Sea urchin - Knowledge

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five pairs of gills. The jaw apparatus consists of five strong arrow-shaped plates known as pyramids, the ventral surface of each of which has a toothband with a hard tooth pointing towards the centre of the mouth. Specialised muscles control the protrusion of the apparatus and the action of the teeth, and the animal can grasp, scrape, pull and tear. The structure of the mouth and teeth have been found to be so efficient at grasping and grinding that similar structures have been tested for use in real-world applications.

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associated with the lantern, but this does not provide a continuous flow, and occurs only when the animal is low in oxygen. Tube feet can also act as respiratory organs, and are the primary sites of gas exchange in heart urchins and sand dollars, both of which lack gills. The inside of each tube foot is divided by a septum which reduces diffusion between the incoming and outgoing streams of fluid.

2110: 708: 887:) managing about 7.5 cm (3 in) a day when there is ample food, and up to 50 cm (20 in) a day where there is not. An inverted sea urchin can right itself by progressively attaching and detaching its tube feet and manipulating its spines to roll its body upright. Some species bury themselves in soft sediment using their spines, and 1454: 1246: 1247: 1249: 3227:

Sea urchin injuries are puncture wounds inflicted by the animal's brittle, fragile spines. These are a common source of injury to ocean swimmers, especially along coastal surfaces where coral with stationary sea urchins are present. Their stings vary in severity depending on the species. Their spines

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Like other echinoderms, sea urchin early larvae have bilateral symmetry, but they develop five-fold symmetry as they mature. This is most apparent in the "regular" sea urchins, which have roughly spherical bodies with five equally sized parts radiating out from their central axes. The mouth is at the

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are famous for echinoids. Paleozoic echinoids probably inhabited relatively quiet waters. Because of their thin tests, they would certainly not have survived in the wave-battered coastal waters inhabited by many modern echinoids. Echinoids declined to near extinction at the end of the Paleozoic era,

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and staining of the skin from the natural dye inside the sea urchin can also occur. Breathing problems may indicate a serious reaction to toxins in the sea urchin. They inflict a painful wound when they penetrate human skin, but are not themselves dangerous if fully removed promptly; if left in the

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Several months are needed for the larva to complete its development, the change into the adult form beginning with the formation of test plates in a juvenile rudiment which develops on the left side of the larva, its axis being perpendicular to that of the larva. Soon, the larva sinks to the bottom

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The water vascular system leads downwards from the madreporite through the slender stone canal to the ring canal, which encircles the oesophagus. Radial canals lead from here through each ambulacral area to terminate in a small tentacle that passes through the ambulacral plate near the aboral pole.

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The test is rigid, and divides into five ambulacral grooves separated by five wider interambulacral areas. Each of these ten longitudinal columns consists of two sets of plates (thus comprising 20 columns in total). The ambulacral plates have pairs of tiny holes through which the tube feet extend.

1555:(which specialise in sea urchins). All these animals carry particular adaptations (teeth, pincers, claws) and a strength that allow them to overcome the excellent protective features of sea urchins. Left unchecked by predators, urchins devastate their environments, creating what biologists call an 1279:

called nutritive phagocytes. Regular sea urchins have five gonads, lying underneath the interambulacral regions of the test, while the irregular forms mostly have four, with the hindmost gonad being absent; heart urchins have three or two. Each gonad has a single duct rising from the upper pole to

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The mouth lies in the centre of the oral surface in regular urchins, or towards one end in irregular urchins. It is surrounded by lips of softer tissue, with numerous small, embedded bony pieces. This area, called the peristome, also includes five pairs of modified tube feet and, in many species,

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The nervous system of sea urchins has a relatively simple layout. With no true brain, the neural center is a large nerve ring encircling the mouth just inside the lantern. From the nerve ring, five nerves radiate underneath the radial canals of the water vascular system, and branch into numerous

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Most species have two series of spines, primary (long) and secondary (short), distributed over the surface of the body, with the shortest at the poles and the longest at the equator. The spines are usually hollow and cylindrical. Contraction of the muscular sheath that covers the test causes the

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Several sea urchins, however, including the sand dollars, are oval in shape, with distinct front and rear ends, giving them a degree of bilateral symmetry. In these urchins, the upper surface of the body is slightly domed, but the underside is flat, while the sides are devoid of tube feet. This

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have been found to use energy in metabolic processes twenty-five times more efficiently than do most other organisms. Despite their presence in nearly all the marine ecosystems, most species are found on temperate and tropical coasts, between the surface and some tens of meters deep, close to

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Most sea urchins possess five pairs of external gills attached to the peristomial membrane around their mouths. These thin-walled projections of the body cavity are the main organs of respiration in those urchins that possess them. Fluid can be pumped through the gills' interiors by muscles

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rather than exoskeleton even though it encloses almost all of the urchin. This is because it is covered with a thin layer of muscle and skin; sea urchins also do not need to molt the way invertebrates with true exoskeletons do, instead the plates forming the test grow as the animal does.

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lying in one of the genital plates surrounding the anus. Some burrowing sand dollars have an elongated papilla that enables the liberation of gametes above the surface of the sediment. The gonads are lined with muscles underneath the peritoneum, and these allow the animal to squeeze its

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stands. Even in these barren areas, greatest densities are found in shallow water. Populations are generally found in deeper water if wave action is present. Densities decrease in winter when storms cause them to seek protection in cracks and around larger underwater structures. The

1223:, which can follow a threat with their spines), the entire body of most regular sea urchins might function as a compound eye. In general, sea urchins are negatively attracted to light, and seek to hide themselves in crevices or under objects. Most species, apart from 879:, allowing the sea urchin to pump water into and out of the tube feet. During locomotion, the tube feet are assisted by the spines which can be used for pushing the body along or to lift the test off the substrate. Movement is generally related to feeding, with the 1399:

In most cases, the female's eggs float freely in the sea, but some species hold onto them with their spines, affording them a greater degree of protection. The unfertilized egg meets with the free-floating sperm released by males, and develops into a free-swimming

1001: 1455: 989: 1456: 1074:... the urchin has what we mainly call its head and mouth down below, and a place for the issue of the residuum up above. The urchin has, also, five hollow teeth inside, and in the middle of these teeth a fleshy substance serving the office of a 870:

Sea urchins move by walking, using their many flexible tube feet in a way similar to that of starfish; regular sea urchins do not have any favourite walking direction. The tube feet protrude through pairs of pores in the test, and are operated by a

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The tube feet are present in all parts of the animal except around the anus, so technically, the whole surface of the body should be considered to be the oral surface, with the aboral (non-mouth) surface limited to the immediate vicinity of the

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Sea urchins are sensitive to touch, light, and chemicals. There are numerous sensitive cells in the epithelium, especially in the spines, pedicellaria and tube feet, and around the mouth. Although they do not have eyes or eye spots (except for

2083: 3327:. The sequencing also revealed that while some genes were thought to be limited to vertebrates, there were also innovations that have previously never been seen outside the chordate classification, such as immune transcription factors 1616: 3261:

continues to seek testing for fatal diseases. Sea urchins are being used in longevity studies for comparison between the young and old of the species, particularly for their ability to regenerate tissue as needed. Scientists at the

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Mass mortality of sea urchins was first reported in the 1970s, but diseases in sea urchins had been little studied before the advent of aquaculture. In 1981, bacterial "spotting disease" caused almost complete mortality in juvenile

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Sea urchins possess a hemal system with a complex network of vessels in the mesenteries around the gut, but little is known of the functioning of this system. However, the main circulatory fluid fills the general body cavity, or

1458: 2025:(Clypeasteroida) arose. Their distinctive, flattened tests and tiny spines were adapted to life on or under loose sand in shallow water, and they are abundant as fossils in southern European limestones and sandstones. 967: 721:

Urchins typically range in size from 3 to 10 cm (1 to 4 in), but the largest species can reach up to 36 cm (14 in). They have a rigid, usually spherical body bearing moveable spines, which give the

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Koch, Nicolás Mongiardino; Thompson, Jeffrey R; Hiley, Avery S; McCowin, Marina F; Armstrong, A Frances; Coppard, Simon E; Aguilera, Felipe; Bronstein, Omri; Kroh, Andreas; Mooi, Rich; Rouse, Greg W (Mar 22, 2022).

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spines to lean in one direction or another, while an inner sheath of collagen fibres can reversibly change from soft to rigid which can lock the spine in one position. Located among the spines are several types of

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All of the plates are covered in rounded tubercles to which the spines are attached. The spines are used for defence and for locomotion and come in a variety of forms. The inner surface of the test is lined by

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vent, where the shell is perforated for an outlet ... In reality the mouth-apparatus of the urchin is continuous from one end to the other, but to outward appearance it is not so, but looks like a horn

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larva. In most species, this larva has 12 elongated arms lined with bands of cilia that capture food particles and transport them to the mouth. In a few species, the blastula contains supplies of nutrient

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Hiroko Sakashita, " Sexual dimorphism and food habits of the clingfish, Diademichthys lineatus, and its dependence on host sea urchin ", Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 34, no 1, 1994, p. 95–101

1146:. The small intestine runs in a full circle around the inside of the test, before joining the large intestine, which completes another circuit in the opposite direction. From the large intestine, a 1697:

have venomous spines. Other creatures also make use of these defences; crabs, shrimps and other organisms shelter among the spines, and often adopt the colouring of their host. Some crabs in the

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However, this has recently been proven to be a mistranslation. Aristotle's lantern is actually referring to the whole shape of sea urchins, which look like the ancient lamps of Aristotle's time.

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of both male and female sea urchins, sometimes euphemized as sea urchin "roe" or "corals", are culinary delicacies in many parts of the world, especially Japan. In Japan, sea urchin is known as

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The mouth of most sea urchins is made up of five calcium carbonate teeth or plates, with a fleshy, tongue-like structure within. The entire chewing organ is known as Aristotle's lantern from

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plates surviving in rocks from every period since then. Spines are present in some well-preserved specimens, but usually only the test remains. Isolated spines are common as fossils. Some

3511:, with divers picking sea urchin from kelp beds in depths as deep as 24 m/80 ft. As of 2013, the state was limiting the practice to 300 sea urchin diver licenses. Though the edible 1440:

were originally thought to live 7 to 10 years but recent studies have shown that they can live for more than 100 years. Canadian red urchins have been found to be around 200 years old.

592:, or "slate-pencil urchins", which have very thick, blunt spines, with algae and sponges growing on them. The "irregular" sea urchins are an infra-class inside the Euechinoidea, called 3249:. This use originated in the 1800s, when their embryonic development became easily viewed by microscopy. The transparency of the urchin's eggs enabled them to be used to observe that 3690:. Another version supposed they were petrified eggs of snakes, able to protect against heart and liver disease, poisons, and injury in battle, and accordingly they were carried as 584:

Specifically, the term "sea urchin" refers to the "regular echinoids", which are symmetrical and globular, and includes several different taxonomic groups, with two subclasses:

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in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species live on the seabed, inhabiting all oceans and depth zones from the intertidal to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft; 2,700 fathoms). Their

6901: 3388:, and other producers. Japan consumes 50,000 tons annually, amounting to over 80% of global production. Japanese demand for sea urchins has raised concerns about overfishing. 2134: 6869: 5246: 1457: 1640: 1511:, both cultivated in Japan; the disease recurred in succeeding years. It was divided into a cool-water "spring" disease and a hot-water "summer" form. Another condition, 4151: 1858: 637: 1823: 1231:

in globular organs called spheridia. These are stalked structures and are located within the ambulacral areas; their function is to help in gravitational orientation.

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Kazuya Yoshimura, Tomoaki Iketani et Tatsuo Motokawa, "Do regular sea urchins show preference in which part of the body they orient forward in their walk ?",

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coelomocytes, which move through the vascular and hemal systems and are involved in internal transport and gas exchange. The coelomocytes are an essential part of

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by the adult's broadly fivefold symmetry. During cleavage, mesoderm and small micromeres are specified. At the end of gastrulation, cells of these two types form

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surrounding their oral openings, these have originated from modified tube feet and are not homologous to the arms of the crinoids, sea stars, and brittle stars.

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Lateral canals lead from these radial canals, ending in ampullae. From here, two tubes pass through a pair of pores on the plate to terminate in the tube feet.

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Kominami, Tetsuya; Takata, Hiromi (2004). "Gastrulation in the sea urchin embryo: a model system for analyzing the morphogenesis of a monolayered epithelium".

2090: 1161:. An additional tube, called the siphon, runs beside much of the intestine, opening into it at both ends. It may be involved in resorption of water from food. 941: 1376:

is established before the egg is fertilized. The oral-aboral axis is specified early in cleavage, and the left-right axis appears at the late gastrula stage.

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Close-up of a cidaroid sea urchin apical disc: the 5 holes are the gonopores, and the central one is the anus ("periproct"). The biggest genital plate is the

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Close-up of the test showing an ambulacral groove with its two rows of pore-pairs, between two interambulacra areas (green). The tubercles are non-perforated.

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A. Gaion, A. Scuderi; D. Pellegrini; D. Sartori (2013). "Arsenic Exposure Affects Embryo Development of Sea Urchin, Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)".

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The organism's evolutionary placement and unique embryology with five-fold symmetry were the major arguments in the proposal to seek the sequencing of its

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Your First Marine Aquarium: Everything about Setting Up a Marine Aquarium, Including Conditioning, Maintenance, Selecting Fish and Invertebrates, and More

6595: 1784:), which lives on exposed shorelines, is particularly resistant to wave action. It is one of the few sea urchin that can survive many hours out of water. 1707:

are a good means of defense against ectoparasites, but not a panacea as some of them actually feed on it. The hemal system defends against endoparasites.

917: 6527: 7073: 1528:; juveniles feed on the pedicellariae and sphaeridia, adult males choose the tube feet and adult females move away to feed on shrimp eggs and molluscs. 1372:

pouches. In the larval stages, the adult rudiment grows from the left coelomic pouch; after metamorphosis, that rudiment grows to become the adult. The

1041:. The periproct contains a variable number of hard plates, five of which, the genital plates, contain the gonopores, and one is modified to contain the 2057: 1518:

Adult sea urchins are usually well protected against most predators by their strong and sharp spines, which can be venomous in some species. The small

6714: 1840: 5178: 5683: 1267:, having separate male and female sexes, although no distinguishing features are visible externally. In addition to their role in reproduction, the 7140: 6651: 6318: 5548: 2635: 119: 4247: 7965: 4895: 4214: 4177: 3297:. Importantly, urchins act as the closest living relative to chordates and thus are of interest for the light they can shed on the evolution of 3617: 3189: 1715:

Sea urchins are established in most seabed habitats from the intertidal downwards, at an extremely wide range of depths. Some species, such as

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Balinsky, BI (1959). "An electro microscopic investigation of the mechanisms of adhesion of the cells in a sea urchin blastula and gastrula".

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Burdsal, CA; Alliegro, MC; McClay, DR (1991). "Tissue-specific, temporal changes in cell adhesion to echinonectin in the sea urchin embryo".

3368:, and its gonads (the only meaty, edible parts of the animal) can retail for as much as ¥40,000 ($ 360) per kilogram; they are served raw as 2109: 5571: 2160: 8116: 5590:"Fauna and ecology of the holothurian bed, Llandrindod, Wales, UK (Darriwilian, Middle Ordovician), and the oldest articulated holothurian" 4076: 2064: 1963: 6562: 3914: 3431:, is a delicacy, traditionally eaten raw. Though New Zealand fishermen would like to export them to Japan, their quality is too variable. 3223:

Sea urchin injury on the top side of the foot. This injury resulted in some skin staining from the natural purple-black dye of the urchin.

8141: 7790: 3197: 899: 6682: 406:(hard shells) are round and spiny, typically from 3 to 10 cm (1 to 4 in) across. Sea urchins move slowly, crawling with their 8131: 6931: 1563:. Sea urchins graze on the lower stems of kelp, causing the kelp to drift away and die. Loss of the habitat and nutrients provided by 1138:. At the top of the lantern, the pharynx opens into the esophagus, which runs back down the outside of the lantern, to join the small 6891: 682: 7939: 6861: 6072: 4503:

Katow, Hideki; Solursh, Michael (1980). "Ultrastructure of primary mesenchyme cell ingression in the sea urchinLytechinus pictus".

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Fink, RD; McClay, DR (1985). "Three cell recognition changes accompany the ingression of sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells".

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Mattison, J.E.; Trent, J.D.; Shanks, AL; Akin, T.B.; Pearse, J.S. (1977). "Movement and feeding activity of red sea urchins (

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have discovered a genetic sequence, the '2A' region, in sea urchins previously thought to have belonged only to viruses like

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era are incomplete, consisting of isolated spines and small clusters of scattered plates from crushed individuals, mostly in

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argued for the use of urchins as a model organism due to their easy availability, high fecundity, and long lifespan. Beyond

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into a juvenile urchin in as little as one hour. In some species, adults reach their maximum size in about five years. The

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Roulston, C.; Luke, G.A.; de Felipe, P.; Ruan, L.; Cope, J.; Nicholson, J.; Sukhodub, A.; Tilsner, J.; Ryan, M.D. (2016).

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Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Cotton, Laura J.; Candela, Yves; Kutscher, Manfred; Reich, Mike; Bottjer, David J. (14 April 2022).

3596: 3286:. Oceanography has taken an interest in monitoring the health of urchins and their populations as a way to assess overall 732: 5637: 4745:

Anstrom, JA (1992). "Microfilaments, cell shape changes, and the formation of primary mesenchyme in sea urchin embryos".

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base of the animal and the anus at the top; the lower surface is described as "oral" and the upper surface as "aboral".

4685:"Changes in the pattern of adherens junction-associated beta-catenin accompany morphogenesis in the sea urchin embryo" 7795: 6627: 6047: 3893: 3513: 1356: 1338: 5837:

Telford, M. J.; Lowe, C. J.; Cameron, C. B.; Ortega-Martinez, O.; Aronowicz, J.; Oliveri, P.; Copley, R. R. (2014).

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are popular in aquaria, where they are useful for controlling algae. Fossil urchins have been used as protective

5633:"The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)" 5414: 7095: 7091: 6585: 5242: 5090: 4147: 3802: 3540: 6524: 5886:

Planet, Paul J.; Ziegler, Alexander; Schröder, Leif; Ogurreck, Malte; Faber, Cornelius; Stach, Thomas (2012).

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fossils. Because they are abundant and evolved rapidly, they enable geologists to date the surrounding rocks.

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Sea urchins can be found in all climates, from warm seas to polar oceans. The larvae of the polar sea urchin

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Inner surface of test, showing pentagonal interambulacral plates on right, and holes for tube feet on left.

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Anstrom, JA (1989). "Sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells: ingression occurs independent of microtubules".

1974:. By the upper Triassic, their numbers increased again. Cidaroids have changed very little since the Late 1198:, but also collect waste products and actively remove them from the body through the gills and tube feet. 7900: 7877: 6756: 5679: 5182: 3505:

are also known to eat sea urchins. The coast of Southern California is known as a source of high quality

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family found in vertebrates. This increases its usefulness as a valuable model organism for studying the

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ascends towards the anus. Despite the names, the small and large intestines of sea urchins are in no way

31: 6643: 6326: 5540: 7085: 5594: 2679: 1630: 1507: 773:"irregular" body form has evolved to allow the animals to burrow through sand or other soft materials. 147: 8045: 4199: 4173: 2446: 8121: 8111: 8068: 8006: 7905: 6557: 6225:"'2A-Like' Signal Sequences Mediating Translational Recoding: A Novel Form of Dual Protein Targeting" 6168:"Maintenance of somatic tissue regeneration with age in short- and long-lived species of sea urchins" 4883: 3827: 1501: 1373: 204: 17: 7065: 5632: 4651:"Characterization of the Role of Cadherin in Regulating Cell Adhesion during Sea Urchin Development" 3014: 2622: 7705: 7466: 6801: 6494: 5277: 3794: 3694:. These were, according to the legend, created by magic from foam made by the snakes at midsummer. 3263: 1568: 1109:

that pull strings of mucus containing food particles towards a series of grooves around the mouth.

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Diving for Science: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium, 11–15 October 2000

2994: 1752:. Nevertheless, this makes sea urchin the class of echinoderms living the least deep, compared to 8126: 6806: 6499: 5989:"Phylogenomic analyses of echinoid diversification prompt a re-evaluation of their fossil record" 5568: 2913: 1865: 1771:

Population densities vary by habitat, with more dense populations in barren areas as compared to

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period, some 450 million years ago. The closest echinoderm relatives of the sea urchin are the

7118: 5208: 4833:"Left-Right Asymmetry in the Sea Urchin Embryo: BMP and the Asymmetrical Origins of the Adult" 4111: 3999: 520:

because of their unusual fivefold symmetry and relationship to chordates. Species such as the

8027: 7785: 7762: 7725: 7651: 7221: 7211: 7112: 6674: 6319:"Stanford seeks sea urchin's secret to surviving ocean acidification | Stanford News Release" 5776: 5152: 4320:"Functional insights into the testis transcriptome of the edible sea urchin Loxechinus albus" 3953:

The Pantropheon Or History of Food, And Its Preparation: From The Earliest Ages Of The World.

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family carry sea urchins, starfish, sharp shells or other protective objects in their claws.

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together with planar cell polarity might be sufficient to drive gastrulation in sea urchins.

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Antarctic Sea Urchin Shows Amazing Energy-Efficiency in Nature's Deep Freeze 15 March 2001

442: 8: 8091: 7752: 3287: 2652: 2592: 1647: 1350: 1255: 134: 6424: 6367: 6064: 5962: 5903: 5462: 5392:"Sizes and Species in the Strangest of the Strange : Deep-Sea Pourtalesiid Urchins" 5365: 5296: 5121: 5000: 4516: 4335: 3937:

The Observing Eye, Or, Letters to Children on the Three Lowest Divisions of Animal Life.

1086:, divided into five parts, and filled with excretion, all the five parts uniting at the 577:". The symmetry is not obvious in the living animal, but is easily visible in the dried 7800: 7780: 6955: 6896: 6441: 6408: 6384: 6351: 6252: 6200: 6167: 6015: 5988: 5922: 5887: 5863: 5838: 5654: 5613: 5474: 5310: 5133: 4859: 4832: 4808: 4781: 4492: 4443: 4400: 4352: 4319: 3312: 3177: 3165: 2751: 1624: 1392: 1365: 1151: 1067: 1062: 907: 876: 755: 446: 289: 221: 142: 5391: 4730: 8014: 7913: 7027: 6966: 6826: 6446: 6389: 6257: 6205: 6187: 6119: 6043: 6020: 5927: 5868: 5782: 5658: 5509: 5214: 5158: 5029: 4864: 4813: 4780:

Nissen, Silas Boye; Rønhild, Steven; Trusina, Ala; Sneppen, Kim (November 27, 2018).

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is found in the North Atlantic, it is not widely eaten. However, sea urchins (called

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The internal organs are enclosed in a hard shell or test composed of fused plates of

7637: 5617: 5478: 5314: 5137: 4496: 4447: 3645: 3465: 3428: 1515:, causes loss of spines and skin lesions and is believed to be bacterial in origin. 7918: 7869: 6436: 6428: 6379: 6371: 6247: 6239: 6195: 6179: 6109: 6010: 6000: 5966: 5917: 5907: 5858: 5850: 5646: 5603: 5466: 5369: 5300: 5125: 5062: 5004: 4954: 4854: 4844: 4803: 4793: 4782:"Theoretical tool bridging cell polarities with development of robust morphologies" 4754: 4726: 4696: 4662: 4630: 4602: 4572: 4540: 4520: 4474: 4427: 4384: 4347: 4339: 4281: 3687: 3683: 3666:), are commonly sold in aquarium stores. Some species are effective at controlling 3524: 3275: 3271: 2875: 2203:. A 2014 analysis of 219 genes from all classes of echinoderms gives the following 1572: 796: 601: 364: 7882: 5650: 4388: 1665: 1404:

embryo in as few as 12 hours. Initially a simple ball of cells, the blastula soon

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sea urchin. These are characterised by their big tubercles, bearing large radiola.

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Mediterranean sea urchins illuminated to reveal the mesodermal calcite structure.

516:, as their embryos were easy to observe. That has continued with studies of their 7757: 7730: 7710: 7618: 7415: 7021: 6820: 6631: 6531: 5912: 5575: 5023: 4849: 3787: 3547: 3448:

on Italian menus where it is sometimes used in pasta sauces. It can also flavour

3324: 3307:

was completed in 2006 and established homology between sea urchin and vertebrate

3242: 3185: 2940: 2764: 2618: 2272: 2224: 1958:

period. Only two lineages survived this period's massive extinction and into the

1731: 1690: 1678: 1174: 723: 391: 275: 7644: 5504:. Written at St. Pete Beach, Florida. In Hallock, Pamela; French, Llyn (eds.). 3343: 1883: 761: 7745: 7720: 7623: 7608: 7336: 7296: 7231: 7159: 6681:. Vol. 17, no. 3. National Library Board, Singapore. pp. 20–23. 6590: 6297: 5888:"Evolution of a Novel Muscle Design in Sea Urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)" 5104:

Sakashita, Hiroko (1992). "Sexual dimorphism and food habits of the clingfish,

3686:

to be thunderbolts, able to ward off harm by lightning or by witchcraft, as an

3528: 3453: 2990: 2963: 2855: 2821: 2173: 2038: 1795: 1777: 1741: 1694: 1552: 1437: 1364:

An unusual feature of sea urchin development is the replacement of the larva's

1195: 1157:

Digestion occurs in the intestine, with the caecum producing further digestive

958: 880: 840: 787: 609: 578: 509: 403: 333: 319: 307: 6818: 5971: 5946: 5374: 5349: 4561:"alphaSU2, an epithelial integrin that binds laminin in the sea urchin embryo" 4479: 4462: 1722:, can live at depths of several kilometres. Many genera are found in only the 1486:, brittle stars, and crinoids, making them omnivores, consumers at a range of 1126:; s = aquifer canal; r = radial canal; p = podial ampulla; k = test wall; i = 8085: 7735: 7613: 7603: 7385: 7380: 7308: 7281: 7226: 7017: 6740: 6191: 5817: 5517: 5444: 4942: 3532: 3492: 3308: 2312: 2285: 2254: 2048: 1938: 1670: 1556: 1487: 1422: 1314: 1290: 1271:

are also nutrient storing organs, and are made up of two main type of cells:

1212: 620: 613: 554: 474: 410:, and sometimes pushing themselves with their spines. They feed primarily on 77: 6432: 6375: 5839:"Phylogenomic analysis of echinoderm class relationships supports Asterozoa" 5513: 3812: 923:

Test of black sea urchin, showing tubercles and ambulacral plates (on right)

7840: 7715: 7683: 7673: 7577: 7400: 7326: 7168: 7013: 6450: 6393: 6261: 6209: 6123: 6024: 5931: 5872: 5854: 5497: 4868: 4817: 4758: 4701: 4684: 4667: 4650: 4586: 4577: 4560: 4552: 4524: 4488: 4439: 4396: 4361: 3948: 3671: 3650: 3181: 3157: 2936: 2648: 2605: 2196: 2147: 2141: 2121: 2003: 1990: 1971: 1765: 1753: 1749: 1723: 1704: 1686: 1474:, but can feed on sea cucumbers and a wide range of invertebrates, such as 1405: 1330: 1326: 1276: 1220: 1102: 864: 823: 649: 597: 585: 562: 494: 490: 340: 269: 263: 248: 242: 236: 4766: 4738: 4710: 4676: 4642: 4614: 2738: 2711: 1748:

and have been collected as deep as 6850 metres beneath the surface in the

1169: 441:

Like all echinoderms, adult sea urchins have fivefold symmetry with their

7952: 7892: 7849: 7740: 7693: 7678: 7660: 7363: 7331: 7243: 7206: 6624: 6114: 6095: 5813: 4301: 3965: 3585: 3402: 3385: 3161: 2808: 2675: 2499: 2482: 2375: 2116: 2096: 2022: 1736: 1564: 1123: 1105:

are unusual in not having a lantern. Instead, the mouth is surrounded by

1042: 1008: 954: 854: 673: 669: 605: 593: 558: 502: 435: 254: 52: 6005: 4798: 1048: 7688: 7668: 7569: 7476: 6535: 6183: 5470: 5305: 5129: 4286: 4269: 3461: 3298: 3279: 3169: 2859: 2791: 2734: 2398: 2167: 2125: 1986: 1920: 1814: 1745: 1698: 1540: 1479: 1342: 1334: 1322: 1318: 1033:

On the upper surface of the test at the aboral pole is a membrane, the

836: 694: 589: 546: 486: 478: 469:. Sea urchins are found in every ocean and in every climate, from the 399: 313: 295: 179: 97: 62: 7107: 6243: 5154:

Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and the Changing Dynamics of Nature

5067: 5050: 4343: 4318:

Gaitán-Espitia, J. D.; Sánchez, R.; Bruning, P.; Cárdenas, L. (2016).

3475: 3156:

The phylogenetic study from 2022 presents a different topology of the

2825: 2684: 1817:. They dig a cavity in the rock to hide from predators during the day. 1301: 1112: 477:, and inhabit marine benthic (sea bed) habitats, from rocky shores to 7957: 7461: 7448: 7405: 7191: 6783: 6350:

Sodergren, E; Weinstock, GM; Davidson, EH; et al. (2006-11-10).

3457: 3406: 3377: 3320: 3229: 3193: 3173: 2909: 2896: 2707: 2588: 2495: 2439: 2365: 2302: 2244: 2214: 2070: 2044: 2010: 1998: 1967: 1942: 1930: 1923: 1888: 1727: 1603: 1548: 1471: 1329:, a multipart process which dramatically rearranges its structure by 1272: 1228: 1191: 1139: 1127: 1079: 1057: 1034: 980: 844: 819: 800: 791: 653: 624: 574: 458: 450: 423: 419: 407: 301: 281: 227: 189: 159: 102: 7811: 5051:"Diseases of Echinodermata. I. Agents microorganisms and protistans" 4317: 3391:

Sea urchins are commonly eaten stuffed with rice in the traditional

3219: 2795: 2519: 1744:, strange bottle-shaped irregular sea urchins that live in only the 1134:

The lantern, where present, surrounds both the mouth cavity and the

7944: 7834: 7428: 7395: 7348: 7343: 7271: 7201: 7176: 6093: 6037: 3888:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 961–981. 3449: 2515: 2342: 2264: 2200: 2100: 2074: 1982: 1975: 1959: 1946: 1934: 1916: 1757: 1682: 1401: 1346: 1281: 746: 628: 550: 498: 454: 431: 427: 395: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 2382: 1989:

periods, and from them emerged the first irregular echinoids (the

7549: 7539: 7529: 7521: 7494: 7433: 7390: 7375: 7353: 7316: 7276: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7150: 6407:

Rast, JP; Smith, LC; Loza-Coll, M; Hibino, T; Litman, GW (2006).

5836: 5608: 5589: 3609: 3565: 3393: 3369: 2177: 2014: 1955: 1950: 1912: 1761: 1717: 1532: 1224: 1135: 1092: 1083: 1021: 713: 566: 470: 466: 462: 107: 82: 6511:

John M. Lawrence, "Sea Urchin Roe Cuisine" in John M. Lawrence,

2768: 2319: 749:, which sea urchins resemble; they have archaically been called 573:) and move by means of hundreds of tiny, transparent, adhesive " 7544: 7534: 7499: 7368: 7358: 7181: 7148: 7061: 5947:"The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids" 5350:"The phylogeny and classification of post-Palaeozoic echinoids" 4374: 4174:"Claw inspired by sea urchins' mouth can scoop up Martian soil" 3785:

Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).

3691: 3654: 3381: 3294: 2151: 1896: 1483: 1475: 1369: 1310: 1286: 1264: 1187: 1158: 1147: 1143: 1106: 1075: 848: 815: 569:. Like other echinoderms, they have five-fold symmetry (called 543: 525: 517: 169: 4987:

Baumiller, Tomasz K. (2008). "Crinoid Ecological Morphology".

4940: 4831:

Warner, Jacob F.; Lyons, Deirdre C.; McClay, David R. (2012).

3660:

Some species of sea urchins, such as the slate pencil urchin (

2231: 1978:, and are the only Paleozoic echinoid group to have survived. 1768:

which have been recorded from 10,687 m (35,100 ft).

1429:

becomes sexually mature in two years and may live for twenty.

1052:

Aristotle's lantern in a sea urchin, viewed in lateral section

8040: 7931: 7554: 7504: 7489: 7438: 7291: 7266: 7186: 6819:

Martin, R.E.; Carter, E.P.; Flick, G.J.; Davis, L.M. (2000).

6488: 6486: 6484: 5885: 5630: 3536: 3373: 3352: 3250: 1764:

that remain abundant below 8,000 m (26,250 ft) and

1560: 1467: 1268: 736: 411: 373: 6352:"The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" 5150: 1259:) releasing milt, November 1, 2011, Lalo Cove, Sea of Cortez 370: 7484: 7423: 7286: 7196: 7012: 6409:"Genomic Insights into the Immune System of the Sea Urchin" 6038:

James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006).

4947:) can live over 100 years: confirmation with A-bomb carbon" 4779: 3793:(7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole. pp. 3332: 3328: 3254: 1911:). There is a rich fossil record, their hard tests made of 1772: 1536: 1414: 1289:

through the duct and into the surrounding sea water, where

1119: 1087: 1038: 707: 6862:"California Sea Urchin Divers, Interviewed by Francis Lam" 6481: 6349: 3682:

A folk tradition in Denmark and southern England imagined

1681:, long and sharp in some species, protect the urchin from 1116:

Digestive and circulatory systems of a regular sea urchin:

505:

are a separate order in the sea urchin class Echinoidea.)

7456: 7321: 6222: 5206: 4073:"Sea urchins reveal promising carbon capture alternative" 3405:. They were once foraged by coastal Malay communities of 3384:. Japan imports large quantities from the United States, 1970:(pencil urchins), and the ancestor that gave rise to the 376: 6406: 5985: 3789:

Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach

2002:

in the chalk of the Cretaceous period, serve as zone or

508:

The animals have been studied since the 19th century as

5843:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5508:. Nahant, MA: American Academy of Underwater Sciences. 5179:"Aquatic Species at Risk – Species Profile – Sea Otter" 4200:"Aristotle's lantern in echinoderms: an ancient riddle" 4197: 6892:"Scorned at Home, Maine Sea Urchin Is a Star in Japan" 6553:"The little urchins that can command a princely price" 4377:

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

3603: 3583: 3563: 3550:, it is served raw with lemon, onions, and olive oil. 3506: 1673:

is a dangerous, potentially lethally venomous species.

1045:, which is used to balance the water vascular system. 4620: 4240:"Rock-Chewing Sea Urchins Have Self-Sharpening Teeth" 3630: 3257:. They continue to be used for embryonic studies, as 1981:

The euechinoids diversified into new lineages in the

1493: 1211:

finer nerves to innervate the tube feet, spines, and

588:("modern" sea urchins, including irregular ones) and 382: 379: 4109: 3649:

A fossil sea urchin found on a Middle Saxon site in

3410: 1571:

on the marine ecosystem. Sea otters have re-entered

6345: 6343: 6166:Bodnar, Andrea G.; Coffman, James A. (2016-08-01). 6040:

Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology

4198:Voultsiadou, Eleni; Chintiroglou, Chariton (2008). 3825: 1575:, dramatically improving coastal ecosystem health. 1531:Sea urchins are one of the favourite foods of many 367: 6954: 5781:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 36 ff, section 2.4. 5581: 3786: 3311:-related genes. Sea urchins code for at least 222 1154:to the similarly named structures in vertebrates. 5879: 5103: 5021: 4830: 4110:Boudouresque, Charles F.; Verlaque, Marc (2006). 4043:"The Echinoid Directory - Natural History Museum" 4013:"The Echinoid Directory - Natural History Museum" 1834:, an abyssal species, at thousands of meters deep 8083: 6340: 5812: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5624: 5588:Botting, Joseph P.; Muir, Lucy A. (March 2012). 5075: 3784: 3442:is often eaten raw, or with lemon, and known as 2568:The phylogeny of the sea urchins is as follows: 851:into the calcium carbonate portion of the test. 5830: 5578:University of Delaware. Retrieved 22 March 2018 5048: 4824: 4294: 449:; The latter indicates that they belong to the 7086:Sea Urchin Harvesters Association – California 6644:"Making Oko'-Oko', A Sama Sea Urchin Delicacy" 6094:Matthew D. Gargus; David K. Morohashi (2012). 5502:"Habitat Influences on Sea Urchin Populations" 5383: 4941:Thomas A. Ebert & John R. Southon (2003). 4558: 4417: 3361: 1590:, a highly specialized predator of sea urchins 1417:and lacks arms, since it has no need to feed. 1164: 7134: 6165: 5938: 5746: 5408: 5406: 5213:. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–202. 4989:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4881: 4213:(3). Station Biologique de Roscoff: 299–302. 3624: 3518: 3443: 3347:Sea urchin cut open, revealing the roe inside 3282:, urchins provide an opportunity to research 1379: 5764:. London: Blandford Press. pp. 161–163. 5492: 5490: 5488: 5438: 4682: 4648: 4502: 4411: 3735:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 3469: 1740:. One of the deepest-living families is the 1205: 6672: 5587: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5275: 4460: 3422: 7141: 7127: 6735:for Puglia, Italy: Touring Club Italiano, 6702: 5403: 5108:, and its dependence on host sea urchin". 4934: 4592: 3955:Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, p. 245. 3908: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 1522:lives among the spines of urchins such as 1345:cells move into the blastocoel and become 753:. The name is derived from the Old French 118: 7026:. Chatto & Windus. pp. 469–470. 6440: 6383: 6251: 6199: 6113: 6014: 6004: 5979: 5970: 5944: 5921: 5911: 5862: 5607: 5485: 5415:"What are the Deepest known echinoderms?" 5373: 5304: 5066: 4986: 4858: 4848: 4807: 4797: 4700: 4666: 4576: 4478: 4420:Development, Growth & Differentiation 4351: 4285: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 1891:were used for walking on the soft seabed. 1660: 1309:During early development, the sea urchin 893:uses its jaws to burrow into soft rocks. 867:, moveable stalked structures with jaws. 6985: 6586:"Searchin' for Urchin: A Culinary Quest" 5945:Kroh, Andreas; Smith, Andrew B. (2010). 5759: 5336: 5015: 4530: 3644: 3342: 3315:genes and over 200 genes related to the 3290:, temperatures, and ecological impacts. 3218: 1882: 1868:allows it to stay on wave-beaten cliffs. 1664: 1452: 1383: 1355: 1300: 1243: 1168: 1111: 1047: 1020: 1016: 853: 795: 706: 604:. Irregular echinoids include flattened 6961:. Barron's Educational Series. p. 6952: 6889: 6822:Marine and Freshwater Products Handbook 6739:, 1984, p. 314; for Alexandria, Egypt: 6710:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6675:"The Role of Foraging in Malay Cuisine" 6583: 6565:from the original on September 17, 2011 6513:Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology 6476:Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology 6031: 5774: 5706:"The Echinoid Directory | Introduction" 5151:Terborgh, John; Estes, James A (2013). 5025:Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology 4744: 4716: 4120:Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology 3485:On the Pacific Coast of North America, 1628:) attacking a slate pencil sea urchin ( 1360:The development of a regular sea urchin 14: 8084: 6812: 6616:"Sea Urchin Fishery and Overfishing", 6598:from the original on 11 September 2018 6463:Laura Rogers-Bennett, "The Ecology of 5538: 5009:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124116 4267: 3883: 3751: 3196:are comprised in a common basal clade 1559:, devoid of macroalgae and associated 7816: 7815: 7122: 7062:World Register of Marine Species link 6994:from the original on 17 February 2019 6904:from the original on February 2, 2017 6855: 6853: 6825:. Taylor & Francis. p. 268. 6717:from the original on October 25, 2010 6636: 6550: 6062: 5496: 5200: 4295:Charles Q. Choi (December 28, 2009). 4238:Choi, Charles Q. (29 December 2010). 3879: 3877: 3875: 3670:, and they make good additions to an 3535:. It is commonly exported, mostly to 3203: 1954:with just six species known from the 493:(Holothuroidea), which like them are 8046:CB1D34A5-4771-EBE7-5E44-DB0A2ACD89FA 8007:77ecce8f-b4ff-4738-b6ba-30a37aceac39 6096:"A sea-urchin spine chilling remedy" 6075:from the original on 4 December 2010 5778:Echinoidea: with pentameral symmetry 5347: 5324:from the original on 29 October 2020 5207:Thiel, Martin; Watling, Les (2015). 4237: 4053:from the original on 8 December 2023 4023:from the original on 8 December 2023 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3819: 3697: 3228:can be venomous or cause infection. 1926:had very heavy, club-shaped spines. 1710: 8117:Extant Ordovician first appearances 6859: 6703:Wassilieff, Maggy (March 2, 2009). 6551:Macey, Richard (November 9, 2004). 6544: 5951:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5712:from the original on 25 August 2024 5682:. British Geological Survey. 2017. 5672: 5638:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5412: 5390:Mah, Christopher (April 12, 2011). 5389: 5354:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5171: 4747:The Journal of Experimental Zoology 4297:"Body of Sea Urchin is One Big Eye" 4270:"Sea Urchins Use Whole Body As Eye" 4100:, vol. 159, no 5, 2012, p. 959–965. 3733:"Animal Diversity Web – Echinoidea" 3570:, or rice bowl with sea urchin roe 1650:finishing the remains of a damaged 24: 8142:Seafood in Native American cuisine 6934:from the original on 15 March 2018 6850: 6584:Zatylny, Jane (6 September 2018). 6042:. Saunders Elsevier. p. 431. 5686:from the original on 15 March 2018 5562: 3976:from the original on 15 March 2018 3725: 3653:, thought to have been used as an 3233:skin, further problems may occur. 1494:Predators, parasites, and diseases 781: 25: 8153: 8132:Late Ordovician first appearances 7055: 6890:Kleiman, Dena (October 3, 1990). 5732:"The Echinoid Directory | Spines" 5413:Mah, Christopher (8 April 2014). 4559:Hertzler, PL; McClay, DR (1999). 4154:from the original on 2 March 2024 3939:London: Jarrold and Sons, p. 107. 3852: 3514:Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 1878: 1734:family, and the "cactus urchins" 1685:. Some tropical sea urchins like 1339:epithelial-mesenchymal transition 822:. The test is referred to as an 481:depths. The fossil record of the 7650: 7643: 7636: 7108:California Sea Urchin commission 6790:, nouvelle édition, 1974, p. 248 6654:from the original on 3 June 2023 5425:from the original on 16 May 2018 5285:Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 4432:10.1111/j.1440-169x.2004.00755.x 3917:from the original on 17 May 2024 3911:"Taxonomic Etymologies EEOB 111" 3840:World Register of Marine Species 3739:from the original on 16 May 2011 3616: 3595: 3575: 3555: 3013: 2993: 2966: 2939: 2912: 2858: 2824: 2794: 2767: 2737: 2710: 2683: 2678: 2651: 2621: 2591: 2518: 2498: 2445: 2404: 2381: 2341: 2318: 2271: 2230: 2159: 2133: 2108: 2082: 2056: 2030: 1857: 1839: 1822: 1803: 1639: 1615: 1595: 1580: 1448: 1095:with the panes of horn left out. 1000: 988: 966: 940: 928: 916: 898: 681: 661: 636: 363: 146: 50: 7040:from the original on 2023-07-28 7006: 6988:"Prehistoric fossil collectors" 6979: 6946: 6916: 6883: 6872:from the original on 2017-03-26 6839:from the original on 2024-08-25 6793: 6777: 6766: 6750: 6729: 6696: 6685:from the original on 2023-11-06 6666: 6610: 6577: 6517: 6505: 6465:Strongylocentrotus franciscanus 6457: 6400: 6311: 6282: 6271:from the original on 2024-08-25 6216: 6159: 6144:. Exploratorium. Archived from 6130: 6101:New England Journal of Medicine 6087: 6056: 5806: 5795:from the original on 2024-08-25 5768: 5724: 5698: 5551:from the original on 2024-08-25 5532: 5447:Strongylocentrotus franciscanus 5269: 5260: 5249:from the original on 2014-10-06 5227: 5144: 5110:Environmental Biology of Fishes 5097: 5042: 4980: 4969:from the original on 2013-05-03 4945:Strongylocentrotus franciscanus 4923:from the original on 2023-05-18 4909: 4898:from the original on 2024-04-23 4875: 4773: 4683:Miller, JR; McClay, DR (1997). 4649:Miller, JR; McClay, DR (1997). 4505:Journal of Experimental Zoology 4454: 4368: 4311: 4274:Journal of Experimental Biology 4261: 4231: 4220:from the original on 2020-12-23 4191: 4180:from the original on 2019-10-12 4166: 4136: 4103: 4090: 4079:from the original on 2016-07-14 4065: 4035: 4005: 3704: 3488:Strongylocentrotus franciscanus 1929:Most fossil echinoids from the 1239: 1234: 1190:. This coelomic fluid contains 542:Sea urchins are members of the 8137:Negligibly senescent organisms 7113:Introduction to the Echinoidea 5449:) adjacent to a kelp forest". 5210:Lifestyles and Feeding Biology 5028:. Elsevier. pp. 167–168. 4148:Natural History Museum, London 4118:. In Lawrence, John M. (ed.). 4049:. Natural History Museum, UK. 4019:. Natural History Museum, UK. 3988: 3958: 3942: 3929: 3902: 3826:Kroh, A.; Hansson, H. (2013). 3503:Native Americans in California 2329: Sea cucumbers 1887:The thick spines (radiola) of 1296: 839:. Sea urchins convert aqueous 702: 623:), they make up the subphylum 13: 1: 7081:The sea urchin genome project 6745:A Book of Middle Eastern Food 6737:Guida all'Italia gastronomica 6469:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 6138:"Insight from the Sea Urchin" 5775:Schultz, Heinke A.G. (2015). 5651:10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408 5055:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 4886:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 4731:10.1016/S0012-1606(89)80058-2 4389:10.3109/01480545.2015.1041602 4000:"What Makes Us Human", p. 381 3718: 3498:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 3304:Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 1993:) during the early Jurassic. 1462:Sea urchin in natural habitat 1349:. It has been suggested that 619:Together with sea cucumbers ( 27:Class of marine invertebrates 8097:Animal developmental biology 6673:Khir Johari (Oct–Dec 2021). 6325:. 2013-04-08. Archived from 5913:10.1371/journal.pone.0037520 5157:. Island Press. p. 38. 4850:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001404 4635:10.1016/0012-1606(91)90425-3 4607:10.1016/0012-1606(85)90376-8 4545:10.1016/0014-4827(59)90275-7 4461:Shook, D; Keller, R (2003). 3623:Fried rice with sea urchin ( 3527:) are commonly eaten by the 3268:foot-and-mouth disease virus 3241:Sea urchins are traditional 2185: 1966:, which gave rise to modern 1873: 1730:, most of the genera in the 1432: 711:Sea urchin anatomy based on 538:List of echinodermata orders 531: 497:, a clade that includes the 414:but also eat slow-moving or 7: 6928:Portable Antiquities Scheme 6860:Lam, Francis (2014-03-14). 6502:, 3rd edition. pp. 730–731. 6290:"Sea Urchin Genome Project" 5183:Fisheries and Oceans Canada 4144:"Apical disc and periproct" 4075:. Gizmag. 4 February 2013. 3970:Online Etymology Dictionary 3677: 3631: 3604: 3584: 3564: 3507: 3208: 2563: 2190: 1466:Sea urchins feed mainly on 1165:Circulation and respiration 672:, an irregular sea urchin ( 447:bilateral (mirror) symmetry 32:Sea Urchin (disambiguation) 10: 8158: 6990:. The Geological Society. 6525:The Rise of the Sea Urchin 6142:Microscope Imaging Station 5708:. Natural History Museum. 5595:Palaeontologia Electronica 5022:Lawrence, John M. (2006). 4533:Experimental Cell Research 4207:Cahiers de Biologie Marine 3884:Barnes, Robert D. (1982). 3640: 3338: 3236: 3212: 1631:Heterocentrotus mamillatus 1508:Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus 1443: 1380:Life cycle and development 885:Mesocentrotus franciscanus 785: 776: 737: 731: 535: 29: 7824: 7776: 7659: 7634: 7596: 7568: 7520: 7475: 7447: 7414: 7307: 7242: 7167: 7158: 6953:Tullock, John H. (2008). 6788:Cuisine et vins de France 6558:The Sydney Morning Herald 6065:"Echinoderm Envenomation" 5972:10.1080/14772011003603556 5375:10.1080/14772011003603556 5278:"Diseases of echinoderms" 5235:"Defence – pedicellariae" 4480:10.1016/j.mod.2003.06.005 4467:Mechanisms of Development 4122:. Elsevier. p. 243. 3625: 3362: 3253:cells actually fertilize 3172:) forming a common clade 3008: 2988: 2981: 2961: 2954: 2934: 2927: 2907: 2900: 2873: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2819: 2812: 2789: 2782: 2762: 2755: 2732: 2725: 2705: 2698: 2673: 2666: 2646: 2639: 2616: 2609: 2586: 2579: 2513: 2493: 2486: 2443: 2402: 2379: 2369: 2339: 2316: 2306: 2296: 2289: 2269: 2258: 2248: 2228: 2218: 1941:rocks. The shallow-water 1502:Pseudocentrotus depressus 1325:. The embryo then begins 1206:Nervous system and senses 1078:. Next to this comes the 1025:Dentition of a sea urchin 693:, a cidaroid sea urchin ( 217: 212: 143:Scientific classification 141: 126: 117: 41: 6802:Oxford Companion to Food 6495:Oxford Companion to Food 5760:Kirkaldy, J. F. (1967). 5734:. Natural History Museum 5049:Jangoux, Michel (1987). 4244:National Geographic News 3996:Human Molecular Genetics 3264:University of St Andrews 1996:Some echinoids, such as 1945:from the Ordovician and 1470:, so they are primarily 1317:, resulting in a single 976:Phyllacanthus imperialis 950:Echinodiscus tenuissimus 690:Phyllacanthus imperialis 648:, a regular sea urchin ( 6807:Oxford University Press 6500:Oxford University Press 6433:10.1126/science.1134301 6376:10.1126/science.1133609 5820:; Wells, G. P. (1931). 5545:echinoblog.blogspot.com 3519: 3411: 3284:cis-regulatory elements 1852:) inhabits frozen seas. 1782:Colobocentrotus atratus 1513:bald sea urchin disease 1313:undergoes 10 cycles of 754: 129:Tripneustes ventricosus 8107:Commercial echinoderms 7096:Natural History Museum 7092:The Echinoid Directory 6986:McNamara, Ken (2012). 6799:Davidson, Alan (2014) 6773:Larousse Gastronomique 6623:, American University 6492:Davidson, Alan (2014) 5855:10.1098/rspb.2014.0479 5348:Kroh, Andreas (2010). 5243:Natural History Museum 5106:Diademichthys lineatus 5091:Natural History Museum 4882:Worley, Alisa (2001). 4759:10.1002/jez.1402640310 4702:10.1006/dbio.1997.8739 4668:10.1006/dbio.1997.8740 4578:10.1006/dbio.1998.9165 4525:10.1002/jez.1402130211 3657: 3539:. In the West Indies, 3482:to make a fish sauce. 3470: 3444: 3436:Mediterranean cuisines 3423: 3348: 3224: 2267: and allies 1895:The earliest echinoid 1892: 1846:Antarctic sea urchin ( 1674: 1661:Anti-predator defences 1622:A marbled stone crab ( 1463: 1396: 1361: 1306: 1260: 1178: 1131: 1097: 1060:'s description in his 1053: 1037:, which surrounds the 1026: 911:, a regular sea urchin 859: 807: 760: 718: 549:, which also includes 8028:Paleobiology Database 7786:World fish production 7149:Principal commercial 7088:Also, (604) 524-0322. 6924:"Amulet | LIN-B37563" 6809:, 3rd edition. p. 280 6761:Mediterranean Seafood 6474:in John M. Lawrence, 5574:22 March 2018 at the 5539:ChrisM (2008-04-21). 4719:Developmental Biology 4689:Developmental Biology 4655:Developmental Biology 4623:Developmental Biology 4595:Developmental Biology 4565:Developmental Biology 4114:Paracentrotus lividus 3663:Eucidaris tribuloides 3648: 3440:Paracentrotus lividus 3418:Evechinus chloroticus 3346: 3247:developmental biology 3222: 2467:c. 500 mya 2351:c. 450 mya 1886: 1849:Sterechinus neumayeri 1790:Sterechinus neumayeri 1668: 1461: 1387: 1359: 1333:to produce the three 1321:layer enveloping the 1304: 1252: 1172: 1115: 1072: 1051: 1024: 1017:Feeding and digestion 890:Paracentrotus lividus 875:; this works through 873:water vascular system 857: 799: 786:Further information: 710: 645:Paracentrotus lividus 514:developmental biology 6115:10.1056/NEJMc1209382 6063:Gallagher, Scott A. 5276:Jangoux, M. (1984). 4892:Animal Diversity Web 4250:on December 31, 2010 3935:Wright, Anne. 1851. 3886:Invertebrate Zoology 3541:slate pencil urchins 3259:prenatal development 3164:are sister group of 3011:Strongylocentrotidae 1831:Dermechinus horridus 1653:Tripneustes gratilla 1545:California sheephead 1253:Male flower urchin ( 955:irregular sea urchin 30:For other uses, see 6425:2006Sci...314..952R 6368:2006Sci...314..941S 6006:10.7554/eLife.72460 5963:2010JSPal...8..147K 5904:2012PLoSO...737520Z 5826:. pp. 346–348. 5823:The Science of life 5463:1977MarBi..39...25M 5366:2010JSPal...8..147K 5297:1984HM.....37..207J 5122:1992EnvBF..34...95S 5001:2008AREPS..36..221B 4799:10.7554/eLife.38407 4517:1980JEZ...213..231K 4336:2016NatSR...636516G 4268:Knight, K. (2009). 3590:with sea urchin roe 3288:ocean acidification 3160:phylogenetic tree. 1408:into a cone-shaped 1374:animal-vegetal axis 1351:epithelial polarity 1305:Sea urchin blastula 1256:Toxopneustes roseus 745:is an old word for 741:'spine'). The name 522:slate pencil urchin 135:Echinometra viridis 7801:Fisheries glossary 7791:Commercial species 7781:Commercial fishing 7169:Large pelagic fish 6897:The New York Times 6648:Kauman Sama Online 6630:2009-06-28 at the 6530:2017-03-04 at the 6184:10.1111/acel.12487 5849:(1786): 20140479. 5471:10.1007/BF00395589 5306:10.1007/BF01989305 5239:Echinoid Directory 5130:10.1007/BF00004787 5087:Echinoid Directory 5083:"Defence – spines" 4943:"Red sea urchins ( 4324:Scientific Reports 4287:10.1242/jeb.041715 3994:Stachan and Read, 3684:sea urchin fossils 3658: 3531:population around 3468:for tartlets, the 3415:. In New Zealand, 3349: 3313:Toll-like receptor 3225: 3204:Relation to humans 3178:Aspidodiadematoida 2392:Brittle stars 2199:animals, like the 1893: 1811:Purple sea urchins 1675: 1625:Carpilius convexus 1567:leads to profound 1464: 1397: 1393:bilateral symmetry 1366:bilateral symmetry 1362: 1307: 1261: 1179: 1132: 1063:History of Animals 1054: 1027: 908:Echinus esculentus 877:hydraulic pressure 860: 847:process involving 814:covered by a thin 808: 719: 222:Perischoechinoidea 48:Ordovician–Present 8079: 8078: 8015:Open Tree of Life 7818:Taxon identifiers 7809: 7808: 7706:Freshwater prawns 7632: 7631: 7076: 7033:978-0-7011-8180-2 6972:978-0-7641-3675-7 6832:978-1-56676-889-4 6362:(5801): 941–952. 6323:news.stanford.edu 6244:10.1111/tra.12411 6108:(19): 1867–1868. 5788:978-3-11-038601-1 5762:Fossils in Colour 5645:(20): 1395–1448. 5520:on April 15, 2013 5220:978-0-19-979702-8 5164:978-1-59726-819-6 5068:10.3354/dao002147 5035:978-0-08-046558-6 4344:10.1038/srep36516 4129:978-0-08-046558-6 3698:Explanatory notes 3688:apotropaic symbol 3668:filamentous algae 3635:) served in China 3480:Hollandaise sauce 3399:Sama-Bajau people 3317:Nod-like-receptor 3270:. More recently, 3215:Sea urchin injury 3153: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3025: 2886: 2885: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2541: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2477:>540 mya 2471: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2419: 2355: 2354: 2205:phylogenetic tree 1901:Middle Ordovician 1864:The shape of the 1726:, including many 1711:Range and habitat 1608:purple sea urchin 1459: 1250: 812:calcium carbonate 805:purple sea urchin 352: 351: 208: 16:(Redirected from 8149: 8122:Japanese seafood 8112:Edible shellfish 8072: 8071: 8059: 8058: 8049: 8048: 8036: 8035: 8023: 8022: 8010: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7987: 7986: 7974: 7973: 7961: 7960: 7948: 7947: 7935: 7934: 7922: 7921: 7909: 7908: 7896: 7895: 7886: 7885: 7873: 7872: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7813: 7812: 7654: 7647: 7640: 7222:southern bluefin 7212:Atlantic bluefin 7165: 7164: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7119: 7115:at UCMP Berkeley 7072: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6960: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6857: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6816: 6810: 6797: 6791: 6781: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6754: 6748: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6650:. 27 June 2013. 6640: 6634: 6618:TED Case Studies 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6548: 6542: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6490: 6479: 6473: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6387: 6347: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6296:. Archived from 6294:sugp.caltech.edu 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6270: 6255: 6229: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6203: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6060: 6054: 6053: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6008: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5925: 5915: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5866: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5757: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5611: 5585: 5579: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5541:"The Echinoblog" 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5516:. Archived from 5500:(January 2000). 5494: 5483: 5482: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5345: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5308: 5291:(1–4): 207–216. 5282: 5273: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5185:. Archived from 5175: 5169: 5168: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4955:Fishery Bulletin 4951: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4917:"Red Sea Urchin" 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4843:(10): e1001404. 4828: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4801: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4742: 4714: 4704: 4680: 4670: 4646: 4618: 4590: 4580: 4556: 4528: 4500: 4482: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4355: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4305:(Press release). 4291: 4289: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4246:. Archived from 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4204: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4112:"13: Ecology of 4107: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4009: 4003: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3962: 3956: 3946: 3940: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3909:Guill, Michael. 3906: 3900: 3899: 3881: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3846: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3792: 3782: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3712: 3708: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3607: 3602:Sea urchin roe ( 3599: 3589: 3579: 3569: 3559: 3522: 3510: 3473: 3447: 3426: 3414: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3301:. The genome of 3276:Roy John Britten 3272:Eric H. Davidson 3017: 2997: 2984: 2983: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2929: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2876:Trigonocidaridae 2862: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2828: 2815: 2814: 2798: 2785: 2784: 2771: 2758: 2757: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2714: 2701: 2700: 2687: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2655: 2642: 2641: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2595: 2582: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2522: 2502: 2489: 2488: 2449: 2408: 2385: 2372: 2371: 2345: 2322: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2275: 2261: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2163: 2137: 2112: 2086: 2060: 2034: 2021:66 to 2.6 Mya), 1861: 1843: 1826: 1807: 1643: 1619: 1599: 1584: 1573:British Columbia 1520:urchin clingfish 1460: 1263:Sea urchins are 1251: 1004: 992: 970: 944: 932: 920: 902: 740: 735: 730:(from the Greek 685: 665: 640: 602:Neognathostomata 390:) are typically 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 230:(pencil urchins) 203: 151: 150: 122: 112: 49: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8067: 8062: 8054: 8052: 8044: 8039: 8031: 8026: 8018: 8013: 8005: 8003: 7995: 7990: 7982: 7977: 7969: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7943: 7938: 7930: 7925: 7917: 7912: 7904: 7899: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7876: 7868: 7863: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7820: 7810: 7805: 7772: 7711:Gilt-head bream 7655: 7649: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7628: 7619:Lobster fishing 7592: 7564: 7516: 7471: 7449:Other wild fish 7443: 7416:Freshwater fish 7410: 7303: 7238: 7217:Pacific bluefin 7154: 7147: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7043: 7041: 7034: 7023:Bugs Britannica 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6888: 6884: 6875: 6873: 6858: 6851: 6842: 6840: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6798: 6794: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6755: 6751: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6701: 6697: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6655: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6632:Wayback Machine 6615: 6611: 6601: 6599: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6566: 6549: 6545: 6532:Wayback Machine 6522: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6491: 6482: 6471: 6462: 6458: 6419:(5801): 952–6. 6405: 6401: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6330: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6303: 6301: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6164: 6160: 6151: 6149: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6061: 6057: 6050: 6036: 6032: 5984: 5980: 5943: 5939: 5884: 5880: 5835: 5831: 5811: 5807: 5798: 5796: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5758: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5629: 5625: 5586: 5582: 5576:Wayback Machine 5567: 5563: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5495: 5486: 5443: 5439: 5428: 5426: 5411: 5404: 5388: 5384: 5346: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5280: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5250: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5205: 5201: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5102: 5098: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5020: 5016: 4985: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4949: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4880: 4876: 4829: 4825: 4778: 4774: 4473:(11): 1351–83. 4459: 4455: 4416: 4412: 4373: 4369: 4316: 4312: 4266: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3947: 3943: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3882: 3853: 3844: 3842: 3824: 3820: 3805: 3783: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3680: 3643: 3636: 3621: 3612: 3600: 3591: 3580: 3571: 3560: 3548:Chilean cuisine 3501:is also eaten. 3491:was praised by 3397:dish among the 3359: 3341: 3325:innate immunity 3243:model organisms 3239: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3186:Echinothurioida 3176:, basal groups 3154: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 2887: 2765:Stomopneustidae 2619:Echinothurioida 2566: 2561: 2552: 2542: 2532: 2472: 2462: 2430: 2421: 2356: 2225:Xenacoelomorpha 2193: 2188: 2181: 2164: 2155: 2138: 2129: 2113: 2104: 2087: 2078: 2061: 2052: 2035: 1881: 1876: 1869: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1827: 1818: 1813:at low tide in 1808: 1732:Echinothuriidae 1713: 1691:Echinothuriidae 1663: 1656: 1644: 1635: 1620: 1611: 1600: 1591: 1585: 1569:cascade effects 1496: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1438:Red sea urchins 1435: 1382: 1337:, involving an 1299: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1208: 1175:Diadema setosum 1167: 1117: 1082:, and then the 1068:D'Arcy Thompson 1066:(translated by 1019: 1012: 1005: 996: 993: 984: 971: 962: 945: 936: 933: 924: 921: 912: 903: 794: 784: 782:Musculoskeletal 779: 705: 698: 686: 677: 666: 657: 641: 540: 534: 510:model organisms 485:dates from the 418:animals. Their 366: 362: 276:Echinothurioida 257:(heart urchins) 202: 145: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8155: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8127:Korean seafood 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8060: 8050: 8037: 8024: 8011: 8001: 7988: 7975: 7962: 7949: 7936: 7923: 7910: 7897: 7887: 7874: 7861: 7846: 7830: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7796:Fishing topics 7793: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7665: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7624:Shrimp fishery 7621: 7616: 7611: 7609:Crab fisheries 7606: 7600: 7598: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7574: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7453: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7401:Smelt-whitings 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7337:Alaska pollock 7334: 7329: 7319: 7313: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153:species groups 7146: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7110: 7105: 7102:Virtual Urchin 7099: 7089: 7083: 7078: 7057: 7056:External links 7054: 7051: 7050: 7032: 7018:Mabey, Richard 7005: 6978: 6971: 6945: 6915: 6900:. p. C1. 6882: 6849: 6831: 6811: 6792: 6776: 6765: 6749: 6728: 6695: 6665: 6635: 6609: 6591:Hakai Magazine 6576: 6543: 6516: 6504: 6480: 6456: 6399: 6339: 6310: 6281: 6215: 6178:(4): 778–787. 6158: 6129: 6086: 6055: 6048: 6030: 5978: 5957:(2): 147–212. 5937: 5878: 5829: 5818:Huxley, Julian 5805: 5787: 5767: 5745: 5723: 5697: 5671: 5623: 5580: 5561: 5531: 5484: 5451:Marine Biology 5437: 5419:The Echinoblog 5402: 5396:The Echinoblog 5382: 5360:(2): 147–212. 5335: 5268: 5259: 5226: 5219: 5199: 5170: 5163: 5143: 5096: 5074: 5041: 5034: 5014: 4979: 4962:(4): 915–922. 4933: 4908: 4874: 4823: 4772: 4511:(2): 231–246. 4453: 4410: 4367: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4260: 4230: 4190: 4165: 4135: 4128: 4102: 4098:Marine Biology 4089: 4064: 4034: 4004: 3987: 3957: 3941: 3928: 3901: 3894: 3851: 3832:(Leske, 1778)" 3818: 3803: 3750: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3679: 3676: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3561: 3554: 3466:béchamel sauce 3454:scrambled eggs 3409:who call them 3340: 3337: 3238: 3235: 3213:Main article: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2991:Echinometridae 2987: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2964:Toxopneustidae 2960: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2856:Temnopleuridae 2852: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2822:Parasaleniidae 2818: 2813: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636:Acroechinoidea 2632: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2378: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2315: 2307: 2305: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2227: 2219: 2217: 2209: 2195:Echinoids are 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2174:Clypeasteroida 2165: 2158: 2156: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2114: 2107: 2105: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2062: 2055: 2053: 2041:brownwoodensis 2039:Archaeocidaris 2036: 2029: 1880: 1879:Fossil history 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1866:shingle urchin 1863: 1856: 1854: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1828: 1821: 1819: 1809: 1802: 1798:food sources. 1796:photosynthetic 1778:shingle urchin 1742:Pourtalesiidae 1712: 1709: 1695:Toxopneustidae 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1621: 1614: 1612: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1495: 1492: 1488:trophic levels 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1434: 1431: 1381: 1378: 1298: 1295: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1225:pencil urchins 1207: 1204: 1196:blood clotting 1166: 1163: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1006: 999: 997: 994: 987: 985: 972: 965: 963: 946: 939: 937: 934: 927: 925: 922: 915: 913: 904: 897: 881:red sea urchin 841:carbon dioxide 788:Test (biology) 783: 780: 778: 775: 765:('hedgehog'). 704: 701: 700: 699: 687: 680: 678: 667: 660: 658: 642: 635: 596:, and include 533: 530: 443:pluteus larvae 350: 349: 348: 347: 346: 345: 344: 343: 337: 336:(sand dollars) 334:Clypeasteroida 324: 323: 322: 320:Temnopleuroida 316: 310: 308:Phymosomatoida 304: 298: 286: 285: 284: 278: 272: 260: 259: 258: 251: 233: 232: 231: 215: 214: 210: 209: 197: 193: 192: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 139: 138: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8154: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8102:Animal models 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7614:Krill fishery 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7604:Cod fisheries 7602: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7578:Sea cucumbers 7576: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7386:Orange roughy 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7309:Demersal fish 7306: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7074:+species list 7070: 7068: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7039: 7035: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7014:Marren, Peter 7009: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6949: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6856: 6854: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6757:Alan Davidson 6753: 6746: 6742: 6741:Claudia Roden 6738: 6732: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6705:"sea urchins" 6699: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6613: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6329:on 2016-12-20 6328: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6300:on 2016-12-20 6299: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6238:(8): 923–39. 6237: 6233: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6148:on 2017-03-12 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6051: 6049:0-7216-2921-0 6045: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5898:(5): e37520. 5897: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5763: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5733: 5727: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5565: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498:Konar, Brenda 5493: 5491: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5263: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5189:on 2008-01-23 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5116:(1): 95–101. 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753:(3): 312–22. 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4725:(1): 269–75. 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4695:(2): 310–22. 4694: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4661:(2): 323–39. 4660: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4629:(2): 327–34. 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4539:(2): 429–33. 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4426:(4): 309–26. 4425: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4115: 4106: 4099: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4047:www.nhm.ac.uk 4044: 4038: 4022: 4018: 4017:www.nhm.ac.uk 4014: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966:"urchin (n.)" 3961: 3954: 3950: 3949:Soyer, Alexis 3945: 3938: 3932: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3895:0-03-056747-5 3891: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3633: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533:Kodiak Island 3530: 3529:Alaska Native 3526: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3493:Euell Gibbons 3490: 3489: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309:immune system 3306: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3231: 3221: 3216: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3149:450 mya 3148: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3102: 3094: 3093: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3057: 3049: 3048: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2547:650 mya 2546: 2545: 2537:610 mya 2536: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2424: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2314: 2313:Holothuroidea 2311: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2286:Echinodermata 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2256: 2255:Deuterostomia 2253: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2049:Carboniferous 2046: 2042: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:Carboniferous 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1766:sea cucumbers 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:brittle stars 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1708: 1706: 1705:Pedicellariae 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1671:flower urchin 1667: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1606:feeding on a 1605: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557:urchin barren 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1449:Trophic level 1441: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1427:purple urchin 1424: 1423:metamorphoses 1418: 1416: 1411: 1410:echinopluteus 1407: 1403: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315:cell division 1312: 1303: 1294: 1293:takes place. 1292: 1291:fertilization 1288: 1283: 1278: 1277:somatic cells 1274: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1257: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1213:pedicellariae 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1142:and a single 1141: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1103:Heart urchins 1100: 1096: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1023: 1010: 1003: 998: 991: 986: 982: 978: 977: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951: 943: 938: 931: 926: 919: 914: 910: 909: 901: 896: 895: 894: 892: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 868: 866: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 832: 828: 825: 821: 817: 813: 806: 802: 798: 793: 789: 774: 770: 766: 764: 763: 759:, from Latin 758: 757: 752: 751:sea hedgehogs 748: 744: 739: 734: 729: 725: 716: 715: 709: 696: 692: 691: 684: 679: 675: 671: 664: 659: 655: 652:, infraclass 651: 647: 646: 639: 634: 633: 632: 630: 626: 622: 621:Holothuroidea 617: 615: 614:heart urchins 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 563:brittle stars 560: 556: 555:sea cucumbers 552: 548: 547:Echinodermata 545: 539: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 495:deuterostomes 492: 491:sea cucumbers 488: 484: 480: 476: 475:polar regions 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 453:, along with 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 387: 360: 356: 342: 338: 335: 331: 330: 329: 328:Gnathostomata 325: 321: 317: 315: 311: 309: 305: 303: 299: 297: 293: 292: 291: 287: 283: 279: 277: 273: 271: 267: 266: 265: 261: 256: 252: 250: 246: 245: 244: 240: 239: 238: 234: 229: 225: 224: 223: 219: 218: 216: 211: 206: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180:Echinodermata 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 149: 144: 140: 137: 136: 131: 130: 125: 121: 116: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7825: 7736:salmon trout 7582: 7066: 7042:. Retrieved 7022: 7008: 6996:. Retrieved 6981: 6956: 6948: 6936:. Retrieved 6927: 6918: 6908:February 12, 6906:. Retrieved 6895: 6885: 6874:. Retrieved 6865: 6841:. Retrieved 6821: 6814: 6800: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6768: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6736: 6731: 6719:. Retrieved 6708: 6698: 6687:. Retrieved 6678: 6668: 6656:. Retrieved 6647: 6638: 6620: 6617: 6612: 6602:10 September 6600:. Retrieved 6589: 6579: 6567:. Retrieved 6556: 6546: 6539: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6493: 6475: 6468: 6464: 6459: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6359: 6355: 6331:. Retrieved 6327:the original 6322: 6313: 6302:. Retrieved 6298:the original 6293: 6284: 6273:. Retrieved 6235: 6231: 6218: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6150:. Retrieved 6146:the original 6141: 6132: 6105: 6099: 6089: 6077:. Retrieved 6068: 6058: 6039: 6033: 5996: 5992: 5981: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5822: 5814:Wells, H. G. 5808: 5797:. Retrieved 5777: 5770: 5761: 5736:. Retrieved 5726: 5714:. Retrieved 5700: 5688:. Retrieved 5674: 5662:. Retrieved 5642: 5636: 5626: 5609:10.26879/272 5599: 5593: 5583: 5564: 5553:. Retrieved 5544: 5534: 5522:. Retrieved 5518:the original 5505: 5457:(1): 25–30. 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5427:. Retrieved 5418: 5395: 5385: 5357: 5353: 5326:. Retrieved 5288: 5284: 5271: 5262: 5251:. Retrieved 5238: 5229: 5209: 5202: 5191:. Retrieved 5187:the original 5173: 5153: 5146: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5086: 5077: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5024: 5017: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4971:. Retrieved 4959: 4953: 4944: 4936: 4925:. Retrieved 4911: 4900:. Retrieved 4891: 4885: 4877: 4840: 4837:PLOS Biology 4836: 4826: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4750: 4746: 4722: 4718: 4692: 4688: 4658: 4654: 4626: 4622: 4601:(1): 66–74. 4598: 4594: 4568: 4564: 4536: 4532: 4508: 4504: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4383:(2): 124–8. 4380: 4376: 4370: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4300: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4252:. Retrieved 4248:the original 4243: 4233: 4222:. Retrieved 4210: 4206: 4193: 4182:. Retrieved 4168: 4156:. Retrieved 4138: 4119: 4113: 4105: 4097: 4092: 4081:. Retrieved 4067: 4055:. Retrieved 4046: 4037: 4025:. Retrieved 4016: 4007: 3995: 3990: 3978:. Retrieved 3969: 3960: 3952: 3944: 3936: 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3904: 3885: 3843:. Retrieved 3835: 3829: 3821: 3788: 3741:. Retrieved 3727: 3706: 3681: 3672:invertebrate 3661: 3659: 3651:Lincolnshire 3545: 3512: 3496: 3486: 3484: 3439: 3433: 3416: 3392: 3390: 3356: 3350: 3302: 3292: 3240: 3226: 3190:Micropygoida 3182:Diadematoida 3158:Euechinoidea 3155: 3009: 2989: 2962: 2937:Parechinidae 2935: 2908: 2874: 2854: 2820: 2790: 2763: 2733: 2706: 2674: 2649:Diadematoida 2647: 2617: 2606:Euechinoidea 2587: 2575: 2567: 2514: 2494: 2455: 2444: 2414: 2403: 2391: 2380: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2317: 2270: 2229: 2197:deuterostome 2194: 2166: 2148:Cassiduloida 2142:Echinolampas 2140: 2122:Holasteroida 2115: 2103:, c. 162 mya 2089: 2077:, c. 240 mya 2063: 2051:, c. 300 mya 2037: 2023:sand dollars 2018: 2008: 1997: 1995: 1991:Atelostomata 1980: 1962:: the genus 1928: 1904: 1899:date to the 1894: 1847: 1829: 1788: 1786: 1781: 1770: 1750:Sunda Trench 1735: 1724:abyssal zone 1716: 1714: 1703: 1687:Diadematidae 1676: 1651: 1629: 1623: 1565:kelp forests 1530: 1523: 1517: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1465: 1436: 1419: 1409: 1398: 1388: 1363: 1331:invagination 1327:gastrulation 1308: 1262: 1254: 1240:Reproduction 1235:Life history 1217: 1209: 1200: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1156: 1133: 1101: 1098: 1073: 1061: 1055: 1032: 1028: 974: 948: 906: 888: 884: 869: 865:pedicellaria 861: 833: 829: 824:endoskeleton 809: 771: 767: 750: 742: 727: 720: 712: 688: 650:Euechinoidea 643: 618: 610:sea biscuits 606:sand dollars 598:Atelostomata 586:Euechinoidea 583: 559:sand dollars 541: 507: 503:Sand dollars 482: 440: 358: 354: 353: 341:Holectypoida 270:Diadematoida 264:Diadematacea 249:Cassiduloida 243:Atelostomata 237:Euechinoidea 199: 133: 127: 36: 7953:iNaturalist 7850:Wikispecies 7570:Echinoderms 7477:Crustaceans 7244:Forage fish 7104:at Stanford 7069:Leske, 1778 6866:Bon Appetit 6540:Smithsonian 6538:July 2014, 5680:"Echinoids" 5602:(1): 1–28. 5061:: 147–162. 4571:(1): 1–13. 4302:LiveScience 4280:(2): i–ii. 4057:28 December 4027:28 December 3586:nigirizushi 3543:are eaten. 3421:, known as 3403:Philippines 3386:South Korea 3299:vertebrates 3168:(including 3162:Irregularia 2809:Camarodonta 2676:Irregularia 2483:Protostomia 2376:Ophiuroidea 2180:, c. 10 mya 2170:portentosus 2154:, c. 40 mya 2128:, c. 80 mya 2117:Echinocorys 2097:Irregularia 1972:euechinoids 1949:periods of 1737:Dermechinus 1541:triggerfish 1480:polychaetes 1335:germ layers 1297:Development 1221:diadematids 1130:; b = mouth 1124:madreporite 1043:madreporite 1009:madreporite 959:sand dollar 947:Test of an 905:Test of an 703:Description 674:Irregularia 670:sand dollar 594:Irregularia 571:pentamerism 436:triggerfish 400:echinoderms 394:, globular 355:Sea urchins 326:Superorder 288:Superorder 262:Superorder 255:Spatangoida 241:Superorder 213:Subclasses 186:Subphylum: 8092:Echinoidea 8086:Categories 7883:Echinoidea 7870:Echinoidea 7856:Echinoidea 7826:Echinoidea 7583:Sea urchin 7067:Echinoidea 7044:2018-03-22 6876:2017-03-26 6843:2014-12-03 6721:October 8, 6689:2023-02-01 6679:BiblioAsia 6536:Franz Lidz 6333:2016-12-05 6304:2016-12-05 6275:2018-10-24 6172:Aging Cell 6152:2018-03-07 6079:12 October 5999:: e72460. 5799:2018-03-16 5664:29 October 5555:2011-04-01 5253:2014-08-04 5193:2007-11-29 4995:: 221–49. 4973:2023-05-18 4927:2023-05-18 4902:2016-12-05 4792:: e38407. 4254:2017-11-12 4224:2020-12-23 4184:2017-09-11 4158:2 November 4083:2013-02-05 3845:2014-01-04 3830:Echinoidea 3804:0030259827 3719:References 3462:mayonnaise 3280:embryology 3170:Salenioida 2792:Arbaciidae 2735:Salenioida 2576:Echinoidea 2399:Asteroidea 2336:Echinoidea 2168:Clypeaster 2126:Cretaceous 2065:Miocidaris 1987:Cretaceous 1964:Miocidaris 1943:limestones 1921:Cretaceous 1815:California 1746:hadal zone 1720:abyssicola 1699:Dorippidae 1472:herbivores 1406:transforms 1391:larva has 1343:mesenchyme 1341:; primary 1323:blastocoel 1319:epithelial 1280:open at a 1273:germ cells 1229:statocysts 1192:phagocytic 1152:homologous 973:Test of a 837:peritoneum 728:Echinoidea 695:Cidaroidea 590:Cidaroidea 536:See also: 487:Ordovician 479:hadal zone 459:arthropods 445:featuring 424:sea otters 314:Salenioida 296:Arbacioida 200:Echinoidea 42:Sea urchin 7597:Fisheries 7462:Whitebait 7406:Toothfish 7232:yellowfin 7192:Swordfish 7094:from the 6784:Curnonsky 6625:full text 6192:1474-9726 6069:eMedicine 5659:248192052 5524:7 January 4405:207437380 4330:: 36516. 3743:26 August 3582:Japanese 3562:Japanese 3458:fish soup 3450:omelettes 3407:Singapore 3378:soy sauce 3321:evolution 3230:Granuloma 3198:Aulodonta 3194:Pedinoida 3174:Carinacea 3166:Echinacea 2910:Echinidae 2897:Echinoida 2752:Echinacea 2708:Pedinoida 2589:Cidaroida 2496:Ecdysozoa 2440:Crinoidea 2366:Asterozoa 2303:Echinozoa 2245:Nephrozoa 2215:Bilateria 2201:chordates 2186:Phylogeny 2150:, Middle 2099:, Middle 2073:, Middle 2071:Cidaroida 2045:Cidaroida 2017:periods ( 2011:Paleogene 1999:Micraster 1968:cidaroida 1931:Paleozoic 1924:Cidaroida 1889:Cidaridae 1874:Evolution 1728:cidaroids 1683:predators 1604:sea otter 1553:wolf eels 1549:sea otter 1433:Longevity 1265:dioecious 1140:intestine 1128:intestine 1080:esophagus 1058:Aristotle 1035:periproct 845:catalytic 820:epidermis 801:Tube feet 792:Tube feet 726:the name 654:Carinacea 629:tentacles 625:Echinozoa 575:tube feet 532:Diversity 499:chordates 483:Echinoids 455:chordates 451:Bilateria 432:wolf eels 420:predators 408:tube feet 302:Echinoida 290:Echinacea 282:Pedinoida 235:Subclass 228:Cidaroida 220:Subclass 190:Echinozoa 166:Kingdom: 160:Eukaryota 18:Echinoids 7890:BioLib: 7835:Wikidata 7753:Scallops 7731:Atlantic 7550:Scallops 7522:Molluscs 7429:Sturgeon 7396:Rockfish 7349:flounder 7344:Flatfish 7327:Atlantic 7297:european 7277:Sardines 7272:Menhaden 7227:skipjack 7202:albacore 7177:Mackerel 7038:Archived 7020:(2010). 6998:14 March 6992:Archived 6938:14 March 6932:Archived 6902:Archived 6870:Archived 6837:Archived 6763:, p. 270 6747:, p. 183 6715:Archived 6683:Archived 6652:Archived 6628:Archived 6596:Archived 6563:Archived 6528:Archived 6478:, p. 410 6451:17095692 6394:17095691 6266:Archived 6262:27161495 6210:27095483 6124:23134402 6073:Archived 6025:35315317 5932:22624043 5892:PLOS ONE 5873:24850925 5793:Archived 5738:16 March 5716:16 March 5710:Archived 5690:14 March 5684:Archived 5618:55716313 5572:Archived 5549:Archived 5514:45371343 5479:84338735 5429:22 March 5423:Archived 5328:23 March 5319:Archived 5315:21863649 5247:Archived 5138:32656986 4964:Archived 4921:Archived 4896:Archived 4869:23055829 4818:30477635 4587:10049560 4553:13653007 4497:15509972 4489:14623443 4448:23988213 4440:15367199 4397:25945412 4362:27805042 4215:Archived 4178:Archived 4152:Archived 4077:Archived 4051:Archived 4021:Archived 3980:13 March 3974:Archived 3951:. 1853. 3921:13 March 3915:Archived 3813:53021401 3737:Archived 3678:Folklore 3209:Injuries 2564:Internal 2516:Spiralia 2456:Crinoids 2415:Starfish 2265:Chordata 2191:External 2124:, Upper 2101:Jurassic 2075:Triassic 1983:Jurassic 1976:Triassic 1960:Triassic 1947:Silurian 1935:Devonian 1917:Jurassic 1903:period ( 1762:crinoids 1758:starfish 1588:Wolf eel 1533:lobsters 1402:blastula 1370:coelomic 1347:mesoderm 1282:gonopore 981:cidaroid 843:using a 756:herichun 747:hedgehog 567:crinoids 551:starfish 467:molluscs 463:annelids 428:starfish 422:include 176:Phylum: 170:Animalia 156:Domain: 7768:Tilapia 7758:Seaweed 7746:chinook 7721:Oysters 7716:Mussels 7701:Catfish 7684:crucian 7674:bighead 7588:more... 7560:more... 7545:Oysters 7540:Octopus 7535:Mussels 7530:Abalone 7512:more... 7495:Lobster 7467:more... 7434:Tilapia 7391:Pollock 7376:Haddock 7354:halibut 7332:Pacific 7317:Catfish 7262:Herring 7257:Capelin 7252:Anchovy 7151:fishery 6442:3707132 6421:Bibcode 6413:Science 6385:3159423 6364:Bibcode 6356:Science 6253:4981915 6232:Traffic 6201:4933669 6016:8940180 5959:Bibcode 5923:3356314 5900:Bibcode 5864:4046411 5459:Bibcode 5362:Bibcode 5293:Bibcode 5118:Bibcode 4997:Bibcode 4860:3467244 4809:6286147 4767:1358997 4739:2562830 4711:9441670 4677:9441671 4643:1707016 4615:2578117 4513:Bibcode 4353:5090362 4332:Bibcode 3795:896–906 3692:amulets 3641:Aquaria 3610:sashimi 3566:uni-don 3525:Alutiiq 3476:soufflé 3471:boullie 3401:of the 3394:oko-oko 3376:, with 3370:sashimi 3339:As food 3237:Science 2178:Miocene 2091:Clypeus 2015:Neogene 2009:In the 1956:Permian 1951:Estonia 1913:calcite 1897:fossils 1718:Cidaris 1525:Diadema 1484:sponges 1476:mussels 1444:Ecology 1389:Pluteus 1287:gametes 1227:, have 1159:enzymes 1136:pharynx 1093:lantern 1084:stomach 777:Systems 762:ericius 738:ekhinos 714:Arbacia 526:amulets 518:genomes 473:to the 471:tropics 416:sessile 396:animals 359:urchins 196:Class: 8069:123082 8056:593989 8053:uBio: 8020:669472 8004:NZOR: 7984:157821 7841:Q83483 7763:Shrimp 7726:Salmon 7694:silver 7679:common 7661:Farmed 7505:Prawns 7500:Shrimp 7381:Mullet 7369:turbot 7359:plaice 7207:bigeye 7182:Salmon 7030: 6969: 6829: 6658:3 June 6569:May 6, 6449: 6439: 6392: 6382: 6260: 6250: 6208: 6198: 6190: 6122: 6046: 6023: 6013: 5930: 5920: 5871: 5861: 5785: 5657: 5616: 5512: 5477: 5313: 5217: 5161: 5136: 5032: 4867: 4857: 4816: 4806: 4765: 4737: 4709: 4675: 4641: 4613: 4585: 4551: 4495: 4487: 4446: 4438: 4403: 4395: 4360: 4350: 4126: 3892: 3811: 3801: 3674:tank. 3655:amulet 3632:hǎidǎn 3474:for a 3382:wasabi 3372:or in 3353:gonads 3295:genome 3192:, and 2152:Eocene 2144:ovalis 2093:plotti 2067:coaeva 1679:spines 1648:wrasse 1311:embryo 1275:, and 1269:gonads 1188:coelom 1148:rectum 1144:caecum 1122:; m = 1076:tongue 849:nickel 816:dermis 743:urchin 733:ἐχῖνος 612:, and 565:, and 544:phylum 434:, and 339:Order 332:Order 318:Order 312:Order 306:Order 300:Order 294:Order 280:Order 274:Order 268:Order 253:Order 247:Order 226:Order 207:, 1778 8064:WoRMS 8041:Plazi 8033:32733 7966:IRMNG 7958:47548 7919:622CV 7893:80056 7689:grass 7555:Squid 7490:Krill 7439:Trout 7292:Sprat 7282:Saury 7267:Ilish 7187:Shark 6269:(PDF) 6228:(PDF) 5993:eLife 5655:S2CID 5614:S2CID 5475:S2CID 5322:(PDF) 5311:S2CID 5281:(PDF) 5134:S2CID 4967:(PDF) 4950:(PDF) 4786:eLife 4493:S2CID 4444:S2CID 4401:S2CID 4218:(PDF) 4203:(PDF) 3836:WoRMS 3711:anus. 3537:Japan 3520:uutuk 3478:, or 3445:ricci 3429:Māori 3374:sushi 3251:sperm 2019:circa 2004:index 1905:circa 1561:fauna 1537:crabs 1468:algae 1107:cilia 953:, an 803:of a 724:class 412:algae 404:tests 392:spiny 205:Leske 7997:7625 7992:NCBI 7979:ITIS 7971:1079 7940:GBIF 7932:1971 7901:BOLD 7741:coho 7669:Carp 7485:Crab 7424:Carp 7364:sole 7287:Shad 7197:Tuna 7160:Wild 7028:ISBN 7000:2018 6967:ISBN 6940:2018 6910:2017 6827:ISBN 6723:2010 6660:2023 6604:2018 6571:2009 6467:and 6447:PMID 6390:PMID 6258:PMID 6206:PMID 6188:ISSN 6120:PMID 6081:2010 6044:ISBN 6021:PMID 5928:PMID 5869:PMID 5783:ISBN 5740:2018 5718:2018 5692:2018 5666:2022 5526:2011 5510:OCLC 5431:2018 5330:2018 5215:ISBN 5159:ISBN 5030:ISBN 4865:PMID 4814:PMID 4763:PMID 4735:PMID 4707:PMID 4673:PMID 4639:PMID 4611:PMID 4583:PMID 4549:PMID 4485:PMID 4436:PMID 4393:PMID 4358:PMID 4160:2019 4124:ISBN 4059:2022 4029:2022 3982:2018 3923:2018 3890:ISBN 3809:OCLC 3799:ISBN 3745:2012 3424:kina 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