42:
926:, (formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust), has pointed to a discrepancy between the limited number and size of eco-town schemes and the much larger figure for projected housing need. Supporters counter however that eco-towns will be exemplar settlements, informing future sustainable housing developments for many years.
603:" developments and should be exemplary in one area of sustainability, such as energy production or waste disposal. The new environmentally-friendly towns – low-energy, carbon-neutral developments built from recycled materials – are intended to be largely car-free, with pedestrian and cycle-friendly environments.
956:
In April 2011, the coalition government announced that only one of the proposed eco-towns, Northwest
Bicester in Oxfordshire, will now actually be built to the originally proposed standards. The other proposed eco-towns, will only need to be built to meet current building requirement, applied to any
921:
Many local residents' groups have argued against the sustainability of locating an eco-town in their proximity, citing poor transport links and building on primarily greenfield and agricultural land. Supporters of proposed eco-towns counter-argue that their districts need more affordable housing and
917:
have repeatedly assured critics that each eco-town proposal will go through the normal planning process. Critics point out however that once the
Government has issued a Planning Policy Statement (PPS) designating a site as suitable for Eco Town status, that will then have to be taken into account by
859:
As part of the Best
Practice in Urban Extensions and New Settlements study in 2007, the TCPA had been looking at several urban extensions and new settlements around the country to identify what has changed since the new towns in terms of planning for large scale growth. This work is to inform local
847:
Housing
Minister John Healey announced that developers in the four successful locations will be able to bid for a share of £60 million to support local infrastructure. He said he wanted to see at least six second wave areas identified in 2010 and announced up to £5 million available for councils to
904:
The plans have proved controversial with campaigners saying the idea is a way to evade normal planning controls and bring forward schemes which have previously been turned down by local authorities as unsuitable. For example, the Ford Eco Town site has previously been rejected by Arun
District
562:
Initially over fifty eco-town bids were suggested, many of them modified versions of existing housing scheme proposals. The eco-town concept and initial locations were subject to consultation by
Communities and Local Government ending on 30 June 2008.
645:
Employment: at least one job opportunity per house accessible by public transport, walking or cycling (although the standards are silent on how housing developers might guarantee this and it is largely discredited in the current economic
610:(TCPA) through 'worksheets' as advice to promoters and planners. The following were published – transport, community development, waste management, green infrastructure and water cycle management, and could be accessed from the
1338:
909:
and an expert adviser to the
Government has made public that the Government plans "to force through eco-towns" by "crashing the planning process". However, last but one Government housing minister
949:, against a backdrop of a prolonged economic downturn. As of August 2010 the eco-town plan is still under review, although in July 2010 it was announced by housing minister
860:
authorities who are contemplating growth and to showcase good practice, with reference to community engagement, design, environmental sustainability and masterplanning.
658:
Community: there must be a mixture of housing types and densities, and residents must have a say in how their town is run, by governance in new and innovative ways.
596:. Some 30% to 40% of housing in each eco-town is to be allocated as affordable, and made available to the thousands currently on the local housing waiting lists.
876:
1202:
570:
was prepared and published on 16 July 2009, describing the standards that eco-towns will have to meet, after a consultation period that ended on 30 April 2009.
863:
It carried forward a piece of research undertaken with Arup looking at the sustainability criteria for new settlement and urban extension options in the
815:
Proposals for
Curborough in Staffordshire, Hanley Grange in Cambridgeshire, Coltishall in Norfolk and Manby in Lincolnshire were subsequently withdrawn.
649:
Services: there must be shops and a primary school within easy walk of every single home, and all the services expected from a town of up to 20,000 homes
1050:
668:
The standards are subject to consultation and may therefore change. In Eco Towns, 32% of the total site will be used for housing and creating villages.
1244:
1029:
1269:
929:
Poor public transport at the short-listed locations raised concerns that "high levels of car ownership will undermine the rest of the strategy".
552:
1412:
1129:
576:
In
January 2017 a new initiative for fourteen Garden Villages and three Garden Towns was announced by Conservative Government. This included
1375:
655:
Public transport: real-time public transport information in every home, a public transport link within ten minutes walk of every home
1177:
1079:
1381:
1219:
1407:
892:
Is the site linked and supplied with good quality infrastructure – if not what are the transferable lessons to new growth poles?
1417:
94:
906:
607:
556:
938:
828:
642:
level 4 or higher (surprisingly not the highest standard available, casting doubt on the credibility of these requirements)
448:
622:
The standards eco-towns should meet include the following as set out in the 'draft
Planning Policy Statement: eco-towns':
555:(CLG) announced a competition to build up to 10 eco-towns. The proposals received support from organisations such as the
453:
458:
470:
524:
164:
1248:
339:
1339:
Daily Telegraph, 9 July 2010: Question-mark over Labour's eco-towns as Grant Shapps cuts funding by 50 per cent
1015:
1054:
882:
Some key terms of reference from this project are taken from the Barker Review. These include the following:
611:
905:
Council twice. Professor David Lock, architect of the Marston Vale "vision plan" and former Chairman of the
671:
Every Eco Town that is built would have 14,000 proposed jobs such as manufacturing and industrial services.
1026:
389:
228:
679:
On 3 April 2008, the shortlist of fifteen sites for the next phase of public consultations was announced.
942:
918:
local planners and will reduce their ability to reject a scheme for being proposed on green field sites.
1117:
629:
Zero-carbon: eco-towns must be zero-carbon over the course of a year (not including transport emissions)
989:
639:
284:
199:
1118:"Eco-towns Prospectus", published by the Department of Communities and Local Government, 23 July 2007
872:
567:
334:
1280:
1027:
Eco-towns: Living a greener future – consultation paper – Housing – Communities and Local Government
475:
344:
1133:
635:
Waste and recycling: eco-towns must have higher recycling rates and make use of waste in new ways
480:
495:
485:
404:
279:
889:
Can it showcase excellent design and sustainable buildings within a good quality environment?
436:
421:
411:
354:
219:
599:
The largest will provide up to 20,000 new homes, with officials saying the towns should be "
1350:
588:
The eco-towns programme was intended to offer the opportunity to achieve high standards of
517:
490:
384:
205:
1313:
922:
that eco-towns will provide these homes in a comprehensively planned and sustainable way.
8:
1181:
840:
807:
606:
The towns will need to adhere to strict development criteria which were developed by the
290:
257:
246:
193:
62:
1402:
1216:
923:
895:
What are the linkages to nearby viable settlements and are they appropriate and useful?
834:
797:
593:
589:
1154:
973:
946:
709:
652:
Transition/construction: facilities should be in place before and during construction
366:
252:
67:
886:
Is the site able to support a viable community in terms of facilities and amenities?
914:
739:
349:
129:
57:
25:
1223:
1033:
559:
but have also attracted controversy and scepticism (see for example Manns 2008).
510:
416:
319:
296:
89:
910:
767:
697:
545:
329:
124:
79:
1396:
854:
818:
On 16 July 2009, the UK Government announced four successful eco-town bids:
791:
733:
715:
577:
544:
to be built in England, which are intended to achieve exemplary standards of
426:
399:
359:
212:
169:
159:
149:
1003:
950:
761:
394:
274:
1096:
600:
114:
626:
Affordable housing: a minimum of 30% affordable housing in each eco-town
1325:
1234:
TCPA, March 2007, Best Practice in Urban Extensions and New Settlements
785:
779:
743:
693:
262:
154:
134:
109:
104:
99:
41:
864:
662:
There are further standards on water, biodiversity and other issues.
541:
267:
72:
868:
773:
703:
324:
314:
144:
139:
119:
953:
that funding for the financial year 2010/11 was to be cut by 50%.
573:
By 2012, only four sites have been approved, with none completed.
1387:
1165:
801:
729:
723:
719:
84:
1302:
984:
Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research: Manns, J. P.
822:
687:
431:
33:
1291:
755:
749:
632:
Green space: a minimum of 40% of eco-towns must be greenspace
580:
in Cornwall which was part of the initial eco-town proposal.
810:, Oxfordshire (proposed alternative to Weston Otmoor site).
174:
855:
Evidence-base for Eco-towns as Sustainable New Settlements
1314:
Eco-towns "Irrelevant" to UK Housing and Environment
1045:
1043:
1041:
974:
BBC article on Gordon Brown's eco-towns announcement
1351:"Bicester's eco-town plans changed after criticism"
752:
city region, West Yorkshire (site to be determined)
1097:"Garden villages: Locations of first 14 announced"
1038:
871:sub regions as part of the East of England draft
851:As of 2012, no further sites have been approved:
1394:
1074:
1072:
553:Department for Communities and Local Government
1069:
770:, Warwickshire (army depot and business park)
518:
848:conduct further planning work on proposals.
665:There is a short video about the standards.
941:resulted in a change of government, with a
16:Government-sponsored programme of new towns
1080:"What has happened to the UK’s eco-towns?"
525:
511:
943:Conservative / Liberal Democrat coalition
690:, Hampshire (Army base and existing town)
788:, Nottinghamshire (site to be confirmed)
592:while also maximising the potential for
540:are a government-sponsored programme of
999:
997:
932:
1395:
1155:BBC: 'Eco-towns' shortlist is revealed
1376:Town and Country Planning Association
907:Town and Country Planning Association
617:
608:Town and Country Planning Association
557:Town and Country Planning Association
1413:Town and country planning in England
1281:Whitehall to force through eco-towns
994:
13:
14:
1429:
1369:
1206:: Another Eco-Town Bites The Dust
746:, Cornwall. (China Clay quarries)
1326:"How Eco are Gordon's Eco-towns"
40:
1343:
1332:
1318:
1307:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1263:
1237:
1228:
1210:
1196:
1170:
1159:
1148:
1130:"Ecotownsyoursay.direct.gov.uk"
1122:
1408:Planned communities in England
1245:"Eco Town Plans Controversial"
1111:
1089:
1020:
1009:
978:
967:
899:
1:
1418:Housing in the United Kingdom
960:
583:
939:general election of May 2010
800:, Norfolk. (on outskirts of
782:, South Yorkshire (colliery)
682:The shortlisted sites were:
7:
829:St Austell and Clay Country
712:(Grade 1 Agricultural Land)
10:
1434:
1382:PPS1 supplement: eco-towns
1099:. BBC News. 5 January 2017
988:, 2:3, 2008, pp. 132–139,
986:People, Place & Policy
640:Code for Sustainable Homes
285:Third International Theory
1388:Whitehill-Bordon eco-town
1353:. BBC News. 21 April 2011
873:regional spatial strategy
568:Planning Policy Statement
1270:Marston Vale Vision Plan
674:
638:Homes: homes must reach
1292:Lidlington Action Group
1006:retrieved 11 April 2008
913:and previous incumbent
718:, Cambridgeshire (near
445:Communities by country
280:Real utopian sociology
49:Mythical and religious
1378:– Eco-town Worksheets
1222:3 August 2009 at the
1032:11 April 2008 at the
877:Examination in Public
412:Intentional community
355:Post-scarcity economy
1178:"Cherwell-dc.gov.uk"
1051:"Communities.gov.uk"
957:new build dwelling.
933:Change of government
229:Dystopian literature
1166:Whitehillbordon.com
1057:on 12 February 2009
841:North West Bicester
808:North West Bicester
291:Utopia for Realists
247:Communitas perfecta
220:Gulliver's Travels
194:Ideology and Utopia
63:City of the Caesars
1217:Communities.gov.uk
924:Population Matters
618:Eco-town standards
594:affordable housing
590:sustainable living
95:Garden of the gods
1078:Bethany Hubbard:
732:, Staffordshire (
710:Ford, West Sussex
535:
534:
367:Utopian socialism
253:Communist society
68:Cloud cuckoo land
1425:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:No Ford Eco Town
1300:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1247:. Archived from
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
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1208:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1180:. Archived from
1174:
1168:
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1157:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1132:. Archived from
1126:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1053:. Archived from
1047:
1036:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:BBC announcement
1001:
992:
982:
976:
971:
915:Margaret Beckett
823:Whitehill-Bordon
776:, Leicestershire
527:
520:
513:
350:Cyber-utopianism
165:Most Great Peace
44:
21:
20:
1433:
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1428:
1427:
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1424:
1423:
1422:
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1264:
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1252:
1251:on 31 July 2012
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1229:
1224:Wayback Machine
1215:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1184:on 1 April 2009
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1164:
1160:
1153:
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1139:
1137:
1136:on 7 March 2009
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1127:
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1039:
1034:Wayback Machine
1025:
1021:
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990:Extra.shu.ac.uk
983:
979:
972:
968:
963:
935:
902:
857:
813:
677:
620:
586:
531:
502:
471:Associationists
417:Atarashiki-mura
371:
320:Agriculturalism
301:
297:Utopian studies
225:
179:
90:Fortunate Isles
17:
12:
11:
5:
1431:
1421:
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1415:
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1370:External links
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945:replacing the
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911:Caroline Flint
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792:Weston Otmoor
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1355:. Retrieved
1345:
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1298:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:the original
1239:
1230:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1182:the original
1172:
1161:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1124:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1091:
1083:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1022:
1011:
985:
980:
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955:
951:Grant Shapps
947:Labour Party
936:
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817:
814:
762:Marston Vale
681:
678:
670:
667:
664:
661:
621:
612:TCPA website
605:
598:
587:
575:
572:
565:
561:
550:
537:
536:
395:Open borders
385:Architecture
289:
275:Pantisocracy
245:
218:
211:
206:The Republic
204:
192:
18:
900:Controversy
879:' process.
825:, Hampshire
696:, Norfolk (
601:zero-carbon
481:Lindisfarne
437:Sustainable
422:Egalitarian
258:Heterotopia
115:Great Unity
1397:Categories
1357:7 December
1188:9 February
961:References
831:, Cornwall
786:Rushcliffe
780:Rossington
744:St Austell
694:Coltishall
584:Objectives
486:Millennium
263:Ideal city
184:Literature
155:Mezzoramia
135:Libertatia
110:Satya Yuga
105:Golden Age
100:Shangri-La
1403:Eco-towns
1204:Telegraph
1103:5 January
1084:Ecologist
865:Cambridge
837:, Norfolk
835:Rackheath
798:Rackheath
700:airfield)
542:new towns
538:Eco-towns
496:Zeitgeist
268:Sforzinda
73:Cockaigne
1220:Archived
1030:Archived
869:Stansted
774:Pennbury
704:Elsenham
376:Practice
325:Escapism
315:Arcology
306:Concepts
145:Mahoroba
140:Mag Mell
120:Ketumati
26:a series
24:Part of
1255:18 June
802:Norwich
742:, near
730:Fradley
724:Duxford
720:Hinxton
706:, Essex
646:crisis)
459:Germany
454:Finland
449:America
335:New Man
85:Elysium
58:Arcadia
34:Utopias
1384:, 2009
1140:22 May
1061:22 May
740:Imerys
688:Bordon
566:A new
432:Nanjie
390:HosPex
237:Theory
213:Utopia
756:Manby
750:Leeds
675:Sites
130:Opona
1359:2021
1257:2009
1190:2010
1142:2009
1105:2017
1063:2009
937:The
867:and
722:and
200:List
175:Zion
80:Eden
1082:in
491:WSF
405:UBI
1399::
1071:^
1040:^
996:^
614:.
548:.
28:on
1361:.
1328:.
1259:.
1192:.
1144:.
1107:.
1065:.
875:'
804:)
736:)
726:)
526:e
519:t
512:v
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