English Channel - Knowledge

1884: 2349: 2378: 1923: 2201: 4115: 137: 2209: 1218: 2774: 1664: 1074: 124: 2995: 2092: 775: 8159: 8147: 3210: 1009: 644: 886: 3263: 1535: 1778: 4087: 950: 4101: 3048: 144: 2602: 4129: 3961:. It states: " exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast, on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities." 766:. As England (followed by Great Britain and the United Kingdom) claimed sovereignty over the sea, a Royal Navy Admiral was appointed with maintaining duties in the two seas. The office was maintained until 1822, when several European nations (including the United Kingdom) adopted a three-mile (4.8 km) limit to territorial waters. 3019:(MAIB) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision. The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course, one directly behind the other, rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would. 3939:

in 1926) had managed to successfully swim the English Channel, and many dubious claims had been made. The Channel Swimming Association (CSA) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times. The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded

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to have crossed the English Channel is a Pégase designed by the French company Vaylon on 14 June 2017. It was piloted by a Franco-Italian pilot Bruno Vezzoli. This crossing was carried out as part of the first road and air trip from Paris to London in a flying car. Pegase is a 2 seats road approved

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The Varne Boat Club ran an annual cross-channel ski race from the 1960s onwards. The race was from the Varne club in Greatstone on Sea to Cap Gris Nez / Boulogne (latter years) and back. Many waterskiers have made this return crossing non-stop since this time. Youngest known waterskier to cross the

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A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs, a failure of a CCTV system, incorrect operation of the anchor, the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and

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and varying more in precise location in the far south of the North Sea, meaning both those associated eastern coasts repel the tides effectively, leaving the Strait of Dover as every six hours the natural bottleneck short of its consequent gravity-induced repulsion of the southward tide (surge) of

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There may have been some unreported swims of the Channel, by people intent on entering Britain in circumvention of immigration controls. A failed attempt to cross the Channel by two Syrian refugees in October 2014 came to light when their bodies were discovered on the shores of the North Sea in

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The English Channel coast is far more densely populated on the English shore. The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel (each with more than 20,000 inhabitants, ranked in descending order; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999

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The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel, French on the south. However, there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel, which are listed here, with the Channel's name in the specific language

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from colonising Britain during the Last Interglacial/Eemian, though they returned to Britain during the Last Glacial Period when sea levels were lower. The Channel has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence, halting invading armies while in

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in the North of France and landing was at East Studdal, near Dover. The flight was completed in 1 hour and 15 minutes for a total distance covered of 72.5 km (45.0 mi) including 33.3 km (20.7 mi) over the English Channel at an altitude of 1,240 metres (4,070 ft) .

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periods (when sea levels were high) between the initial flooding 450,000 years ago until around 180,000 years ago, the Channel would still have been separated from the North Sea by a landbridge to the north of the Strait of Dover (the Strait of Dover at this time formed part of a

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humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation, particularly in the final months, when the population was close to starvation. The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945, a day after the final surrender in mainland Europe.

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The Channel has traffic on both the UK–Europe and North Sea–Atlantic routes, and is the world's busiest seaway, with over 500 ships per day. Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February, the Dover TSS, the world's first

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was war-time fuel delivery project of "pipelines under the ocean" from England to France. Though plagued with technical difficulties during the Battle of Normandy, the pipelines delivered about 8% of the fuel requirements of the allied forces between D-Day and VE-Day.

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by two separate organisations: CSA Ltd (CSA) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation (CSPF), both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover. The Channel Crossing Association was also set up to cater for unorthodox crossings.

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As a busy shipping lane, the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills. Indeed, over 40% of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel. One occurrence was the

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The first flood of 450,000 years ago would have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The flood started with large but localised waterfalls over the ridge, which excavated depressions now known as the

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The shore-based long-range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of traffic separation systems in operation. Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the

1312:, some 500 m wide and 25 m deep, from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel. It left streamlined islands, longitudinal erosional grooves, and other features characteristic of catastrophic 5957: 5995: 2071:

against the U-boat bases. During 1917, the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets, aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights. A German attack on these vessels resulted in the

1359:(115-130,000 years ago) the connection between the North Sea and the English Channel was fully open as it is today, resulting in Britain being an island during this interval, before lowered sea levels reconnected it to the continent during the 3014:

systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically, further avoiding risk of running aground, but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001, Britain's

3795:) to Calais. The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips per day at peak times. The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car-carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes, recorded by the 1835:

Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for

5726:(Quarterly Magazine Southampton Branch World Ship Society) Issue No: 152 Autumn 2009: (p.6) SHOREHAM TOWERS – One of the Admiralty's greatest engineering secrets, Reproduced from Engineering & Technology IET Magazine May 2009" 7061: 3439:

The Atalanta newly built by Messrs. J. and W. Dudgeon, of Cubitt Town Yard, Millwall, made the trip from to Dover to Calais in 77 minutes; the Empress, owned by the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway Company took 107 minutes.

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conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent. The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power, e.g. from the

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Gupta, Sanjeev; Collier, Jenny S.; Garcia-Moreno, David; Oggioni, Francesca; Trentesaux, Alain; Vanneste, Kris; De Batist, Marc; Camelbeeck, Thierry; Potter, Graeme; Van Vliet-Lanoë, Brigitte; Arthur, John C. R. (2017).

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As part of a publicity stunt, the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century.

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Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994, connecting the UK and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris or

1687:. For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the 2052:, which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines. After initial success, the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage, aided by the unreliability of British mines. On 31 January 1917, the Germans resumed 915:

in Scotland, but this name is not attested before the 17th century, and French and British sources of that time are clear about its etymology. The name in French has been directly adapted in other languages as either a

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It is about 560 kilometres (300 nautical miles; 350 statute miles) long and varies in width from 240 km (130 nmi; 150 mi) at its widest to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at its narrowest in the

1363:. From the end of the Last Glacial Period, to the beginning of the Holocene rising sea levels again resulted in the unimpeded connection between the North Sea and the English Channel resuming due to the sinking of 2026:, set up just before the war started, escorted cross-Channel troopships and prevented submarines from sailing in the Channel, obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland. 1390:

The English Channel, despite being a busy shipping lane, remains in part a haven for wildlife. Atlantic oceanic species are more common in the westernmost parts of the channel, particularly to the west of

5965: 1899:, English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports. Her climb to the pre-eminent 5987: 4269: 4781:

Gupta, Sanjeev; Jenny S. Collier, Andy Palmer-Felgate & Graeme Potter; Palmer-Felgate, Andy; Potter, Graeme (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel".

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in 1759 and was unsuccessful (The last French landing on English soil being in 1690 with a raid on Teignmouth, although the last French raid on British soil was a raid on Fishguard, Wales in 1797).

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but although the trenches are often said to have stretched "from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel", they reached the coast at the North Sea. Much of the British war effort in

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that joined to the north, blocking its exit. The sea level was about 120 m (390 ft) lower than it is today. Then, between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago, at least two catastrophic

5832: 1383:, which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay, a protected World Heritage Site coastline. The ship had been damaged and was en route to 6125: 3035:, in January 2002. The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware. The village of 2356:

There is significant public concern in the UK about illegal immigrants coming on small boats from France. Since 2018, the English Channel has seen a major increase in number of crossing.

758:(South Sea), but this term fell out of favour, as later English authors followed the same conventions as their Latin and Norman contemporaries. One English name that did persist was the 7099: 609:. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 square kilometres (22,000 square nautical miles; 29,000 square miles). 8314: 1697:

and the continent until around 1050, with some raids recorded along the channel coast of England, including at Wareham, Portland, near Weymouth and along the river Teign in Devon.

1281:. During this period, the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice. The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian 8345: 8319: 3954:

As of 2023, 1,881 people had completed 2,428 verified solo crossings under the rules of the CSA and the CSPF. This includes 24 two-way crossings and three three-way crossings.

1304:. The flow eroded the retaining ridge, causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic. After multiple episodes of changing sea level, during which the 1036:, near its midpoint. Well on the continental shelf, it has an average depth of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest; yet averages about 45 m (148 ft) between 3315:

As one of the narrowest and most well-known international waterways lacking dangerous currents, the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea, air, and

3914:. The board was powered by a kerosene-filled backpack. Zapata made the 35.4 km (22.0 mi) journey in 22 minutes, having landed on a boat half-way across to refuel. 4453: 5434:

Smith, Oliver; Momber, Garry; Bates, Richard; Garwood, Paul (27 February 2015). "Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago".

6047: 5225: 8324: 1151:. The time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by 1647:

began the next great migration across the North Sea. Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans, many people from these tribes crossed during the

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against him the previous year. He was more successful in 54 BC, but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by

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of 1688, while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain's south coast made possible the largest amphibious invasion in history, the

8329: 4886: 2973:. The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side, travelling south the English side. There is a separation zone between the two lanes. 8197: 6732: 6329: 6399: 4969:

Gupta, Sanjeev; Collier, Jenny S.; Palmer-Felgate, Andy; Potter, Graeme (2007). "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel".

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made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover, swimming from England to France on 24–25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes.

1735:, Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. "Northman") origins. 6369: 6158: 5051: 6537: 6348:"Chapter 4: Sea Level Rise and Implications for Low-Lying Islands, Coasts and Communities — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate" 4514: 1395:, but can sometimes be found further east towards Dorset and the Isle of Wight. Seal sightings are becoming more common along the English Channel, with both 1269:, a ridge running between the Dover and Calais regions. During Pleistocene glacial periods this ridge acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater 6347: 6989: 4142: 2343: 1104:

off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented, with several small islands close to the coastline, including

1060:. The North Sea reaches much greater depths east of northern Britain. The Channel descends briefly to 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of 732:

respectively. While it is likely that these names derive from the Latin term, it is possible that they predate the arrival of the Romans in the area. The

leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November, the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war.

7253: 2305:, which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth). The German occupation of 1940–1945 was harsh, with some island residents being taken for 5672: 4337: 3229:, inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century. Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as 1828:, the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance. The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia's trade south, toward the 1309: 5828: 5365: 1308:

were largely infilled by various layers of sediment, another catastrophic flood some 180,000 years ago carved a large bedrock-floored valley, the

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Channel was John Clements aged 10, from the Varne Boat Club on 22 August 1974 who crossed from Littlestone to Boulogne and back without falling.

5906: 6643: 1954:. To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks, but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the 873:

for much of the next century. However, the term English Channel remained popular and was finally in official usage by the nineteenth century.

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in an aeroplane. Blériot's crossing signalled a change in the function of the Channel as a barrier-moat for England against foreign enemies.

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The northern, English coast of the Channel is more populous than the southern, French coast. The major languages spoken in this region are

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The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre at sea in eastern places to more than 6 metres in the

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and put into regular passenger service a year later. It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours.

1355:), restricting interchange of marine fauna between the Channel and the North Sea (except perhaps by occasional overtopping). During the 6962: 5200: 4549: 3732:

was the first passenger ferry to cross channel. The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed

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featured German air attacks on Channel shipping and ports; despite these early successes against shipping the Germans did not win the

2076:. A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage, by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the 1946:

eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe, especially the Channel and the North Sea. During the

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the North Sea (equally from the Atlantic). The Channel does not experience, but its existence is necessary to explain the extent of

789:. Starting from the late 18th century, settlements on and around the English Channel coastline in England grew rapidly into thriving 7163: 5811: 5787: 3808: 2290: 1883: 1316:

events, still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high-resolution sonar. Through the scoured channel passed a river, the

7134: 5528: 2983:, carrying £30m of luxury cars, sank 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship 2267:

and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province, which continued until the closing of the so-called

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in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast, though it was the introduction of

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The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe, although a land connection across the southern

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Race between a twin-screw steamer and a paddle steamer carrying mail. This race proved the superiority of screw over paddle.

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In more peaceful times, the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, particularly the huge

6877: 6275: 6227: 6198: 5695: 695:, and remained popular with British and continental authors well into the modern era. Other Latin names for the sea include 8575: 8474: 6194: 6154: 3016: 6559: 6445: 984:, and on a line passing to the Westward of these Isles as far as the North extreme (Lion Rock) and thence Eastward to the 5555: 5342: 2970: 2224:

constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands, such as this observation tower at Les Landes, Jersey.

1970: 1864:, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to 4855: 2321:; and slave labour (primarily Russians and eastern Europeans) being brought to the islands to build fortifications. The 5941: 5641: 3004: 2048:. By February 1915, this had been augmented by a 25 kilometres (16 mi) stretch of light steel netting called the 6724: 4575: 3957:

The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world. It is governed by International Law as described in

5669:"A "Weapon of Starvation": The Politics, Propaganda, and Morality of Britain's Hunger Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919" 4630: 3302: 2348: 403: 6406: 6073: 5761: 5079:"Pleistocene Rhine–Thames landscapes: geological background for hominin occupation of the southern North Sea region" 1289:

breached the Weald–Artois anticline. These contributed to creating some of the deepest parts of the channel such as

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The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockading was recognised by the First Sea Lord

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crossing technologies. Pre-historic people sailed from the mainland to England for millennia. At the end of the

8550: 8545: 7065: 6021: 5991: 5961: 5196: 4167: 3284: 2053: 1629: 6820: 3722:, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland, arriving there on 9 May 1816. 2083:

The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918.

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A four-man relay team from Scarborough, headed by Heath Samples, crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant.

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was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of

1625: 1574:. Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago. "... Sophisticated social networks linked the 4329: 3739:

In June 1843, because of difficulties with Dover harbour, the South Eastern Railway company developed the

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The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea.

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In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 13

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in becoming a naval superpower, serving as a natural defence to halt attempted invasions, such as in the

8484: 1801:, while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. In 1204, during the reign of 899:

has been used since at least the 17th century. The name is usually said to refer to the sleeve (French:

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Hijma, Marc P.; Cohen, Kim M.; Roebroeks, Wil; Westerhoff, Wim E.; Busschers, Freek S. (January 2012).

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be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein, by virtue of the

1519: 829:(Ocean of the Britons but now English Channel). The map is possibly the first recorded use of the term 6766: 6757: 3039:

was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion, and the ship was stranded for 11 days.

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in the world, in use until 1859. 21 nautical miles distance needed 24 + 1 n. miles of cable spliced.

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The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain

3900: 3787:(MCH) entered commercial service in August 1968, initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also 3656: 2966: 2839:, the Channel. (Dutch previously had a larger range, and extended into parts of modern-day France as 2120: 1977:'s plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century. 1969:

took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral

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on 8 September 2012, in 6 hours 55 minutes, beating a swim of 2007. The female record is held by

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and not capture of the bases that averted defeat. In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the

1048:. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m (85 ft) across the 8436: 8421: 7477: 5125: 5020: 4027: 3273: 2287: 2080:

but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned.

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of Czechia, on 7 hours, 25 minutes on 5 August 2006. Both records were from England to France.

3878: 3087: 2686: 2664: 2248: 2228: 2124: 2112: 1955: 1927: 1861: 1818: 1461: 1266: 1161: 749: 742:(the Lord's or Prince's Sea); however, this name originally described both the Channel and the 6805: 6781: 6585: 2377: 2166:

The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war, featuring submarines,

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Dawson, Charles (February 1998). "P. S. Defiance, the first steamer to Holland, 9 May 1816".

5808: 5312: 4454:"La Grande-Bretagne, L'Europe et les Autres (Épisode 4 : Quatre histoires de la Manche)" 3888: 3818: 3678: 3456: 3105: 3083: 2881: 2658: 2256: 1872: 1825: 1689: 1591: 1479:

from 1135 to 1217. For nearly a thousand years, the Channel also provided a link between the

1453: 1028:), at the Channel's eastern end, is its narrowest point, while its widest point lies between 1013: 477: 301: 7229:

The Narrow Sea: Barrier, Bridge and Gateway to the World. The History of the English Channel

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The narrow waters of the Channel were considered too dangerous for major warships until the

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From the coast of Brittany Westward along the parallel (48°28' N) of the East extreme of

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Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms, but notably

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was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast.

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The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed

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period. The English Channel first developed as an arm of the Atlantic Ocean during the

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on the French coast juts out into the Channel, with the wide Bay of the Seine (French:

1113: 1101: 976:(Lédénès), through this island to West extreme thereof (Pointe de Pern), thence to the 862: 702: 664: 411: 237: 7126: 6446:"Race between the New Double-Screw Steamer Atalanta and the Dover Mail-Packet Empress" 5524: 4735: 3747:

route as an alternative to Calais-Dover. The first ferry crossed under the command of

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periods. During this early period, the Channel did not connect to the North Sea, with

8390: 7700: 7650: 7442: 7384: 7192: 6830: 5937: 5701: 5611: 5578: 5469: 5408: 5366:"DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe" 5318: 5284: 5280: 5106: 4994: 4951: 4808: 4763: 4060: 3892: 3566: 3242: 3214: 3150: 2708: 2264: 2221: 2178: 2171: 2160: 2152: 2096: 2019: 1709: 1701: 1449: 1356: 1184: 1109: 854:, suggesting that by that time, the name was popularly understood by English people. 463: 435: 5420: 3903:. The 35.7 km (22.2 mi) crossing was completed in 2 hours and 49 minutes. 3189:

train. Freight trains also use the tunnel. Cars, coaches and lorries are carried on

1052:(14 fathoms) where it lies over the southern cusp of the former land bridge between 8274: 7961: 7813: 7364: 7284: 5721: 5481: 5459: 5451: 5400: 5276: 5145: 5098: 5006: 4986: 4941: 4933: 4878: 4820: 4800: 4783: 4755: 4704: 4386: 4252: 4152: 4134: 3969: 3740: 3483:

First solo hovercraft crossing (same route as SR-N1; 2 hours 20 minutes)

3361:(ex Scottish-built Margery or Margory) was the first steamer to cross the Channel. 3159: 2807: 2735: 2652: 2559: 2527: 2318: 2208: 2148: 2136: 2116: 1648: 1597: 1522:, ice formed on the sea in a belt 4.8 km (3.0 mi) wide off the coast of 1384: 1270: 1201: 908: 713: 628: 582: 547: 57: 6855: 5645: 3854:, Rossy crossed the English Channel where he deployed his parachute and landed in 3828: 1998: 1229:

The full English Channel connecting the North Sea to the Western Atlantic via the

8456: 8081: 8051: 8031: 7951: 7615: 7610: 7565: 7530: 7452: 7349: 7199: 6761: 6647: 6271: 6249: 6223: 6183: 5815: 5149: 4668: 4510: 4480: 4273: 4236: 4204: 4196: 4038: 3936: 3748: 3667: 3663: 3637: 3602:

Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds – previous record was 6 hours.

3596: 3525: 3416: 2931: 2875: 2849: 2797: 2610: 2382: 2144: 2030: 1962: 1810: 1802: 1794: 1782: 1747: 1728: 1717: 1587: 1508: 1492: 1441: 1425: 1242: 1230: 1173: 1136: 1097: 1049: 1021: 851: 717: 648: 632: 617: 606: 594: 108: 99: 68: 48: 7725: 5126:"A review of the submerged prehistory and palaeolandscapes of the British Isles" 2773: 1961:

Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the

1821:. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy. 1712:(also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered 1217: 8215: 8021: 8001: 7966: 7956: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7755: 7745: 7635: 7620: 7502: 7354: 7331: 7214: 6563: 4856:"Sonar mapping suggests that the English Channel was created by two megafloods" 4304:"Narrow Seas - Oxford Reference - in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea" 4260: 4244: 4092: 3944: 3851: 3847: 3726: 3377:, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland 3175: 2938: 2858: 2840: 2832: 2816: 2549: 2493: 2272: 2268: 2068: 1939: 1904: 1888: 1636: 1617: 1553: 1476: 1417: 1300: 1290: 1165: 1082: 1061: 904: 802: 793:, bolstered by their association with royalty and the middle and upper classes. 790: 782: 613: 578: 552: 358: 277: 229: 8205: 5551: 5338: 4232: 4016:

First submarine cable for telegraph across the Channel in September laid from

2902: 418: 77: 16:

Arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates southern England from northern France

8514: 8337: 8163: 8151: 7971: 7863: 7833: 7818: 7808: 7788: 7715: 7685: 7640: 7630: 7605: 7585: 7555: 7535: 7447: 7422: 7273: 6834: 5288: 5110: 4767: 4548:[Foreign Geographical Names] (in Dutch). Nederlandse Taalunie. 2012. 4120: 4106: 3965: 3907: 3896: 3822: 3217:

is one of the most visited and recognisable landmarks on the English Channel.

3068: 3059: 2640: 2425: 2401: 2213: 2156: 2049: 2018:

surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet, the Germans developed

1912: 1829: 1755: 1694: 1663: 1613: 1609: 1583: 1571: 1317: 1254: 1196: 1156: 1093: 1057: 1045: 989: 786: 778: 660: 449: 267: 208: 195: 5455: 5404: 4734:

Lagarde, J. L.; Amorese, D.; Font, M.; Laville, E.; Dugué, O. (March 2003).

3699:

It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record.

2702: 2189:(Operation Cerberus) in February 1942, and this required the support of the 1915:

second in command, and the following stormy weather. Over the centuries the

1817:

recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the

1073: 123: 8016: 7891: 7843: 7828: 7823: 7803: 7770: 7750: 7735: 7720: 7695: 7680: 7670: 7625: 7580: 7570: 7560: 7545: 7510: 7432: 7414: 7339: 7248: 5809:

Operation Aerial, the evacuation from north western France, 15–25 June 1940

5473: 5412: 4998: 4955: 4812: 4623: 4571: 4157: 3929: 3911: 3777: 3773: 3586: 3468: 3230: 2994: 2725: 2646: 2511: 2298: 2244: 2186: 2182: 2104: 2023: 1672: 1480: 1433: 1429: 1412: 1400: 1343: 1092:

There are several major islands in the Channel, the most notable being the

981: 733: 621: 456: 6754: 4829: 3615: 2147:

and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in

2029:

On land, the German army attempted to capture French Channel ports in the

1534: 821:'canal'). By the middle of the fifteenth century, an Italian map based on 774: 8094: 8066: 8046: 8041: 8036: 7991: 7986: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7871: 7783: 7778: 7730: 7705: 7520: 7472: 7467: 7437: 7427: 7404: 7374: 7224: 5757: 4212: 4034:

in a private partnership with others, entitled "Wollaston et Compagnie".

3948: 3792: 3562: 3316: 3246: 3064:

The ferry routes crossing the English Channel, include (have included):-

3028: 2977: 2893: 2521: 2467: 2457: 2232: 1990: 1896: 1849: 1751: 1680: 1504: 1503:

after Anglo-Saxon encroachment. In Brittany, there is a region known as "

1234: 1177: 1169: 1148: 1078: 1053: 977: 537: 517: 470: 262: 6074:"The Tricolor/Kariba/Clary Incident - Professional Mariner - March 2008" 5881:"World War II: British Channel Islands--German Fortifications (1941-43)" 4990: 4937: 4914:"Two-stage opening of the Dover Strait and the origin of island Britain" 4804: 4222: 3249:. Other offshore wind farms planned on the French side of the Channel. 2913: 2091: 1693:

they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the

88: 8130: 8104: 8071: 8061: 8006: 7886: 7793: 7760: 7690: 7660: 7655: 7600: 7590: 7550: 7540: 7515: 7487: 7462: 7394: 7379: 6452:. No. 1253. The Illustrated London News. 2 April 1864. p. 319 4413:"Atlantic, WW2, U-boats, convoys, OA, OB, SL, HX, HG, Halifax, RCN ..." 3870: 3861: 3835: 3744: 3619: 3590: 3541: 3324: 3287: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3209: 3194: 3142: 3126: 3121: 2782: 2630: 2606: 2571: 2543: 2517: 2505: 2443: 2322: 2131:. By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of 2045: 1994: 1943: 1916: 1684: 1579: 1567: 1377: 1364: 1336: 1274: 1129: 1033: 806: 532: 257: 238: 174: 8146: 5464: 4882: 3910:

became the first person to cross the English Channel on a jet-powered

3165:

Brighton Marina to Dieppe (using the SeaJet for a 100 minute crossing)

2682: 1008: 643: 8026: 7996: 7921: 7901: 7896: 7881: 7853: 7710: 7675: 7665: 7575: 7492: 7399: 7359: 6825: 5257:"M25 roadworks reveal earliest UK Neanderthal occupation at Dartford" 5102: 4629:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. pp. 42 and 6. 3866: 3765: 3712: 3671: 3611: 3524:

Charity event organized by Littlehampton Rotaract to raise funds for

3226: 2924: 2887: 2712: 2330: 2217: 2190: 1900: 1865: 1845: 1575: 1396: 1332: 1313: 1282: 1278: 1246: 1152: 1012:

The Strait of Dover viewed from France, looking towards England. The

999: 912: 885: 763: 743: 668: 590: 247: 178: 8359: 7193:

The European & American Electric Type-Printing Telegraph Company

7037:"Channel Swimming & Piloting Federation - Solo Swims Statistics" 6908:"Channel Swimming & Piloting Federation - What is the CS&PF" 4759: 4439:

Une mer pour deux royaumes : La Manche, une mer franco-anglaise

3262: 2692: 2325:

blockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following the

2235:

by Canadian and British armed forces. More successful was the later

691:). Variations of this term were used by influential writers such as 8099: 8089: 8056: 8011: 7981: 7976: 7876: 7457: 7389: 7062:"Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme" 6470:

Verifiable in Hovercraft Club of Great Britain Records and Archives

6311: 4834: 4050: 4021: 3985: 3788: 3222: 3186: 3182: 3136: 3115: 3092: 3036: 3032: 2749: 2739: 2618: 2589: 2489: 2473: 2435: 2413: 2407: 2397: 2393: 2337: 2280: 2260: 2140: 2040:

At the outset of the war, an attempt was made to block the path of

2034: 1974: 1777: 1605: 1601: 1512: 1496: 1488: 1484: 1238: 1206: 1144: 1065: 1029: 927: 598: 558: 527: 522: 493: 488: 373: 7268: 3245:

is an offshore wind farm located in the Channel, off the coast of

2352:

Arrivals by month each year on small boats via the English Channel

949: 7848: 5697:

U-Boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918

3959:

Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme

3496: 3096: 3078: 3047: 2670: 2636: 2483: 2449: 2132: 1837: 1763: 1743: 1620:

in 43 AD. A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman

1352: 1348: 1335:

would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of

1258: 1250: 1105: 833:

and the description suggests the name had recently been adopted.

822: 692: 652: 429: 424: 286: 5383:

Larson, Greger (26 February 2015). "How wheat came to Britain".

4968: 4910: 3935:

Up to 1927, fewer than ten swimmers (including the first woman,

2135:

was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in

1635:

In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans, the Germanic

1600:

and Pliny both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of

1187:

the Channel is divided into the following areas, from the east:

836:

In the sixteenth century, Dutch maps referred to the sea as the

753: 3964:

The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian

3769: 3515: 3198: 3111: 3072: 2991:

ran into the wreckage the next day. There was no loss of life.

2729: 2676: 2624: 2539: 2499: 2479: 2366: 2064: 2041: 2002: 1767: 1759: 1732: 1713: 1705: 1668: 1640: 1325: 1241:

period (5.3-2.6 million years ago) as a result of differential

1125: 1121: 1086: 1041: 973: 917: 911:

word meaning 'channel' that is also the source of the name for

816: 810: 656: 586: 542: 483: 306: 296: 6780:

Randerson, James; correspondent, science (26 September 2008).

3681:

pick-up (the "Nissank"), fitted with a Honda outboard engine.

659:

is the narrowest part of the English Channel, which separates

8120: 7315: 7183:

Autocar article entitled Cars Ahoy published 10 December 1965

5784:"Operation Cycle, the evacuation from Havre, 10-13 June 1940" 5076: 5021:"Catastrophic Flooding Changed the Course of British History" 4527:

This may also be the first map to name the English Channel: "

4071: 4024:, France (commonly referred to as the Dover to Calais cable) 3855: 3451: 3101: 2962: 2533: 2461: 2294: 2240: 2006: 1856:("The King, our Duke"). The British monarch is understood to 1771: 1738:

The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local

1644: 1500: 1321: 1191: 1120:) to its east. On the English side there is a small parallel 1037: 252: 6330:"A Fécamp, les travaux du parc éolien en mer vont commencer" 3842:

became the first person to cross the English Channel with a

2601: 2022:, which was to become a far greater threat to Britain. The 1903:

of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the

1742:

and intermarried with the area's inhabitants and became the

1233:

is of geologically recent origin, having formed late in the

1016:

on the English coast are visible from France on a clear day.

7263: 6100:"Chartlets published by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency" 5907:"Why are migrants in small boats a heated issue in the UK?" 3636:

First crossing on a towed inflatable object (not a powered

3529: 2761: 2755: 2565: 2419: 2252: 2119:

in May 1940, the German forces succeeded in capturing both

1805:, mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under 1652: 1621: 1523: 503: 498: 6586:"1996 Nissan Truck [D21] in "Top Gear, 2002–2010"" 3943:

The team with the most Channel swims to its credit is the

2204:

150 mm Second World War German gun emplacement in Normandy

1871:

French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the

8125: 5758:"His Imperial German Majesty's U-boats in WWI: 6. Finale" 4733: 3764:

hours. The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the

3448:

Hovercraft crossing (Calais to Dover, 2 hours 3 minutes)

3011: 6507:"Littlehampton and Basingstoke join forces for the RNLI" 5612:"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - The Dover Barrage" 4572:"A chart of the British Channel, Jefferys, Thomas, 1787" 3585:

New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle (the

2884:(extinct, but fossilised in certain English law phrases) 1878: 1526:

and 3.2 km (2.0 mi) wide on the French side.

865:, this was replaced in official maps and documents with 6664:"Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh" 6481:"Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh" 5433: 4656:

The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas.

3947:

Swimming Club in London, followed by the international

3831:(France) piloted the first aeroplane to cross in 1909. 1624:

and those in Britain. This traffic continued until the

290: 7012:"Channel swimming facts and statistics | Dover.UK.com" 6779: 4736:"The structural evolution of the English Channel area" 4624:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections" 4613:, London, A. Islip, 1611, art. « Manche ». 3705:

Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the

7036: 6907: 4410: 4298: 4296: 1993:. "Five keys lock up the world! Singapore, the Cape, 667:, and marks the boundary between the Channel and the 19:"The Channel" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 7314: 7219:

Wall of England: The Channel's 2000 Years of History

6184:"Report on the Investigation of the grounding of MV 5552:"The Holy Island of Lindisfarne – The Viking Attack" 4082: 2998:

The beach of Le Havre and a part of the rebuilt city

2785:, a language historically used in English law courts 1683:

in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the

8502:

Franco-Dutch treaty on Saint Martin border controls

5642:"U-Boat warfare at the Atlantic during World War I" 4411:Campaigns of World War II, Naval History Homepage. 3776:could have been copied from coracles introduced by 3410:First ferry connection through Folkestone-Boulogne 3007:, it has reduced accidents to one or two per year. 687:, meaning the Ocean, or the Sea, of the Britons or 7279:World War II Eye Witness Account – Audio Recording 4293: 4049:First radio transmission across the Channel (from 2127:, thereby threatening the line of retreat for the 1919:slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world. 1245:along pre-existing tectonic weaknesses during the 1128:, between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The 6421: 6419: 5124:Bicket, Andrew; Tizzard, Louise (December 2015). 2906: 1868:which excludes inheritance through female heirs. 1612:invaded, claiming that the Britons had aided the 8512: 5314:The Climate of Europe, past, present, and future 4143:English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present) 3660:presenters "drive" to France in amphibious cars 3532:, and other charities in memory of Angie Jones. 2344:English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present) 2338:English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present) 889:Map of the channel area with French nomenclature 186: 7249:Full Channel swim lists and swimmer information 7202:distantwriting.co.uk, retrieved 14 August 2019. 6534:"Rinspeed "Splash" sets English Channel record" 6531: 4611:A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues 3252: 2779:Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language 2329:in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some 1997:, Gibraltar, Dover." However, on 25 July 1909 1651:, conquering and perhaps displacing the native 1594:could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo. 368:9,000 km (2,200 cu mi) (approx.) 6416: 5818:. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved on 29 July 2013. 4441:(in French). Presses Universitaires de Rennes. 3813:The first aircraft to cross the Channel was a 3054:display showing traffic in the Channel in 2006 2917: 2286:The Channel Islands were the only part of the 1785:, depicting ships coming in and horses landing 1077:Three French river mouths. Top to bottom: the 963:defines the limits of the English Channel as: 861:was in common usage in England. Following the 805:in the 13th century and was borrowed from the 8375: 8191: 7300: 6224:"Picture gallery: Cornwall's stranded tanker" 5310: 5123: 4853: 4598:Placenames of the world: origins and meanings 3433:Twin-Screw Steamer and the Dover Mail-Packet 931: 921: 721: 61: 6933:"Regulations | Channel Swimming Association" 5700:. Periscope Publishing Ltd. pp. 74–75. 5254: 4849: 4847: 4774: 4226: 4216: 3221:The coastal resorts of the Channel, such as 2878:, including the Channel Island vernaculars: 1064:, 48 km (30 mi) west-northwest of 894: 877: 727: 92: 81: 8224:International land and maritime boundaries: 6434:(1). The Society for Nautical Research: 84. 5576: 5549: 4827: 4528: 3924:List of successful English Channel swimmers 2942: 2317:resistance and retribution; accusations of 1813:) remained under English control. In 1259, 837: 737: 696: 682: 676: 675:The name first appears in Roman sources as 597:at its northeastern end. It is the busiest 8382: 8368: 8198: 8184: 7307: 7293: 7281:Air Battle over the English Channel (1940) 7121: 7119: 7117: 7092:"Trent Grimsey breaks channel swim record" 5311:Flohn, Hermann; Fantechi, Roberto (1984). 5130:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 4830:"Why the rift between Britain and France?" 4357: 4355: 122: 7155: 7127:"Channel swimming records - Dover.UK.com" 6578: 5883:. Historical Boys' Clothing. 4 May 2013. 5463: 4945: 4854:Schwarzschild, Bertram (September 2007). 4844: 4673:"Tide Dynamics – Dynamic Theory of Tides" 4451: 3869:. The takeoff was at 8:03 a.m. from 3628:Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes 3393:, first passenger ferry to cross channel 3303:Learn how and when to remove this message 1411:The Channel is thought to have prevented 1367:, with Britain again becoming an island. 7269:Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation 7041:Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation 6912:Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation 6782:"Jet Man flies across Channel on a wing" 6438: 5255:Wenban-Smith, Francis (September 2010). 5049: 4530:britanicus oceanus nunc canalites Anglie 3809:List of English Channel crossings by air 3208: 3046: 2993: 2772: 2768: 2600: 2376: 2365:French census, 2001 UK census, and 2001 2347: 2207: 2199: 2163:, the projected cross-Channel invasion. 2090: 1921: 1882: 1776: 1662: 1533: 1216: 1072: 1007: 948: 884: 827:Britanicus Oceanus nunc Canalites Anglie 773: 762:, a collective term for the channel and 642: 7114: 5931: 5301:Cf. "Kernow", the Cornish for Cornwall. 4436: 4352: 2139:. More than 11,000 were evacuated from 1658: 1507:" (Cornwall) in French and "Kernev" in 961:International Hydrographic Organization 589:. It links to the southern part of the 339:75,000 km (29,000 sq mi) 143: 8513: 8206:Borders of the United Kingdom and its 6965:from the original on 12 September 2015 6425: 6048:"World Marine Guide – English Channel" 5622:from the original on 18 September 2012 5382: 5363: 5190:"Annual Survey of Reported Discharges" 5054:. University of Exeter. Archived from 4340:from the original on 16 September 2018 2309:on the Continent; native Jews sent to 2216:, between 1940 and 1945 the occupying 2151:in June 1940. The early stages of the 1909:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1793:became king of England in 1066 in the 1675:and is accessible on foot at low tide. 701:(the Gaulish Ocean) which was used by 8389: 8363: 8179: 7288: 6735:from the original on 23 December 2010 6622:from the original on 3 September 2011 6392: 5925: 5693: 5666: 5206:from the original on 12 November 2009 4574:. Davidrumsey.com. 22 February 1999. 4552:from the original on 22 November 2012 4546:"Buitenlandse Aardrijkskundige Namen" 4478: 4452:Laurentin, Emmanuel (28 March 2019). 3881:to cross the English Channel was the 2001:made the first Channel crossing from 1879:England and Britain: Naval superpower 1875:in 1346–1360 and again in 1415–1450. 1511:. In ancient times there was also a " 1212: 7102:from the original on 9 November 2012 7072:from the original on 2 February 2011 6705:from the original on 10 January 2015 6692: 6592:from the original on 5 December 2010 6367: 6195:Marine Accident Investigation Branch 6155:Marine Accident Investigation Branch 5998:from the original on 8 February 2011 5958:"The Dover Strait, navigation rules" 5857:. Thisisjersey.co.uk. Archived from 5835:from the original on 28 January 2012 5364:Balter, Michael (26 February 2015). 4667: 4517:from the original on 3 November 2013 4481:"Wales and the Britons of the North" 4418:from the original on 13 January 2011 4406: 4404: 4373: 4371: 4183: 3799:MCH SR-N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995, 3625:Frank M. Rinderknecht (Switzerland) 3285:adding citations to reliable sources 3256: 3017:Marine Accident Investigation Branch 2095:British radar facilities during the 1632:left less clear historical records. 1339:resulted in lowering of sea levels. 1044:, its notable sandbank hazard being 857:By the eighteenth century, the name 842:(English Channel) and by the 1590s, 8561:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean 7137:from the original on 17 August 2012 6878:"From France to the UK by flyboard" 6540:from the original on 25 August 2010 6511:Royal National Lifeboat Institution 5558:from the original on 8 January 2011 5170:from the original on 3 January 2007 4892:from the original on 2 October 2011 4705:"English Channel | channel, Europe" 4616: 3236: 2971:International Maritime Organization 2404:: 461,181 inhabitants, made up of: 2181:with the exception, for the German 2086: 1529: 1436:. Successful invasions include the 13: 7264:Archives of long distance swimming 7254:Oceanus Britannicus or British Sea 7208: 6992:from the original on 17 March 2009 6937:www.channelswimmingassociation.com 6888:from the original on 4 August 2019 6770:Online. Retrieved 17 October 2009. 6747: 6695:"'Coracle king' to hang up paddle" 6612:"The History of the Channel Ferry" 6230:from the original on 11 April 2004 6204:from the original on 16 April 2009 6164:from the original on 16 April 2009 5855:"Occupation Memorial HTML Library" 5790:from the original on 23 April 2015 3323:, lower sea levels even permitted 3005:traffic collision avoidance system 2719: 1980: 1781:Landing in England scene from the 769: 14: 8602: 7242: 7166:from the original on 28 July 2015 6818: 6641:Channel ferries & ferry ports 6278:from the original on 9 April 2003 6128:from the original on 22 June 2023 5887:from the original on 5 March 2016 5764:from the original on 20 June 2010 5675:from the original on 12 June 2023 5587:from the original on 16 July 2011 5531:from the original on 20 June 2008 5498:. History Compass. Archived from 5345:from the original on 21 July 2011 5164:"Tanker wreck starts leaking oil" 4715:from the original on 3 April 2017 4685:from the original on 3 March 2016 4636:from the original on 4 March 2016 4401: 4368: 3677:Completed the crossing in a 1996 3169: 1582:peoples of northern Europe." The 8566:Bodies of water of the North Sea 8158: 8157: 8145: 7186: 7177: 7149: 6821:"Frenchman flies a car to Dover" 6788:– via www.theguardian.com. 6532:Stuart Waterman (27 July 2006). 6274:. London: BBC. 14 January 2002. 5738:from the original on 13 May 2013 5281:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2010.00766.x 5166:. London: BBC. 1 February 2006. 5031:from the original on 3 July 2017 4578:from the original on 23 May 2011 4503:"Map of Great Britain, ca. 1450" 4127: 4113: 4099: 4085: 3610:New record time for crossing in 3261: 1578:front in southern Europe to the 1570:boatyard have been found on the 1406: 1277:region, now submerged under the 825:'s description named the sea as 720:, with the sea known to them as 142: 135: 7084: 7054: 7029: 7004: 6977: 6950: 6925: 6900: 6870: 6848: 6812: 6773: 6755:Blanchard, Jean-Pierre-François 6717: 6686: 6656: 6634: 6604: 6552: 6525: 6499: 6483:. Britannia.com. Archived from 6473: 6464: 6361: 6340: 6322: 6304: 6290: 6264: 6242: 6226:. London: BBC. 5 January 2002. 6216: 6176: 6140: 6122:Federal Aviation Administration 6110: 6092: 6066: 6040: 6010: 5980: 5950: 5899: 5873: 5847: 5821: 5802: 5776: 5750: 5714: 5687: 5660: 5634: 5604: 5570: 5543: 5517: 5488: 5427: 5376: 5357: 5331: 5304: 5295: 5248: 5218: 5182: 5156: 5117: 5070: 5043: 5013: 4962: 4904: 4727: 4697: 4661: 4648: 4603: 4590: 4564: 4538: 4495: 3725:On 10 June 1821, English-built 3272:needs additional citations for 3052:Automatic identification system 3023:start the engine led to the MV 2327:liberation of mainland Normandy 1515:" (Devon) in Brittany as well. 1132:is to the west of the Channel. 1096:off the English coast, and the 980:, the Southwest extreme of the 7236:The English Channel: A History 7066:Maritime and Coastguard Agency 6693:John, Gilbert (5 April 2008). 6272:"Stranded tanker safe in port" 6022:Maritime and Coastguard Agency 5992:Maritime and Coastguard Agency 5962:Maritime and Coastguard Agency 5829:"Fact File: Battle of Britain" 5644:. German Notes. Archived from 5525:"Germany The migration period" 5197:Maritime and Coastguard Agency 4472: 4445: 4430: 4322: 4190: 4168:Invasions of the British Isles 3991: 3988:crossed from Dover to Calais. 3917: 3819:Jean Pierre François Blanchard 3646:Completed crossing in 180 min 3553:Craft was designed as a ferry 3132:Portsmouth–Jersey and Guernsey 2074:Battle of Dover Strait in 1917 2054:unrestricted submarine warfare 2044:through the Dover Strait with 1942:was possible only because the 1809:, while insular Normandy (the 1155:. Amphidromic points are the 998:The Southwestern limit of the 1: 8293:Land and maritime boundaries: 6252:. London: BBC. 6 January 2002 6250:"Salvage team hunts for leak" 5226:"MSC Napoli | Ship Disasters" 5083:Journal of Quaternary Science 4740:Journal of Quaternary Science 4287: 2383:Spinnaker (observation) Tower 2359: 2231:was the site of an ill-fated 1952:launch an invasion of Britain 1891:off the English coast in 1588 1725:Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte 1608:Britain flourished. In 55 BC 1320:, which drained the combined 752:make reference to the sea as 712:is still used by speakers of 8586:Glacial lake outburst floods 8556:Landforms of Hauts-de-France 8536:France–United Kingdom border 8285:British Overseas Territories 7274:Channel Swimming Association 6725:"Hovercraft deal opens show" 5150:10.1016/j.pgeola.2015.08.009 4828:Dave Mosher (18 July 2007). 4678:. University of Washington. 3976:Norway and the Netherlands. 3906:On 4 August 2019, Frenchman 3834:On 26 September 2008, Swiss 3785:Mountbatten class hovercraft 3253:History of Channel crossings 1626:end of Roman rule in Britain 1287:glacial lake outburst floods 944: 876: 7: 8576:Bays of Metropolitan France 6986:"Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team" 6956:serpentineswimmingclub.com 6653:, accessed 28 December 2018 6616:www.sailingandboating.co.uk 6078:www.professionalmariner.com 5339:"The Great Frost of 1683-4" 4078: 3877:On 12 June 1979, the first 3561:First vessel to complete a 3337: 2955: 2303:Second Battle of El Alamein 2129:British Expeditionary Force 1628:in 410 AD, after which the 1328:westwards to the Atlantic. 10: 8607: 7526:American Mediterranean Sea 7156:Fjellberg, Anders (2015), 6959:"Serpentine Swimming Club" 5341:. www.pastpresented.info. 4173:List of firsts in aviation 3984:On 16 September 1965, two 3921: 3806: 3521:Ric and Steve Cooper (UK) 3355:The French paddle steamer 3330: 3204: 3173: 3057: 2950: 2918: 2907: 2372: 2341: 1852:in the Channel Islands is 1491:. Brittany was founded by 1370: 1164:, such as necessitate the 953:Map of the English Channel 18: 8498: 8455: 8397: 8283: 8214: 8139: 8113: 8080: 7862: 7769: 7501: 7413: 7330: 6336:(in French). 3 June 2020. 5694:Grant, Robert M. (2002). 4363:The Columbia Encyclopedia 4055:South Foreland Lighthouse 3979: 3802: 3473: 3457:Sir Christopher Cockerell 2967:traffic separation scheme 2596: 2243:), a massive invasion of 1791:William, Duke of Normandy 1483:regions and languages of 1438:Roman conquest of Britain 939: 511: 402: 394: 386: 382: 372: 364: 355:174 m (571 ft) 351: 343: 335: 331:240 km (150 mi) 327: 323:560 km (350 mi) 319: 315: 276: 236: 224: 185: 166: 130: 121: 44: 34: 7332:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 7259:Channel swimmers website 6819:Paris, Charles Bremner. 6731:. London. 15 June 1966. 5580:The Millstone: Chapter 2 5317:. Springer. p. 46. 5052:"The Doggerland project" 4507:The unveiling of Britain 4437:Morieux, Renaud (2008). 4334:guinnessworldrecords.com 4037:The first international 4032:Charlton James Wollaston 4030:(engineer), financed by 3691:diver propulsion vehicle 3589:, three-seater open-top 3042: 2369:census) are as follows: 2107:, naval activity in the 1357:Last Interglacial/Eemian 1265:, linked by an unbroken 1139:, the west coast of the 926:in Italian, or a direct 903:) shape of the Channel. 850:in his history plays of 781:, the summer retreat of 638: 25:Channel (disambiguation) 7478:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 7198:6 December 2012 at the 6767:Encyclopædia Britannica 6760:3 December 2022 at the 6374:humanities.exeter.ac.uk 5932:Auffray, Régis (2007). 5814:16 October 2012 at the 5456:10.1126/science.1261278 5405:10.1126/science.aaa6113 4709:Encyclopædia Britannica 4383:Encyclopædia Britannica 4330:"Busiest shipping lane" 4227: 4217: 4208: 4028:Thomas Russell Crampton 2293:(excepting the part of 2113:limited to the Atlantic 2061:Battle of Passchendaele 1862:Treaty of Paris of 1259 1143:and the north coast of 817: 811: 754: 390:20 °C (68 °F) 347:63 m (207 ft) 112: 103: 93: 82: 21:English Channel (horse) 7799:Great Australian Bight 6646:7 January 2009 at the 6370:"University of Exeter" 5964:. 2007. Archived from 5667:Cundy, Alyssa (2015). 5230:www.ship-disasters.com 4529: 4479:Anwyl, Edward (1904). 4310:. University of Oxford 4277: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4240: 4200: 3879:human-powered aircraft 3618:, two-seater open-top 3499:(13 and a half hours) 3218: 3055: 2999: 2943: 2853: 2836: 2820: 2811: 2801: 2786: 2687:Le Touquet-Paris-Plage 2614: 2389: 2353: 2225: 2205: 2100: 1956:Battle of Quiberon Bay 1950:, France attempted to 1935: 1928:Battle of Quiberon Bay 1892: 1786: 1740:Gallo-Romance language 1727:. In exchange for his 1676: 1563: 1351:fed by the Thames and 1267:Weald–Artois anticline 1226: 1162:North Sea storm surges 1117: 1089: 1025: 1017: 1006: 954: 932: 922: 907:has derived it from a 900: 895: 890: 878: 838: 801:was first recorded in 794: 738: 728: 722: 705:in the sixth century. 697: 683: 677: 672: 612:The Channel aided the 398:5 °C (41 °F) 72: 62: 52: 23:. For other uses, see 8551:Landforms of Normandy 8546:Landforms of Brittany 8342:Caribbean Netherlands 5616:www.firstworldwar.com 4918:Nature Communications 4243:, "Sea of Brittany"; 3889:aeronautical engineer 3780:in the 12th century. 3643:Stephen Preston (UK) 3212: 3147:Portsmouth–Saint Malo 3050: 2997: 2976:In December 2002 the 2776: 2769:Culture and languages 2621:: 248,547 inhabitants 2604: 2446:: 442,252, including 2380: 2351: 2279:, then liberation of 2211: 2203: 2195:Operation Thunderbolt 2094: 1932:French invasion plans 1925: 1886: 1826:William the Conqueror 1780: 1750:-speaking mixture of 1690:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1666: 1592:Dover Bronze Age Boat 1537: 1403:recorded frequently. 1220: 1076: 1014:white cliffs of Dover 1011: 988:(50°04' N) and on to 965: 952: 888: 777: 646: 8306:Maritime boundaries: 8262:Internal boundaries: 8242:Maritime boundaries: 8208:Overseas Territories 7646:Gulf of St. Lawrence 7221:(Country Life, 1966) 7098:. 8 September 2012. 6983:srichinmoyraces.org 6858:. AeroVironment, Inc 6856:"Gossamer Albatross" 6428:The Mariner's Mirror 3887:, built by American 3817:in 1785, piloted by 3540:Fastest crossing by 3502:Bernard Thomas (UK) 3281:improve this article 2969:, was set up by the 2742:: 16,488 inhabitants 2732:: 28,310 inhabitants 2609:was a stronghold of 2288:British Commonwealth 2247:-occupied France by 2078:Admiralty M-N Scheme 1989:in the years before 1938:The building of the 1815:Henry III of England 1704:was created for the 1671:lies in the bay off 1659:Norsemen and Normans 1225:ca. 20,000 years ago 1223:Last Glacial Maximum 8541:Geography of Europe 8399:Metropolitan France 8232:Metropolitan France 7947:Gulf of Carpentaria 7741:Sea of the Hebrides 7370:King Haakon VII Sea 6566:on 21 November 2008 6148:"Safety Bulletin 2" 5936:. Rue des Scribes. 5599:Naval Necessities I 5448:2015Sci...347..998S 5397:2015Sci...347..945L 5273:2010GeolT..26..175W 5142:2015PrGA..126..643B 5095:2012JQS....27...17H 4991:10.1038/nature06018 4983:2007Natur.448..342G 4938:10.1038/ncomms15101 4930:2017NatCo...815101G 4875:2007PhT....60i..24S 4805:10.1038/nature06018 4797:2007Natur.448..342G 4752:2003JQS....18..201L 4361:"English Channel". 4308:oxfordreference.com 4178:Phoenix breakwaters 3846:, He jumped from a 3718:The paddle steamer 3415:Commanding officer 3027:running aground in 2752:: 2,200 inhabitants 2605:The walled city of 2311:concentration camps 2301:at the time of the 2291:occupied by Germany 1967:Battle of Trafalgar 1797:beginning with the 1789:Rollo's descendant 1716:to the king of the 1702:fiefdom of Normandy 1470:Battle of La Hougue 1458:Battle of the Downs 1446:Glorious Revolution 1361:Last Glacial Period 923:Canale della Manica 844:William Shakespeare 815:(a variant form of 678:Oceanus Britannicus 577:, is an arm of the 205: / 171:Northwestern Europe 8315:Dominican Republic 7942:Gulf of California 7839:Mozambique Channel 7483:Queen Victoria Sea 7345:Bellingshausen Sea 7234:Williamson, J. A. 6804:has generic name ( 6674:on 11 October 2008 6651:theotherside.co.uk 6487:on 11 October 2008 6368:Robinson, Debbie. 6106:on 7 October 2010. 6054:on 26 October 2011 6018:"Dover Strait TSS" 5861:on 14 January 2016 5442:(6225): 998–1001. 4654:"English Channel" 4280:, "Sleeve Channel" 4235:), "The Channel"; 4163:Guadeloupe Passage 4018:St. Margaret's Bay 3884:Gossamer Albatross 3867:powered paraglider 3689:First crossing by 3633:25 September 2006 3567:photovoltaic cells 3537:14 September 1995 3526:Leukaemia Research 3514:First crossing by 3467:First crossing by 3219: 3191:Eurotunnel Shuttle 3185:and London on the 3056: 3000: 2826:Germanic languages 2787: 2615: 2390: 2387:Portsmouth Harbour 2354: 2237:Operation Overlord 2226: 2206: 2101: 2015:Kaiserliche Marine 1936: 1895:From the reign of 1893: 1873:Hundred Years' War 1842:Crown Dependencies 1799:Battle of Hastings 1787: 1721:Charles the Simple 1677: 1630:early Anglo-Saxons 1564: 1466:Battle of Portland 1393:Start Point, Devon 1263:continental Europe 1261:remaining part of 1227: 1221:Europe during the 1213:Geological origins 1141:Cotentin Peninsula 1114:Cotentin Peninsula 1102:Crown Dependencies 1090: 1018: 955: 933:Canal de la Mancha 891: 863:Acts of Union 1707 795: 736:is often given as 703:Isidore of Seville 673: 665:continental Europe 478:St Michael's Mount 443:Îles Saint-Marcouf 8508: 8507: 8391:Borders of France 8357: 8356: 8173: 8172: 8152:Oceans portal 7701:Mediterranean Sea 7651:Gulf of Venezuela 7443:East Siberian Sea 7385:Riiser-Larsen Sea 6668:www.britannia.com 6560:"Inflatable Drag" 6124:. 29 March 1993. 6028:on 7 October 2010 5988:"History of CNIS" 5968:on 31 August 2010 5707:978-1-904381-00-6 5577:Geoffrey Miller. 5550:Nick Attwood MA. 5496:"History Compass" 5391:(6225): 945–946. 5324:978-90-277-1745-0 4977:(7151): 342–345. 4883:10.1063/1.2784673 4791:(7151): 342–345. 4513:. 26 March 2009. 4485:The Celtic Review 4379:"English Channel" 4267:, "The Channel"; 4259:, "British Sea"; 4184:Explanatory notes 4069: 4068: 4061:Guglielmo Marconi 3899:, and piloted by 3893:Paul B. MacCready 3865:dune buggy and a 3703: 3702: 3486:Nigel Beale (UK) 3313: 3312: 3305: 3243:Rampion Wind Farm 3215:Mont Saint-Michel 2987:. The cargo ship 2846:Romance languages 2804:, Sea of Brittany 2781:(1779), defining 2758:: 600 inhabitants 2709:Trouville-sur-Mer 2222:Organisation Todt 2179:Normandy Landings 2172:Fast Attack Craft 2161:Operation Sealion 2153:Battle of Britain 2097:Battle of Britain 2020:submarine warfare 1913:Sir Francis Drake 1854:Le roi, notre Duc 1824:With the rise of 1766:, and indigenous 1667:The Hermitage of 1452:in 1944. Channel 1450:Normandy Landings 1185:Shipping Forecast 1180:and other dams). 1110:Mont-Saint-Michel 750:Anglo-Saxon texts 567: 566: 436:Mont-Saint-Michel 154: 39: 8598: 8581:Southern England 8384: 8377: 8370: 8361: 8360: 8320:Caribbean France 8275:Irish Sea border 8265:England–Scotland 8200: 8193: 8186: 8177: 8176: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8149: 8082:Endorheic basins 7962:Gulf of Thailand 7814:Gulf of Khambhat 7309: 7302: 7295: 7286: 7285: 7231:(Headline, 2003) 7203: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7131:www.dover.uk.com 7123: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7016:www.dover.uk.com 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6797: 6789: 6777: 6771: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6670:. Archived from 6660: 6654: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6562:. Archived from 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6423: 6414: 6413: 6412:on 9 April 2008. 6411: 6405:. Archived from 6404: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6376:. Archived from 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6316:Rampion Offshore 6308: 6302: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6197:. October 2002. 6192: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6102:. Archived from 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6050:. Archived from 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6024:. Archived from 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5730: 5718: 5712: 5711: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5648:on 10 March 2008 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5608: 5602: 5597:quoting Fisher, 5596: 5594: 5592: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5467: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5236:on 12 March 2019 5232:. Archived from 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5194: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5103:10.1002/jqs.1549 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5027:. 19 July 2007. 5017: 5011: 5010: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4891: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4839: 4824: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4746:(3–4): 201–213. 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4669:Thompson, LuAnne 4665: 4659: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4524: 4522: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4389:on 11 April 2022 4385:. Archived from 4375: 4366: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4300: 4281: 4272: 4251:, "Lord's Sea"; 4230: 4220: 4211:, "The Sleeve" ( 4203:, "The Sleeve"; 4194: 4153:Anguilla Channel 4148:France–UK border 4137: 4135:Geography portal 4132: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4013:17 October 1851 3996: 3995: 3970:Yvetta Hlavacova 3844:Jet Powered Wing 3763: 3762: 3758: 3741:Boulogne-sur-Mer 3550:MCH SR-N4 MkIII 3544:, 22 minutes by 3335: 3334: 3308: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3265: 3257: 3237:Renewable energy 3156:Rosslare–Roscoff 2946: 2921: 2910: 2794:Celtic Languages 2790:following them. 2764:: 60 inhabitants 2736:Saint Peter Port 2653:Boulogne-sur-Mer 2297:occupied by the 2149:Operation Aerial 2137:Operation Dynamo 2117:Battle of France 2109:European theatre 2105:Second World War 2087:Second World War 2046:naval minefields 1948:Seven Years' War 1930:which ended the 1832:and the Orient. 1649:Migration Period 1598:Diodorus Siculus 1588:Hanson Log Boats 1560: 1551: 1542: 1530:Route to Britain 1444:in 1066 and the 1385:Portland Harbour 1271:pro-glacial lake 1032:and the Gulf of 935: 925: 898: 893:The French name 881: 841: 820: 814: 757: 741: 731: 725: 700: 698:Oceanus Gallicus 686: 684:Mare Britannicum 680: 622:Second World War 583:Southern England 573:, also known as 561: 548:Boulogne-sur-Mer 480: 473: 466: 459: 452: 445: 438: 421: 414: 395:Min. temperature 387:Max. temperature 240: 232: 220: 219: 217: 216: 215: 210: 206: 203: 202: 201: 198: 188: 155: 153: 146: 145: 139: 126: 96: 85: 65: 40: 38: 32: 31: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8571:Bays of England 8521:English Channel 8511: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8500:Subject to the 8494: 8457:Overseas France 8451: 8393: 8388: 8358: 8353: 8279: 8236:English Channel 8210: 8204: 8174: 8169: 8144: 8135: 8109: 8076: 8052:South China Sea 8032:Seto Inland Sea 7952:Gulf of Fonseca 7858: 7765: 7616:Gulf of Finland 7611:Gulf of Bothnia 7596:English Channel 7566:Bay of Campeche 7531:Archipelago Sea 7497: 7453:Gulf of Boothia 7409: 7350:Cooperation Sea 7326: 7313: 7245: 7238:(Collins, 1959) 7215:Bradford, Ernle 7211: 7209:Further reading 7206: 7200:Wayback Machine 7191: 7187: 7182: 7178: 7169: 7167: 7154: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7125: 7124: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7075: 7073: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6916: 6914: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6859: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6817: 6813: 6801: 6800: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6774: 6762:Wayback Machine 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6648:Wayback Machine 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6455: 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5532: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5505:on 7 March 2008 5502: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5432: 5428: 5381: 5377: 5362: 5358: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5122: 5118: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5019: 5018: 5014: 4967: 4963: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4779: 4775: 4760:10.1002/jqs.744 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4520: 4518: 4511:British Library 4501: 4500: 4496: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4450: 4446: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4419: 4409: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4268: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4039:submarine cable 4005:Participant(s) 3994: 3982: 3951:Marathon Team. 3937:Gertrude Ederle 3926: 3920: 3811: 3805: 3760: 3756: 3755: 3749:Captain Hayward 3693:(sea scooters) 3686:20 August 2011 3668:Richard Hammond 3664:Jeremy Clarkson 3638:inflatable boat 3616:Rinspeed Splash 3597:Richard Branson 3565:crossing using 3480:22 August 1972 3417:Captain Hayward 3389:Paddle steamer 3373:Paddle steamer 3344:Participant(s) 3333: 3309: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3278: 3266: 3255: 3239: 3231:Channel Hopping 3207: 3193:trains between 3178: 3172: 3062: 3045: 2958: 2953: 2771: 2722: 2720:Channel Islands 2599: 2375: 2362: 2346: 2340: 2212:As part of the 2145:Operation Cycle 2089: 2031:Race to the Sea 1983: 1981:First World War 1963:Napoleonic Wars 1881: 1819:Treaty of Paris 1811:Channel Islands 1795:Norman Conquest 1783:Bayeux Tapestry 1661: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1540: 1532: 1468:(1653) and the 1462:Battle of Dover 1442:Norman Conquest 1426:Napoleonic Wars 1409: 1373: 1310:Lobourg Channel 1306:Fosses Dangeard 1243:tectonic uplift 1231:Strait of Dover 1215: 1174:Zuiderzee works 1137:Channel Islands 1098:Channel Islands 1050:Broad Fourteens 1022:Strait of Dover 1005: 947: 942: 883: 867:British Channel 859:English Channel 831:English Channel 791:seaside resorts 772: 770:English Channel 649:Strait of Dover 641: 618:Napoleonic Wars 607:Strait of Dover 595:Strait of Dover 581:that separates 571:English Channel 557: 476: 469: 462: 455: 448: 441: 434: 417: 410: 356: 311: 280: countries 272: 239:Primary inflows 228: 213: 211: 207: 204: 199: 196: 194: 192: 191: 162: 161: 160: 159: 158: 157: 156: 152: 151:English Channel 150: 147: 117: 37: 36:English Channel 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8604: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8492: 8482: 8472: 8461: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8447:United Kingdom 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8403: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8387: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8364: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8343: 8340: 8335: 8332: 8327: 8325:Pacific France 8322: 8317: 8312: 8309: 8303: 8298: 8289: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8239: 8229: 8220: 8218: 8216:United Kingdom 8212: 8211: 8203: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8180: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8155: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8022:Sea of Okhotsk 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 8002:Philippine Sea 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7967:Gulf of Tonkin 7964: 7959: 7957:Gulf of Panama 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7937:Gulf of Anadyr 7934: 7932:Gulf of Alaska 7929: 7927:East China Sea 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7868: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7756:Tyrrhenian Sea 7753: 7748: 7746:Sea of Marmara 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7636:Gulf of Mexico 7633: 7628: 7623: 7621:Gulf of Guinea 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7561:Bay of Bothnia 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7503:Atlantic Ocean 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7355:Cosmonauts Sea 7352: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7312: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7244: 7243:External links 7241: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7222: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7185: 7176: 7159:The Wetsuitmen 7148: 7113: 7083: 7053: 7028: 7003: 6976: 6949: 6924: 6899: 6869: 6847: 6811: 6772: 6746: 6716: 6685: 6655: 6633: 6603: 6577: 6551: 6524: 6498: 6472: 6463: 6437: 6415: 6391: 6380:on 6 June 2020 6360: 6339: 6321: 6303: 6289: 6263: 6241: 6215: 6175: 6139: 6109: 6091: 6065: 6039: 6009: 5979: 5949: 5943:978-2906064645 5942: 5934:Le Petit Matao 5924: 5913:. 8 March 2023 5898: 5872: 5846: 5820: 5801: 5775: 5749: 5713: 5706: 5686: 5659: 5633: 5603: 5569: 5542: 5516: 5487: 5426: 5375: 5356: 5330: 5323: 5303: 5294: 5267:(5): 175–179. 5247: 5217: 5181: 5155: 5136:(6): 643–663. 5116: 5069: 5058:on 6 June 2020 5050:Bryony Coles. 5042: 5012: 4961: 4903: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4773: 4726: 4696: 4660: 4647: 4615: 4602: 4589: 4563: 4537: 4494: 4471: 4458:France Culture 4444: 4429: 4400: 4367: 4351: 4321: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4124: 4110: 4096: 4093:England portal 4080: 4077: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4058: 4047: 4046:27 March 1899 4043: 4042: 4035: 4025: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3993: 3990: 3981: 3978: 3922:Main article: 3919: 3916: 3852:Calais, France 3848:Pilatus Porter 3807:Main article: 3804: 3801: 3727:paddle steamer 3701: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3675: 3661: 3652: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3634: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3522: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3424: 3423:17 March 1864 3420: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3325:walking across 3311: 3310: 3269: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3238: 3235: 3206: 3203: 3176:Channel Tunnel 3174:Main article: 3171: 3170:Channel Tunnel 3168: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3075: 3058:Main article: 3044: 3041: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2911: 2900: 2891: 2885: 2873: 2856: 2847: 2844: 2841:French Flemish 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823:, Merciful Sea 2814: 2805: 2795: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2706: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2553: 2547: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2487: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2374: 2371: 2361: 2358: 2342:Main article: 2339: 2336: 2159:necessary for 2111:was primarily 2088: 2085: 2069:Zeebrugge Raid 1987:Admiral Fisher 1982: 1979: 1971:Horatio Nelson 1940:British Empire 1905:Spanish Armada 1889:Spanish Armada 1880: 1877: 1679:The attack on 1660: 1657: 1618:Aulus Plautius 1590:and the later 1566:Remnants of a 1557: 1554:Old East Norse 1548: 1545:Old West Norse 1539: 1531: 1528: 1477:Angevin Empire 1418:Spanish Armada 1408: 1405: 1372: 1369: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1166:Thames Barrier 1004: 1003: 993: 966: 946: 943: 941: 938: 905:Folk etymology 882: 875: 846:used the word 839:Engelse Kanaal 803:Middle English 783:Queen Victoria 771: 768: 640: 637: 614:United Kingdom 601:in the world. 585:from northern 579:Atlantic Ocean 565: 564: 563: 562: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 513: 509: 508: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 474: 467: 464:Drake's Island 460: 453: 446: 439: 432: 427: 422: 415: 406: 400: 399: 396: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 366: 362: 361: 353: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 329: 325: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 312: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 283: 281: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 244: 242: 234: 233: 230:Atlantic Ocean 226: 222: 221: 189: 183: 182: 173:; between the 168: 164: 163: 149: 148: 141: 140: 134: 133: 132: 131: 128: 127: 119: 118: 116: 115: 106: 97: 86: 75: 66: 55: 45: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8603: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531:European seas 8529: 8527: 8526:English coast 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8503: 8497: 8490: 8489:French Guiana 8486: 8483: 8480: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8469:French Guiana 8466: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8349: 8347: 8346:United States 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8270:England–Wales 8268: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8196: 8194: 8189: 8187: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8166: 8165: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972:Halmahera Sea 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7864:Pacific Ocean 7861: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7834:Laccadive Sea 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819:Gulf of Kutch 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7809:Gulf of Aqaba 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7789:Bay of Bengal 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716:Norwegian Sea 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7686:Levantine Sea 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7641:Gulf of Sidra 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Gulf of Maine 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606:Greenland Sea 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7586:Caribbean Sea 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7556:Bay of Biscay 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536:Argentine Sea 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448:Greenland Sea 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7423:Amundsen Gulf 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:D'Urville Sea 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7189: 7180: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7152: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7017: 7013: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6857: 6851: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6750: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6637: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6591: 6588:. IMCDb.org. 6587: 6581: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6420: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6251: 6245: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6187: 6179: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5763: 5760:. uboat.net. 5759: 5753: 5734: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5600: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261:Geology Today 5258: 5251: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5025:Science Daily 5022: 5016: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863:Physics Today 4857: 4850: 4848: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4777: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4657: 4651: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4609:Cotgrave R., 4606: 4599: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4440: 4433: 4417: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4292: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4257:Mor Bretannek 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4125: 4122: 4121:Europe portal 4111: 4108: 4107:France portal 4097: 4094: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020:, England to 4019: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3987: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3966:Trent Grimsey 3962: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3908:Franky Zapata 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897:AeroVironment 3894: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3829:Louis Blériot 3826: 3824: 3823:John Jeffries 3821:(France) and 3820: 3816: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3797:Princess Anne 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3607:26 July 2006 3606: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3582:14 June 2004 3581: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3563:solar-powered 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3546:Princess Anne 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3520: 3518:(8hrs 6mins) 3517: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3459:was on board 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3445:25 July 1959 3444: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3386:10 June 1821 3385: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317:human powered 3307: 3304: 3296: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3270:This section 3268: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3211: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3060:Channel Ports 3053: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3006: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2812:Mor Bretannek 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2641:Perros-Guirec 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2426:Littlehampton 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402:Littlehampton 2399: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2357: 2350: 2345: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:collaboration 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2219: 2218:German forces 2215: 2214:Atlantic Wall 2210: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2157:air supremacy 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115:. During the 2114: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2050:Dover Barrage 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Louis Blériot 1996: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:British Crown 1843: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1830:Mediterranean 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:Hiberno-Norse 1753: 1752:Scandinavians 1749: 1748:Norman French 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1695:British Isles 1692: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1656: 1655:populations. 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Julius Caesar 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584:Ferriby Boats 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:Isle of Wight 1569: 1555: 1546: 1536: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520:February 1684 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:Modern Celtic 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:naval battles 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1407:Human history 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:Channel River 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1219: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1157:Bay of Biscay 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Baie de Seine 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1094:Isle of Wight 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:Low Countries 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Goodwin Sands 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026:Pas de Calais 1023: 1015: 1010: 1001: 997: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 968: 967: 964: 962: 957: 951: 937: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 887: 880: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 840: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 813: 808: 804: 800: 792: 788: 787:Isle of Wight 784: 780: 779:Osborne House 776: 767: 765: 761: 756: 751: 747: 745: 740: 735: 730: 724: 723:Mor Bretannek 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 699: 694: 690: 685: 679: 670: 666: 662: 661:Great Britain 658: 654: 650: 645: 636: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 602: 600: 599:shipping area 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 560: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 514: 510: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 479: 475: 472: 468: 465: 461: 458: 454: 451: 450:Isle of Wight 447: 444: 440: 437: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 420: 416: 413: 412:Île de Bréhat 409: 408: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 354: 350: 346: 344:Average depth 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 292: 288: 285: 284: 282: 279: 275: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 243: 241: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 190: 184: 180: 176: 172: 169: 165: 138: 129: 125: 120: 114: 110: 107: 105: 101: 98: 95: 90: 87: 84: 79: 76: 74: 70: 67: 64: 63:Mor Brettanek 59: 56: 54: 50: 47: 46: 43: 33: 30: 26: 22: 8488: 8479:Saint Martin 8478: 8468: 8305: 8292: 8261: 8241: 8235: 8223: 8162: 8143: 8017:Sea of Japan 7892:Bismarck Sea 7844:Persian Gulf 7829:Gulf of Suez 7824:Gulf of Oman 7804:Gulf of Aden 7771:Indian Ocean 7751:Thracian Sea 7736:Sea of Crete 7726:Sea of Åland 7721:Sargasso Sea 7696:Ligurian Sea 7681:Labrador Sea 7671:Irminger Sea 7626:Gulf of Lion 7595: 7581:Bothnian Sea 7571:Bay of Fundy 7546:Balearic Sea 7511:Adriatic Sea 7433:Beaufort Sea 7415:Arctic Ocean 7340:Amundsen Sea 7235: 7228: 7225:Unwin, Peter 7218: 7188: 7179: 7168:, retrieved 7158: 7151: 7141:13 September 7139:. 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Retrieved 4307: 4192: 4158:Booze cruise 4070: 3983: 3974: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3942: 3934: 3930:Matthew Webb 3927: 3912:Flyboard Air 3905: 3882: 3876: 3859: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3812: 3796: 3782: 3778:Prince Madog 3774:North Dakota 3753: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3706: 3704: 3655: 3587:Gibbs Aquada 3572: 3545: 3511:August 1984 3434: 3430: 3399: 3390: 3374: 3356: 3321:last Ice Age 3314: 3299: 3293:January 2013 3290: 3279:Please help 3274:verification 3271: 3240: 3220: 3179: 3063: 3024: 3021: 3009: 3001: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2965:-controlled 2959: 2936: 2897: 2882:Anglo-Norman 2870: 2866: 2862: 2788: 2778: 2726:Saint Helier 2647:Saint-Brieuc 2512:Bognor Regis 2363: 2355: 2307:slave labour 2299:Afrika Korps 2285: 2227: 2187:Channel Dash 2183:Kriegsmarine 2176: 2168:minesweepers 2165: 2102: 2082: 2058: 2039: 2028: 2024:Dover Patrol 2013: 2012:Because the 2011: 1984: 1960: 1937: 1894: 1870: 1857: 1853: 1834: 1823: 1788: 1764:Anglo-Danish 1737: 1723:through the 1699: 1688: 1678: 1673:Saint Helier 1634: 1596: 1565: 1517: 1474: 1464:(1652), the 1456:include the 1434:World War II 1430:Nazi Germany 1413:Neanderthals 1410: 1401:Harbour Seal 1389: 1379: 1374: 1344:interglacial 1341: 1330: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1228: 1182: 1149:spring tides 1134: 1091: 1070: 1019: 996:On the East. 995: 982:Scilly Isles 970:On the West. 969: 958: 956: 936:in Spanish. 892: 870: 866: 858: 856: 847: 835: 830: 826: 798: 796: 759: 748: 734:modern Welsh 709: 707: 688: 674: 626: 611: 603: 574: 570: 568: 457:Burgh Island 365:Water volume 336:Surface area 225:Part of 113:Chele Manche 29: 8475:Netherlands 8442:Switzerland 8249:Netherlands 8095:Caspian Sea 8067:Visayan Sea 8047:Solomon Sea 8042:Sibuyan Sea 8037:Shantar Sea 7992:Molucca Sea 7987:Mar de Grau 7917:Chilean Sea 7912:Celebes Sea 7907:Camotes Sea 7872:Arafura Sea 7784:Arabian Sea 7779:Andaman Sea 7731:Sea of Azov 7706:Myrtoan Sea 7521:Alboran Sea 7473:Pechora Sea 7468:Lincoln Sea 7438:Chukchi Sea 7428:Barents Sea 7405:Weddell Sea 7375:Lazarev Sea 6456:26 February 6334:Le Monde.fr 5891:6 September 5865:10 February 5035:28 February 4460:(in French) 4233:Guernésiais 4213:Cotentinais 3992:Other types 3949:Sri Chinmoy 3918:By swimming 3901:Bryan Allen 3895:'s company 3793:Pegwell Bay 3772:Indians of 3370:9 May 1816 3352:March 1816 3247:West Sussex 3162:–Saint Malo 3141:Portsmouth– 3135:Portsmouth– 3029:Cawsand Bay 2903:Guernésiais 2894:Cotentinais 2821:Muir nIocht 2468:Southampton 2458:Bournemouth 2269:Falaise gap 2233:Dieppe Raid 2103:During the 1991:World War I 1897:Elizabeth I 1850:Loyal toast 1848:. Thus the 1718:West Franks 1681:Lindisfarne 1505:Cornouaille 1424:during the 1291:Hurd's Deep 1235:Pleistocene 1178:Afsluitdijk 1170:Delta Works 1147:in monthly 1062:Hurd's Deep 1054:East Anglia 978:Bishop Rock 871:British Sea 760:Narrow Seas 710:British Sea 620:and in the 575:the Channel 538:Southampton 518:Bournemouth 512:Settlements 471:Looe Island 419:Île de Batz 359:Hurd's Deep 320:Max. length 263:River Tamar 212: / 187:Coordinates 78:Guernésiais 8591:Megafloods 8515:Categories 8427:Luxembourg 8131:Superocean 8105:Salton Sea 8072:Yellow Sea 8062:Tasman Sea 8007:Salish Sea 7887:Bering Sea 7794:Flores Sea 7761:Wadden Sea 7691:Libyan Sea 7661:Ionian Sea 7656:Hudson Bay 7601:Foxe Basin 7591:Celtic Sea 7551:Baltic Sea 7541:Baffin Bay 7516:Aegean Sea 7488:Wandel Sea 7463:Laptev Sea 7395:Scotia Sea 7380:Mawson Sea 7076:1 November 6739:1 November 6709:10 January 6678:6 February 6626:20 January 6570:1 November 6544:1 November 6282:1 November 6256:1 November 6234:1 November 6208:1 November 6168:1 November 6032:1 November 6002:1 November 5839:1 November 5724:Black Jack 5652:1 November 5591:1 November 5465:10454/9405 5349:5 December 5240:3 February 5210:1 November 5174:1 November 4556:1 December 4521:1 November 4464:2 December 4314:1 December 4288:References 4278:Ärmelkanal 4265:Het Kanaal 4241:Mor Breizh 4209:la Maunche 3945:Serpentine 3871:Ambleteuse 3862:flying car 3860:The first 3836:Yves Rossy 3766:Bull Boats 3745:Folkestone 3713:steam ship 3679:Nissan D21 3651:July 2007 3620:sports car 3591:sports car 3542:hovercraft 3407:June 1843 3195:Folkestone 3153:–Cherbourg 3143:Ouistreham 3129:–Cherbourg 3127:Portsmouth 3122:Saint Malo 2871:Mè Bertone 2837:het Kanaal 2802:Mor Breizh 2783:Law French 2746:Saint Anne 2703:Le Tréport 2631:Saint-Malo 2607:Saint-Malo 2572:St Austell 2518:Folkestone 2506:Eastbourne 2486:): 129,702 2444:Portsmouth 2360:Population 2323:Royal Navy 1995:Alexandria 1944:Royal Navy 1917:Royal Navy 1685:Viking Age 1580:Mesolithic 1568:mesolithic 1365:Doggerland 1337:glaciation 1283:ice sheets 1275:Doggerland 1183:In the UK 1130:Celtic Sea 1100:, British 1034:Saint Malo 930:, such as 920:, such as 807:Old French 746:combined. 729:Mor Breizh 533:Portsmouth 352:Max. depth 328:Max. width 258:River Test 209:50.2°N 2°W 104:La Maunche 53:Mor Breizh 8350:Venezuela 8027:Seram Sea 7997:Moro Gulf 7922:Coral Sea 7902:Bohol Sea 7897:Bohai Sea 7882:Banda Sea 7854:Timor Sea 7711:North Sea 7676:James Bay 7666:Irish Sea 7576:Black Sea 7493:White Sea 7400:Somov Sea 7360:Davis Sea 6835:0140-0460 6826:The Times 6794:cite news 6384:3 January 6312:"Rampion" 5972:8 October 5289:0266-6979 5111:0267-8179 5062:3 January 4924:: 15101. 4768:0267-8179 4270:‹See Tfd› 4228:lé Ch'nal 4201:la Manche 4002:Crossing 3986:Amphicars 3672:James May 3614:car (the 3612:hydrofoil 3469:water ski 3341:Crossing 3227:Deauville 3106:Cherbourg 2925:Sercquais 2890:(extinct) 2888:Auregnais 2854:La Manche 2777:Kelham's 2713:Deauville 2659:Cherbourg 2627:: 104,852 2508:: 106,562 2502:: 119,600 2496:: 126,386 2476:: 258,700 2470:: 304,400 2464:: 383,713 2410:: 155,919 2331:Red Cross 2277:Montormel 2257:Cherbourg 2191:Luftwaffe 2185:, of the 1973:, ending 1901:sea power 1866:Salic Law 1807:Philip II 1803:King John 1760:Orcadians 1714:vassalage 1669:St Helier 1576:Neolithic 1495:who fled 1420:in 1588, 1397:Grey Seal 1333:North Sea 1314:megaflood 1279:North Sea 1247:Oligocene 1153:resonance 1024:(French: 1000:North Sea 990:Lands End 986:Longships 945:Geography 928:borrowing 913:the Minch 901:la manche 896:la Manche 879:La Manche 797:The word 764:North Sea 744:North Sea 708:The term 669:North Sea 591:North Sea 248:River Exe 83:Lé Ch'nal 73:La Manche 8485:Suriname 8330:Honduras 8164:Category 8100:Dead Sea 8090:Aral Sea 8057:Sulu Sea 8012:Savu Sea 7982:Koro Sea 7977:Java Sea 7877:Bali Sea 7458:Kara Sea 7390:Ross Sea 7196:Archived 7164:archived 7135:Archived 7100:Archived 7070:Archived 6990:Archived 6963:Archived 6892:4 August 6886:Archived 6882:BBC News 6862:26 March 6840:5 August 6758:Archived 6733:Archived 6729:BBC News 6703:Archived 6699:BBC News 6644:Archived 6620:Archived 6596:27 April 6590:Archived 6538:Archived 6491:27 April 6276:Archived 6228:Archived 6199:Archived 6159:Archived 6157:. 2001. 6126:Archived 6058:5 August 5996:Archived 5994:. 2007. 5885:Archived 5833:Archived 5812:Archived 5788:Archived 5762:Archived 5733:Archived 5673:Archived 5620:Archived 5601:, p. 219 5585:Archived 5556:Archived 5529:Archived 5509:27 April 5474:25722413 5421:43627086 5413:25722395 5343:Archived 5201:Archived 5199:. 2006. 5168:Archived 5029:Archived 4999:17637667 4956:28375202 4896:27 April 4887:Archived 4835:NBC News 4813:17637667 4713:Archived 4689:14 April 4680:Archived 4631:Archived 4596:Room A. 4582:27 April 4576:Archived 4550:Archived 4515:Archived 4416:Archived 4393:11 April 4338:Archived 4223:Jèrriais 4218:lé Ch'na 4079:See also 4063:(Italy) 4051:Wimereux 4022:Sangatte 3789:Ramsgate 3734:Henri IV 3720:Defiance 3657:Top Gear 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