Tay son
18680:Tsarist
18675:Russian
18670:Ottoman
18636:Dzungar
18631:Khoshut
18604:Mexican
18599:Maratha
18582:Pahlavi
18562:Safavid
18557:Iranian
18484:Haitian
18447:Chinese
18407:Ashanti
18379:Wagadou
18305:Eastern
18300:Western
18283:Timurid
18243:Tibetan
18233:Songhai
18223:Serbian
18144:Almohad
18134:Idrisid
18038:Samanid
18028:Tahirid
18023:Iranian
18001:Kannauj
17981:Genoese
17917:Chinese
17910:Eastern
17905:Western
17893:Fatimid
17888:Abbasid
17883:Umayyad
17856:Burmese
17816:Ayyubid
17811:Angevin
17781:Xianbei
17769:Eastern
17764:Western
17710:Magadha
17673:Iranian
17666:Xiongnu
17651:Hittite
17560:Chinese
17548:Kassite
17497:Ancient
17489:Empires
17404:Fangyan
17339:Liu Xin
17324:Hua Tuo
17304:Cai Lun
17269:Coinage
17261:Economy
17197:Emperor
17192:Ma Yuan
16914:History
16783: (
16754:minutes
16463:2718206
16332:3050972
16271:1170959
16225:Bibcode
16193:2691200
16126:3177416
15867:Chinese
15403:4253540
15292:(ed.),
14926:3596331
14683:13 July
14526:3249129
8085:"Han".
7958:Hàncháo
7781:Hua Tuo
7649:Pei Xiu
7622:Ma Yuan
7543:⁄
7525:⁄
7460:octaves
7392:of the
7275:Lunheng
7266:bellows
7181:gimbals
7119:with a
7099:vaulted
6966:vaulted
6856:dougong
6612:Cai Lun
6561:Dou Wan
6351:Economy
6303:Xiaowei
6270:cavalry
6173:Xiongnu
6080:hamlets
6040:Li Bing
5966:Tingwei
5855:Da sima
5812:cabinet
5782:on the
5574:tomb #3
5536:skins.
5511:Chengdu
5395:jujubes
5299:Xiao He
5223:Fangyan
5207:Xu Shen
5142:Wang Fu
4791:Chengdu
4783:ceramic
4689:fiefdom
4600:, Henan
4585:xiangbu
4536:Shu Han
4528:Cao Wei
4512:Liu Bei
4486:Yuan Xi
4467:Xuchang
4455:Cao Cao
4325:Shaanxi
4321:Sichuan
4181:Cao Jie
4170:Hou Lan
4120:, Henan
3883:in his
3881:Ptolemy
3873:Tianzhu
3753:–
3742:
3731:Kashgar
3706:Kushans
3672:Xianbei
3640:At the
3620:Chen Mu
3561:Xiongnu
3550:Ma Yuan
3546:Vietnam
3500:Dōnghàn
3450:Qiánhàn
3396:treason
3392:Feng Yi
3388:Deng Yu
3384:Luoyang
3269:
3245:), and
3152:granary
3107:regency
3062:of the
3052:Guangxi
2995:Bactria
2989:), and
2979:Fergana
2933:Zhangyi
2929:Jiuquan
2921:Lop Nur
2874:Huhanye
2754:Xiongnu
2725:embargo
2686:Xiongnu
2642:Qiánhàn
2467:dragons
2463:reliefs
2393:History
2383:Shaanxi
2294:eunuchs
2262:Xianbei
2252:of the
2222:Xiongnu
2183:rudders
2018:was an
1596:Wu Zhou
1186:Ancient
1165:Yangtze
1047:n̥ˤar-s
963:Hokkien
658:Vietnam
611:Shu Han
597:Cao Wei
481:50 BC (
462:Cao Wei
454:9–23 AD
447:•
436:emperor
430:•
412:•
375:Cao Cao
339:Xiao He
242:Emperor
183:Xuchang
175:Luoyang
160:Capital
19036:206 BC
18826:Mongol
18811:German
18806:French
18796:Danish
18739:Dainam
18714:Tongan
18702:Somali
18697:Sokoto
18663:'Alawi
18641:Kalmyk
18621:Mongol
18614:Second
18594:Korean
18545:Mughal
18535:Indian
18518:German
18511:Second
18501:French
18494:Second
18430:Second
18402:Afghan
18394:Modern
18320:Kyrgyz
18315:Uighur
18310:Second
18290:Turkic
18258:Toltec
18194:Epirus
18179:Nicaea
18102:Mongol
18055:Yamato
17991:Huetar
17849:Second
17786:Rouran
17735:Shunga
17730:Maurya
17705:Kushan
17678:Median
17656:Hunnic
17614:Harsha
17329:Liu An
17319:Du Shi
17074:Ban Gu
16907:topics
16725:
16685:about
16664:
16645:
16614:
16583:
16564:
16546:
16527:
16505:
16481:
16461:
16430:
16411:
16392:
16370:
16351:
16330:
16299:
16277:
16269:
16235:
16208:
16191:
16160:
16141:
16124:
16093:
16070:
16053:
16045:
16004:
15979:
15954:
15935:
15911:
15892:
15873:
15851:
15834:
15803:
15780:
15761:
15738:
15719:
15700:
15681:
15662:
15640:
15625:851462
15623:
15592:
15573:
15554:
15535:
15516:
15494:
15475:
15453:
15434:
15409:
15401:
15372:
15362:
15343:
15319:
15300:
15274:
15255:
15233:
15188:
15171:
15137:
15118:
15099:
15080:
15058:
15039:
15018:
14999:
14962:
14941:
14924:
14889:
14867:
14844:
14825:
14803:
14782:
14760:
14738:
14719:
14700:
14652:
14633:
14614:
14595:
14541:
14524:
14493:
14474:
14451:
14424:
14386:
14367:
14325:
14306:
14279:
14260:
14241:
14219:
14196:
14174:
14155:
14136:
10773:
8093:
7955::
7953:pinyin
7947::
7937::
7775:, and
7745:Daoyin
7699:rudder
7689:, and
7663:design
7658:. The
7606:rudder
7594:Nanyue
7468:176776
7408:, and
7380:, and
7359:, the
7251:Du Shi
7207:. The
7187:lamp.
7167:for a
7123:and a
6924:beacon
6780:aotian
6753:sowing
6741:fining
6595:, and
6534:Liquor
6478:, the
6294:Beijun
6281:Nanjun
6109:corvée
6065:, and
6013:Shaofu
5948:Weiwei
5890:cítang
5888:hall (
5846:Taiwei
5800:tingyi
5739:, and
5586:, and
5534:ferret
5532:, and
5421:, and
5409:, and
5375:barley
5287:Jia Yi
5185:Ban Gu
5058:, and
5052:ritual
4991:fresco
4942:corvée
4840:shenyi
4795:Right:
4669:nobles
4617:, and
4558:yanyin
4534:, and
4516:Cao Pi
4337:He Jin
4305:) and
4292:Taoist
4238:) and
4216:Under
4141:Dou Wu
3977:) had
3949:eunuch
3823:Weilüe
3757:Wakhan
3659:chanyu
3612:Turpan
3597:Dou Gu
3518:Hòuhàn
3497::
3495:pinyin
3489::
3481::
3146:These
3122:budget
3076:Xuantu
3056:Yunnan
3042:. The
3027:until
2983:Kangju
2975:Dayuan
2939:, and
2850:) and
2799:Chanyu
2786:) and
2732:Shanxi
2621::
2619:pinyin
2613::
2605::
2476:taotie
2473:, and
2444:, and
2422:, and
2337:Cao Pi
2306:Daoist
2290:Lelang
2286:Xuantu
2209:, and
1794:Modern
1450:, and
1168:, and
1159:Yellow
1071:on the
980:Tâi-lô
467:220 AD
441:202 BC
424:206 BC
387:Cao Pi
324:
246:
217:Taoism
142:
133:
18968:China
18876:Lists
18831:Omani
18801:Dutch
18707:Isaaq
18658:Saadi
18626:Oirat
18609:First
18577:Qajar
18506:First
18489:First
18462:China
18435:Third
18295:First
18248:Tikal
18199:Morea
18169:Roman
18087:Latin
18082:Khmer
18077:Kanem
18043:Buyid
17969:Zagwe
17964:Aksum
17954:Chola
17861:First
17844:First
17831:Bornu
17826:Benin
17821:Aztec
17759:Roman
17740:Gupta
17725:Nanda
17661:White
17374:Texts
17231:Kings
17015:Lulin
16459:JSTOR
16328:JSTOR
16275:S2CID
16267:JSTOR
16189:JSTOR
16122:JSTOR
16051:S2CID
15832:S2CID
15621:JSTOR
15428:33–60
15407:S2CID
15399:JSTOR
15370:JSTOR
15169:S2CID
14922:JSTOR
14580:(PDF)
14557:(PDF)
14522:JSTOR
14341:(PDF)
8111:"Han"
7864:Notes
7671:stern
7312:候風地動儀
7205:chaff
7149:jiang
7083:Ya'an
7006:brine
6932:Gansu
6796:used
6703:into
6678:mould
6605:paper
6448:wuzhu
6443:wuzhu
6379:wuzhu
6272:, or
6212:near
6184:Wusun
6179:heqin
6071:xiang
5957:Taipu
5665:Laozi
5616:qilin
5502:hanfu
5439:Hanfu
5387:beans
5371:wheat
5235:genre
5062:with
4995:Laozi
4874:dowry
4830:hanfu
4798:dogs.
4779:Left:
4748:Hanfu
4641:liubo
4636:liubo
4576:baixi
4567:wuyue
4463:Henan
4433:Lü Bu
4113:hanfu
3869:Rinan
3865:Óc Eo
3857:coins
3792:Japan
3788:Burma
3680:Wusun
3635:Kucha
3593:Gansu
3459:Xi'an
3432:Xīhàn
3236:Cheng
3020:From
2991:Daxia
2941:Wuwei
2925:Qiang
2910:Taraz
2822:heqin
2741:heqin
2675:fiefs
2624:Xīhàn
2561:Anhui
2543:) of
2528:) of
1219:Shang
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