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283:
250:
971:
2420:
2441:
367:
197:
40:
1521:
383:
2430:
807:
235:
Most charted ocean depths are based on an average or standard sound speed. Where greater accuracy is required, average and even seasonal standards may be applied to ocean regions. For high accuracy depths, usually restricted to special purpose or scientific surveys, a sensor may be lowered to measure
390:
Most hydrographic operations use a 200 kHz transducer, which is suitable for inshore work up to 100 metres in depth. Deeper water requires a lower frequency transducer as the acoustic signal of lower frequencies is less susceptible to attenuation in the water column. Commonly used frequencies
378:
The majority of hydrographic echosounders are dual frequency, meaning that a low frequency pulse (typically around 24 kHz) can be transmitted at the same time as a high frequency pulse (typically around 200 kHz). As the two frequencies are discrete, the two return signals do not typically
426:
In order to meet these standards, the surveyor must consider not only the vertical and horizontal accuracy of the echo sounder and transducer, but the survey system as a whole. A motion sensor may be used, specifically the heave component (in single beam echosounding) to reduce soundings for the
260:
A single-beam echo sounder is one of the simplest and most fundamental types of underwater sonar. They are ubiquitous in the boating world and used on a number of different marine robotic vehicles. It operates by using a transducer to emit a pulse through the water and listen for echos to return.
402:
A multispectral multibeam echosounder is an extension of a dual frequency vertical beam echosounder in that, as well as measuring two soundings directly below the sonar at two different frequencies; it measures multiple soundings at multiple frequencies, at multiple different grazing angles, and
398:
of the data gathered a narrow beamwidth is preferable. The higher the operating frequency, the narrower the beamwidth. Therefore, it is especially important when sounding in deep water, as the resulting footprint of the acoustic pulse can be very large once it reaches a distant sea floor.
434:
Different hydrographic organisations will have their own set of field procedures and manuals to guide their surveyors to meet the required standards. Two examples are the US Army Corps of
Engineers publication EM110-2-1003, and the NOAA 'Field Procedures Manual'.
354:
is required, a precise echo sounder may be used for the work of hydrography. There are many considerations when evaluating such a system, not limited to the vertical accuracy, resolution, acoustic beamwidth of the transmit/receive beam and the acoustic
236:
the temperature, pressure and salinity. These factors are used to estimate more accurately the actual sound speed in the local water column. This technique is often used by the US Office of Coast Survey for navigational surveys of US coastal waters.
174:
as early as 1920, and French patents taken for civilian uses. Oceanographic ships and French high-sea fishing assistance vessels were equipped with
Langevin-Florisson and Langevin Marti recording sonars as early as the mid/late 1920s.
101:. Hydroacoustic assessments have traditionally employed mobile surveys from boats to evaluate fish biomass and spatial distributions. Conversely, fixed-location techniques use stationary transducers to monitor passing fish.
410:
Echo sounders are used in laboratory applications to monitor sediment transport, scour and erosion processes in scale models (hydraulic models, flumes etc.). These can also be used to create plots of 3D contours.
208:
in water, which is approximately 1.5 kilometres per second. The speed of sound will vary slightly depending on temperature, pressure and salinity; and for precise applications of echosounding, such as
379:
interfere with each other. Dual frequency echosounding has many advantages, including the ability to identify a vegetation layer or a layer of soft mud on top of a layer of rock.
52:
90:
in water, allows determining the distance between sonar and target. This information is then typically used for navigation purposes or in order to obtain depths for
786:
261:
Using that data, it's able to determine the distance from the strongest echo, which can be the seafloor, a concrete structure, or other larger obstacle. A
162:). His work was developed and implemented by other scientists and technnicians such as Chilowski, Florisson and Pierre Marti. Though a fully operational
818:
427:
motion of the vessel experienced on the water's surface. Once all of the uncertainties of each sensor are established, the hydrographer will create an
2160:
1052:
758:
2150:
1209:
313:
it takes for the sound waves to reflect off the seabed and return to the receiver is used to calculate the water depth. Unlike other sonars and
606:"Paul Langevin et la detection sous-marine, 1914-1929. Un physicien acteur de l'innovation industrielle et militaire (Epistemologiques, 2001)"
82:). It involves transmitting acoustic waves into water and recording the time interval between emission and return of a pulse; the resulting
1027:
158:
laboratories at the beginning of World War 2 and conducted (then secret) research on active sonars for anti-submarine warfare (using a
1017:
665:
521:
338:
As well as an aid to navigation (most larger vessels will have at least a simple depth sounder), echo sounding is commonly used for
860:
713:
118:
in the sense of noise or tones. Echo sounding is a more rapid method of measuring depth than the previous technique of lowering a
2066:
420:
648:
2471:
2433:
1481:
1249:
1067:
945:
552:
182:
to generate sound waves. This was first installed by the
Submarine Signal Company in 1924 on the M&M liner SS Berkshire.
1713:
140:(device for measuring depths of the sea and distances and headings of ships or obstacles by means of reflected sound waves)
1202:
1603:
2308:
1735:
1623:
423:(IHO) for surveys that are to be undertaken to IHO standards. These values are contained within IHO publication S44.
2155:
1426:
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997:
566:
535:
1613:
1573:
784:
2343:
1329:
2423:
2016:
1195:
1002:
811:
342:. Variations in elevation often represent places where fish congregate. Schools of fish will also register.
221:
1471:
853:
419:
The required precision and accuracy of the hydrographic echo sounder is defined by the requirements of the
17:
1531:
935:
204:
Distance is measured by multiplying half the time from the signal's outgoing pulse to its return by the
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1085:
762:
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1608:
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1022:
403:
multiple different locations on the seabed. These systems are detailed further in the section called
744:
394:
The beamwidth of the transducer is also a consideration for the hydrographer, as to obtain the best
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1708:
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1274:
1244:
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950:
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1007:
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1688:
1583:
1218:
1105:
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910:
731:
404:
371:
290:
275:
178:
One of the first commercial echo sounding units was the
Fessenden Fathometer, which used the
44:
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2218:
1921:
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8:
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27:
Measuring the depth of water by transmitting sound waves into water and timing the return
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2323:
2036:
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1991:
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1161:
1146:
720:
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75:
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2001:
1966:
1901:
1881:
1871:
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1441:
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920:
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531:
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2298:
2107:
2092:
1961:
1896:
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1339:
1309:
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1234:
1077:
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159:
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2011:
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to determine whether the survey system meets the requirements laid down by IHO.
166:(sonar) was not ready for use in wartime, there were successful trials both off
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2006:
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1941:
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326:
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The MTVZA sounder received from the Meteor M2-2 satellite by an amateur station
1520:
833:
321:
to extract directional information from the returning soundwaves, producing a
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2213:
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1996:
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1304:
1254:
1100:
1037:
302:
265:
is an echo sounding device used by both recreational and commercial fishers.
143:
119:
249:
110:
is used for all types of depth measurements, including those that don't use
2400:
2348:
2288:
2239:
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2112:
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2071:
2046:
1763:
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A screen grab of the difference between single and dual frequency echograms
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318:
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209:
155:
147:
98:
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1446:
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1110:
1032:
1012:
619:
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228:, an instrument used for determining water depth is sometimes called a
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31:
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1725:
1720:
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1431:
1359:
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1269:
1226:
1171:
666:"A Smooth Operator's Guide to Underwater Sonars and Acoustic Devices"
356:
212:, the speed of sound must also be measured, typically by deploying a
97:
Echo sounding can also be used for ranging to other targets, such as
196:
39:
2375:
2097:
1956:
1848:
1838:
1783:
1259:
1156:
940:
605:
690:
2244:
2234:
1404:
1374:
838:
711:
339:
71:
216:
in the water. Echo sounding is a special purpose application of
51:
1951:
1364:
806:
382:
322:
225:
167:
135:
644:
NOAA Field
Procedures Manual, Office of Coast Survey website (
2313:
2132:
1911:
1866:
877:
490:
294:
217:
111:
67:
778:
1745:
620:"Fessenden Fathometer amplifier - Submarine Signal Company"
414:
370:
An example of a precision dual frequency echosounder, the
751:
455:
391:
for deep water sounding are 33 kHz and 24 kHz.
825:– drawing of details of early depth finders using echoes
554:
Sciences of
Geodesy - I: Advances and Future Directions
200:
Diagram showing the basic principle of echo sounding
712:International Hydrographic Bureau (February 2008).
523:
646:http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/hsd/fpm/fpm.htm
220:used to locate the bottom. Since a historical pre-
2161:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
142:on 22 July 1913. Meanwhile, in France, physicist
2458:
1053:Ultra-short baseline acoustic positioning system
2151:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
286:Multibeam sonar is used to map the ocean floor
138:No. 282009 for the invention of echo sounding
1203:
854:
253:beam shape of a single-beam echosounder on a
819:"How Echoes Tell Depth of Water Under Ship"
584:"Alexander Behm - Der Erfinder des Echolots"
581:
550:
519:
832:. Honeywell-ELAC-Nautik GmbH, Kiel, 88 pp,
1210:
1196:
1028:Short baseline acoustic positioning system
861:
847:
150:and better known for his research work in
1217:
1018:Long baseline acoustic positioning system
114:, and is unrelated in origin to the word
714:"IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys"
415:Standards for hydrographic echo sounding
381:
365:
281:
248:
195:
50:
38:
421:International Hydrographic Organization
14:
2459:
1482:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1068:Underwater acoustic positioning system
946:Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System
43:Illustration of echo sounding using a
1191:
842:
2429:
775:, USACE publication EM 1110-2-1003.
24:
2309:National Oceanographic Data Center
1736:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
1624:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
868:
603:
25:
2483:
2156:Global Sea Level Observing System
1063:Underwater acoustic communication
998:Acoustic Doppler current profiler
800:
2439:
2428:
2419:
2418:
1614:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
1530:
1519:
969:
805:
274:This section is an excerpt from
2344:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2067:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
1121:Hearing range of marine mammals
830:An Introduction to Echosounding
793:, NOAA Field Procedures Manual.
1003:Acoustic seabed classification
705:
683:
658:
638:
612:
597:
575:
544:
513:
345:
244:
86:, along with knowledge of the
13:
1:
2472:Oceanographic instrumentation
719:(5th Edition). Archived from
506:
333:
1604:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
1574:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
1330:Luke's variational principle
759:"EM 1110-2-1003 (01 Jan 02)"
268:
224:unit of water depth was the
185:
74:, normally to determine the
7:
438:
305:in a fan shape beneath its
10:
2488:
1669:Ocean dynamical thermostat
1517:
1086:Acoustic survey in fishing
273:
189:
125:
29:
2414:
2253:
2227:
2204:Ocean acoustic tomography
2189:
2141:
2080:
2017:Mohorovičić discontinuity
1975:
1847:
1744:
1609:General circulation model
1539:
1245:Benjamin–Feir instability
1225:
1139:
1076:
1023:Ocean acoustic tomography
978:
967:
876:
821:Popular Mechanics Monthly
160:piezoelectric transmitter
122:until it touched bottom.
2334:Ocean surface topography
1709:Thermohaline circulation
1699:Subsurface ocean current
1639:Hydrothermal circulation
1472:Wave–current interaction
1250:Boussinesq approximation
1126:Marine mammals and sonar
951:Synthetic aperture sonar
350:In areas where detailed
239:
30:Not to be confused with
2371:Sea surface temperature
2354:Outline of oceanography
1549:Atmospheric circulation
1487:shallow water equations
1477:Waves and shallow water
1370:Significant wave height
1008:Acoustical oceanography
445:Acoustical oceanography
2366:Sea surface microlayer
1731:Wind generated current
926:Scientific echosounder
739:Cite journal requires
651:10 August 2011 at the
624:The Subchaser Archives
387:
375:
287:
257:
201:
56:
48:
2199:Deep scattering layer
2181:World Geodetic System
1689:Princeton Ocean Model
1569:Coriolis–Stokes force
1219:Physical oceanography
1106:Deep scattering layer
916:Multibeam echosounder
911:GLORIA sidescan sonar
814:at Wikimedia Commons
551:Xu, Guochang (2010).
528:John Wiley & Sons
520:Salous, Sana (2013).
405:multibeam echosounder
385:
369:
291:multibeam echosounder
285:
276:Multibeam echosounder
252:
199:
190:Further information:
54:
45:multibeam echosounder
42:
2219:Underwater acoustics
1779:Perigean spring tide
1644:Langmuir circulation
1355:Rossby-gravity waves
1058:Underwater acoustics
1048:Sound velocity probe
1043:Sound speed gradient
961:Upward looking sonar
906:Fessenden oscillator
501:Underwater acoustics
471:Fessenden oscillator
293:(MBES) is a type of
214:sound velocity probe
180:Fessenden oscillator
2381:Science On a Sphere
1987:Convergent boundary
1659:Modular Ocean Model
1619:Geostrophic current
1335:Mild-slope equation
1167:Hydrographic survey
1116:Fisheries acoustics
1096:Animal echolocation
891:Baffles (submarine)
789:16 May 2011 at the
691:"Fishfinders Guide"
559:Springer Publishing
486:Hydrographic survey
476:Fisheries acoustics
329:from a single ping.
192:Sound speed profile
154:) was recruited by
134:was granted German
2037:Seafloor spreading
2027:Outer trench swell
1992:Divergent boundary
1892:Continental margin
1877:Carbonate platform
1774:Lunitidal interval
1162:Geophysical MASINT
1147:Acoustic signature
726:on 8 October 2011.
582:Werner Schneider.
429:uncertainty budget
388:
376:
288:
258:
202:
57:
49:
2454:
2453:
2446:Oceans portal
2406:World Ocean Atlas
2396:Underwater glider
2339:Ocean temperature
2002:Hydrothermal vent
1967:Submarine volcano
1902:Continental shelf
1882:Coastal geography
1872:Bathymetric chart
1754:Amphidromic point
1442:Wave nonlinearity
1300:Infragravity wave
1185:
1184:
956:Towed array sonar
936:Sonar beamforming
921:Passive acoustics
810:Media related to
16:(Redirected from
2479:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2361:Pelagic sediment
2299:Marine pollution
2093:Deep ocean water
1962:Submarine canyon
1897:Continental rise
1789:Rule of twelfths
1704:Sverdrup balance
1634:Humboldt Current
1559:Boundary current
1534:
1523:
1340:Radiation stress
1310:Iribarren number
1285:Equatorial waves
1240:Ballantine scale
1235:Airy wave theory
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1078:Acoustic ecology
993:Acoustic release
988:Acoustic network
973:
886:Active acoustics
863:
856:
849:
840:
839:
809:
794:
782:
776:
774:
772:
770:
761:. Archived from
755:
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709:
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604:Lelong, Benoit.
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548:
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297:that is used to
146:(connected with
130:German inventor
21:
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2166:Sea-level curve
2137:
2076:
2062:Transform fault
2012:Mid-ocean ridge
1978:
1971:
1937:Oceanic plateau
1843:
1829:Tidal resonance
1799:Theory of tides
1740:
1649:Longshore drift
1599:Ekman transport
1535:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1467:Wave turbulence
1400:Trochoidal wave
1325:Longshore drift
1221:
1216:
1186:
1181:
1135:
1072:
980:Ocean acoustics
974:
965:
931:Side-scan sonar
872:
867:
803:
798:
797:
791:Wayback Machine
783:
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765:on 20 July 2011
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626:. 20 March 2007
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561:. p. 281.
549:
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530:. p. 424.
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327:depth soundings
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172:English Channel
152:nuclear physics
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2176:Sea level rise
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2171:Sea level drop
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2007:Marine geology
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1947:Passive margin
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1942:Oceanic trench
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1674:Ocean dynamics
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1564:Coriolis force
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834:(pdf 27.5 MB)
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60:Echo sounding
53:
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19:
2401:Water column
2349:Oceanography
2324:Observations
2319:Explorations
2289:Marginal sea
2282:
2240:OSTM/Jason-2
2072:Volcanic arc
2047:Slab suction
1764:Head of tide
1654:Loop Current
1594:Ekman spiral
1380:Stokes drift
1290:Gravity wave
1265:Cnoidal wave
1152:Bioacoustics
1091:Acoustic tag
900:
829:
828:ELAC (1982)
820:
804:
780:
767:. Retrieved
763:the original
753:
732:cite journal
721:the original
707:
695:. Retrieved
685:
673:. Retrieved
669:
660:
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628:. Retrieved
623:
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587:. Retrieved
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377:
349:
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317:, MBES uses
259:
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177:
163:
139:
129:
115:
105:
103:
99:fish schools
96:
63:
59:
58:
36:
2391:Thermocline
2108:Mesopelagic
2081:Ocean zones
2052:Slab window
1917:Hydrography
1857:Abyssal fan
1824:Tidal range
1814:Tidal power
1809:Tidal force
1694:Rip current
1629:Gulf Stream
1589:Ekman layer
1579:Downwelling
1554:Baroclinity
1541:Circulation
1437:Wave height
1427:Wave action
1410:megatsunami
1390:Stokes wave
1350:Rossby wave
1315:Kelvin wave
1295:Green's law
823:, July 1930
697:16 February
693:(in German)
466:Depth gauge
346:Hydrography
319:beamforming
307:transceiver
301:. It emits
245:Single beam
210:hydrography
170:and in the
164:Ă©chosondeur
156:French Navy
148:Marie Curie
18:Echosounder
2461:Categories
2329:Reanalysis
2228:Satellites
2209:Sofar bomb
2057:Subduction
2032:Ridge push
1927:Ocean bank
1907:Contourite
1834:Tide gauge
1819:Tidal race
1804:Tidal bore
1794:Slack tide
1759:Earth tide
1679:Ocean gyre
1499:Wind setup
1494:Wind fetch
1457:Wave setup
1452:Wave radar
1447:Wave power
1345:Rogue wave
1275:Dispersion
1177:Soundscape
1131:Whale song
1111:Fishfinder
1033:Sofar bomb
1013:Hydrophone
675:12 January
507:References
461:Bathymeter
452:– inventor
396:resolution
374:Odom MkIII
361:transducer
352:bathymetry
334:Common use
263:fishfinder
230:fathometer
94:purposes.
80:bathymetry
78:of water (
32:echography
2467:Surveying
2191:Acoustics
2143:Sea level
2042:Slab pull
1979:tectonics
1887:Cold seep
1849:Landforms
1726:Whirlpool
1721:Upwelling
1504:Wind wave
1432:Wave base
1360:Sea state
1280:Edge wave
1270:Cross sea
1172:Noise map
357:frequency
269:Multibeam
186:Technique
104:The word
2424:Category
2376:Seawater
2103:Littoral
2098:Deep sea
1957:Seamount
1839:Tideline
1784:Rip tide
1714:shutdown
1684:Overflow
1417:Undertow
1260:Clapotis
1157:Biophony
941:Sonobuoy
787:Archived
649:Archived
630:12 April
439:See also
372:Teledyne
107:sounding
92:charting
2434:Commons
2304:Mooring
2254:Related
2245:Jason-3
2235:Jason-1
2118:Pelagic
2113:Oceanic
2088:Benthic
1405:Tsunami
1375:Soliton
589:9 April
359:of the
340:fishing
126:History
72:ranging
2123:Photic
1952:Seabed
1365:Seiche
769:9 June
565:
534:
323:swathe
309:. The
226:fathom
168:Toulon
136:patent
2314:Ocean
2283:Alvin
2133:Swash
1977:Plate
1922:Knoll
1912:Guyot
1867:Atoll
1746:Tides
1509:model
1395:Swell
1227:Waves
878:Sonar
724:(PDF)
717:(PDF)
491:Sonar
295:sonar
240:Types
218:sonar
116:sound
112:sound
76:depth
68:sonar
2281:DSV
2266:Argo
2128:Surf
1584:Eddy
771:2011
745:help
699:2017
677:2024
632:2018
591:2014
563:ISBN
532:ISBN
311:time
70:for
456:AUV
363:.
325:of
255:USV
62:or
2463::
736::
734:}}
730:{{
668:.
622:.
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289:A
232:.
222:SI
1211:e
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743:(
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634:.
608:.
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571:.
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278:.
47:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
