Eastern wolf - Knowledge

1096:. Despite protection within the park boundaries, there was a population decline in the east side of the park during 1987–1999, with an estimated number of 30 packs by 2000. This decline exceeded annual recruitment, and was attributed to human-caused mortality, which mostly occurred when dispersing animals left the park in search of deer during the winter months, and when pack ranges overlapped with park boundaries. By 2001, protection was extended to eastern wolves occurring in the outskirts of the park. By 2012, the genetic composition of the park's eastern wolves was roughly restored to what it was in the mid-1960s than in the 1980s–1990s, when the majority of wolves had large amounts of coyote DNA. 829:

reference genome. The study supports the findings of previous studies that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of complex gray wolf and coyote mixing. A polar wolf from Greenland and a coyote from Mexico represented the purest specimens. The coyotes from Alaska, California, Alabama, and Quebec show almost no wolf ancestry. Coyotes from Missouri, Illinois, and Florida exhibit 5–10% wolf ancestry. There was 40%:60% wolf to coyote ancestry in red wolves, 60%:40% in eastern wolves, and 75%:25% in the Great Lakes wolves. There was 10% coyote ancestry in Mexican wolves, 5% in Pacific Coast and Yellowstone wolves, and less than 3% in Canadian archipelago wolves.

991: 38: 1006:, eastern wolves may have numbered at 64,500 to 90,200 individuals. In 1942 it was believed that, before European settlement, the wolf had ranged throughout the wooded and open areas of eastern North America from what is now southern Quebec westward to the Great Plains and towards the Southeastern Woodlands (the southern extent was uncertain, but was believed to around what is now Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina). The region's indigenous human populations did not fear eastern wolves, though they did occasionally catch them in traps, and their bones occur in native shell heaps. 472: 966:

and recent surveys also reveal small numbers of Algonquin wolves in the southern areas of northeastern Ontario and northwestern Ontario as far west as the Lake of the Woods near the border with Manitoba, where there is some mixing with Great Lakes wolves, and into southcentral Ontario, where there is some mixing with eastern coyotes. There are some reports of eastern wolf sightings and of wolves being shot by hunters in Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, New Brunswick, New York State, northern Vermont and Maine. For example, DNA results of a canid killed near

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the gray wolf. A further analysis using mDNA sequences indicated the presence of coyote in both of these two wolves, and that these two wolves had diverged from the coyote 150,000–300,000 years ago. No gray wolf sequences were detected in the samples. The study proposed that these findings are inconsistent with the two wolves being subspecies of the gray wolf, that red wolves and eastern wolves (eastern Canadian and Minnesota) evolved in North America after having diverged from the coyote, and therefore they are more likely to hybridize with coyotes.

673:) taken from the genomes of canids from around the world. The comparison indicated that the red wolf was about 76% coyote and 24% gray wolf with hybridization having occurred 287–430 years ago. The eastern wolf – which was referred to as the "Great Lakes" wolf in this study – was 58% gray wolf and 42% coyote with hybridization having occurred 546–963 years ago. The study rejected the theory of a common ancestry for the red and eastern wolves. However the next year, a study reviewed a subset of the 2011 study's 677:(SNP) data and proposed that its methodology had skewed the results and that the eastern wolf is not a hybrid but a separate species. The 2012 study proposed that there are three true canis species in North America – the gray wolf, the western coyote, and red wolf/eastern wolf with the eastern wolf represented by the Algonquin wolf, with the Great Lakes wolf being a hydrid of the eastern wolf and the gray wolf, and the eastern coyote being a hybrid of the western coyote and the eastern (Algonquin) wolf. 788:

in the southeast, and as the wolf population declined wolf–coyote admixture increased. Later, this process occurred in the Great Lakes region and then eastern Canada with the influx of coyotes replacing wolves, followed by the expansion of coyotes and their hybrids. The Great Lakes and Algonquin wolves largely reflect lineages that have descendants in the modern wolf and coyote populations, but also reflect a distinct gray wolf ecotype which may have descendants in the modern wolf populations.

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cladogenic origin for the red and Algonquin wolves than of a recent hybrid origin. The group further asserted that the levels of unique alleles for red and Algonquin wolves found the 2017 study were high enough to reveal a high degree of evolutionary distinctness. Therefore, the group argues that both the red wolf and the eastern wolf remain genetically distinct North American taxa. This was rebutted by the authors of the earlier study.

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inheritance, indicating that this was the result of relatively ancient admixture. The eastern wolf as found in Algonquin Provincial Park is genetically closely related to the Great Lakes wolf as found in Minnesota and Isle Royale National Park in Michigan. If a third canid had been involved in the admixture of the North American wolf-like canids, then its genetic signature would have been found in coyotes and wolves, which it has not.

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eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec, with some overlapping and mixing of the two types in the southern portions of northeastern and northwestern Ontario. The eastern wolf's morphology is midway between that of the gray wolf and the coyote. The fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown color mixed with cinnamon. The nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray, with the flanks and chest being

1071:. It continued to persist throughout the late 1800s, despite extensive logging and efforts by park rangers to eliminate it, largely due to the sustaining influence of plentiful prey items like deer and beaver. By the mid-1900s, there were as many as 55 eastern wolf packs in the park, with an average of 49 wolves being killed annually during 1909–1958, until they were given official protection by the 575:) as distinct species, where Great Lakes-boreal wolves are the product of grey wolf × eastern wolf hybridization, eastern coyotes are the result of eastern wolf × western coyote hybridization, and red wolves are considered historically the same species as the eastern wolf, although their contemporary genetic signature has diverged owing to a bottleneck associated with captive breeding. 1151:

unafraid of humans stalked a couple walking their four-year-old daughter in September that year, losing interest when the family took refuge in a trailer. Two days later, the wolf attacked a 19-month-old boy, causing several puncture wounds on his chest and back before being driven off by campers. After the animal was killed later that day, it was found to not be rabid.

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extant wolf came into being around this time), the red wolf diverging from the coyote between 55,000–117,000 years ago, and the eastern wolf (Great Lakes region and Algonquin) wolf diverging from the coyote 27,000–32,000 years ago, and asserts that these do not qualify as an ancient divergences that justify them being considered unique species.

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wolves is known to have occurred), the lack of certainty in the ancestry of the selected Algonquin wolves, and the grouping of Great Lakes and Algonquin wolves together as eastern wolves, despite opposing genetic evidence. As well, they asserted the 2016 study ignored the fact that there is no evidence of hybridization between coyotes and gray wolves.

623:. The study proposes that dispersing male gray wolves were mating with coyote females in deforested areas bordering wolf territory. The distribution of coyote genotypes within wolves matched the phenotypic differences between these wolves found in an earlier study, with the larger Great Lakes wolf found in Minnesota, the smaller Algonquin ( 900:(67 lb). Like the gray wolf, its average lifespan is 3–4 years, with a maximum of 15 years. Their physical sizes that sets them intermediate between gray wolves and coyotes are actually believed to be more related to their adaptations to an environment with predominately medium-sized prey (similar to the case with the 1100:

capable of bearing hybrid western gray wolf-coyote pups, as well as to test the hybrid theory surrounding the origin of the eastern wolves. The resulting six hybrids produced in this captive artificial breeding were later transferred to the Wildlife Science Center of Forest Lake in Minnesota, where their behaviors were studied.

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evolved from an ancient hybridization of gray wolf and coyote in the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene. Another study by the same authors found that eastern wolf mDNA genetic diversity had been lost after their culling in the early 1960s, leading to the invasion of coyotes into their territory and introgression of coyote mDNA.

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and that the issue was "not settled", and that the rule does not represent the "best available science". Also in 2014, an experiment to hybridize a captive western gray wolf and a captive western coyote was successful, and therefore possible. The study did not assess the likelihood of such hybridization in the wild.

327:, while other studies have found some or all populations of the eastern wolf, as well as coyotes, originally separated from a common ancestor with the wolf over 1 million years ago and that these populations of the eastern wolf may be the same species as or a closely related species to the red wolf ( 1141:

Since the discovery in 1963 that eastern wolves answered human imitations of their howls, Algonquin Provincial Park began its Public Wolf Howls attraction, where as many as 2,500 visitors are led on expeditions into areas where eastern wolves were sighted the night before and listen to them answering

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In 2013, an experiment which produced hybrids of coyotes and northwestern gray wolves in captivity using artificial insemination contributed more information to the controversy surrounding the eastern wolf's taxonomy. The purpose of this project was to determine whether the female western coyotes are

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The authors contended that the proportion of unique alleles and ratio of wolf / coyote ancestry findings matched the south to north disappearance of the wolf due to European colonization since the 18th century and the resulting loss of habitat. Bounties led to the extirpation of wolves initially

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Algonquin wolves were a distinct genomic cluster, even distinct from the Great Lakes states' wolves, which it found were actually hybrids of the gray wolf and the Algonquin wolf. The study's results did not exclude a possibility that the Great Lakes states' wolf (the gray wolf x eastern wolf hybrid (

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due to a lack of mates. Further human development immediately outside of the protected areas and the negative public perception of wolves are expected to inhibit any further expansion of their range. In 2016, the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario recognized the Algonquin wolf as a

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of the gray wolf that had undergone recent hybridization with other gray wolves and coyotes. It could find no evidence to support the findings of the earlier 2000 study regarding the eastern Canadian wolf. The study did not include the red wolf. This study was quickly rebutted on the grounds that it

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inhabits central and eastern Ontario as well as southwestern Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River. Algonquin wolves are particularly concentrated in Algonquin Provincial Park and other nearby protected areas, such as Killarney, Kawartha Highlands and Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Parks

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in much of July and August, when the berries are in season. Packs carefully avoid each other; only lone wolves sometimes enter other packs' territories. The average territory ranges 118–185 km (46–71 sq mi), and the earliest age of dispersal for young eastern wolves is 15 weeks,

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used to calculate the divergence periods between different species was lower than empirical estimates of 4.7 years. The group also found deficiencies in the previous study's selection of specimens (two representative coyotes were from areas where recent coyote and gray wolf mixing with eastern

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DNA study proposed, based on the assumptions made, that all of the North American wolves and coyotes diverged from a common ancestor less than 6,000–117,000 years ago, including the coyote diverging from Eurasian wolf about 51,000 years ago (which matches other studies indicating that the

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to provide an independent review of its proposed rule relating to gray wolves. The Center's panel findings were that the proposed rule was heavily dependent upon the analysis contained in a scientific literature review conducted in 2011 (Chambers et al.), that this work was not universally accepted

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of a specimen). The phylogenetic tree produced from the genetic sequences showed a close relationship among the red wolves and the eastern wolves from Algonquin Park, southern Quebec, and Minnesota such that they all clustered together. These then clustered next closer with the coyote and away from

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There are two forms, the larger being referred to as the Great Lakes wolf, which is generally found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario, and the smaller being the Algonquin wolf, which inhabits eastern Canada, specifically central and

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Vonholdt, Bridgett M; Pollinger, John P; Earl, Dent A; Knowles, James C; Boyko, Adam R; Parker, Heidi; Geffen, Eli; Pilot, Malgorzata; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz; Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Sidorovich, Vadim; Greco, Claudia; Randi, Ettore; Musiani, Marco; Kays, Roland; Bustamante, Carlos D; Ostrander,

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In 2023, a genomic study indicates that eastern wolves have evolved separately from grey wolves for the past 67,000 years and had experienced admixture with coyotes 37,000 years ago. The Great Lakes wolves were the result of admixture between eastern wolves and grey wolves 8,000 years ago. Eastern

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The group also questioned the conclusions of genetic differentiation analysis in the study stating that results showing Great Lakes, Algonquin and red wolves, plus eastern coyotes differentiated from gray and Eurasian wolves were actually more consistent with an ancient hybridization or a distinct

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The study also determined how unique each type of canids alleles were compared to Eurasian wolves, all of which had no coyote ancestry. It found the following proportion of unique alleles: coyotes 5.13% unique; red wolf 4.41%; Algonquin wolves 3.82%; Great Lakes wolves 3.61%; and gray wolves 3.3%.

534:'s range was limited to the western half of the continent. They existed in the arid areas and across the open plains, including the prairie regions of the midwestern states. Early explorers found some in Indiana and Wisconsin. From the mid-1800s coyotes began expanding beyond their original range. 1556:

Wilson, Paul J; Grewal, Sonya; Lawford, Ian D; Heal, Jennifer NM; Granacki, Angela G; Pennock, David; Theberge, John B; Theberge, Mary T; Voigt, Dennis R; Waddell, Will; Chambers, Robert E; Paquet, Paul C; Goulet, Gloria; Cluff, Dean; White, Bradley N (2000). "DNA profiles of the eastern Canadian

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Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Gopalakrishan, Shyam; Vieira, Filipe G.; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Raundrup, Katrine; Heide Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Meldgaard, Morten; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Mikkelsen, Johan Brus; Marquard-Petersen, Ulf; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Dalén, Love;

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was told that there were two types of wolf living in the Catskill Mountains, one being a lightly-built, greyhound-like animal that pursued deer, and the other being a bulkier, shorter-legged wolf. The eastern wolf's fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown coloration, mixed with cinnamon. The

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was the ancestor of the Eastern wolf. Further, another ancient haplotype detected in the Eastern wolf can be found only in the Mexican wolf. The authors propose that Pleistocene coyote and Beringian wolf admixture led to the Eastern wolf long before the arrival of the modern coyote and the modern

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was mapped to aid future research. In 2018, a study looked at the genomic structure and admixture of North American wolves, wolf-like canids, and coyotes using specimens from across their entire range that mapped the largest dataset of nuclear genome sequences and compared these against the wolf

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The study indicates that the genomic ancestry of red, eastern and Great Lakes wolves were the result of admixture between modern gray wolves and modern coyotes. This was then followed by development into local populations. Individuals within each group showed consistent levels of coyote to wolf

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using 127,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations) of wolves and coyotes, but did not include red wolves and used Algonquin wolves as the representative eastern wolf, not wolves from the western Great Lakes states (usually referred to as Great Lakes wolves). The study indicated that

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was undertaken to help assess the taxonomy of North American wolves. One of the findings proposed was that the eastern wolf, whose range includes eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan plus Wisconsin and Minnesota is supported as a separate species by morphological and genetic data.

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Another study of both mDNA and yDNA in wolves and coyotes by the same authors indicates that the eastern wolf is genetically divergent from the gray wolf and is a North American evolved species with a long-standing history. The study could not dismiss the possibility of the eastern wolf having

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Since the early 1970s, there have been several incidents of bold or aggressive behavior towards humans in Algonquin Provincial Park. Between 1987 and 1996, there were four instances of wolves biting people. The most serious case occurred in 1998 when a male wolf that had been long noted to be

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in 1959, by which time the eastern wolf population in and around the park had been reduced to 500–1,000 individuals. Nevertheless, during 1964–1965, 36% of the park's wolf population was culled by researchers trying to understand the reproduction and age structure of the population. This cull

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individuals. The first documented all-black eastern wolf was found to have been an eastern wolf–gray wolf hybrid. Like the red wolf, the eastern wolf is intermediate in size between the coyote and gray wolf, with females weighing 23.9 kilograms (53 lb) on average and males 30.3 kilograms

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The software that is currently used to conduct whole genome analysis for evidence of hybridization does not distinguish between past and present hybridization. In 2021, an mDNA analysis of modern and extinct North American wolf-like canines indicates that the extinct Late Pleistocene

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Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Samaniego Castruita, Jose A.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Kuderna, Lukas F. K.; Räikkönen, Jannikke; Petersen, Bent; Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Hansen, Anders J.; Dalén, Love; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2017).

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The evolutionary biologist Robert K. Wayne, whose team is involved in an ongoing scientific debate with the team led by Linda K. Rutledge, describes the difference between these two evolutionary models: "In a way, it is all semantics. They call it a species, we call it an ecotype."

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the park staff's imitation howls. By 2000, 85 Public Wolf Howls had been held, with over 110,000 people having participated. The park considers the attraction as the cornerstone of its wolf education program and credits it with changing public attitudes towards wolves in Ontario.

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Genetic data supports a close relationship between the eastern and red wolves, but not close enough to support these as one species. It was "likely" that these were the separate descendants of a common ancestor shared with coyotes. This review was published in 2012.

978:; the DEC also has not confirmed or denied a breeding population within the state. Certain proponents of wolf recolonization state that wolves are already established in New York and New England, and have naturally dispersed from Canada by crossing the frozen 1640:

Heppenheimer, Elizabeth; Harrigan, Ryan J.; Rutledge, Linda Y.; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Decandia, Alexandra L.; Brzeski, Kristin E.; Benson, John F.; Wheeldon, Tyler; Patterson, Brent R.; Kays, Roland; Hohenlohe, Paul A.; von Holdt, Bridgett M. (2018).

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to keep them out of grazing lands. The scheme failed, though the settlers continued to utilize wolf pits, a wolf trapping technique learned from the region's indigenous peoples. Eastern wolf numbers declined noticeably shortly before and after the

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listed the eastern wolf as a gray wolf subspecies, which supports its earlier classification based on morphology in three studies. This taxonomic classification has since been debated, with proposals based on DNA analyses that includes a gray wolf

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Early European settlers often kept their livestock on eastern wolf-free outer islands, though animals kept in pasture on the mainland were vulnerable, to the point that a campaign against eastern wolves was launched in the early years of the

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indicate that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of ancient and complex gray wolf and coyote mixing, with the Great Lakes wolf possessing 25% coyote ancestry and the Algonquin wolf possessing 40% coyote ancestry.

339:. Regardless of its status, it is regarded as unique and therefore worthy of conservation with Canada citing the population in eastern Canada (also known as the "Algonquin wolf") as being the eastern wolf population subject to protection. 1076:

coincided with the expansion of coyotes into the park, and lead to an increase in eastern wolf–coyote hybridization. Introgression of gray wolf genes into the eastern wolf population also occurred across northern and eastern Ontario, into

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system was put into effect, offering higher rewards for adult wolves, with their heads exposed on hooks in meetinghouses. Nevertheless, wolves were still plentiful enough in New England in the early 18th century to warrant the settlers of

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In 2017 a group of canid researchers challenged the 2016 whole-genome DNA study's finding that the red wolf and the eastern wolf were the result of recent coyote–gray wolf hybridization. The group asserts the three-year

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Genetic studies relating to wolves or dogs have inferred phylogenetic relationships based on the only reference genome available: that of the dog breed called the Boxer. In 2017, the first reference genome of the wolf

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Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-Ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter (2016).

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from other types of gray wolves and coyotes. The study called for further research into the Y-chromosomes of coyotes and wolves to ascertain if this is where this unique genetic male lineage may have originated from.

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Paul A. Hohenlohe; Linda Y. Rutledge; Lisette P. Waits; Kimberly R. Andrews; Jennifer R. Adams; Joseph W. Hinton; Ronald M. Nowak; Brent R. Patterson; Adrian P. Wydeven; Paul A. Wilson; Brad N. White (2017).

869:. The Mexican wolf is the most ancestral of the gray wolves that live in North America today. The modern coyote appeared around 10,000 years ago. The most genetically basal coyote mDNA clade pre-dates the 779:

with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. The study found that coyote ancestry was highest in red wolves from the southeast of the United States and lowest among the Great Lakes wolves.

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In 2000, a study looked at red wolves and eastern wolves from both eastern Canada and Minnesota. The study agreed that these two wolves readily hybridize with the coyote. The study used 8

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They asserted that the amount of unique alleles in all wolves was lower than expected and does not support an ancient (greater than 250,000 years) unique ancestry for any of the species.

494:, who had based it on the earlier description and illustration of one specimen that was thought to have been captured near Quebec. It was later reclassified as a subspecies of gray wolf by 434:) and a threatened species worthy of conservation. The main threat to this wolf is human hunting and trapping outside of the protected areas, which leads to genetic introgression with the 736:)) historically inhabited southern Ontario, southern Quebec and the northeastern United States alongside the Algonquin wolf, as there is evidence to suggest both inhabited those areas. 511:

listed the eastern wolf as a gray wolf subspecies, which supports its earlier classification based on morphology in three studies. This taxonomic classification has since been debated.

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Goldman EA. 1944. Classification of wolves: part II. Pages 389– 636 in Young SP, Goldman EA, editors. The wolves of North America. Washington, D.C.: The American Wildlife Institute.

1842: 1133:, and assisted him in several of his adventures, including thwarting the plots of the malicious anamakqui spirits and assisting him in recreating the world after a worldwide flood. 1781: 1052:, with wolf hunting becoming a regular occupation among settlers and natives alike. By the early 19th century, few eastern wolves remained in southern New Hampshire and 3307: 653:

In 2009, a study of eastern Canadian wolves – which was referred to as the "Great Lakes" wolf in this study – using microsatellites, mDNA, and the paternally-inherited

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Pimlott, D. H., Shannon, J. A. & Kolenosky, G. B. (1969). "The ecology of the timber wolf in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario", Research Report (

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had misinterpreted the findings of earlier studies that it relied upon, nor did it provide a definition for a number of the terms that it used, such as "ecotype".

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flanks and chest are rufous or creamy, while the nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray. Unlike gray wolves, eastern wolves rarely produce

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The proposed timing of the wolf/coyote divergence conflicts with the finding of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 million years before present.

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The study also indicated that all North America wolves have a significant amount of coyote ancestry and all coyotes some degree of wolf ancestry, and that the

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is generally found in the northern halves of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario, and the

2653:"Analysis of the canid Y-chromosome phylogeny using short-read sequencing data reveals the presence of distinct haplogroups among Neolithic European dogs" 975: 836:

Later in 2018, a study based on a much smaller sample of 65,000 SNPs found that although the eastern wolf carries regional gray wolf and coyote

619:(mDNA) sequences of wolves and coyotes from across North America found that the wolves of the Minnesota, Ontario and Quebec regions possessed coyote 3047:"[review] The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life; 6th ed" 957:

The past range of the eastern wolf included southern Quebec, most of Ontario, the Great Lakes states, New York State and New England. Today, the

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species) differentiated from the hybrid Great Lakes wolves which it found were the result of "hybridization and backcrossing among Eastern Wolf (

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male lineage of canines. The unexpected finding was that the one Great Lakes wolf specimen included in this study showed a high degree of

2743:"Comment on "Whole-genome sequence analysis shows two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf"" 1227:

Schreber, J. C. D. von. 1775. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen, Zweiter Teil. Erlangen, Bavaria, pl. 89.

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Lehman, Niles; Eisenhawer, Andrew; Hansen, Kimberly; Mech, L. David; Peterson, Rolf O; Gogan, Peter J. P; Wayne, Robert K (1991).

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from the coyote, a gray wolf/coyote hybrid, a gray wolf/red wolf hybrid, the same species as the red wolf, or a separate species (

9937: 3254: 1433:"Whole-genome sequence analysis shows that two endemic species of North American wolf are admixtures of the coyote and gray wolf" 1431:

Vonholdt, B. M.; Cahill, J. A.; Fan, Z.; Gronau, I.; Robinson, J.; Pollinger, J. P.; Shapiro, B.; Wall, J.; Wayne, R. K. (2016).

697: 2102: 10107: 10117: 9955: 2713: 2233: 1404: 1291: 1003: 9942: 10137: 3021: 491: 217: 3347: 3457: 1643:"Population Genomic Analysis of North American Eastern Wolves (Canis lycaon) Supports Their Conservation Priority Status" 3393: 10142: 10132: 8954: 2076: 750:. Previous studies propose the Great Lakes wolf to be an ancient ecotype of the gray wolf that had experienced genetic 3023:

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

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Research Paper Nc-52. St. Paul, Mn: U.S. Dept. Of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station

4827: 2620:"From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region" 2421:"Y-chromosome evidence supports widespread signatures of three-species Canis hybridization in eastern North America" 1273: 1167: 597:, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 years old. The dental measurements of the specimens clearly match historical 9981: 3420: 792: 515: 319:

or a separate species from both. Many studies have found the eastern wolf to be the product of ancient and recent

10112: 5171: 3371: 1114: 666: 69: 2858:"The wolf reference genome sequence (Canis lupus lupus) and its implications for Canis spp. Population genomics" 1928: 420: 1210: 674: 394: 3430: 10084: 9809: 8947: 7389: 1591:"Conservation genomics in perspective: A holistic approach to understanding Canis evolution in North America" 1589:

Rutledge, Linda Y.; Wilson, Paul J.; Klütsch, Cornelya F.C.; Patterson, Brent R.; White, Bradley N. (2012).

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Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Cahill, James A.; Gronau, Ilan; Shapiro, Beth; Wall, Jeff; Wayne, Robert K. (2017).

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US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992 Recovery Plan for the Eastern Timber Wolf. Twin Cities Minnesota. 73 pp.

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coyotes were the result of admixture between eastern wolves and "western" coyotes during the last century.

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Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y.; Wheeldon, Tyler J.; Patterson, Brent R.; White, Bradley N. (2012).

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wolf and the red wolf provide evidence for a common evolutionary history independent of the gray wolf".

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and is a haplotype that can only be found in the Eastern wolf. This implies that the large, wolf-like

9769: 8974: 5706: 2739: 2126: 1060: 990: 840:(gene variants), it also exhibits some alleles that are unique and therefore worthy of conservation. 624: 369: 8764: 8659: 7398: 5688: 5416: 5383: 5359: 5180: 4432: 2215: 1015: 9968: 3286:

Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans

1850:, Department of Geography, Publication Series Number 56, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario 1242: 106: 9804: 9774: 9301: 8426: 7407: 7138: 6831: 6766: 6148: 5724: 5197: 4719: 3450: 1028: 967: 941: 925: 764: 495: 386: 2703: 10127: 10071: 9828: 9696: 9669: 8650: 8402: 8215: 8091: 7703: 7685: 7513: 7207: 7198: 6840: 5578: 4370: 3335: 1956: 1730:"Introgression of Coyote Mitochondrial Dna into Sympatric North American Gray Wolf Populations" 1032: 91: 37: 1392: 10066: 10004: 9574: 9481: 9393: 9259: 9160: 8827: 8082: 8064: 8055: 8046: 7531: 7522: 6894: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5595: 5533: 5515: 5506: 5443: 5392: 5230: 5221: 3658: 2958:"Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story" 2183:"An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses" 1072: 917: 356: 201: 9994: 6849: 6745: 9898: 9466: 9324: 9223: 8668: 8569: 8528: 8242: 7753: 7481: 6807: 5872: 5622: 5613: 5569: 5524: 5147: 4653: 4388: 4214: 3058: 2969: 2909:"Tracing Eastern Wolf Origins From Whole-Genome Data in Context of Extensive Hybridization" 2811: 2754: 2571: 2498: 2432: 2375: 2364:"Problems with the claim of ecotype and taxon status of the wolf in the Great Lakes region" 1971: 1605: 1444: 1126: 995: 870: 8: 9749: 9278: 8908: 8854: 8626: 8073: 7959: 7941: 7786: 7635: 7540: 6790: 6736: 6485: 6227: 6218: 5482: 4755: 4737: 4592: 4441: 3944: 1269: 1068: 1037: 970:, in 2021 initially pointed to it being an eastern coyote, but a recent statement by the 403: 51: 5978: 3062: 2973: 2933: 2908: 2815: 2758: 2575: 2502: 2436: 2379: 1975: 1609: 1448: 1281: 904:

in the southwestern US) rather than their close relationship to red wolves and coyotes.

739:

In 2016, a study of mDNA once again indicated the Eastern wolf as a coyote–wolf hybrid.

471: 9232: 8723: 7950: 7472: 7162: 6885: 6858: 6121: 5863: 5715: 4818: 4710: 4610: 4550: 3935: 3871: 3548: 3443: 3079: 2990: 2957: 2884: 2857: 2832: 2799: 2775: 2742: 2679: 2652: 2594: 2559: 2519: 2486: 2453: 2420: 2401: 2344: 2289: 2260: 2053: 2028: 2005: 1932: 1880: 1746: 1669: 1642: 1526: 1499: 1465: 1432: 1348:"Ecological studies of the timber wolf in Northeastern Minnesota. Research Paper NC-52" 979: 874: 747: 304: 240: 227: 101: 86: 3308:

The Wolves of Algonquin Provincial Park: A Report to the Minister of Natural Resources

2120: 416:

recognized the eastern wolf in central and eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec as

9989: 9885: 9241: 9089: 8602: 8519: 8299: 7795: 7762: 6686: 6193: 5915: 5697: 5551: 5425: 5309: 4662: 4492: 4450: 4397: 4177: 4159: 3917: 3322: 3084: 2995: 2938: 2889: 2837: 2780: 2719: 2709: 2684: 2599: 2543:

Review of Proposed Rule Regarding Status of the Wolf Under the Endangered Species Act

2524: 2458: 2393: 2388: 2294: 2261:"RAD sequencing and genomic simulations resolve hybrid origins within North American 2259:

L. Y. Rutledge; S. Devillard; J. Q. Boone; P. A. Hohenlohe; B. N. White (July 2015).

2229: 2058: 2029:"A genome-wide perspective on the evolutionary history of enigmatic wolf-like canids" 1997: 1983: 1751: 1674: 1531: 1470: 1400: 1358:. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 1297: 1287: 913: 866: 854: 776: 681: 616: 609: 348: 320: 2485:

Rutledge, Linda Y.; White, Bradley N.; Row, Jeffrey R.; Patterson, Brent R. (2012).

2348: 2314:"Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" 2258: 2220:. 6. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. p. 106. 1936: 9890: 9799: 9706: 8881: 8714: 7992: 7422: 6712: 6494: 6244: 5434: 5333: 5117: 5108: 4692: 4483: 4474: 4268: 4259: 3817: 3120: 3074: 3066: 2985: 2977: 2928: 2920: 2879: 2869: 2827: 2819: 2770: 2762: 2674: 2664: 2631: 2589: 2579: 2557: 2514: 2506: 2448: 2440: 2405: 2383: 2336: 2328: 2284: 2276: 2221: 2194: 2048: 2040: 2009: 1987: 1979: 1924: 1915:

Nowak, Ronald M. (2002). "The Original Status of Wolves in Eastern North America".

1872: 1741: 1664: 1654: 1613: 1566: 1521: 1511: 1460: 1452: 537:

The taxonomic debate regarding North American wolves can be summarised as follows:

10122: 10031: 9729: 9649: 9511: 9178: 8899: 8890: 8818: 8773: 8435: 8385: 8376: 8251: 8197: 8141: 8010: 7983: 7876: 7694: 7653: 7618: 7363: 6426: 6139: 6106: 6097: 5604: 5342: 4791: 4241: 4168: 4126: 3862: 3667: 3601: 3578: 3424: 3378: 2584: 1846: 1808: 1785: 1695: 1617: 1516: 1019: 1011: 807: 642: 10058: 2558:

Mech, L. D.; Christensen, B. W.; Asa, C. S.; Callahan, M.; Young, J. K. (2014).

1954: 1498:

Bachmann, Lutz; Wiig, Øystein; Hansen, Anders J.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P. (2018).

1347: 9785: 9476: 9373: 9250: 9080: 9071: 8872: 8791: 8593: 8340: 8233: 8206: 7259: 6876: 6476: 6340: 6023: 5560: 5542: 5473: 5084: 5075: 4677: 4638: 3592: 3504: 3113:

Evolutionary origins, social structure, and hybridization of the eastern wolf (

2854: 2651:

Oetjens, Matthew T; Martin, Axel; Veeramah, Krishna R; Kidd, Jeffrey M (2018).

2363: 1729: 937: 891: 628: 435: 20: 8939: 3185: 2874: 2669: 10101: 9851: 9644: 9569: 9550: 9423: 9196: 9111: 8836: 8732: 8705: 8331: 8029: 7974: 7496: 7440: 7181: 6822: 6277: 5839: 5004: 4971: 4773: 4764: 4701: 4601: 4559: 4411: 4004: 2924: 2723: 2487:"Intense harvesting of eastern wolves facilitated hybridization with coyotes" 1496: 1277: 1192: 1045: 751: 728: 378: 5461: 5273: 2636: 2619: 1397:

The Secret World of Red Wolves: The Fight to Save North America's Other Wolf

1301: 612:(mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years. 9794: 9721: 9639: 9604: 9559: 9531: 9451: 9428: 9368: 9151: 9053: 8863: 8809: 8510: 8278: 8224: 8001: 7900: 7455: 7431: 7250: 7241: 7061: 7028: 6951: 6912: 6304: 6166: 6038: 5497: 4898: 4861: 4746: 4728: 4141: 4087: 4013: 3691: 3435: 3088: 2999: 2942: 2893: 2841: 2823: 2784: 2766: 2688: 2603: 2528: 2462: 2397: 2298: 2280: 2225: 2062: 2001: 1755: 1678: 1535: 1474: 1456: 901: 862: 743: 9877: 3167: 2181:

Chambers, Steven M.; Fain, Steven R.; Fazio, Bud; Amaral, Michael (2012).

2151:"Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Algonquin Wolf (Canis sp.)" 2044: 1500:"Population genomics of grey wolves and wolf-like canids in North America" 9963: 9924: 9860: 9740: 9486: 9403: 9142: 9120: 9062: 9044: 8477: 7668: 7585: 7558: 7307: 7221: 7153: 7079: 7070: 7037: 6995: 6960: 6677: 6570: 6402: 5942: 5854: 5762: 5407: 4980: 4800: 4465: 4379: 4362: 4339: 4302: 4186: 4150: 3995: 3784: 3639: 3518: 3289:, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 210–217. 3186:"Adirondack Wolves - A Once-Extinct Species Returning To The Adirondacks" 2199: 2182: 1659: 1041: 974:(DEC) confirms the animal was a wolf, with most of its ancestry matching 945: 912:

The eastern wolf primarily targets small to medium-sized prey items like

393:

In the US, gray wolves including the timber wolf are protected under the

385:) closely related to the red wolf. Commencing in 2016, two studies using 3417: 3136:"Voyageurs National Park wolves eating beaver and blueberries, ..." 858: 10045: 9916: 9711: 9629: 9609: 9383: 8686: 7932: 7863: 7850: 7817: 7603: 7341: 7101: 6649: 6626: 6512: 6503: 6452: 6417: 6393: 6157: 6056: 6005: 5951: 5933: 5906: 5813: 5763: 5162: 5135: 5063: 5046: 4809: 4782: 4628: 4532: 4516: 4352: 4232: 4072: 3908: 3775: 3567: 3535: 3519: 2560:"Production of Hybrids between Western Gray Wolves and Western Coyotes" 1992: 1884: 627:) type found in central Ontario, and the smallest and more coyote-like 308: 9929: 2981: 1314: 9688: 9415: 9004: 8617: 8552: 8165: 8105: 7891: 7712: 7327: 7319: 7268: 7118: 7004: 6986: 6700: 6534: 6367: 6209: 6175: 5987: 5679: 4953: 4423: 3899: 3467: 3389:), no. 87. Ontario, Department of Lands and Forests, Toronto, Ontario 3070: 2444: 2340: 1130: 1089: 1085: 670: 631:

type occupying sections of southeastern Ontario and southern Quebec.

620: 594: 475:

Taxidermy exhibit of an eastern wolf killed on February 10, 1907, in

158: 118: 9822: 3326:, New York : Eaton & Mains; Cincinnati, Jennings & Pye. 3046: 2510: 1955:

Koblmüller, S.; Nord, M.; Wayne, R. K. & Leonard, J. A. (2009).

1876: 1570: 10025: 9845: 9701: 9634: 9516: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9268: 8992: 8314: 7777: 7594: 7570: 6931: 6781: 6727: 6663: 6658: 6611: 6543: 6461: 6331: 6080: 6071: 5969: 5924: 5804: 5637: 5374: 5283: 5252: 5212: 5099: 5031: 4939: 4930: 4250: 4046: 3799: 3682: 3649: 3498: 3486: 1639: 1093: 1077: 1024: 921: 896: 772: 316: 138: 2332: 10079: 9659: 9624: 9619: 9596: 9584: 9521: 9503: 9491: 9461: 9443: 9433: 9378: 9360: 9293: 9010: 8696: 8543: 8417: 8132: 7644: 6974: 6440: 5996: 5960: 5827: 5795: 5779: 5292: 4995: 4574: 4055: 3962: 3880: 3808: 3750: 3727: 3620: 1283:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1064: 1053: 837: 658: 634: 571:

that identifies the grey wolf, western coyote, and eastern wolf (

374: 168: 9903: 541:

There are two prevailing evolutionary models for North American

307:

and southeastern Canada. It is considered to be either a unique

9760: 9664: 9471: 9456: 9398: 8998: 8986: 8800: 8747: 8492: 8180: 7914: 6634: 6295: 6130: 5887: 5324: 4096: 4022: 3971: 3953: 3926: 3847: 3709: 3492: 3480: 3204:"NY: If left protected, wolves could find way into Adirondacks" 2418: 2121:

Government of Canada - Species at Risk Public Registry (2015).

1779:) Status Assessment Report: Covering East-Central North America 1315:

Roskov Y.; Abucay L.; Orrell T.; et al., eds. (May 2018).

1081: 665:

In 2011, a study compared the genetic sequences of 48,000

646: 531: 344: 324: 148: 128: 3352:

Alaska Department of Fish and Game Wildlife Technical Bulletin

2312:

Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009).

2100: 1588: 9674: 9654: 9614: 9564: 9539: 9017: 8782: 8641: 8584: 8457: 8260: 8117: 7744: 7726: 7349: 7019: 6268: 6253: 4914: 4205: 3700: 1049: 933: 352: 178: 3348:

A Case History of Wolf–Human Encounters in Alaska and Canada

2025: 9579: 9024: 8971: 8156: 7052: 6377: 6313: 3986: 3718: 3576: 2797: 1929:

10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0095:tosowi]2.0.co;2

654: 530:

When European settlers first arrived to North America, the

482:

The first published name of a taxon belonging to the genus

312: 1727: 985: 657:

markers found that the eastern Canadian wolf was a unique

9388: 9098: 6286: 5895: 4223: 3372:

DRAFT Recovery Strategy for the Algonquin Wolf in Ontario

3026:(1st ed.). London, UK: John Murray. pp. 318–319 2650: 2616: 2484: 929: 920:, unlike the gray wolf, which can effectively hunt large 3405:

Wolf Country: Eleven Years Tracking the Algonquin Wolves

1840:

The wolves of Algonquin Park, a 12 Year Ecological Study

1399:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 105–123. 706:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

414:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

2180: 1837:

Theberge, J. B. & M. T. Theberge (2004).

1555: 1430: 1129:. It is the spirit brother of the Algonquian folk hero 972:

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

1863:

Goldman, E. A. (1937). "The Wolves of North America".

1215:

www.thelandbetween.ca/the-land-between-species-at-risk

2705:

Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History

1018:, in which both settlers and natives participated. A 694:

National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis

7117: 4513: 3229:"Wolf shot in New Brunswick was wild, tests confirm" 1773:

Thiel, R. P. & Wydeven, A. P. (2012).

1084:, as well as into the western Great Lakes states of 490:. It was published in 1775 by the German naturalist 1635: 1633: 3253:Board, Times Union Editorial (29 September 2022). 3044: 2848: 2321:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2027:Elaine A; Novembre, John; Wayne, Robert K (2011). 2311: 1950: 1948: 1946: 708:changed its designation of the eastern wolf from 593:specimens were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, 10099: 4913: 2735: 2733: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 1630: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1286:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. 1063:in 1893, the eastern wolf was common in central 1027:discussing the building of a high fence between 518:considered the eastern wolf as its own species ( 303:, is a canine of debated taxonomy native to the 8969: 3394:The Eastern Wolf: What we do and do not know... 3255:"Editorial: Who's afraid of the New York wolf?" 2254: 2252: 2176: 2174: 2021: 2019: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 2955: 2096: 2094: 1943: 1896: 1894: 1858: 1856: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 9309: 8955: 5777: 3618: 3451: 3427:, Wolf and Coyote DNA Bank @ Trent University 3127: 2730: 2535: 2469: 2079:. International Wolf Center. 29 December 2021 1723: 1721: 1719: 1577: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 3465: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 2956:Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y. (2021). 2791: 2702:Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). 2249: 2171: 2016: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1413: 1103: 1002:Mitochondrial DNA indicates that before the 2906: 2701: 2644: 2610: 2553: 2551: 2305: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2091: 1957:"Origin and status of the Great Lakes wolf" 1891: 1853: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1481: 1371: 1345: 1221: 584: 9316: 9302: 8962: 8948: 3638: 3458: 3444: 3367:Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry 3340: 3314: 2949: 2412: 2362:Cronin, Matthew A; Mech, L. David (2009). 2361: 2355: 1716: 1542: 1346:Mech, L. David; Frenzel, L. D. Jr (1971). 1268: 881: 226: 80: 60: 36: 7861: 4350: 3533: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3119:(Thesis). Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: 3095: 3078: 2989: 2932: 2883: 2873: 2831: 2774: 2678: 2668: 2635: 2593: 2583: 2518: 2452: 2387: 2288: 2207: 2198: 2052: 1991: 1903: 1762: 1745: 1668: 1658: 1525: 1515: 1464: 6207: 3403:Theberge, J. & Theberge, M. (2013). 3311:, Algonquin Wolf Advisory Group, Ontario 3162: 3160: 3110: 2695: 2548: 2145: 2143: 2109: 1826: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1362: 1108: 989: 907: 470: 5281: 4044: 3565: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3045:Bennett, Alfred W. (22 February 1872). 2708:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2101:Government of Canada - COSEWIC (2015). 1862: 1690: 1688: 1390: 1339: 1308: 986:History, hybridization and conservation 698:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 645:(genetic markers taken from across the 235:Blue: Distribution of the Eastern wolf 10100: 8374: 6610: 3305:Algonquin Wolf Advisory Group (2000). 3272: 3012: 1264: 1262: 1260: 857:was the ancestor of the southern wolf 727:Later that year, a study compared the 9827: 9826: 9297: 8943: 7848: 7305: 6609: 5761: 4896: 4337: 3517: 3439: 3252: 3157: 3133: 2213: 2140: 2077:"Endangered Species Act: 2022 update" 1914: 1794: 1393:"8-Tracing the Origins of Red Wolves" 1237: 1235: 1233: 1113:The wolf is prominently portrayed in 940:. Despite being carnivores, packs in 10085:E3E5147B-31AB-477D-A054-BEB979154C37 3292: 1685: 1145: 568:(ii) a three-species model 4828:South African small-spotted genet ( 1257: 791:As a result of these findings, the 758: 604: 525: 507:published in 2005, the mammalogist 368:published in 2005, the mammalogist 13: 9323: 3360: 2624:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 1747:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb05270.x 1696:"List of Wildlife Species at Risk" 1245:. American Society of Mammalogists 1230: 633: 14: 10154: 5172:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 3411: 2374:(24): 4991–3, discussion 4994–6. 549:(i) a two-species model 347:or creamy. It primarily preys on 4897: 2389:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04431.x 1984:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04176.x 1325:Catalogue of Life 2018 Checklist 793:American Society of Mammalogists 516:American Society of Mammalogists 105: 7306: 4338: 3329: 3246: 3221: 3196: 3178: 3134:Myers, John (5 December 2018). 3038: 3006: 2913:Molecular Biology and Evolution 2900: 2217:North American Quaternary Canis 2069: 1790:U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 952: 949:much earlier than gray wolves. 742:In 2018, a study looked at the 667:single nucleotide polymorphisms 9188:Northern Rocky Mountain wolf ( 7849: 1203: 1185: 1160: 1059:Prior to the establishment of 886: 818: 675:Single-nucleotide polymorphism 395:Endangered Species Act of 1973 323:between the gray wolf and the 1: 10108:NatureServe imperiled species 4584:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 1154: 1117:, where it is referred to as 552:that identifies grey wolves ( 45:In Algonquin Provincial Park 10118:Carnivorans of North America 9206:Alexander Archipelago wolf ( 9170:Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf ( 8846:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 8502:North American river otter ( 7390:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 4444:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 3336:Public Wolf Howls attraction 2800:"Response to Hohenloheet al" 2585:10.1371/journal.pone.0088861 1618:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.05.017 1517:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007745 994:Eastern wolf skull from the 775:and eastern wolf are highly 629:tweed wolf or eastern coyote 351:, but may occasionally hunt 7: 10138:Wolves in the United States 5707:Somalian slender mongoose ( 1559:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1243:"Mammal Diversity Database" 847: 680:Also in 2011, a scientific 504:Mammal Species of the World 466: 377:, a gray wolf with genetic 365:Mammal Species of the World 10: 10159: 8660:Asian small-clawed otter ( 7399:American hog-nosed skunk ( 7381:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 5689:Angolan slender mongoose ( 5384:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 4433:Small-toothed palm civet ( 3354:. Retrieved on 2013-10-09. 3320:Young, E. R. (1903). 1168:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 1136: 1016:Massachusetts Bay Colonies 601:specimens from Minnesota. 477:Washtenaw County, Michigan 337:Southeastern United States 18: 10143:Mammals described in 1775 10133:Controversial mammal taxa 10015: 9835: 9810:Grizzly–polar bear hybrid 9805:Grizzly–black bear hybrid 9783: 9758: 9738: 9720: 9687: 9595: 9548: 9530: 9502: 9442: 9414: 9359: 9331: 9133: 9035: 8981: 8745: 8694: 8685: 8639: 8615: 8582: 8565: 8541: 8490: 8473: 8456: 8427:Saharan striped polecat ( 8415: 8398: 8357: 8312: 8295: 8286: 8277: 8178: 8154: 8130: 8113: 8104: 8027: 7972: 7930: 7913: 7889: 7872: 7857: 7844: 7816: 7775: 7742: 7725: 7666: 7616: 7583: 7566: 7557: 7494: 7453: 7420: 7408:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 7361: 7340: 7318: 7314: 7301: 7237: 7220: 7179: 7151: 7139:Mediterranean monk seal ( 7134: 7100: 7050: 7017: 6982: 6973: 6947: 6930: 6911: 6868:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 6832:South American fur seal ( 6820: 6803: 6779: 6767:South American sea lion ( 6762: 6725: 6708: 6699: 6675: 6647: 6625: 6621: 6605: 6569: 6542: 6533: 6474: 6448: 6439: 6415: 6391: 6376: 6365: 6266: 6240: 6192: 6149:South American gray fox ( 6119: 6093: 6069: 6052: 6037: 6022: 5885: 5852: 5835: 5826: 5793: 5773: 5757: 5725:Common slender mongoose ( 5677: 5635: 5591: 5495: 5469: 5460: 5405: 5372: 5355: 5322: 5305: 5272: 5251: 5210: 5198:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 5193: 5160: 5143: 5134: 5097: 5071: 5062: 5045: 5029: 4993: 4967: 4952: 4928: 4909: 4905: 4892: 4860: 4856: 4720:Crested servaline genet ( 4675: 4636: 4627: 4572: 4546: 4531: 4509: 4463: 4419: 4410: 4361: 4346: 4333: 4301: 4203: 4139: 4122: 4113: 4085: 4068: 4035: 3984: 3897: 3860: 3843: 3834: 3797: 3773: 3764: 3748: 3680: 3647: 3634: 3614: 3561: 3544: 3529: 3513: 3475: 3208:Timberwolfinformation.org 2875:10.1186/s12864-017-3883-3 2670:10.1186/s12864-018-4749-z 2214:Nowak, Ronald M. (1979). 1104:Relationships with humans 1061:Algonquin Provincial Park 724:) and a species at risk. 556:) and (western) coyotes ( 509:W. Christopher Wozencraft 370:W. Christopher Wozencraft 246: 239: 234: 225: 207: 200: 102:Scientific classification 100: 78: 58: 49: 44: 35: 30: 9161:British Columbian wolf ( 8783:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 8651:African clawless otter ( 8403:African striped weasel ( 8216:Yellow-throated marten ( 8092:Formosan ferret-badger ( 7796:Western mountain coati ( 7787:Eastern mountain coati ( 7704:Western lowland olingo ( 7686:Eastern lowland olingo ( 7514:Southern spotted skunk ( 7208:Southern elephant seal ( 7199:Northern elephant seal ( 6989:Pagophilus groenlandicus 5766:("dog-like" carnivorans) 5579:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 5200:Mungotictis decemlineata 4075:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 3522:("cat-like" carnivorans) 3013:Darwin, Charles (1859). 1280:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 1172:explorer.natureserve.org 615:In 1991, a study of the 585:Paleontological evidence 501:In the third edition of 410:List of Wildlife at Risk 362:In the third edition of 19:Not to be confused with 9260:Alaskan Interior wolf ( 8828:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 8083:Burmese ferret-badger ( 8065:Chinese ferret-badger ( 8056:Bornean ferret badger ( 8047:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 7532:Eastern spotted skunk ( 7523:Western spotted skunk ( 7253:Leptonychotes weddellii 6895:Subantarctic fur seal ( 6841:Australasian fur seal ( 5665:Black-footed mongoose ( 5647:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 5596:White-tailed mongoose ( 5534:Indian brown mongoose ( 5516:Short-tailed mongoose ( 5507:Small Indian mongoose ( 5444:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 5417:Alexander's kusimanse ( 5393:Common dwarf mongoose ( 5360:Pousargues's mongoose ( 5222:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 5181:Grandidier's mongoose ( 4435:Arctogalidia trivirgata 3659:Sunda clouded leopard ( 3346:McNay, Mark E. (2002). 3111:Rutledge, L.Y. (2010). 2637:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134 1917:Southeastern Naturalist 1703:Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 1598:Biological Conservation 968:Cherry Valley, New York 942:Voyageurs National Park 882:Description and ecology 720:species believed to be 430:species believed to be 387:whole genome sequencing 16:Subspecies of carnivore 10113:ESA threatened species 9670:Congolese spotted lion 9224:Mackenzie River wolf ( 8669:Congo clawless otter ( 8572:Hydrictis maculicollis 8570:Spotted-necked otter ( 8529:Southern river otter ( 8480:Pteronura brasiliensis 8243:European pine marten ( 7754:South American coati ( 7482:Palawan stink badger ( 6808:New Zealand sea lion ( 5873:Japanese raccoon dog ( 5570:Crab-eating mongoose ( 5525:Indian grey mongoose ( 5148:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 4959:(bone-crushing hyenas) 4654:Central African oyan ( 4215:Chinese mountain cat ( 3323:Algonquin Indian Tales 2925:10.1093/molbev/msad055 2824:10.1126/sciadv.1701233 2767:10.1126/sciadv.1602250 2545:, NCEAS (January 2014) 2281:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0303 2226:10.5962/bhl.title.4072 1457:10.1126/sciadv.1501714 999: 734:C. l. lycaon 638: 578: 486:from North America is 479: 263:Canis lupus ungavensis 255:Canis lupus canadensis 10067:Paleobiology Database 9770:Polecat–ferret hybrid 9279:Alaskan tundra wolf ( 8909:Back-striped weasel ( 8855:Black-footed ferret ( 8627:Smooth-coated otter ( 8405:Poecilogale albinucha 8074:Javan ferret-badger ( 7960:Sumatran hog badger ( 7942:Northern hog badger ( 7636:Crab-eating raccoon ( 7541:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 7262:Lobodon carcinophagus 6998:Histriophoca fasciata 6791:Australian sea lion ( 6737:California sea lion ( 6486:American black bear ( 6228:Black-backed jackal ( 6219:Side-striped jackal ( 6059:Chrysocyon brachyurus 5483:Long-nosed mongoose ( 4756:Rusty-spotted genet ( 4593:Large-spotted civet ( 4442:Sulawesi palm civet ( 4371:Owston's palm civet ( 3945:Andean mountain cat ( 2962:Ecology and Evolution 2491:Ecology and Evolution 2425:Ecology and Evolution 2045:10.1101/gr.116301.110 1109:In Algonquin folklore 993: 908:Ecology and behaviour 861:, which includes the 637: 589:Some of the earliest 539: 474: 291:), also known as the 9233:Baffin Island wolf ( 8724:Long-tailed weasel ( 8302:Lyncodon patagonicus 7951:Greater hog badger ( 7473:Sunda stink badger ( 7163:Hawaiian monk seal ( 6886:Guadalupe fur seal ( 6859:Antarctic fur seal ( 6850:Galápagos fur seal ( 6746:Galápagos sea lion ( 5864:Common raccoon dog ( 5716:Cape gray mongoose ( 5656:Jackson's mongoose ( 5616:Paracynictis selousi 5607:Cynictis penicillata 5231:Durrell's vontsira ( 4819:Giant forest genet ( 4611:Large Indian civet ( 4551:Small Indian civet ( 4160:Sunda leopard cat ( 3936:Southern tiger cat ( 3872:African golden cat ( 3549:African palm civet ( 2907:Vilaca S.T. (2023). 2200:10.3996/nafa.77.0001 2187:North American Fauna 1865:Journal of Mammalogy 1660:10.3390/genes9120606 1391:Beeland, T. (2013). 1127:Algonquian languages 1004:arrival of Europeans 871:Last Glacial Maximum 799:as its own species. 453:C. lupus lycaon 9775:Polecat–mink hybrid 9275:(taxonomy disputed) 9242:Northwestern wolf ( 8767:M. aistoodonnivalis 8603:Hairy-nosed otter ( 8520:Neotropical otter ( 8300:Patagonian weasel ( 7763:White-nosed coati ( 6963:Cystophora cristata 6954:Erignathus barbatus 6687:Northern fur seal ( 6464:Helarctos malayanus 6100:Atelocynus microtis 5807:U. cinereoargenteus 5698:Egyptian mongoose ( 5625:Rhynchogale melleri 5623:Meller's mongoose ( 5614:Selous's mongoose ( 5598:Ichneumia albicauda 5552:Collared mongoose ( 5426:Angolan kusimanse ( 5310:Liberian mongoose ( 4663:West African oyan ( 4562:Civettictis civetta 4493:Golden palm civet ( 4451:Masked palm civet ( 4426:Arctictis binturong 4400:Hemigalus derbyanus 4398:Banded palm civet ( 4389:Hose's palm civet ( 4178:Rusty-spotted cat ( 3431:Eastern wolf survey 3283:Glover, A. (1942), 3139:Duluth News Tribune 3063:1872Natur...5..318B 2974:2021EcoEv..11.9137W 2816:2017SciA....3E1233V 2759:2017SciA....3E2250H 2576:2014PLoSO...988861M 2503:2012EcoEv...2...19R 2437:2012EcoEv...2.2325W 2380:2009MolEc..18.4991C 1976:2009MolEc..18.2313K 1610:2012BCons.155..186R 1449:2016SciA....2E1714V 1327:. Catalogue of Life 1115:Algonquin mythology 1069:Algonquin Highlands 1038:American Revolution 696:was invited by the 404:Species At Risk Act 301:eastern timber wolf 258:de Blainville, 1843 52:Conservation status 9867:Canis lupus lycaon 9837:Canis lupus lycaon 9575:Lord Morton's mare 9244:C. l. occidentalis 8882:European polecat ( 8715:Colombian weasel ( 8365:(African polecats) 7993:Caucasian badger ( 7921:(Eurasian badgers) 7371:(hog-nosed skunks) 7108:("southern seals") 7007:Halichoerus grypus 6938:("northern seals") 6810:Phocarctos hookeri 6715:Eumetopias jubatus 6713:Steller sea lion ( 6495:Asian black bear ( 6245:African wild dog ( 6199:(wolf-like canids) 5476:Atilax paludinosus 5435:Common kusimanse ( 5362:Dologale dybowskii 5334:Gambian mongoose ( 5118:Western falanouc ( 5109:Eastern falanouc ( 5078:Cryptoprocta ferox 4983:Parahyaena brunnea 4738:Johnston's genet ( 4693:Abyssinian genet ( 4645:(African linsangs) 4553:Viverricula indica 4484:Brown palm civet ( 4475:Asian palm civet ( 4382:Cynogale bennettii 4373:Chrotogale owstoni 4269:European wildcat ( 4260:Black-footed cat ( 3850:Leptailurus serval 3818:Asian golden cat ( 3584:(Asiatic linsangs) 3423:2016-03-03 at the 3407:, Random House LLC 3377:2020-07-20 at the 3235:. January 29, 2013 3145:on 6 December 2018 3049:. Books Received. 1845:2018-06-12 at the 1784:2019-01-10 at the 1319:Canis lupus lycaon 1073:Ontario government 1040:, particularly in 1000: 980:St. Lawrence River 976:wolves in Michigan 875:Pleistocene coyote 748:genetic divergence 710:Canis lupus lycaon 639: 480: 399:Canis lupus lycaon 305:Great Lakes region 288:Canis lupus lycaon 250:Canis lupus lycaon 10095: 10094: 9990:Open Tree of Life 9829:Taxon identifiers 9820: 9819: 9482:Jackal–dog hybrid 9394:Sheep–goat hybrid 9291: 9290: 9262:C. l. pambasileus 9199:C. l. labradorius 9179:Hudson Bay wolf ( 9163:C. l. columbianus 8937: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8900:Siberian weasel ( 8891:American ermine ( 8819:Japanese weasel ( 8774:Mountain weasel ( 8758: 8681: 8680: 8467: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8436:Striped polecat ( 8386:Marbled polecat ( 8368: 8353: 8352: 8325: 8273: 8272: 8252:Japanese marten ( 8198:American marten ( 8191: 8049:M. cucphuongensis 8040: 8023: 8022: 8011:European badger ( 7984:Japanese badger ( 7924: 7877:American badger ( 7840: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7736: 7695:Northern olingo ( 7679: 7654:Cozumel raccoon ( 7629: 7553: 7552: 7507: 7466: 7374: 7355: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7271:Ommatophoca rossi 7244:Hydrurga leptonyx 7231: 7228:(Antarctic seals) 7201:M. angustirostris 7192: 7175: 7174: 7141:Monachus monachus 7128: 7111: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7091: 6941: 6924: 6907: 6906: 6769:Otaria flavescens 6758: 6757: 6669: 6637:Odobenus rosmarus 6601: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6552: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6427:Spectacled bear ( 6385: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6201: 6188: 6187: 6107:Crab-eating fox ( 6098:Short-eared dog ( 6046: 6031: 6018: 6017: 5900: 5842:Otocyon megalotis 5786: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5605:Yellow mongoose ( 5456: 5455: 5343:Banded mongoose ( 5312:Liberiictus kuhni 5266: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5130: 5129: 5056: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 4961: 4922: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4792:Servaline genet ( 4711:Bourlon's genet ( 4686: 4647: 4623: 4622: 4505: 4504: 4477:P. hermaphroditus 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4242:African wildcat ( 4199: 4198: 4169:Flat-headed cat ( 4109: 4108: 3893: 3892: 3830: 3829: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3668:Clouded leopard ( 3627: 3602:Spotted linsang ( 3586: 3551:Nandinia binotata 3015:"(NY Times copy)" 2982:10.1002/ece3.7757 2968:(13): 9137–9147. 2715:978-0-231-13528-3 2368:Molecular Ecology 2235:978-0-89338-007-6 1970:(11): 2313–2326. 1964:Molecular Ecology 1813:Wolvesontario.org 1406:978-1-4696-0199-1 1293:978-0-8018-8221-0 1274:"Order Carnivora" 1270:Wozencraft, W. C. 1146:Attacks on humans 914:white-tailed deer 867:Great Plains wolf 826:Canis lupus lupus 682:literature review 617:mitochondrial DNA 610:Mitochondrial DNA 349:white-tailed deer 329:Canis lupus rufus 321:genetic admixture 273: 272: 95: 73: 10150: 10088: 10087: 10075: 10074: 10062: 10061: 10049: 10048: 10036: 10035: 10034: 10008: 10007: 9998: 9997: 9985: 9984: 9972: 9971: 9959: 9958: 9946: 9945: 9933: 9932: 9920: 9919: 9907: 9906: 9894: 9893: 9881: 9880: 9871: 9870: 9869: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9824: 9823: 9800:ABC Islands bear 9730:Macropod hybrids 9707:Hybrid orangutan 9467:Dingo–dog hybrid 9318: 9311: 9304: 9295: 9294: 9251:Greenland wolf ( 9181:C. l. hudsonicus 9101:C. l. familiaris 9081:Himalayan wolf ( 9072:Mongolian wolf ( 9065:C. l. campestris 8964: 8957: 8950: 8941: 8940: 8873:Malayan weasel ( 8792:Steppe polecat ( 8765:Sichuan weasel ( 8757: 8756: 8752: 8692: 8691: 8629:L. perspicillata 8594:Eurasian otter ( 8471: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8341:Greater grison ( 8324: 8323: 8319: 8293: 8292: 8284: 8283: 8234:Nilgiri marten ( 8207:Pacific marten ( 8190: 8189: 8185: 8111: 8110: 8094:M. subaurantiaca 8039: 8038: 8037:(ferret-badgers) 8034: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7870: 7869: 7859: 7858: 7846: 7845: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7564: 7563: 7506: 7505: 7504:(spotted skunks) 7501: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7345: 7316: 7315: 7303: 7302: 7260:Crabeater seal ( 7235: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7191: 7190: 7189:(elephant seals) 7186: 7165:N. schauinslandi 7132: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7105: 6980: 6979: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6916: 6877:Brown fur seal ( 6852:A. galapagoensis 6739:Z. californianus 6706: 6705: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6653: 6623: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6606: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6455:Melursus ursinus 6446: 6445: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6374: 6373: 6341:Ethiopian wolf ( 6205: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6027: 5916:Blanford's fox ( 5899: 5892: 5833: 5832: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5782: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5758: 5561:Ruddy mongoose ( 5543:Javan mongoose ( 5474:Marsh mongoose ( 5467: 5466: 5446:C. platycephalus 5279: 5278: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5141: 5140: 5085:Malagasy civet ( 5069: 5068: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5042: 5038: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4894: 4893: 4858: 4857: 4685: 4682: 4646: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4511: 4510: 4417: 4416: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4347: 4335: 4334: 4129:Otocolobus manul 4120: 4119: 4042: 4041: 3918:Geoffroy's cat ( 3841: 3840: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3645: 3644: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3616: 3615: 3593:Banded linsang ( 3585: 3582: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3562: 3542: 3541: 3531: 3530: 3523: 3515: 3514: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3303: 3290: 3281: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3174:. 9 August 2013. 3164: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3141:. 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Archived from 2118: 2107: 2106: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2056: 2023: 2014: 2013: 1995: 1961: 1952: 1941: 1940: 1912: 1901: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1860: 1851: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1805: 1792: 1771: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1725: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1700: 1692: 1683: 1682: 1672: 1662: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1595: 1586: 1575: 1574: 1553: 1540: 1539: 1529: 1519: 1510:(11): e1007745. 1494: 1479: 1478: 1468: 1437:Science Advances 1428: 1411: 1410: 1388: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1312: 1306: 1305: 1266: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1239: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1164: 959:Great Lakes wolf 759:Genomic evidence 714:Canis cf. lycaon 605:Genetic evidence 526:Taxonomic debate 406:2002, Schedule 1 267: 259: 230: 213: 110: 109: 89: 84: 83: 67: 64: 63: 40: 28: 27: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10083: 10078: 10070: 10065: 10057: 10052: 10044: 10039: 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7625: 7624: 7622: 7612: 7579: 7549: 7516:S. angustifrons 7503: 7502: 7500: 7490: 7463:(stink badgers) 7462: 7461: 7459: 7449: 7441:Striped skunk ( 7416: 7410:C. semistriatus 7370: 7369: 7367: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7330:Ailurus fulgens 7310: 7277: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7216: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7171: 7147: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7088: 7046: 7013: 6969: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6903: 6816: 6799: 6775: 6754: 6721: 6695: 6662: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6643: 6617: 6613: 6585: 6565: 6548: 6547: 6521: 6470: 6435: 6411: 6382: 6380: 6370: 6349: 6278:Golden jackal ( 6262: 6236: 6198: 6196: 6184: 6115: 6109:Cerdocyon thous 6089: 6065: 6043: 6041: 6028: 6026: 6014: 5979:Rüppell's fox ( 5893: 5891: 5881: 5866:N. procyonoides 5848: 5840:Bat-eared fox ( 5822: 5787: 5783: 5769: 5765: 5733: 5718:H. pulverulenta 5673: 5631: 5587: 5554:U. semitorquata 5509:U. auropunctata 5491: 5452: 5401: 5368: 5351: 5318: 5301: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5239: 5206: 5189: 5156: 5150:Galidia elegans 5126: 5093: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5039: 5034: 5013: 5005:Spotted hyena ( 4989: 4972:Striped hyena ( 4958: 4956: 4948: 4919: 4917: 4901: 4876: 4836: 4774:Aquatic genet ( 4765:Pardine genet ( 4702:Angolan genet ( 4683: 4681: 4671: 4656:P. richardsonii 4644: 4642: 4619: 4602:Malayan civet ( 4568: 4560:African civet ( 4536: 4535: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4501: 4459: 4406: 4391:Diplogale hosei 4355: 4342: 4317: 4277: 4195: 4135: 4115: 4105: 4081: 4064: 4037: 4031: 4005:Eurasian lynx ( 3980: 3889: 3856: 3836: 3826: 3793: 3766: 3758: 3753: 3736: 3676: 3628: 3624: 3610: 3583: 3570: 3557: 3538: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3471: 3464: 3425:Wayback Machine 3414: 3379:Wayback Machine 3363: 3361:Further reading 3358: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3330: 3319: 3315: 3304: 3293: 3282: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3168:"United States" 3166: 3165: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3132: 3128: 3109: 3096: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3017: 3011: 3007: 2954: 2950: 2905: 2901: 2853: 2849: 2810:(6): e1701233. 2796: 2792: 2753:(6): e1602250. 2738: 2731: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2649: 2645: 2615: 2611: 2556: 2549: 2541:Dumbacher, J., 2540: 2536: 2511:10.1002/ece3.61 2483: 2470: 2417: 2413: 2360: 2356: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2275:(7): 20150303. 2269:Biology Letters 2257: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2212: 2208: 2179: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2119: 2110: 2099: 2092: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2039:(8): 1294–305. 2033:Genome Research 2024: 2017: 1959: 1953: 1944: 1913: 1904: 1899: 1892: 1877:10.2307/1374306 1861: 1854: 1847:Wayback Machine 1836: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1795: 1786:Wayback Machine 1772: 1763: 1726: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1686: 1638: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1593: 1587: 1578: 1571:10.1139/z00-158 1554: 1543: 1495: 1482: 1443:(7): e1501714. 1429: 1414: 1407: 1389: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1328: 1321:Schreber, 1775" 1313: 1309: 1294: 1267: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1231: 1226: 1222: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1193:"Algoquin wolf" 1191: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1111: 1106: 988: 955: 910: 889: 884: 850: 821: 808:generation time 761: 643:microsatellites 625:Provincial Park 607: 587: 528: 492:Johann Schreber 469: 461:C. latrans 459:), and Coyote ( 412:. In 2015, the 265: 257: 221: 215: 209: 196: 104: 96: 85: 81: 74: 65: 61: 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10156: 10146: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10076: 10063: 10050: 10037: 10021: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 9999: 9986: 9973: 9960: 9947: 9934: 9921: 9908: 9895: 9882: 9872: 9857: 9841: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9791: 9789: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9766: 9764: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9746: 9744: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9601: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9556: 9554: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9536: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9508: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9477:Eastern coyote 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9448: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9420: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9374:American Breed 9365: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9325:Mammal hybrids 9321: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9298: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9276: 9266: 9257: 9248: 9239: 9235:C. l. manningi 9230: 9221: 9215:Eastern wolf ( 9212: 9203: 9194: 9185: 9176: 9167: 9158: 9152:Mexican wolf ( 9149: 9139: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9123:C. l. pallipes 9118: 9109: 9099:Domestic dog ( 9096: 9087: 9078: 9069: 9060: 9054:Arabian wolf ( 9051: 9041: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9021: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8944: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8911:M. strigidorsa 8906: 8897: 8888: 8879: 8870: 8864:Least weasel ( 8861: 8852: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8810:Haida ermine ( 8807: 8798: 8794:M. eversmannii 8789: 8780: 8771: 8761: 8759: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8730: 8721: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8666: 8657: 8647: 8645: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8623: 8621: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8576: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8549: 8547: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8526: 8522:L. longicaudis 8517: 8511:Marine otter ( 8508: 8498: 8496: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8474: 8468: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8433: 8423: 8421: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8409: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8382: 8380: 8369: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8296: 8290: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8267: 8258: 8249: 8240: 8231: 8225:Beech marten ( 8222: 8213: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8162: 8160: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8071: 8062: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8008: 8002:Asian badger ( 7999: 7990: 7980: 7978: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7944:A. albogularis 7938: 7936: 7925: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7901:Honey badger ( 7897: 7895: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7873: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7854: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7737: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7710: 7701: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7651: 7642: 7638:P. cancrivorus 7632: 7630: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7606:B. sumichrasti 7601: 7591: 7589: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7538: 7529: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7438: 7432:Hooded skunk ( 7428: 7426: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7356: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7312: 7311: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7266: 7257: 7251:Weddell seal ( 7248: 7242:Leopard seal ( 7238: 7232: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7205: 7195: 7193: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7129: 7112: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7077: 7068: 7062:Caspian seal ( 7058: 7056: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7035: 7029:Spotted seal ( 7025: 7023: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7002: 6993: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6958: 6952:Bearded seal ( 6948: 6942: 6925: 6921:or true seals) 6919:(earless seals 6909: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6892: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6670: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6619: 6618: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6510: 6501: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6459: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6421: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6405:A. melanoleuca 6399: 6397: 6386: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6323:Eastern wolf ( 6320: 6311: 6305:African wolf ( 6302: 6293: 6287:Domestic dog ( 6284: 6274: 6272: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6251: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6202: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6173: 6167:Sechuran fox ( 6164: 6160:L. gymnocercus 6155: 6146: 6140:Darwin's fox ( 6137: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6104: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6047: 6032: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6003: 5994: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5909:V. bengalensis 5903: 5901: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5788: 5778: 5771: 5770: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5649:B. crassicauda 5643: 5641: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5576: 5567: 5558: 5549: 5540: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5503: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5480: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5276: 5267: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183:G. grandidieri 5178: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5082: 5072: 5066: 5057: 5040: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4978: 4968: 4962: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4923: 4903: 4902: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4747:Letaba genet ( 4744: 4735: 4729:Common genet ( 4726: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4557: 4547: 4541: 4526: 4514: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4495:P. zeylonensis 4490: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453:Paguma larvata 4448: 4439: 4430: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4343: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4224:Domestic cat ( 4221: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4184: 4180:P. rubiginosus 4175: 4166: 4157: 4153:P. bengalensis 4147: 4145: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4127:Pallas's cat ( 4123: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4020: 4014:Iberian lynx ( 4011: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3768: 3759: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3692:Snow leopard ( 3688: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3642: 3629: 3619: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3571: 3566: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3545: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3526: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3505:Laurasiatheria 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3413: 3412:External links 3410: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3392:Rutledge, L., 3390: 3383: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3356: 3339: 3328: 3313: 3291: 3271: 3245: 3220: 3195: 3190:Adirondack.net 3177: 3156: 3126: 3094: 3037: 3005: 2948: 2919:(4): msad055. 2899: 2847: 2790: 2729: 2714: 2694: 2643: 2609: 2547: 2534: 2468: 2411: 2354: 2304: 2248: 2234: 2206: 2170: 2139: 2123:"Eastern wolf" 2108: 2103:"Eastern wolf" 2090: 2068: 2015: 1942: 1902: 1890: 1852: 1825: 1793: 1775:Eastern Wolf ( 1761: 1740:(1): 104–119. 1715: 1684: 1629: 1576: 1541: 1480: 1412: 1405: 1370: 1361: 1338: 1307: 1292: 1256: 1229: 1220: 1211:"Eastern wolf" 1202: 1184: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1135: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 987: 984: 963:Algonquin wolf 954: 951: 909: 906: 892:Charles Darwin 888: 885: 883: 880: 855:Beringian wolf 849: 846: 820: 817: 760: 757: 606: 603: 586: 583: 577: 576: 573:C. lycaon 569: 562: 561: 550: 527: 524: 496:Edward Goldman 468: 465: 455:), Gray Wolf ( 436:eastern coyote 297:Algonquin wolf 271: 270: 269: 268: 260: 252: 244: 243: 237: 236: 232: 231: 223: 222: 216: 205: 204: 198: 197: 193:C. lycaon 190: 188: 184: 183: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 98: 97: 79: 76: 75: 59: 56: 55: 50: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 21:Lycaon (genus) 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10155: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10128:Canid hybrids 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10086: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10042: 10038: 10033: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10006: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9868: 9862: 9858: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9645:Serengeti cat 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9319: 9314: 9312: 9307: 9305: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9284: 9282: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9177: 9175: 9173: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9154:C. l. baileyi 9150: 9148: 9146: 9143:Arctic wolf ( 9141: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9124: 9121:Indian wolf ( 9119: 9117: 9115: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9105:C. familiaris 9102: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9063:Steppe wolf ( 9061: 9059: 9057: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9045:Tundra wolf ( 9043: 9042: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9006: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8976: 8973: 8965: 8960: 8958: 8953: 8951: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8914: 8912: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8880: 8878: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8848:M. lutreolina 8844: 8842: 8840: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8738: 8736: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8632: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8575: 8573: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8504:L. canadensis 8500: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8478:Giant otter ( 8476: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8459: 8455: 8441: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8370: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8236:M. gwatkinsii 8232: 8230: 8228: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8121: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8095: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8076:M. orientalis 8072: 8070: 8068: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7940: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7926: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7882: 7880: 7879:Taxidea taxus 7875: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7801: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7789:N. meridensis 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7738: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7693: 7691: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7546: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7476: 7475:M. javanensis 7471: 7470: 7468: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7401:C. leuconotus 7397: 7395: 7393: 7392:C. humboldtii 7388: 7386: 7384: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7357: 7351: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7300: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7184: 7183: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7103: 7099: 7085: 7083: 7080:Baikal seal ( 7078: 7076: 7074: 7071:Ringed seal ( 7069: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7038:Harbor seal ( 7036: 7034: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7008: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6996:Ribbon seal ( 6994: 6992: 6990: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6964: 6961:Hooded seal ( 6959: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6897:A. tropicalis 6893: 6891: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6823:Arctocephalus 6819: 6813: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6765: 6764: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6748:Z. wollebaeki 6744: 6742: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6671: 6665: 6660: 6656:(eared seals: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6518: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6497:U. thibetanus 6493: 6491: 6489: 6488:U. americanus 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6465: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6403:Giant panda ( 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6289:C. familiaris 6285: 6283: 6281: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6247:Lycaon pictus 6243: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6011: 6009: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5943:Tibetan fox ( 5941: 5939: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5875:N. viverrinus 5871: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5816:U. littoralis 5812: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5789: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5691:H. flavescens 5687: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5581:U. vitticolla 5577: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5485:Xenogale naso 5481: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5259: 5258:sensu stricto 5254: 5250: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5087:Fossa fossana 5083: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5010: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4981:Brown hyena ( 4979: 4977: 4975: 4974:Hyaena hyaena 4970: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4833: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4801:Hausa genet ( 4799: 4797: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4704:G. angolensis 4700: 4698: 4696: 4695:G. abyssinica 4691: 4690: 4688: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4604:V. tangalunga 4600: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4538:sensu stricto 4534: 4530: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412:Paradoxurinae 4409: 4403: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4380:Otter civet ( 4378: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4274: 4272: 4271:F. silvestris 4267: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4189:P. viverrinus 4187:Fishing cat ( 4185: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4162:P. javanensis 4158: 4156: 4154: 4151:Leopard cat ( 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3998:L. canadensis 3996:Canada lynx ( 3994: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3820:C. temminckii 3816: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3785:Marbled cat ( 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3755:sensu stricto 3752: 3747: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3604:P. pardicolor 3600: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2638: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2570:(2): e88861. 2569: 2565: 2561: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333:10.1206/574.1 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2253: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2129:on 2017-08-23 2128: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2078: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2020: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923:(2): 95–130. 1922: 1918: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1859: 1857: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1634: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:PLOS Genetics 1501: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1278:Wilson, D. E. 1275: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1224: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:New Hampshire 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1005: 997: 992: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 960: 950: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 905: 903: 898: 893: 879: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 845: 841: 839: 834: 830: 827: 816: 812: 809: 803: 800: 798: 794: 789: 785: 781: 778: 774: 769: 766: 756: 753: 752:introgression 749: 745: 740: 737: 735: 730: 729:DNA sequences 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 704:In 2015, the 702: 699: 695: 692:In 2014, the 690: 686: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 663: 660: 656: 651: 648: 644: 636: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 602: 600: 596: 592: 582: 574: 570: 567: 566: 565: 559: 558:Canis latrans 555: 554:C. lupus 551: 548: 547: 546: 544: 538: 535: 533: 523: 521: 517: 514:In 2021, the 512: 510: 506: 505: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 478: 473: 464: 462: 458: 457:C. lupus 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 419: 415: 411: 407: 405: 400: 396: 391: 388: 384: 380: 379:introgression 376: 371: 367: 366: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289: 284: 283: 278: 264: 261: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 245: 242: 238: 233: 229: 224: 219: 214: 212: 206: 203: 202:Binomial name 199: 195: 194: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 108: 103: 99: 93: 88: 77: 71: 57: 53: 48: 43: 39: 34: 31:Eastern wolf 29: 26: 22: 10017:Canis lycaon 10016: 9836: 9795:Ursid hybrid 9784: 9759: 9750:Iron Age pig 9739: 9722:Macropodinae 9640:Savannah cat 9605:Felid hybrid 9560:Equid hybrid 9549: 9532:Elephantidae 9452:Canid hybrid 9369:Bovid hybrid 9280: 9270: 9261: 9252: 9243: 9234: 9225: 9217:C. l. lycaon 9216: 9214: 9208:C. l. ligoni 9207: 9198: 9189: 9180: 9171: 9162: 9153: 9145:C. l. arctos 9144: 9122: 9113: 9104: 9100: 9091: 9083:C. l. chanco 9082: 9074:C. l. chanco 9073: 9064: 9055: 9046: 9025: 9016: 8910: 8901: 8892: 8883: 8874: 8865: 8856: 8847: 8838: 8829: 8820: 8811: 8802: 8793: 8784: 8775: 8766: 8746: 8734: 8725: 8716: 8707: 8695: 8670: 8661: 8652: 8640: 8628: 8616: 8605:L. sumatrana 8604: 8595: 8583: 8571: 8554: 8542: 8530: 8521: 8512: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8437: 8428: 8416: 8404: 8388:V. peregusna 8387: 8375: 8342: 8333: 8313: 8301: 8288:Lyncodontini 8279:Ictonychinae 8263:M. zibellina 8262: 8253: 8244: 8235: 8226: 8218:M. flavigula 8217: 8208: 8200:M. americana 8199: 8179: 8167: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8120:Eira barbara 8119: 8093: 8085:M. personata 8084: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8048: 8028: 8012: 8003: 7995:M. canescens 7994: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7931: 7902: 7890: 7878: 7797: 7788: 7776: 7764: 7755: 7743: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7687: 7667: 7655: 7646: 7637: 7617: 7605: 7604:Cacomistle ( 7596: 7584: 7573:Potos flavus 7572: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7515: 7495: 7483: 7474: 7454: 7442: 7433: 7421: 7409: 7400: 7391: 7382: 7362: 7329: 7270: 7261: 7252: 7243: 7209: 7200: 7180: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7125:(monk seals) 7081: 7072: 7063: 7051: 7039: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6997: 6988: 6962: 6953: 6896: 6888:A. townsendi 6887: 6878: 6870:A. philippii 6869: 6860: 6851: 6842: 6834:A. australis 6833: 6821: 6809: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6747: 6738: 6726: 6714: 6688: 6676: 6636: 6515:U. maritimus 6514: 6513:Polar bear ( 6505: 6504:Brown bear ( 6496: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6454: 6453:Sloth bear ( 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6342: 6333: 6324: 6322: 6315: 6306: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6267: 6256:Cuon alpinus 6255: 6246: 6230:L. mesomelas 6229: 6220: 6208: 6177: 6168: 6159: 6158:Pampas fox ( 6150: 6141: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6099: 6083:S. venaticus 6082: 6070: 6058: 6057:Maned wolf ( 6039:Cerdocyonina 6007: 6006:Fennec fox ( 5998: 5989: 5981:V. rueppelli 5980: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5952:Arctic fox ( 5945:V. ferrilata 5944: 5935: 5934:Corsac fox ( 5926: 5917: 5908: 5907:Bengal fox ( 5886: 5874: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5815: 5814:Island fox ( 5806: 5794: 5727:H. sanguinea 5726: 5717: 5708: 5700:H. ichneumon 5699: 5690: 5678: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5636: 5624: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5580: 5571: 5562: 5553: 5544: 5535: 5527:U. edwardsii 5526: 5518:U. brachyura 5517: 5508: 5496: 5484: 5475: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5419:C. alexandri 5418: 5406: 5394: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5344: 5336:M. gambianus 5335: 5323: 5311: 5295:S. suricatta 5294: 5282: 5257: 5232: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5182: 5173: 5161: 5149: 5119: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5077: 5054:carnivorans) 5035: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4973: 4941: 4929: 4899:Herpestoidea 4862:Herpestoidea 4829: 4821:G. victoriae 4820: 4811: 4810:Cape genet ( 4802: 4794:G. servalina 4793: 4784: 4783:King genet ( 4776:G. piscivora 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4740:G. johnstoni 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4676: 4665:P. leightoni 4664: 4655: 4637: 4612: 4603: 4595:V. megaspila 4594: 4586:V. civettina 4585: 4573: 4561: 4552: 4537: 4521: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4270: 4261: 4253:F. margarita 4252: 4243: 4234: 4233:Jungle cat ( 4225: 4216: 4204: 4188: 4179: 4171:P. planiceps 4170: 4161: 4152: 4142:Prionailurus 4140: 4128: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4073:Jaguarundi ( 4057: 4045: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3920:L. geoffroyi 3919: 3910: 3909:Pampas cat ( 3898: 3882: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3819: 3810: 3798: 3787:P. marmorata 3786: 3774: 3754: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3660: 3648: 3603: 3594: 3577: 3550: 3503:Superorder: 3497:Infraclass: 3418:Eastern wolf 3404: 3400:(April 2010) 3398:Wolf Steward 3397: 3386: 3370: 3351: 3342: 3331: 3321: 3316: 3306: 3285: 3264:30 September 3262:. Retrieved 3258: 3248: 3237:. Retrieved 3232: 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3207: 3198: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3147:. Retrieved 3143:the original 3138: 3129: 3116: 3115:Canis lycaon 3112: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3028:. Retrieved 3022: 3008: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2865: 2862:BMC Genomics 2861: 2850: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2750: 2746: 2704: 2697: 2660: 2657:BMC Genomics 2656: 2646: 2627: 2623: 2612: 2567: 2563: 2537: 2497:(1): 19–33. 2494: 2490: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2324: 2320: 2307: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2239:. Retrieved 2216: 2209: 2190: 2186: 2161:. Retrieved 2157: 2131:. Retrieved 2127:the original 2081:. Retrieved 2071: 2036: 2032: 1967: 1963: 1920: 1916: 1871:(1): 37–45. 1868: 1864: 1838: 1816:. Retrieved 1812: 1789: 1777:Canis lycaon 1776: 1737: 1733: 1706:. Retrieved 1702: 1650: 1646: 1621:. Retrieved 1601: 1597: 1565:(12): 2156. 1562: 1558: 1507: 1503: 1440: 1436: 1396: 1364: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1329:. Retrieved 1324: 1318: 1310: 1282: 1247:. Retrieved 1223: 1214: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1175:. Retrieved 1171: 1162: 1149: 1140: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1098: 1058: 1008: 1001: 962: 958: 956: 953:Distribution 911: 902:Mexican wolf 890: 863:Mexican wolf 851: 842: 835: 831: 825: 822: 813: 804: 801: 797:Canis lycaon 796: 790: 786: 782: 770: 765:whole-genome 762: 744:Y-chromosome 741: 738: 733: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 703: 691: 687: 679: 664: 652: 640: 614: 608: 599:Canis lycaon 598: 590: 588: 579: 572: 563: 557: 553: 542: 540: 536: 529: 520:Canis lycaon 519: 513: 502: 500: 488:Canis lycaon 487: 483: 481: 460: 456: 452: 449:Canis lycaon 448: 444: 440: 431: 427: 423: 417: 402: 398: 392: 383:Canis lycaon 382: 363: 361: 341: 332: 328: 300: 296: 292: 287: 286: 282:Canis lycaon 281: 280: 277:eastern wolf 276: 274: 266:Comeau, 1940 262: 254: 249: 211:Canis lycaon 210: 208: 192: 191: 179: 25: 9964:NatureServe 9925:iNaturalist 9861:Wikispecies 9697:Denisova 11 9487:Sulimov dog 9271:C. l. rufus 9253:C. l. orion 9114:C. l. lupus 9092:C. l. dingo 9056:C. l. arabs 9047:C. l. albus 8902:M. sibirica 8884:M. putorius 8857:M. nigripes 8839:M. lutreola 8812:M. haidarum 8708:N. africana 8671:A. congicus 8662:A. cinereus 8653:A. capensis 8553:Sea otter ( 8531:L. provocax 8438:I. striatus 8359:Ictonychini 8254:M. melampus 8166:Wolverine ( 8144:P. pennanti 8067:M. moschata 8058:M. everetti 8004:M. leucurus 7962:A. hoevenii 7953:A. collaris 7903:M. capensis 7798:N. olivacea 7713:Olinguito ( 7669:Bassaricyon 7656:P. pygmaeus 7586:Bassariscus 7559:Procyonidae 7534:S. putorius 7525:S. gracilis 7443:M. mephitis 7434:M. macroura 7328:Red panda ( 7308:Musteloidea 7269:Ross seal ( 7222:Lobodontini 7154:Neomonachus 7082:P. sibirica 7040:P. vitulina 7005:Grey seal ( 6987:Harp seal ( 6879:A. pusillus 6843:A. forsteri 6678:Callorhinus 6612:Pinnipedia 6571:Musteloidea 6343:C. simensis 6307:C. lupaster 6176:Hoary fox ( 6169:L. sechurae 6142:L. fulvipes 6133:L. culpaeus 6029:(true dogs) 5988:Swift fox ( 5963:V. macrotis 5855:Nyctereutes 5764:Caniformia 5709:H. ochracea 5667:B. nigripes 5658:B. jacksoni 5545:U. javanica 5462:Herpestinae 5437:C. obscurus 5428:C. ansorgei 5408:Crossarchus 5264:(mongooses) 5253:Herpestidae 5233:S. durrelli 5224:S. concolor 5174:G. fasciata 5111:E. goudotii 5032:Herpestidae 4942:P. cristata 4803:G. thierryi 4758:G. maculata 4722:G. cristata 4713:G. bourloni 4466:Paradoxurus 4424:Binturong ( 4363:Hemigalinae 4340:Viverroidea 4303:Viverroidea 4262:F. nigripes 4114:Leopard cat 4099:P. concolor 4016:L. pardinus 3965:L. tigrinus 3956:L. pardalis 3947:L. jacobita 3938:L. guttulus 3911:L. colocola 3670:N. nebulosa 3640:Pantherinae 3520:Feliformia 3259:Times Union 3030:17 November 1993:10261/58581 1653:(12): 606. 1604:: 186–192. 1249:28 December 1123:nah-poo-tee 1042:Connecticut 996:Adirondacks 946:blueberries 944:forage for 887:Description 819:Wolf genome 795:recognizes 763:In 2016, a 333:Canis rufus 293:timber wolf 70:NatureServe 10102:Categories 9712:Koolakamba 9630:Kellas cat 9610:Bengal cat 9384:Dwarf Lulu 9269:Red wolf ( 9136:subspecies 9038:subspecies 8975:subspecies 8875:M. nudipes 8866:M. nivalis 8830:M. kathiah 8785:M. erminea 8776:M. altaica 8726:N. frenata 8717:N. felipei 8687:Mustelinae 8429:I. libycus 8343:G. vittata 8209:M. caurina 7986:M. anakuma 7864:Mustelidae 7851:Mustelidae 7827:see below↓ 7818:Mustelidae 7715:B. neblina 7626:(raccoons) 7597:B. astutus 7595:Ringtail ( 7571:Kinkajou ( 7543:S. pygmaea 7484:M. marchei 7342:Mephitidae 7210:M. leonina 7102:Monachinae 7073:P. hispida 7064:P. caspica 6861:A. gazella 6793:N. cinerea 6689:C. ursinus 6627:Odobenidae 6580:see below↓ 6560:see below↓ 6544:Pinnipedia 6462:Sun bear ( 6429:T. ornatus 6418:Tremarctos 6394:Ailuropoda 6332:Red wolf ( 6298:C. latrans 6221:L. adustus 6178:L. vetulus 6151:L. griseus 6081:Bush dog ( 5972:V. pallida 5970:Pale fox ( 5954:V. lagopus 5925:Cape fox ( 5805:Gray fox ( 5563:U. smithii 5395:H. parvula 5386:H. hirtula 5274:Mungotinae 5163:Galidictis 5136:Galidiinae 5064:Euplerinae 5047:Eupleridae 5036:sensu lato 5007:C. crocuta 4940:Aardwolf ( 4871:see below↓ 4812:G. tigrina 4785:G. poensis 4767:G. pardina 4749:G. letabae 4731:G. genetta 4629:Genettinae 4613:V. zibetha 4533:Viverrinae 4522:sensu lato 4517:Viverrinae 4486:P. jerdoni 4353:Viverridae 4312:see below↓ 4251:Sand cat ( 4058:A. jubatus 3883:C. caracal 3776:Pardofelis 3595:P. linsang 3536:Feliformia 3369:. (2018). 3239:2021-04-27 3149:7 December 2868:(1): 495. 2663:(1): 350. 2133:2016-02-18 1623:2013-07-01 1197:ontario.ca 1177:25 October 1155:References 1119:ma-hei-gan 897:melanistic 401:under the 309:subspecies 87:Threatened 66:Imperiled 10032:Q55693842 9689:Hominidae 9416:Camelidae 9134:New World 9036:Old World 9023:Species: 9005:Carnivora 8985:Kingdom: 8972:gray wolf 8821:M. itatsi 8755:(weasels) 8618:Lutrogale 8555:E. lutris 8513:L. felina 8322:(grisons) 8245:M. martes 8188:(martens) 8106:Guloninae 7892:Mellivora 7765:N. narica 7706:B. medius 7697:B. gabbii 7688:B. alleni 7676:(olingos) 7645:Raccoon ( 7497:Spilogale 7383:C. chinga 7364:Conepatus 7320:Ailuridae 7119:Monachini 7031:P. largha 6701:Otariinae 6664:sea lions 6659:fur seals 6650:Otariidae 6535:Mustelida 6506:U. arctos 6368:Arctoidea 6325:C. lycaon 6280:C. aureus 6210:Lupulella 6122:Lycalopex 5999:V. vulpes 5997:Red fox ( 5961:Kit fox ( 5936:V. corsac 5680:Herpestes 5293:Meerkat ( 5052:(Malagasy 4954:Hyaeninae 4915:Hyaenidae 4830:G. felina 4244:F. lybica 4056:Cheetah ( 3974:L. wiedii 3963:Oncilla ( 3929:L. guigna 3900:Leopardus 3881:Caracal ( 3874:C. aurata 3809:Bay cat ( 3730:P. pardus 3728:Leopard ( 3703:P. tigris 3661:N. diardi 3579:Prionodon 3479:Kingdom: 3468:Carnivora 2724:185095648 2341:2246/5999 2327:: 1–218. 1734:Evolution 1131:Nanabozho 1090:Wisconsin 1086:Minnesota 922:ungulates 671:mutations 621:genotypes 595:Fairbanks 441:Canis sp. 335:) of the 313:gray wolf 187:Species: 159:Carnivora 125:Kingdom: 119:Eukaryota 10026:Wikidata 9969:2.741242 9956:14000763 9875:BioLib: 9846:Wikidata 9702:Humanzee 9635:Pumapard 9517:Wholphin 9350:Mammalia 9344:Chordata 9338:Animalia 9336:Kingdom 9009:Family: 8999:Mammalia 8993:Chordata 8991:Phylum: 8987:Animalia 8801:Ferret ( 8735:N. vison 8596:L. lutra 8464:(otters) 8458:Lutrinae 8315:Galictis 8227:M. foina 8142:Fisher ( 8030:Melogale 8013:M. meles 7933:Arctonyx 7778:Nasuella 7756:N. nasua 7733:(coatis) 7647:P. lotor 7423:Mephitis 7182:Mirounga 6932:Phocinae 6913:Phocidae 6782:Neophoca 6728:Zalophus 6635:Walrus ( 6334:C. rufus 6316:C. lupus 6296:Coyote ( 6131:Culpeo ( 6072:Speothos 6008:V. zerda 5990:V. velox 5927:V. chama 5638:Bdeogale 5536:U. fusca 5375:Helogale 5345:M. mungo 5284:Suricata 5213:Salanoia 5120:E. major 5100:Eupleres 4931:Proteles 4920:(hyenas) 4684:(genets) 4235:F. chaus 4226:F. catus 4217:F. bieti 4097:Cougar ( 4047:Acinonyx 4025:L. rufus 4023:Bobcat ( 3972:Margay ( 3954:Ocelot ( 3927:Kodkod ( 3848:Serval ( 3811:C. badia 3800:Catopuma 3710:Jaguar ( 3694:P. uncia 3683:Panthera 3650:Neofelis 3568:Feloidea 3499:Eutheria 3493:Mammalia 3487:Chordata 3485:Phylum: 3481:Animalia 3421:Archived 3387:Wildlife 3375:Archived 3233:CBC News 3213:19 March 3172:Wolf.org 3089:30164232 3000:34257949 2943:37046402 2934:10098045 2894:28662691 2842:28630935 2785:28630899 2689:29747566 2604:24586418 2564:PLOS ONE 2529:22408723 2463:23139890 2398:19919590 2349:83594819 2299:26156129 2193:: 1–67. 2163:19 March 2063:21566151 2002:19366404 1937:43938625 1843:Archived 1818:19 March 1782:Archived 1756:28564062 1708:19 March 1679:30518163 1536:30419012 1475:29713682 1302:62265494 1272:(2005). 1094:Michigan 1078:Manitoba 1067:and the 1029:Sandwich 1025:Cape Cod 1012:Plymouth 865:and the 848:Ancestor 773:red wolf 467:Taxonomy 317:red wolf 241:Synonyms 218:Schreber 165:Family: 149:Mammalia 139:Chordata 135:Phylum: 129:Animalia 115:Domain: 10080:ZooBank 10059:1005944 10046:8441206 10005:5457319 9917:6164202 9904:1241623 9852:Q677746 9761:Mustela 9660:Liliger 9625:Chausie 9620:Caraval 9597:Felidae 9585:Zebroid 9522:Narluga 9504:Cetacea 9492:Wolfdog 9462:Coywolf 9444:Canidae 9434:Huarizo 9379:Beefalo 9361:Bovidae 9342:Phylum 9090:Dingo ( 9015:Genus: 9011:Canidae 9003:Order: 8997:Class: 8970:Extant 8803:M. furo 8748:Mustela 8697:Neogale 8544:Enhydra 8418:Ictonyx 8377:Vormela 8334:G. cuja 8261:Sable ( 8168:G. gulo 8133:Pekania 8118:Tayra ( 7915:Melinae 7727:Nasuina 7619:Procyon 6975:Phocini 6614:(seals) 6549:(seals) 6441:Ursinae 6383:(bears) 6378:Ursidae 6254:Dhole ( 6044:(zorro) 5918:V. cana 5828:Vulpini 5796:Urocyon 5780:Canidae 5572:U. urva 5076:Fossa ( 4996:Crocuta 4678:Genetta 4575:Viverra 4116:lineage 4038:lineage 4007:L. lynx 3863:Caracal 3837:lineage 3835:Caracal 3767:lineage 3765:Bay cat 3751:Felinae 3712:P. onca 3701:Tiger ( 3621:Felidae 3491:Class: 3470:species 3466:Extant 3080:5184128 3059:Bibcode 2991:8258226 2970:Bibcode 2885:5492679 2833:5462503 2812:Bibcode 2776:5462499 2755:Bibcode 2680:5946424 2595:3934856 2572:Bibcode 2520:3297175 2499:Bibcode 2454:3488682 2433:Bibcode 2406:1004770 2376:Bibcode 2290:4528444 2083:May 16, 2054:3149496 2010:1090307 1972:Bibcode 1885:1374306 1670:6316216 1606:Bibcode 1527:6231604 1466:5919777 1445:Bibcode 1137:Howling 1125:in the 1065:Ontario 1054:Vermont 1033:Wareham 926:caribou 918:beavers 838:alleles 777:admixed 659:ecotype 451:) (aka 375:ecotype 357:beavers 175:Genus: 169:Canidae 155:Order: 145:Class: 90: ( 68: ( 10123:Wolves 10002:uBio: 9995:948004 9982:228401 9943:180597 9930:234844 9878:460504 9665:Marozi 9472:Dogxim 9457:Coydog 9404:Żubroń 9399:Yakalo 9348:Class 8493:Lontra 8181:Martes 7456:Mydaus 7350:skunks 6314:Wolf ( 6194:Canina 6024:Canini 5888:Vulpes 5784:(dogs) 5325:Mungos 4639:Poiana 3721:P. leo 3719:Lion ( 3625:(cats) 3087: 3077: 3051:Nature 2998: 2988: 2941: 2931: 2892: 2882: 2840: 2830: 2783: 2773: 2722: 2712: 2687: 2677: 2602: 2592: 2527: 2517: 2461: 2451: 2404: 2396: 2347: 2297: 2287: 2232: 2061: 2051: 2008: 2000: 1935: 1883: 1754: 1677: 1667: 1534: 1524: 1473: 1463: 1403: 1331:8 June 1300: 1290: 1092:, and 1082:Quebec 1020:bounty 998:(1859) 878:wolf. 722:lycaon 647:genome 532:coyote 432:lycaon 424:lycaon 345:rufous 325:coyote 220:, 1775 10072:44861 9891:5G6ZX 9786:Ursus 9675:Tigon 9655:Liger 9615:Blynx 9570:Kunga 9565:Hinny 9551:Equus 9429:Bukht 9026:lupus 9018:Canis 8642:Aonyx 8585:Lutra 7975:Meles 7745:Nasua 7020:Phoca 6477:Ursus 6269:Canis 5896:foxes 4206:Felis 3018:(PDF) 2402:S2CID 2345:S2CID 2317:(PDF) 2263:Canis 2241:1 May 2154:(PDF) 2006:S2CID 1960:(PDF) 1933:S2CID 1881:JSTOR 1809:"OWS" 1699:(PDF) 1647:Genes 1594:(PDF) 1276:. In 1050:Maine 938:bison 934:moose 924:like 859:clade 718:Canis 591:Canis 543:Canis 484:Canis 445:Canis 428:Canis 418:Canis 353:moose 180:Canis 10041:GBIF 9977:NCBI 9938:ITIS 9912:GBIF 9580:Mule 9424:Cama 8157:Gulo 7053:Pusa 5498:Urva 4088:Puma 4036:Puma 3987:Lynx 3266:2022 3215:2022 3151:2018 3085:PMID 3032:2018 2996:PMID 2939:PMID 2890:PMID 2838:PMID 2781:PMID 2720:OCLC 2710:ISBN 2685:PMID 2600:PMID 2525:PMID 2459:PMID 2394:PMID 2295:PMID 2243:2017 2230:ISBN 2165:2022 2085:2024 2059:PMID 1998:PMID 1820:2022 1752:PMID 1710:2022 1675:PMID 1532:PMID 1471:PMID 1401:ISBN 1333:2018 1298:OCLC 1288:ISBN 1251:2020 1179:2022 1080:and 1048:and 1031:and 1014:and 936:and 916:and 655:yDNA 463:)". 355:and 299:and 275:The 10054:MDD 9951:MSW 9899:EoL 9886:CoL 9741:Sus 9389:Dzo 9103:or 3075:PMC 3067:doi 2986:PMC 2978:doi 2929:PMC 2921:doi 2880:PMC 2870:doi 2828:PMC 2820:doi 2771:PMC 2763:doi 2675:PMC 2665:doi 2632:doi 2590:PMC 2580:doi 2515:PMC 2507:doi 2449:PMC 2441:doi 2384:doi 2337:hdl 2329:doi 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